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life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Intellectual life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1695–1703_Mustafa_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1695–1703_Mustafa_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>1695–1703 Mustafa II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1695–1703_Mustafa_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1703–1730_Ahmed_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1703–1730_Ahmed_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>1703–1730 Ahmed III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1703–1730_Ahmed_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1730–1754_Mahmud_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1730–1754_Mahmud_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>1730–1754 Mahmud I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1730–1754_Mahmud_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1754–1757_Osman_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1754–1757_Osman_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>1754–1757 Osman III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1754–1757_Osman_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1757–1774_Mustafa_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1757–1774_Mustafa_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>1757–1774 Mustafa III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1757–1774_Mustafa_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1774–1789_Abdul_Hamid_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1774–1789_Abdul_Hamid_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>1774–1789 Abdul Hamid I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1774–1789_Abdul_Hamid_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>General surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monographs_and_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monographs_and_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Monographs and articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monographs_and_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collected_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collected_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Collected essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collected_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حقبة الركود والانتعاشات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقبة الركود والانتعاشات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnazione_e_riforme_dell%27Impero_ottomano" title="Stagnazione e riforme dell'Impero ottomano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stagnazione e riforme dell'Impero ottomano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოსმალეთის იმპერიის სტაგნაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსმალეთის იმპერიის სტაგნაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osma%C5%86u_imp%C4%93rijas_stagn%C4%81cija" title="Osmaņu impērijas stagnācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osmaņu impērijas stagnācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Застој на Отоманското Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Застој на Отоманското Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genangan_Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Genangan Empayar Uthmaniyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Genangan Empayar Uthmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF" title="سلطنت عثمانیہ دا جمود – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت عثمانیہ دا جمود" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%85" title="د عثماني خلافت پخوانی رژیم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د عثماني خلافت پخوانی رژیم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Стагнация Османской империи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стагнация Османской империи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Osmane_n%C3%AB_shek._XVII-XVIII" title="Perandoria Osmane në shek. XVII-XVIII – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Osmane në shek. XVII-XVIII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Стагнација и реформа Османског царства – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стагнација и реформа Османског царства" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu_duraklama_d%C3%B6nemi" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu duraklama dönemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu duraklama dönemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Велике замирення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велике замирення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF" title="سلطنت عثمانیہ کا جمود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت عثمانیہ کا جمود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%BB%AF%E6%AD%A2" title="奧斯曼帝國的滯止 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧斯曼帝國的滯止" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3236133#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_old_regime&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman old regime">Ottoman old regime</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Refers to a period of stagnation and reform in Ottoman history</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sublime Ottoman State</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">دولت عليه عثمانیه</span></span></li><li><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿO<u>s</u>mānīye</i></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nowrap">Old Regime: 1703–1789</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Flag of Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg/140px-1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg/210px-1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg/280px-1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="766" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag in the <i>Bowles's Universal Display of the Naval Flags of all Nations</i> (1783)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_I.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tughra (official seal) of the sultan (this one belongs to Abdulhamid I) of Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Tughra (official seal) of the sultan (this one belongs to Abdulhamid I) of Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_I.svg/120px-Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_I.svg/180px-Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_I.svg/240px-Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div> <div><i><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">official seal</a>) of the sultan<br />(this one belongs to <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdulhamid I</a>)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1699.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ottoman Empire in 1699, following the Treaty of Karlowitz at the end of the War of the Holy League."><img alt="The Ottoman Empire in 1699, following the Treaty of Karlowitz at the end of the War of the Holy League." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/OttomanEmpire1699.png/250px-OttomanEmpire1699.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/OttomanEmpire1699.png/375px-OttomanEmpire1699.