CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>Learn Welsh - Registers</title> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="author" content=""> <meta name="description" content="Information about registers and the Welsh language."> <link href="http://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.2.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">  <link href="https://www.101languages.net/css/responsive/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.101languages.net/css/responsive/layout/welsh4.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.101languages.net/css/responsive/responsive/welsh4.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.101languages.net/images/favicons/welsh.ico" /> <link href="https://www.101languages.net/css/menu/mega_menu.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="https://www.101languages.net/css/menu/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="https://www.101languages.net/css/menu/color-skin-black.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <script src="//load.sumome.com/" data-sumo-site-id="4ab01998f70dce63eb25492599870499be1dc01e9b1e771aafdc66092dedf515" async="async"></script> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ google_ad_client: "ca-pub-0050539688812808", enable_page_level_ads: true }); </script> </head> <body>  <div id="mega_menu"> <ul> <li class="title"> <a href="https://www.101languages.net"> Home</a> </li> <ul class="list-items"> <li> <a href="#">Top Languages</a> <ul class="dropdown col-6 float-left"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/afrikaans/">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/albanian/">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/arabic/">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/armenian/">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/bambara/">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/basque/">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/bosnian/">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/bulgarian/">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/catalan/">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/cebuano/">Cebuano</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/chinese/">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/croatian/">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/czech/">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/danish/">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/dutch/">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/esperanto/">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/estonian/">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/faroese/">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/finnish/">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/french/">French</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/galician/">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/georgian/">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/german/">German</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/greek/">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/hebrew/">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/hindi/">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/hungarian/">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/icelandic/">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/indonesian/">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/irish/">Irish</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/italian/">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/japanese/">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/korean/">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/latvian/">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/macedonian/">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/malay/">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/norwegian/">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/polish/">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/portuguese/">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/romanian/">Romanian</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/russian/">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/serbian/">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/slovak/">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/slovenian/">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/spanish/">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/swedish/">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/tagalog/">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/thai/">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/turkish/">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/ukrainian/">Ukrainian</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/vietnamese/">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="http://101languages.net/welsh/">Welsh</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#">More</a> <ul class="dropdown col-6 float-left"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/abkhazian/">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/afar/">Afar</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/algonquin/">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/amharic/">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/apache/">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/aragonese/">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/aramaic/">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/assamese/">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/awadhi/">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/azerbaijani/">Azerbaijani</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/balinese/">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/baluchi/">Baluchi</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/bashkir/">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/belarusian/">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/bengali/">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/berber/">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/bhojpuri/">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/breton/">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/burmese/">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/cantonese/">Cantonese</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/chechen/">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/cherokee/">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/cornish/">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/corsican/">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/dakota/">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/dinka/">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/dothraki/">Dothraki</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/edo/">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/farsi/">Farsi</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/fijian/">Fijian</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/frisian/">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/greenlandic/">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/guarani/">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/gujarati/">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/haitian/">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