CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136b7fe5e9ffd06',cH: '1zHTcpDB0dPaTP6nJ3xVGC5_3bIz3oOx3ltrTnOzrBc-1739805178-1.2.1.1-l0b1PwiFllAenJ5oyu3G.D8eeaBuccbiayduXvjLZ_zyZ4CYMzZII7FcOI_g9nAo',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Kwazikwenkosi%20Sikhakhane&__cf_chl_tk=xk_dpFDLisWQ2CgwTCEQUSCmWOert5FdCp.WQ0m6p0I-1739805178-1.0.1.1-aLIDUmu_nspWuQRvphsP_fIRB9_LvPDynUXBqlXGnBc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739805178',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Kwazikwenkosi%20Sikhakhane&__cf_chl_f_tk=xk_dpFDLisWQ2CgwTCEQUSCmWOert5FdCp.WQ0m6p0I-1739805178-1.0.1.1-aLIDUmu_nspWuQRvphsP_fIRB9_LvPDynUXBqlXGnBc",md: "RKIbTicqwl6OHGzeEK.ASxrrx1JBCdJx3CBMwYM0XvA-1739805178-1.2.1.1-yD.NdEheYa6Hcoig5LFvZ3jAVd0Fkn8.jvEuX0sVWaEdZAFJ5t34JZGjUcon1trxiVk653kFKUQNDveKbDMTGdgN0_vX2kzHNSMRElobxFOLE8a39QiOtdeDWLwEDG3Cf8gG6mXadE_HFlqAH82jerdBMhEo_MsBUWv.OCn3JPx3fBn9tqiu7_8VOGpP2TOxk86ZvMPjsnolNNfVErC8j0IwDydqSclDhKCxQw8ekMVz1Rm6gwEPhqZL9yz9vDMQ_1fbXrw7kUf9WzVu.FjHMbhMy303kauNpQ1Xo5AaOLzxCyCiaHxTPdyL3EdqAoeK3Zl92qgZPBGXqp1kAF0l3Ysm6M0WDXSnuiff0pwewTq7dFwtTK9NlLfQ2v8okzyTE2K5A4cScRaAlcEg1JwdqykGK_rdkIk3BfZYiHmYrg9C68rJQskZndjogqeW6JmZR9dzyxLadSFGpT5Fo3PylDKEBISiRo20DnWS5BFwpeUD9gzPUAPsLOFPK9.h1QCyMZzIBjCIuHYz.IQIIBLk8fI0uTorE59W61elXWloIybZzCC1xW81QGZVO2a8gAjbIygjJd.kUW_nVxZddLp7q4rcQaxzv9MNt1IjaNwlzBMK5rn6tQbkI4VIrd_eT3Pp7ewZtWDLQpgvCLYWsDl0mge8CSzr095y_DYBeuYLZTonLW1KOPcSE.THNBu2InFraD1OVZpvxQpXgTw4WPicJ7coxMunewJxxYtA0igog0UrIZFZAKSr3ox4R2V5X28JQWRO4_ldK2LEwfwH0mPVu8AEF4WiujNw3Pl89hq8enb1MWL3uRBQ2SL8M4K5YG04_EuiWxKobHQpxBhcmwYlzobkdG95NKo0W4XGMW1tOkPadADq1ZIsuGcmUDHKfjP1_tM.MYGs3ZSy0FUBrWUU9JdiOBSaZqwmd.t90xCaJ5IzeafGft138YeAZbx89FrlS_Z5h.GPoyJNhKkXrTAWzDYVGN..nJOoGfWbZw2OM2Ixz7l3KfuIdYFiuJU2ERdqctAoAAo_TTFfxTn3Y0oonDCerZn1fcLgSqZF0m_Im8G8JlrkJwgeEkmHzvGCxaQRmA.6ldA7fwU9oJ.8AITf5pFWh3R0XoimvvhAT1XV7p2d8oHdDQPA0tBlrmrYbkGjnnUIB1SBN.rWj9vvdlRNGglkgjAx4ndWpzYJtqmlZw1c8eH5DaFoZ81AgTENmxDJm5zVi0RP7NJT_yJrYI0sqUkUGS71PZoiQEOqd9rxOdlIrtXyPPVAfVr4Wgtkl9vs8Q2EXdlTk9swcrWShRpVRpR3L2W8cn33FLe18pjB1xjg7j8ilaEfQRnyD.q_4mPNZJ6_W2K6ULGlWH0mYWbf2y2HGZaUyWUQmUfWE5GvT2cxLBQpZDtU_f5.wanhsJGR5NFT0UlSwz39cc.OqIXzlZCU1gibCkipo4pPqmJB5DAMDqtgj_lUKXC_W9mPlqTJv6Fa23CLOb1ZhNVYdeQobIQGTLOXgu5ftznQpqYsaLxsP32edVP6x6G6CtJn2RGhMPZ6HSW0m5aIbVfplgmaKvbh3kRs43bBNgoAVn_WC.U.ihuOC75E4vOPYIJX9nyHlgeeHcV9Ft0rPpTF8Lsy5dwBsgPj_2Dm.p0pUnOy9MzEsFSBVPu1heJQ1mBE5liRXypiQuv1Q0Wi.KSDy5wXANBsA_oPllYo8wZP7MtHuXW2VbKyYawFkv.Ua5cJGnp9YBSsdbBZc9X9Igg2LVAqsIBjxdI89Ij9qJy4jtU.th9XoJ29YxcAGIG.B0pUrwrW_3AZFC_rGEH5FVX4gt2VCpQSYftsP4WVoZT2KXx4o28bVHpRmjDlaFsfXQj9mHx3nVsvpkdPUQJOt8wRiXBO1l3cIGszj8afhXD1EVqMndFwXu0uLbAwHhFgVo6dRMlnL_ZGn_OAOm8uAlfqN3Cw24EEMyw6Sk9lqtHLAIvaGMn3i6_K9GfR3oY5IwWhdvVN",mdrd: "nF4GThVXo9gMeVD32EYZF72szrM2TAEpfWwwmpzP9Yk-1739805178-1.2.1.1-MNGMmvPIAglWbi5CHct54sl2RUvCfAJTs4XNr8mJQgbH5MwedTOl_EDCGAmfqhuaCRM2i4euwGKg2CTyz73ShgmOyxZ7Poit5Umd1zmCXcQ8HcBUtrXXAqGws0TK3fyzD0MXbgWMyl2c_pRX6cIqrB.sL.jETK4co0kYrJofN6YicFE0insCxoSURo1.LohLa.T6GISrFFHZiHu4kkAJ_KrIQ_JdsPuEmjTvVUkt_6Y2ebKrGVsSkSj5Q57Bj9e657znEchDLHqe2F2GDd8dX_O7DqriHbokZwqTEXr0ClFVaMwIgD8f3PAR6ezcEQymga0xAYYuhkUQhkkg.fjDNWUGdzHzqSG_HdyjAa8KPAwqzOKaNKll6zte6HU6RQTu7RpI8C3NEnWL7rrm87XhPoay62pKoWJOoTf.sY_YJzmo_cFZcmQwB_REhj6Rz8sowy09fMqFINpUDUY233A88eIhlbHNvRM7U8YcJ4YEzoLA09aGrJ4USJDBPg58UbxjSNDrSYQuhfiIyrsaY5_vheoEVqo2C60mgkgiIu6GRPXxWd5EQ.Fyz.sPy5_0.323AVRcZx3llkENnT78leEcxrm9JPj5tSELDEGR6b__rF1E2KTY_POCy4ZDC4ep1_oFfaB1fowu.XUP3hNpaUjIArn2_EE4gkK0UrxpmowTjh097tV45tDjEKtMmda_W5DvBYEZbxCHBzcLdQVox6IwFOr7E6lsE8p2xg446N3nG2vpuhKEl2TLIA2sGzvg1WeXWw7jbLEoL5l1UvHW.zeR57EiEjqD2bs__ZbapRgLaoHmXO3IIAtDCD6AJq.b93zdL85Jlc1W9er79hCEGld7FGrSG7kQiZWMi.scKg9k8Ehb_kmExP9v_j2vy0Hr5NpJt40YMO.aqDyRuX8sPUyPxBmCtAeDd5cnUyelX5gbSwA6ZCgol6YotaEJ73nBsGOSy4fm44pL0I4i56h.OdjZKlIjccxD7yt36vBn8GOMY3nR4b_ehxmFSaWUBlshoqAjPN.FDE1ULmza4rHAB6fNLnxmnnf9UEehSPVov0NlJFvz8UUEQyKE_XQvp48qgLtr7_pojPKbZiQstPBd7K1cLxm4FDIdwnQusX3iyKMf3sdiomcj3W1NCfZPWIb7G0DbQ5gDIiDXFRCyaVGG6D97v0SqW_mlZcDyMohaj5kDRGdaE8IdKMNVtUgp5KNKUwFY_H8uuFiyE8E0MD59ZKlpYvHMb03xLt8sN6KHjPGt5aSuJMChMJJDbJHmNm7N2z6HugPma.fJ2zU9OubM8hR_qOutkFCDa0xZxqxkNj.AqteZlJHdObEcpQgvDH3KTxGvJpMRXcB2uRPi7z532GZrQntjMMf_VZj.jVvkezaBhxeU.eP7pVrL9xXGbiqRE9Oao5U9mPAPlyQyHVEwvSIXKaCNLq7zKVq7mjCC42s7xH.vrN4ak0l.EUO9M31fvIl5fG_ScyXBn9l5RITQr1mDYNHImG3V18n_RQeTj3QVJgBUF8LtZyXw_t4qr0_f357VxKII5_fWdLOQREnXAJyeY0UbzDxVmLzdAD4beoO1FU7K3tbqydF05pO2zQGZtu6dU6oxhAESaEGx9Tdz2nVFzYKuQbo3wGVHnMn1jDdBRwrWWEMzG9gP3cFQDhfB0aqYDT4YD584NaPmR6gnqeHrj1f8Ok2dpHmRU5cw_gZIH2c3P_XKpTZkLioDal_wWBTomLnbcm6u2gydh.xMrJM0gvTouh4cGbwMZ5OAxQogGsK1wJmRf9bUv6xW6_vWBB4Sbn19O8ioghqRdon4kwMTXW.7tTXbAb1FyCwgJrO2ZDuh.ZjZh9YQvkrGIjGnTVJKq99IoBg4XgD.5XZTR.rqA57nDmuhR5VFK7hId6OxY6KzSc_I1jtuKteNIgti9aZgKJcCVNGic8GVp1NeHJ.777CHeqCx0XHE9Z0p0zwZMJ1ndyqh7krFArppCYzk5MLRfFV6rGQh5oyzFi0J7UCPpswfipGIx4_WymYYzo4q3QI"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136b7fe5e9ffd06';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Kwazikwenkosi%20Sikhakhane&__cf_chl_rt_tk=xk_dpFDLisWQ2CgwTCEQUSCmWOert5FdCp.WQ0m6p0I-1739805178-1.0.1.1-aLIDUmu_nspWuQRvphsP_fIRB9_LvPDynUXBqlXGnBc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>