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/OttomanEmpire1699.png/500px-OttomanEmpire1699.png 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="2580" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1699, following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">War of the Holy League</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <span class="nowrap">(1453–1922)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman people">Ottoman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1695–1703 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1703–1730 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1730–1754 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1754–1757 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1757–1774 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1774–1789 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdulhamid I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1789–1807 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Edirne_Incident" title="Edirne Incident">Edirne Incident</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1703</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Era">Tulip Era</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1718–1730</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reforms of <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1789</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Zulfikar_flag.svg/20px-Zulfikar_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Zulfikar_flag.svg/30px-Zulfikar_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Zulfikar_flag.svg/40px-Zulfikar_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Era of Transformation</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">New Regime</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:History of the Ottoman Empire">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Timeline of the Ottoman Empire">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1299–1453)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylik of Osman">Beylik of Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1402–1413)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1453–1566)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1533–1656)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1566–1703)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Era">Köprülü Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656–1703)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Regime</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1703–1789)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Era_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Era in the Ottoman Empire">Tulip Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1718–1730)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline & Modernization</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1789–1908)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-i Djedid">Nizam-i Djedid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(late 18th and early 19th)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1839–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">1st Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876–1878)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1922)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Empire during World War I">World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partitioning</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition of the Sultanate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Historiography</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">history of the Ottoman Empire</a> in the 18th century has classically been described as one of <b>stagnation and reform</b>. In analogy with 18th-century France, it is also known as the <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></i> or <b>Old Regime</b>, contrasting with the "New Regime" of the <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Cedid" title="Nizam-i Cedid">Nizam-i Cedid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period characterized as one of decentralization in the Ottoman political system.<sup id="cite_ref-Hathaway8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hathaway8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political and economic reforms enacted during the preceding <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">War of the Holy League</a> (1683-1699), particularly the sale of life-term tax farms (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Malikane" class="mw-redirect" title="Malikane">malikāne</a></i>) instituted in 1695, enabled provincial figures to achieve an unprecedented degree of influence in Ottoman politics. This decentralization had once led historians to believe that the Ottoman Empire was in decline during this period, part of the larger and now debunked <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Decline_Thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Decline Thesis">Ottoman Decline Thesis</a>, but it is now recognized that the Ottomans were successfully able to tie emerging provincial elites politically and financially to the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire likewise experienced significant economic growth during much of the eighteenth century<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was, until the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%9374)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)">war with Russia in 1768-74</a>, also able to match its rivals in military strength.<sup id="cite_ref-military_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of this, the empire's history during this period is now generally viewed in more neutral terms, eschewing concepts such as 'decline' and 'stagnation'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old Regime was brought to an end not by a single dramatic event, but by the gradual process of reform begun by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> (r. 1789-1807), known as the <a href="/wiki/Nizam-%C4%B1_Cedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-ı Cedid">Nizam-ı Cedid</a> (New Order). Although Selim himself was deposed, his reforms were continued by his successors into the nineteenth century and utterly transformed the nature of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malikāne"><span id="Malik.C4.81ne"></span>Malikāne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Malikāne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of crucial importance for this period in Ottoman history was the institution of <i>malikāne</i>, or life-term <a href="/wiki/Tax_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farm">tax farm</a>. Tax farming had been used as a method of revenue-raising throughout the seventeenth century, but contracts only began to be sold on a life-term basis in 1695, as part of the empire's wartime fiscal reforms. According to the <i>malikāne</i> contract, individuals could compete in auction for the right of taxation over a given revenue source, the winner of which would agree to submit his promised amount to the government each year, as well as providing a lump sum up front equal to two to three times the annual amount.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system provided the Ottoman government with a much more stable source of revenue, and they enjoyed significant budget surpluses throughout much of the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the impact of <i>malikāne</i> extended far beyond its original economic and fiscal purpose. It facilitated a new style of government in the Ottoman Empire, which has been characterized as one of "decentralization". <i>Malikāne</i> contracts were split into shares and privately traded on an ever-expanding market, taking advantage of the growing economy of the early eighteenth century Ottoman Empire. These state assets were traded among numerous social groups, including but not limited to military and religious officials, rural gentry, urban notables, and <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provided provincial figures with new ways to interact with the Ottoman state. While in previous centuries a strict division between the military-administrative <i>askeri</i> class and the civilian <i>reaya</i> class had been at least theoretically enforced, the sale of <i>malikāne</i> enabled the latter group to take part in government administration. Provincial notables enjoyed the legitimacy they earned by tying themselves formally to the Ottoman state, while the Ottoman state benefited from its closer relationship with the notables, who were more effectively able to handle issues of local government and taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The institution of <i>malikāne</i> continued largely undisturbed until 1793, when <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> began to phase it out as part of his general reform effort, known as the New Order (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-i Djedid">Niẓām-ı Cedīd</a></i>). As <i>malikāne</i> contracts expired they were transferred to the New Order treasury, and recontracted to individuals whom the state deemed reliable. This attempt at centralization was opposed by provincial figures who by then had a vested interest in the continuation of <i>malikāne</i>, and contributed to Selim III's overthrow in 1807. <i>Malikāne</i> contracts thus continued to be sold and traded until the 1840s, when they were finally eliminated as part of the empire's extensive reform effort, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_administration">Central administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Central administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the course of the seventeenth century, the nature of the Ottoman Empire's government had <a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">transformed</a> from a patrimonial system into one which was supported more by bureaucracy than by the personal authority of the sultan. The last effort of a militarily active sultan to personally control the entire government of the empire was undone in the 1703 rebellion known as the <a href="/wiki/Edirne_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Edirne incident">Edirne incident</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a> was deposed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major governmental offices were no longer located within the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">imperial palace</a>, and exercised greater independent authority. By the 1790s the central bureaucracy had grown to number some 1,500-2,000 scribes,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing a significant increase over the 183 who were serving in 1593.