/hakka/">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/hausa/">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/hawaiian/">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/hmong/">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/igbo/">Igbo</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/ilocano/">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/interlingua/">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/inuit/">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/javanese/">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/kannada/">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/kashmiri/">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/kazakh/">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/khmer/">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/kinyarwanda/">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/kirundi/">Kirundi</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/klingon/">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/kongo/">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/kurdish/">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/kyrgyz/">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/lao/">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/latin/">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/lingala/">Lingala</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/lithuanian/">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/luxembourgish/">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/maasai/">Maasai</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#">Even More</a> <ul class="dropdown col-6 float-left"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/maithili/">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/malagasy/">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/malayalam/">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/maltese/">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/manx/">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/maori/">Maori</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/marathi/">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/marwari/">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/mongolian/">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/nauruan/">Nauruan</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/navajo/">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/navi/">Navi</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/nepali/">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/nynorsk/">Nynorsk</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/occitan/">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/oriya/">Oriya</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/oromo/">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/pashto/">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/provencal/">Provencal</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/punjabi/">Punjabi</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/quechua/">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/sami/">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/samoan/">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/sanskrit/">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/sardinian/">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/scots-gaelic/">Scots Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/sesotho/">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/shona/">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/sindhi/">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/sinhalese/">Sinhalese</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/siswati/">Siswati</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/somali/">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/sundanese/">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/swahili/">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/syriac/">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/tahitian/">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/tajik/">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/tamil/">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/tatar/">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/telugu/">Telugu</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/tibetan/">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/tsonga/">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/tswana/">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/turkmen/">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/urdu/">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/uyghur/">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/uzbek/">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/volapuk/">Volapuk</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/wolof/">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/wu/">Wu</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/xhosa/">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/yiddish/">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/yoruba/">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/zhuang/">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/zulu/">Zulu</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#">Site Features</a> <ul class="dropdown col-6 float-left"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-1"> <ul>  <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/world-countries/" title="Country Names by Country">Country Names</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/country-names/" title="Country Names by Language">Countries by Language</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/dictionaries/" title="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/coupons/" title="Language Course Coupons">Coupons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/easy-languages/" title="Easy Languages">Easy Languages</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/flashcards/" title="Flashcards">Flashcards</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/fsi-courses/" title="FSI Courses">FSI Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/keyboards/" title="Foreign Language Keyboards">Keyboards</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/news/" title="Language News">Language News</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/resources/" title="Language Resources">Language Resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/language-survival-kits/" title="Language Resources">Language Survival Kits</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/list-of-all-world-languages/" title="List of All World Languages">List of All World Languages</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/common-words/" title="Most Common Words">Most Common Word Lists</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/newspapers/" title="Newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/peace-corps-courses/" title="Peace Corps Courses">Peace Corps Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/radio/" title="Radio Stations">Radio Stations</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/subscribe/" title="Subscribe to Mailing List">Subscribe</a></li>  <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/quick-translate/" title="Quick Translation from