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Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%9B%C5%BEn%C3%BD_kruh_Scarff" title="Oběžný kruh Scarff – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oběžný kruh Scarff" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anillo_Scarff" title="Anillo Scarff – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anillo Scarff" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aff%C3%BBt_Scarff" title="Affût Scarff – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Affût Scarff" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anello_Scarff" title="Anello Scarff – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anello Scarff" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarfo_%C5%BEiedas" title="Skarfo žiedas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skarfo žiedas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrotnica_Scarffa" title="Obrotnica Scarffa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obrotnica Scarffa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7430393#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Scarff_ring_sc.jpg/500px-Scarff_ring_sc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Scarff ring on a <a href="/wiki/Bristol_F.2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol F.2B">Bristol F.2B</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Shuttleworth_Collection" title="Shuttleworth Collection">Shuttleworth Collection</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Scarff ring</b> was a type of <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> mounting developed during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer">Warrant Officer</a> (Gunner) F. W. Scarff of the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Department" title="Air Department">Air Department</a> for use on two-seater aircraft. The mount incorporated <a href="/wiki/Bungee_cord" title="Bungee cord">bungee cord</a> suspension in elevation to compensate for the weight of the gun, and allowed an airgunner in an open cockpit to swivel and elevate his weapon (a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis machine gun">Lewis machine gun</a>) quickly, and easily fire in any direction. Later models permitted the fitting of two Lewis guns; while this doubled the firepower available, operation of the paired guns was more cumbersome, and required considerable strength from the gunner, especially at altitude, so that many gunners preferred the original single gun - and this became the postwar standard. In either case, the mounting was simple and rugged, and gave its operator an excellent field of fire. It was widely adapted and copied for other airforces. </p><p>As well as becoming a standard fitting in the British forces during the First World War, the Scarff ring was used in the postwar <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> for many years. Perhaps the last British aircraft to use the mounting was the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Walrus" title="Supermarine Walrus">Supermarine Walrus</a> amphibian prototype. </p><p>Scarff was also involved in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear#The_Scarff-Dibovski_gear" title="Synchronization gear">Scarff-Dibovsky synchronization gear</a>. </p><p>Although it was a seemingly simple device, later attempts to emulate the Scarff ring as a mounting for the dorsal <a href="/wiki/Vickers_K_machine_gun" title="Vickers K machine gun">Vickers K</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Handley Page Hampden</a> bomber were failures. <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page" title="Handley Page">Handley Page</a> had designed a carriage with ball-bearing wheels running on a track around the cockpit. Vibration when firing shook the balls out, jamming the mounting.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace,1972_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace,1972-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, the Germans developed a similar system called the <i>Drehkranz</i> D 30 (German: "slewing ring") which was used on a number of German aircraft, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a>. </p><p>In British use the Scarff ring was replaced in the 1930s by specialised <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">power-operated turrets</a> such as those made by <a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Aircraft#Boulton_Paul_gun_turrets" title="Boulton Paul Aircraft">Boulton Paul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nash_%26_Thompson" title="Nash & Thompson">Nash & Thompson</a>, aircraft air speeds having by then risen to the point where a manually-operated gun was infeasible. </p><p>The Scarff ring was also fitted to the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce Armoured Car">Rolls-Royce Armoured Car</a> vehicles of the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Armoured_Car_Company" title="RAF Armoured Car Company">RAF Armoured Car Companies</a>, antecedents to the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Regiment" title="RAF Regiment">RAF Regiment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarff_ring&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarker2002" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Ralph (2002). <i>The Royal Flying Corps in World War I</i>. Robinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84119-470-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84119-470-0"><bdi>1-84119-470-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Flying+Corps+in+World+War+I&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84119-470-0&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarff+ring" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wallace,1972-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace,1972_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1972" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, G. F. (1972). <i>The Guns of the Royal Air Force 1939–1945</i>. London: William Kimber. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7183-0362-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7183-0362-8"><bdi>0-7183-0362-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guns+of+the+Royal+Air+Force+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=William+Kimber&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7183-0362-8&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=G.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarff+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarff_ring&oldid=1239706216">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarff_ring&oldid=1239706216</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Category:Aviation in World War I">Aviation in World War I</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 August 2024, at 00:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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