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-ranking bureaucrats found their social mobility increased, and many of them went on to establish successful careers as provincial governors and even grand viziers, posts which in previous centuries were typically limited to men of military backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_administration">Provincial administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Provincial administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ottoman rule in the provinces was predicated upon maintaining the loyalty of local interest groups. State authority was represented by the provincial governor (<a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a>) and the judge (<a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadı">kadı</a>), the latter carrying out most of the day-to-day administration of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representing local interests were figures known as "notables" (<i>ayan</i>). <i>Ayan</i> came from diverse backgrounds; what distinguished them was their entrenched local status. Unlike Ottoman state officials, they did not generally migrate from position to position across the empire, but established deep roots within a small geographical area. <i>Ayan</i> utilized patronage networks to wield significant influence within their local city or region, and their cooperation was essential in order for Ottoman provincial administration to function. During the eighteenth century, <i>ayan</i> were tied to the state through the aforementioned institution of <i>malikāne</i>. By purchasing <i>malikāne</i>, <i>ayan</i> were able to consolidate their control over their local region of influence, but were also linked to the state in a symbiotic relationship. Just as the Ottoman government relied on them to maintain order in the provinces, so too did they come to rely on the Ottoman government to provide them with legitimacy and continued access to <i>malikāne</i> revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus paradoxically, the Ottoman government both granted provincial figures a greater degree of autonomy than ever before, while also tying them more closely to the central state in a mutually beneficial relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Hathaway8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hathaway8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central government and provincial power-holders thus remained interdependent, and the latter did not seek independence from the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the seventeenth century provincial governors had been appointed for unspecified periods of time, producing a significant degree of uncertainty among them with regard to security of office. By the eighteenth century, all governors were appointed for one-year tenures, at the end of which they were subject to review and potential re-appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provincial government in the Ottoman Empire was reliant upon continued cooperation between the centrally-appointed governors and local <i>ayan</i>. The latter played a key role in tax collection, particularly during wartime, and met in regular councils with the provincial governors or their representatives (<i>mütesellim</i>s). Frequently, <i>mütesellim</i>s were chosen from among the local <i>ayan</i>, and some families acquired the office on a hereditary basis.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly powerful <i>ayan</i> families, such as the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Azm">al-Azms</a> of Damascus, were also able to acquire governorships.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particularly during the second half of the eighteenth century, the duties of provincial government were carried out in local councils. Although varying from region to region, major figures on such councils would include the local judge (<i>kadı</i>), the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>, the commander of the fortress garrison (<i>dizdar</i>), and local <i>ayan</i> leaders. Meetings were held either in the residence of the <i>kadı</i> or the provincial governor's office.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman military was capable of matching those of its European rivals during the first half of the eighteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-military_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there was no significant technological gap between them.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following the 1739 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">Treaty of Belgrade</a>, the Ottomans remained at peace in Europe for nearly thirty years, missing out on the rapid improvements in military technology and organization associated with the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756-63), particularly the development of highly trained and disciplined regimental forces, innovations in the tactical deployment of small-caliber cannons, and the widespread use of socket bayonets as a counter to cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extended peace also resulted in a lack of practical experience among Ottoman commanders, in contrast with Russian generals such as <a href="/wiki/Rumiantsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumiantsev">Rumiantsev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Suvorov</a>, whose abilities were honed during the Seven Years' War.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus when war finally broke out with Russia in 1768 the Ottomans suffered devastating defeats, resulting in the loss of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> in 1774. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman economy experienced general expansion and growth during the first three quarters of the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman budget grew dramatically, from 1 billion <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">akçe</a> in 1699 to 1.6 billion in 1748. In contrast with the previous century, the Ottomans enjoyed budget surpluses during most of these years.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istanbul's commercial infrastructure was significantly revamped and expanded during the eighteenth century, improvements which underpinned the empire's rapidly growing international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman economy particularly benefited from the export of fine textiles, handmade yarns, and leather goods.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_cultural_life">Social and cultural life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social and cultural life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depiction_of_an_Ottoman_Coffeehouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Depiction_of_an_Ottoman_Coffeehouse.jpg/220px-Depiction_of_an_Ottoman_Coffeehouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Depiction_of_an_Ottoman_Coffeehouse.jpg/330px-Depiction_of_an_Ottoman_Coffeehouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Depiction_of_an_Ottoman_Coffeehouse.jpg/440px-Depiction_of_an_Ottoman_Coffeehouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>A coffeehouse in eighteenth-century Istanbul.