English">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/useful-phrases/" title="Useful Phrases">Useful Phrases</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/verb-conjugators/" title="Verb Conjugators">Verb Conjugators</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/vocabulary-builders/" title="Vocabulary Builders">Vocabulary Builders</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/vocabulary-games/" title="Vocabulary Games">Vocabulary Games</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/vocabulary-lessons/" title="Vocabulary Lessons">Vocabulary Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/word-lists/" title="World Lists">Word Lists</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/wotd/" title="Words of the Day">Words of the Day</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li style="background-color:#666"><a href="https://www.getdrip.com/forms/2321685/submissions/new" data-drip-show-form="2321685" class="drip-form">Free Email Course</a></li> </ul> </ul> </div>  <div class="header"> <div class="container"> <div class="logo"><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/"><img src="https://www.101languages.net/images/flags/90px/welsh.png" alt="Learn Welsh" class="flag"></a></div> <div class="toptext"><h1><span id="hea">Welsh</span> <span id="der">101</span></h1></div> </div> </div> <div class="contentAarea"> <div class="container"> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="leftSide"> <div class="dropdown"> <button class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="true">Menu<span class="caret"></span></button> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenu1"> <li role="presentation"> <div class="leftsidecon"> <div id="leftnav"> <div style="padding:5px 0 10px 0"><a class="btn btn-default" href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-english-dictionary/">Welsh Dictionary</a></div> <ul> <li><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/resources/welsh/" title="List of Top Welsh Resources">Top Resources</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-headphones"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-radio/" title="Online Radio Stations in Welsh">Welsh Radio</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-flag-checkered"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/country-names-welsh/" title="Country Names in Welsh">Country Names</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/newspapers/" title="Top Welsh Newspapers">Welsh Newspapers</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-table"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-verb-conjugator/" title="Conjugate Welsh Verbs">Verb Conjugator</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-laptop"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-language-news/" title="Welsh News">Welsh News</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-list"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-word-list/" title="Welsh Word List">Word List</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-columns"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-flashcards/" title="Welsh Flashcards">Flashcards</a></li> </ul> </div>  <h2>Pronunciation</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/vowels.html">Vowels</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/consonants.html">Consonants</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/diphthongs.html">Diphthongs</a></li> </ul> <h2>Phrases & Vocabulary</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/basics.html">Basics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/numbers.html">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/time.html">Time</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/colors.html">Colors</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/transportation.html">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/eating.html">Eating</a></li> </ul> <h2>Welsh Language</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/overview.html">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/history.html">History</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/status.html">Status</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/vocabulary.html">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/orthography.html">Orthorgraphy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/grammar.html">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/dialects.html">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/registers.html">Registers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/education.html">Education</a></li> </ul> <h2>Travel Guides</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/wales.html">Wales</a></li> </ul>    </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="leftsidecon mobileleft"> <div id="leftnav"> <div style="padding:5px 0 10px 0"><a class="btn btn-default" href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-english-dictionary/">Welsh Dictionary</a></div> <ul> <li><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/resources/welsh/" title="List of Top Welsh Resources">Top Resources</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-headphones"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-radio/" title="Online Radio Stations in Welsh">Welsh Radio</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-flag-checkered"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/country-names-welsh/" title="Country Names in Welsh">Country Names</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/newspapers/" title="Top Welsh Newspapers">Welsh Newspapers</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-table"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-verb-conjugator/" title="Conjugate Welsh Verbs">Verb Conjugator</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-laptop"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-language-news/" title="Welsh News">Welsh News</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-list"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-word-list/" title="Welsh Word List">Word List</a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-columns"></i> <a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/welsh-flashcards/" title="Welsh Flashcards">Flashcards</a></li> </ul> </div>  <h2>Pronunciation</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/vowels.html">Vowels</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/consonants.html">Consonants</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/diphthongs.html">Diphthongs</a></li> </ul> <h2>Phrases & Vocabulary</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/basics.html">Basics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/numbers.html">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/time.html">Time</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/colors.html">Colors</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/transportation.html">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/eating.html">Eating</a></li> </ul> <h2>Welsh