</figcaption></figure> <p>The eighteenth century was a time of increasing consumption and sociability among the Ottoman elite. Dozens of palaces sprang up along the shores of the Bosphorus for the rich Ottoman grandees,<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel344_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel344-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who used their wealth to fund Istanbul's rapid expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel346_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel346-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fountains were constructed across the city, providing fresh water for a growing urban population.<sup id="cite_ref-artay382_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artay382-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1721 Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a> ordered the construction of a new summer palace near <a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1thane" title="Kağıthane">Kağıthane</a> in Istanbul, to be named Saʿdabad ("Abode of Felicity"). Whereas <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> enhanced the prestige of the Ottoman dynasty through seclusion, Saʿdabad was meant to serve as a stage for a much more visible and ostentatious sultanate, similar to the palace of <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel344_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel344-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coffeehouses played a major role in public life, not only by providing items of consumption for the common people, but also as places where people could come together on a relatively equal basis to discuss public affairs. While the seventeenth century had witnessed some degree of backlash against the spread of coffeehouses from the state, which was concerned with their socially subversive influence, and from the ultra-conservative religious movement of the <a href="/wiki/Kadizadeli" title="Kadizadeli">Kadızadelis</a>, during the eighteenth century there was no longer an effort to ban them entirely. Coffeehouse culture had become an established feature of the cities and towns of the Ottoman Empire, and now the state limited itself to surveillance measures in an effort to control the unruly groups which could gather in them. Socially, they became more stratified, with different venues emerging for those of varying social ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-artay382_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artay382-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Ottoman women, the most important venue for public sociability was the bathhouse (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hamam</a>). <a href="/wiki/Lady_Mary_Wortley_Montagu" title="Lady Mary Wortley Montagu">Lady Mary Wortley Montagu</a>, who visited an <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> bathhouse in 1718, stated that the bathhouse played the same role for women that the coffeehouse played for men. Large numbers of women could meet on a regular basis, where they would have opportunities to discuss public affairs. In the early eighteenth century Istanbul's water supply was significantly upgraded, allowing the number of bathhouses to multiply across the city. Bathhouses were naturally segregated by sex, but also sometimes catered to particular social classes as well.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_life">Intellectual life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intellectual life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Turkish-language printing press was established in Istanbul in 1727 by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Muteferrika" title="Ibrahim Muteferrika">Ibrahim Müteferrika</a>, a Hungarian convert to Islam. Both the imperial court and religious authorities recognized the value of the press, and thus approved of its use. Müteferrika's press was mainly used to disseminate historical, geographical, and linguistic works, but suffered due to low market demand for printed books in comparison with more prestigious manuscripts, eventually closing down in 1796-7.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_history">Political history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1695–1703_Mustafa_II"><span id="1695.E2.80.931703_Mustafa_II"></span>1695–1703 Mustafa II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1695–1703 Mustafa II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Mustafa II (1695–1703), last of campaigning sultans, won a few minor victories, he suffered a devastating loss in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta" title="Battle of Zenta">Battle of Zenta</a> by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy" title="Prince Eugene of Savoy">Prince Eugene of Savoy</a> of Austria. By 1699, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a> had been conquered by the Austrians. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> was signed that year. By this treaty, Mustafa II ceded Hungary (see <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> to Austria, <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a> and withdrew Ottoman forces from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>. Also during this reign, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I of Russia</a> (1682–1725) captured the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> fortress of <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> from the Ottomans (1697). Mustafa was dethroned during the revolt named the <a href="/wiki/Edirne_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Edirne event">Edirne event</a>, which was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_western_Georgia_(1703)" title="Ottoman invasion of western Georgia (1703)">large-scale campaign in Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1703–1730_Ahmed_III"><span id="1703.E2.80.931730_Ahmed_III"></span>1703–1730 Ahmed III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1703–1730 Ahmed III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Special:EditPage/Ottoman Old Regime">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musicians_and_dancers_from_ottoman_empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Musicians_and_dancers_from_ottoman_empire.jpg/180px-Musicians_and_dancers_from_ottoman_empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Musicians_and_dancers_from_ottoman_empire.jpg/270px-Musicians_and_dancers_from_ottoman_empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Musicians_and_dancers_from_ottoman_empire.jpg/360px-Musicians_and_dancers_from_ottoman_empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the festivities of 1720, celebrating the circumcision of the sons of Ahmed III.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1710 <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XII">Charles XII</a> of Sweden convinced Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a> to declare war against Russia, and the Ottoman forces under <a href="/wiki/Baltac%C4%B1_Mehmet_Pasha" title="Baltacı Mehmet Pasha">Baltacı Mehmet Pasha</a> won a major victory at the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Battle of Prut</a>. In the subsequent treaty, Russia returned <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> to the Ottomans, agreed to demolish the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a> and others in the area, and to stop interfering with the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>. Discontent at the leniency of these terms was so strong in Istanbul that it nearly brought on a renewal of the war. </p><p>In 1715 <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> was taken from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a>. This led to hostilities with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, in which the Ottoman Empire had an unsuccessful outcome, and <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> fell into the hands of Austria in 1717. Through the mediation of England and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Passarowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Passarowitz">peace of Passarowitz</a> was concluded in 1718, by which the Ottomans retained their conquests from the Venetians, but lost <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>. </p><p>During the course of the Persian war the Ottomans made successive conquests with little resistance from Persian armies, though often impeded by the nature of the country and the fierce spirit of the native tribes. After a few years, however, the war became less favourable to Ottoman ambition. The celebrated Persian military leader <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nadir Konli Khan</a> (who afterwards reconquered and conquered states for himself), gained his first renown by exploits against the enemies of Shah Tahmasp. </p><p>Most of Ahmet's reign was the sub period known as <a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip period</a>. The period was marked by a high taste of architecture, literature and luxury as well as the first examples of industrial productions. But the social problems peaked and after the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil" title="Patrona Halil">Patrona Halil</a> Ahmet was dethroned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1730–1754_Mahmud_I"><span id="1730.E2.80.931754_Mahmud_I"></span>1730–1754 Mahmud I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1730–1754 Mahmud I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1739.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/OttomanEmpire1739.png/300px-OttomanEmpire1739.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/OttomanEmpire1739.png/450px-OttomanEmpire1739.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/OttomanEmpire1739.png/600px-OttomanEmpire1739.png 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman Empire after concluding peace with Austria and Russia in 1739. The Ottomans successfully reconquered Belgrade, but ceded Azov to Russia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Mahmud was brought to the throne by the civil strife engendered by <a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil" title="Patrona Halil">Patrona Halil</a>, he did not espouse Halil's anti-reform agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaws_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaws-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, much of his first year as sultan was spent in dealing with the reactionary forces unleashed by Halil. Eventually, on 24 November 1731, he was forced to execute Halil and his main followers, whereupon the rebellion ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaws_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaws-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Another war</a> erupted between the Ottomans and Russia in May 1736. Russian forces captured <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> (1736) and <a href="/wiki/Ochakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochakov">Ochakov</a> (1737), but failed to take <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender</a> and suffered immense losses from disease and logistical challenges after unsuccessfully invading the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> in 1738. In 1737 Austria joined the war on the Russian side, but suffered disastrous defeats against the Ottomans, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grocka" title="Battle of Grocka">Battle of Grocka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1739 the Ottomans had reconquered <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, forcing the Austrians to make peace. Abandoned by their allies, Russia too sued for peace, abandoning all of their conquests except for Azov.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Persian wars saw Ottoman forces ranged against the military genius of <a href="/wiki/Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a>. The Ottomans managed to retain control of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> fell back within the Persian sphere of influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1754–1757_Osman_III"><span id="1754.E2.80.931757_Osman_III"></span>1754–1757 Osman III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1754–1757 Osman III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Osman's reign there were several big fires in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, the capital.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1757–1774_Mustafa_III"><span id="1757.E2.80.931774_Mustafa_III"></span>1757–1774 Mustafa III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1757–1774 Mustafa III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ever since the Patrona Halil rebellion had overthrown Ahmed III in 1730, the government had largely been dominated by the empire's <a href="/wiki/Chief_Black_Eunuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Black Eunuch">Chief Black Eunuchs</a>. Grand viziers served for very limited periods in office. This changed when Mustafa III came to the throne in 1757. The son of Ahmed III, Mustafa sought to revive his father's policy of close cooperation with the grand viziers. In November he appointed <a href="/wiki/Koca_Rag%C4%B1p_Pasha" title="Koca Ragıp Pasha">Koca Ragıp Pasha</a> (1757-1763), one of the most capable statesmen of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1774–1789_Abdul_Hamid_I"><span id="1774.E2.80.931789_Abdul_Hamid_I"></span>1774–1789 Abdul Hamid I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1774–1789 Abdul Hamid I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1774 after a <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">catastrophic war</a> with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, the Ottomans were compelled to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mustafa II (1695–1703)"><img alt="Mustafa II (1695–1703)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mustafa2.jpg/105px-Mustafa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mustafa2.jpg/158px-Mustafa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mustafa2.jpg/210px-Mustafa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(1695–1703)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:III._Ahmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ahmed III (1703–1730)"><img alt="Ahmed III (1703–1730)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/III._Ahmet.jpg/85px-III._Ahmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/III._Ahmet.jpg/127px-III._Ahmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/III._Ahmet.jpg/170px-III._Ahmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(1703–1730)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahmud I (1730–1754)"><img alt="Mahmud I (1730–1754)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mahmud1.jpg/83px-Mahmud1.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mahmud1.jpg/124px-Mahmud1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mahmud1.jpg/166px-Mahmud1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(1730–1754)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osman_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osman III (1754–1757)"><img alt="Osman III (1754–1757)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Osman_III.jpg/106px-Osman_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Osman_III.jpg/159px-Osman_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Osman_III.jpg/211px-Osman_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="1586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(1754–1757)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mustafa III (1757–1774)"><img alt="Mustafa III (1757–1774)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mustafa3.jpg/84px-Mustafa3.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mustafa3.jpg/127px-Mustafa3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mustafa3.jpg/169px-Mustafa3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(1757–1774)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdulhamid_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdulhamid I (1774–1789)"><img alt="Abdulhamid I (1774–1789)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Abdulhamid_I.jpg/82px-Abdulhamid_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Abdulhamid_I.jpg/123px-Abdulhamid_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Abdulhamid_I.jpg/164px-Abdulhamid_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdulhamid I</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(1774–1789)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selim_III_by_John_Young.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Selim III (1789–1807)"><img alt="Selim III (1789–1807)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Selim_III_by_John_Young.jpg/99px-Selim_III_by_John_Young.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Selim_III_by_John_Young.jpg/148px-Selim_III_by_John_Young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Selim_III_by_John_Young.jpg/198px-Selim_III_by_John_Young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(1789–1807)</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Decline_Thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Decline Thesis">Ottoman Decline Thesis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSalzmann2011" class="citation book cs1">Salzmann, Ariel (2011). "The old regime and the Ottoman Middle East". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). <i>The Ottoman World</i>. Routledge. p. 413.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+old+regime+and+the+Ottoman+Middle+East&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Salzmann&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hathaway8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hathaway8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hathaway8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2008" class="citation book cs1">Hathaway, Jane (2008). <i>The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800</i>. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41899-8"><bdi>978-0-582-41899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Lands+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1516-1800&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-582-41899-8&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuataert2003" class="citation journal cs1">Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>1</b>: 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1478-0542.038">10.1111/1478-0542.038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Ottoman+History+Writing+and+Changing+Attitudes+towards+the+Notion+of+%27Decline%27&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1478-0542.038&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzmann1993" class="citation journal cs1">Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". <i>Politics & Society</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329293021004003">10.1177/0032329293021004003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153936362">153936362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=An+Ancien+R%C3%A9gime+Revisited%3A+%22Privatization%22+and+Political+Economy+in+the+Eighteenth-Century+Ottoman+Empire&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=402&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329293021004003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153936362%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Salzmann&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-military-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-military_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-military_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksan2007" class="citation book cs1">Aksan, Virginia (2007). <i>Ottoman Wars, 1700-1860: An Empire Besieged</i>. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 130–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7"><bdi>978-0-582-30807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Wars%2C+1700-1860%3A+An+Empire+Besieged&rft.pages=130-5&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-30807-7&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2008" class="citation journal cs1">Woodhead, Christine (2008). "New Views on Ottoman History, 1453-1839". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>123</b>. Oxford University Press: 983. <q>the Ottomans were able largely to maintain military parity until taken by surprise both on land and at sea in the Russian war from 1768 to 1774.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=New+Views+on+Ottoman+History%2C+1453-1839&rft.volume=123&rft.pages=983&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuataert2003" class="citation journal cs1">Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>1</b>: **. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1478-0542.038">10.1111/1478-0542.038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Ottoman+History+Writing+and+Changing+Attitudes+towards+the+Notion+of+%27Decline%27&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%2A%2A&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1478-0542.038&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hathaway, Jane (1996). "Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries". <i>The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin</i>. <b>20</b>: 25–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Turkish+Studies+Association+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Problems+of+Periodization+in+Ottoman+History%3A+The+Fifteenth+through+the+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=25-31&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2011" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Christine (2011). "Introduction". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). <i>The Ottoman World</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7"><bdi>978-0-415-44492-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44492-7&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzmann2011" class="citation book cs1">Salzmann, Ariel (2011). "The old regime and the Ottoman Middle East". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). <i>The Ottoman World</i>. Routledge. p. 409.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+old+regime+and+the+Ottoman+Middle+East&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Salzmann&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzmann1993" class="citation journal cs1">Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". <i>Politics & Society</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 400–1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329293021004003">10.1177/0032329293021004003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153936362">153936362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=An+Ancien+R%C3%A9gime+Revisited%3A+%22Privatization%22+and+Political+Economy+in+the+Eighteenth-Century+Ottoman+Empire&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=400-1&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329293021004003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153936362%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Salzmann&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarling1996" class="citation book cs1">Darling, Linda (1996). <i>Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560-1660</i>. E.J. Brill. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10289-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10289-2"><bdi>90-04-10289-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenue-Raising+and+Legitimacy%3A+Tax+Collection+and+Finance+Administration+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1560-1660.&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10289-2&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzmann1993" class="citation journal cs1">Salzmann, Ariel (1993). 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Pearson Education Ltd. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7"><bdi>978-0-582-30807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Wars%2C+1700-1860%3A+An+Empire+Besieged&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-30807-7&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzmann1993" class="citation journal cs1">Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". <i>Politics & Society</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329293021004003">10.1177/0032329293021004003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153936362">153936362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=An+Ancien+R%C3%A9gime+Revisited%3A+%22Privatization%22+and+Political+Economy+in+the+Eighteenth-Century+Ottoman+Empire&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=405&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329293021004003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153936362%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Salzmann&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarling1996" class="citation book cs1">Darling, Linda (1996). <i>Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560-1660</i>. E.J. Brill. pp. 238–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10289-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10289-2"><bdi>90-04-10289-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenue-Raising+and+Legitimacy%3A+Tax+Collection+and+Finance+Administration+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1560-1660.