Language</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/overview.html">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/history.html">History</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/status.html">Status</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/vocabulary.html">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/orthography.html">Orthorgraphy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/grammar.html">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/dialects.html">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/registers.html">Registers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/education.html">Education</a></li> </ul> <h2>Travel Guides</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/welsh/wales.html">Wales</a></li> </ul>    </div> </div> <div class="rightSide"> <div class="rightsideCon">    <div id="r-ad-top"> <div style="padding: 10px 0 10px 0"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0050539688812808" data-ad-slot="9298941352" data-ad-format="rectangle"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div>  <p>Modern Welsh can be written in two styles — <em> Colloquial Welsh </em> ( <em> Cymraeg llafar </em> ) or <em> Literary Welsh </em> ( <em> Cymraeg llenyddol </em> ). The grammar described on this page is that of Colloquial Welsh, which is used for speech and informal writing. Literary Welsh is closer to the form of Welsh used in the 1588 translation of the Bible and is found in official documents and other formal registers, including much literature. As a standardised form, literary Welsh shows little if any of the dialectal variation found in colloquial Welsh. Some differences include:</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" bordercolor="#000000"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Literary Welsh</th> <th>Colloquial Welsh</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Can omit subject pronouns (pro-drop)</td> <td>Subject pronouns rarely omitted</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Extensive use of simple verb forms</td> <td>Extensive use of periphrastic verb forms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>No distinction between simple present and future<br /> (e.g. <em> gwelaf </em> "I see"/"I shall see")</td> <td>Simple form expresses only future<br /> (e.g. <em> gwela i </em> "I'll see")</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Subjunctive verb forms</td> <td>Subjunctive in fixed idioms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3rd.pl ending <em> –nt</em></td> <td>3rd.pl ending <em> –n</em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Amongst the characteristics of the literary, as against the spoken, language are a higher dependence on inflected verb forms, a shift in the usage of some of the tenses, a reduction in the explicit use of pronouns (since the information is usually conveyed in the verb/preposition inflections) and a greatly reduced tendency to substitute English loanwords for native Welsh words. In addition, more archaic pronouns and forms of mutation may be observed in Literary Welsh.</p> <h2>Examples</h2> <table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" bordercolor="#000000"> <tbody> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Literary Welsh</th> <th>Colloquial Welsh</th> </tr> <tr> <td>I get up early every day.</td> <td><em>Codaf yn gynnar bob dydd.</em></td> <td><em>Dwi'n codi'n gynnar bob dydd.</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>I'll get up early tomorrow.</td> <td><em>Codaf yn gynnar yfory.</em></td> <td><em>Coda i'n gynnar fory/Na'i godi'n gynnar fory</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>He had not stood there long.</td> <td><em>Ni safasai yno'n hir.</em></td> <td><em>Doedd o ddim wedi sefyll yno'n hir.</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>They'll sleep only when there's a need.</td> <td><em>Ni chysgant ond pan fo angen.</em></td> <td><em>Byddan nhw ddim ond yn cysgu pan fydd angen.</em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>In fact, the differences between dialects of modern spoken Welsh pale into insignificance compared to the difference between the spoken and literary languages. The latter is considerably more conservative and is the language used in Welsh translations of the Bible, amongst other things (although the <em> <span xml:lang="cy" lang="cy">Beibl Cymraeg Newydd</span> </em> — New Welsh Bible — is significantly less formal than the traditional 1588 Bible). Gareth King, author of a Welsh grammar, observes that "The difference between these two is much greater than between the virtually identical colloquial and literary forms of English" and goes so far as to state "that there are good grounds for regarding them as separate languages". He comments that whilst colloquial Welsh is a mother tongue requiring no special learning to acquire, literary Welsh is the mother tongue of no-one, and must be taught to people. Although the question "Do you want a cup of tea?" is not likely to occur in literary Welsh usage, if it did it would be along the lines of <em> <span xml:lang="cy" lang="cy">A oes arnoch eisiau cwpanaid o de?</span> </em> A complete grammar of Literary Welsh can be found in <em> A Grammar of Welsh </em> (1980) by Stephen J. Williams.</p> <p>Most Welsh writing, especially that found on the Internet or in magazines, is closer to the colloquial form. This is also becoming more common in artistic literature.</p>  <div id="youtube" align="center"> <h3>Featured Video</h3> <div class="embed-container"><iframe src='http://www.youtube.com/embed/-rmzFIp2YZ0' frameborder='0' allowfullscreen></iframe></div> </div>      <br /> <div style="text-align: center; padding: 5px"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0050539688812808" data-ad-slot="6205874156" data-ad-format="rectangle"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="footerLt"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/about/">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/privacy/">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.101languages.net/contact/">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footerRt"> <div class="googlesearch"> <form action="https://www.101languages.net/search/" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-0050539688812808:3698335462" /> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="FORID:10" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8" /> <input type="text" name="q" size="52" /> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" class="submit" /> </div> </form> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.google.com/coop/cse/brand?form=cse-search-box&lang="></script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-360082-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.9.1.js"></script> <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.9.2/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.101languages.net/scripts/jump.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })(); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _dcq = _dcq || []; var _dcs = _dcs || {}; _dcs.account = '6743239'; (function() { var dc = document.createElement('script'); dc.type = 'text/javascript'; dc.async = true; dc.src = '//tag.getdrip.com/6743239.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(dc, s); })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.101languages.net/scripts/jquery-1.11.1.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.101languages.net/scripts/mega_menu_script.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.101languages.net/scripts/bootstrap.min.js"></script>   </body> </html>