&rft.pages=238-9&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10289-2&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Murphey, Rhoads (2008). "The Growth in Istanbul's Commercial Capacity, 1700-1765: The Role of New Commercial Construction and Renovation in Urban Renewal". <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>61</b> (1–2): 147–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAOrient.61.2008.1-2.14">10.1556/AOrient.61.2008.1-2.14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=The+Growth+in+Istanbul%27s+Commercial+Capacity%2C+1700-1765%3A+The+Role+of+New+Commercial+Construction+and+Renovation+in+Urban+Renewal&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=147-55&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FAOrient.61.2008.1-2.14&rft.aulast=Murphey&rft.aufirst=Rhoads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuataert2000" class="citation book cs1">Quataert, Donald (2000). <i>The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1700-1922&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkel344-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel344_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel344_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2005). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923</i>. New York: Basic Books. pp. 344–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300-1923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=344-5&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkel346-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finkel346_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2005). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923</i>. New York: Basic Books. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300-1923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artay382-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-artay382_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artay382_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtan2012" class="citation book cs1">Artan, Tülay (2012). "Forms and forums of expression: Istanbul and beyond, 1600-1800.". In Woodhead, Christine (ed.). <i>The Ottoman World</i>. Routledge. pp. 382–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7"><bdi>978-0-415-44492-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forms+and+forums+of+expression%3A+Istanbul+and+beyond%2C+1600-1800.&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.pages=382-3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44492-7&rft.aulast=Artan&rft.aufirst=T%C3%BClay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtan2012" class="citation book cs1">Artan, Tülay (2012). "Forms and forums of expression: Istanbul and beyond, 1600-1800.". In Woodhead, Christine (ed.). <i>The Ottoman World</i>. Routledge. pp. 386–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7"><bdi>978-0-415-44492-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forms+and+forums+of+expression%3A+Istanbul+and+beyond%2C+1600-1800.&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.pages=386-7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44492-7&rft.aulast=Artan&rft.aufirst=T%C3%BClay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2005). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923</i>. New York: Basic Books. pp. 366–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300-1923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=366-7&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rifaat Ali Abou-El-Haj, "The Narcissism of Mustafa II (1695–1703): A Psychohistorical Study." <i>Studia Islamica</i> (1974): 115–131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595336">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaws-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaws_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaws_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Stanford J. and Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976) <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, volume 1: Empire of the Gazis: the rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280–1808</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, p. 240, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21280-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21280-4">0-521-21280-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksan2006" class="citation book cs1">Aksan, Virginia (2006). "War and peace". In Suraiya Faroqhi (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Turkey</i>. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+and+peace&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Turkey&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2005). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923</i>. New York: Basic Books. pp. 362–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300-1923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=362-3&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItzkowitz1977" class="citation book cs1">Itzkowitz, Norman (1977). "Men and Ideas in the Eighteenth Century Ottoman Empire". In Naff, Thomas; Roger Owen (eds.). <i>Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History</i>. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 21–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Men+and+Ideas+in+the+Eighteenth+Century+Ottoman+Empire&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Eighteenth+Century+Islamic+History&rft.pages=21-2&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Itzkowitz&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksan2007" class="citation book cs1">Aksan, Virginia (2007). <i>Ottoman Wars, 1700-1860: An Empire Besieged</i>. Pearson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7"><bdi>978-0-582-30807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Wars%2C+1700-1860%3A+An+Empire+Besieged&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-30807-7&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtan2012" class="citation book cs1">Artan, Tülay (2012). "Forms and forums of expression: Istanbul and beyond, 1600-1800.". In Woodhead, Christine (ed.). <i>The Ottoman World</i>. Routledge. pp. 378–406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7"><bdi>978-0-415-44492-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forms+and+forums+of+expression%3A+Istanbul+and+beyond%2C+1600-1800.&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.pages=378-406&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44492-7&rft.aulast=Artan&rft.aufirst=T%C3%BClay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarling1996" class="citation book cs1">Darling, Linda (1996). <i>Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560-1660</i>. E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10289-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10289-2"><bdi>90-04-10289-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenue-Raising+and+Legitimacy%3A+Tax+Collection+and+Finance+Administration+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1560-1660.&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10289-2&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaroqhi2006" class="citation book cs1">Faroqhi, Suraiya, ed. (2006). <i>The Cambridge History of Turkey</i>. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62095-6"><bdi>978-0-521-62095-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Turkey&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62095-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2005). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300-1923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hathaway, Jane (1996). "Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries". <i>The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin</i>. <b>20</b>: 25–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Turkish+Studies+Association+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Problems+of+Periodization+in+Ottoman+History%3A+The+Fifteenth+through+the+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=25-31&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2008" class="citation book cs1">Hathaway, Jane (2008). <i>The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800</i>. Pearson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41899-8"><bdi>978-0-582-41899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Lands+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1516-1800&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-582-41899-8&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnalcık1977" class="citation book cs1">İnalcık, Halil (1977). "Centralization and Decentralization in Ottoman Administration". In Naff, Thomas; Roger Owen (eds.). <i>Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History</i>. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 27–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Centralization+and+Decentralization+in+Ottoman+Administration&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Eighteenth+Century+Islamic+History&rft.pages=27-52&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=Halil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItzkowitz1977" class="citation book cs1">Itzkowitz, Norman (1977). "Men and Ideas in the Eighteenth Century Ottoman Empire". In Naff, Thomas; Roger Owen (eds.). <i>Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History</i>. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 15–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Men+and+Ideas+in+the+Eighteenth+Century+Ottoman+Empire&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Eighteenth+Century+Islamic+History&rft.pages=15-26&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Itzkowitz&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Murphey, Rhoads (2008). "The Growth in Istanbul's Commercial Capacity, 1700-1765: The Role of New Commercial Construction and Renovation in Urban Renewal". <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>61</b> (1–2): 147–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAOrient.61.2008.1-2.14">10.1556/AOrient.61.2008.1-2.14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=The+Growth+in+Istanbul%27s+Commercial+Capacity%2C+1700-1765%3A+The+Role+of+New+Commercial+Construction+and+Renovation+in+Urban+Renewal&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=147-55&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FAOrient.61.2008.1-2.14&rft.aulast=Murphey&rft.aufirst=Rhoads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuataert2003" class="citation journal cs1">Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>1</b>: **. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1478-0542.038">10.1111/1478-0542.038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Ottoman+History+Writing+and+Changing+Attitudes+towards+the+Notion+of+%27Decline%27&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%2A%2A&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1478-0542.038&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzmann1993" class="citation journal cs1">Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". <i>Politics & Society</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 393–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329293021004003">10.1177/0032329293021004003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153936362">153936362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=An+Ancien+R%C3%A9gime+Revisited%3A+%22Privatization%22+and+Political+Economy+in+the+Eighteenth-Century+Ottoman+Empire&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-423&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329293021004003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153936362%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Salzmann&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzmann2011" class="citation book cs1">Salzmann, Ariel (2011). "The old regime and the Ottoman Middle East". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). <i>The Ottoman World</i>. Routledge. p. 409-422.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+old+regime+and+the+Ottoman+Middle+East&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.pages=409-422&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Salzmann&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTezcan2010" class="citation book cs1">Tezcan, Baki (2010). <i>The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-41144-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-41144-9"><bdi>978-1-107-41144-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Political+and+Social+Transformation+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-107-41144-9&rft.aulast=Tezcan&rft.aufirst=Baki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2011" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Christine, ed. (2011). <i>The Ottoman World</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7"><bdi>978-0-415-44492-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44492-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2008" class="citation journal cs1">Woodhead, Christine (2008). "Consolidating the Empire: New Views on Ottoman History, 1453-1839". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>123</b>. Oxford University Press: 973–987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Consolidating+the+Empire%3A+New+Views+on+Ottoman+History%2C+1453-1839&rft.volume=123&rft.pages=973-987&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_surveys">General surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: General surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2005). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300-1923&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2008" class="citation book cs1">Hathaway, Jane (2008). <i>The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800</i>. Pearson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41899-8"><bdi>978-0-582-41899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Lands+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1516-1800&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-582-41899-8&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuataert2005" class="citation book cs1">Quataert, Donald (2005). <i>The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922</i> (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54782-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54782-6"><bdi>978-0-521-54782-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1700%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54782-6&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monographs_and_articles">Monographs and articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Monographs and articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksan2007" class="citation book cs1">Aksan, Virginia (2007). <i>Ottoman Wars, 1700-1860: An Empire Besieged</i>. Pearson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7"><bdi>978-0-582-30807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Wars%2C+1700-1860%3A+An+Empire+Besieged&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-30807-7&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou-El-Haj2005" class="citation book cs1">Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at Ali (2005). <i>Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries</i>. Syracuse University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formation+of+the+Modern+State%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+Sixteenth+to+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Abou-El-Haj&rft.aufirst=Rifa%27at+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzmann1993" class="citation journal cs1">Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". <i>Politics & Society</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 393–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329293021004003">10.1177/0032329293021004003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153936362">153936362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=An+Ancien+R%C3%A9gime+Revisited%3A+%22Privatization%22+and+Political+Economy+in+the+Eighteenth-Century+Ottoman+Empire&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-423&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329293021004003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153936362%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Salzmann&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_essays">Collected essays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Old_Regime&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Collected essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSajdi2014" class="citation book cs1">Sajdi, Dana, ed. (2014). <i>Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century</i>. London: I.B. Taurus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-655-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-655-3"><bdi>978-1-78076-655-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Tulips%2C+Ottoman+Coffee%3A+Leisure+and+Lifestyle+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Taurus&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-655-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2011" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Christine, ed. (2011). <i>The Ottoman World</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44492-7"><bdi>978-0-415-44492-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44492-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Old+Regime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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