CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chlorophyll - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5102266a-5b32-446d-8a29-8e203fbe7e37","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chlorophyll","wgTitle":"Chlorophyll","wgCurRevisionId":1277242198,"wgRevisionId":1277242198,"wgArticleId":6985,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 interwiki-linked names","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Tetrapyrroles","Photosynthetic pigments","E-number additives"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chlorophyll","wgRelevantArticleId":6985,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q43177","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList", "mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg/1200px-M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="795"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg/800px-M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="530"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg/640px-M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="424"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chlorophyll - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chlorophyll rootpage-Chlorophyll skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chlorophyll" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chlorophyll" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chlorophyll" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chlorophyll" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Photosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemical structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_of_chlorophyll_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_of_chlorophyll_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Measurement of chlorophyll content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement_of_chlorophyll_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senescence_and_the_chlorophyll_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senescence_and_the_chlorophyll_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Senescence and the chlorophyll cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senescence_and_the_chlorophyll_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>In marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorophyll</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofil" title="Chlorofil – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chlorofil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chlorophyll" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1" title="يخضور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يخضور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorofila" title="Clorofila – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clorofila" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Хлорофилл – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хлорофилл" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlorofil" title="Xlorofil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xlorofil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="ক্লোরোফিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লোরোফিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%CC%8Dp-le%CC%8Dk-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Ia̍p-le̍k-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ia̍p-le̍k-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Хлорофилл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хлорофилл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Хларафіл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хларафіл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Хлярафіл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хлярафіл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Хлорофил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хлорофил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hlorofil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorofil%C2%B7la" title="Clorofil·la – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clorofil·la" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Хлорофилл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хлорофилл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofyl" title="Chlorofyl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chlorofyl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloroffyl" title="Cloroffyl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cloroffyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofyl" title="Klorofyl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klorofyl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84" title="كلوروفيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كلوروفيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophylle" title="Chlorophylle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chlorophylle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorof%C3%BCll" title="Klorofüll – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klorofüll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Χλωροφύλλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χλωροφύλλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorofila" title="Clorofila – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clorofila" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofilo" title="Klorofilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klorofilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofila" title="Klorofila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klorofila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="سبزینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبزینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophylle" title="Chlorophylle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chlorophylle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3raifill" title="Clóraifill – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clóraifill" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorofila" title="Clorofila – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clorofila" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="હરિતદ્રવ્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હરિતદ્રવ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%86%8C" title="엽록소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엽록소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Քլորոֆիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քլորոֆիլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="पर्णहरित – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्णहरित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" title="Klorofil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klorofil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofilo" title="Klorofilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klorofilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" title="Klorofil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klorofil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bla%C3%B0gr%C3%A6na" title="Blaðgræna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blaðgræna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorofilla" title="Clorofilla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clorofilla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C" title="כלורופיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלורופיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" title="Klorofil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klorofil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_(%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81)" title="ಕ್ಲೋರೊಫಿಲ್ (ಹರಿತ್ತು) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಲೋರೊಫಿಲ್ (ಹರಿತ್ತು)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ქლოროფილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქლოროფილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Хлорофилл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хлорофилл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofili" title="Klorofili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Klorofili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klowofil" title="Klowofil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Klowofil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorof%C3%AEl" title="Klorofîl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Klorofîl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllum" title="Chlorophyllum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chlorophyllum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlorofils" title="Hlorofils – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hlorofils" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofilas" title="Chlorofilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chlorofilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofill" title="Klorofill – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klorofill" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Хлорофил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хлорофил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഹരിതകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹരിതകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="हरितद्रव्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हरितद्रव्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ქლოროფილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქლოროფილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84" title="كلوروفيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلوروفيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" title="Klorofil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Klorofil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" title="Klorofil – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Klorofil" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofyl" title="Chlorofyl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chlorofyl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3" title="हरितकण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हरितकण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB" title="クロロフィル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロロフィル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chlorophyll" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofyll" title="Klorofyll – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klorofyll" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofyll" title="Klorofyll – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klorofyll" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorofilla" title="Clorofilla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Clorofilla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiloorofiilii" title="Kiloorofiilii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kiloorofiilii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlorofill" title="Xlorofill – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xlorofill" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofile" title="Chlorofile – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chlorofile" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorofila" title="Clorofila – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clorofila" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorofil%C4%83" title="Clorofilă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clorofilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphi_q%27umir" title="Raphi q'umir – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Raphi q'umir" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Хлорофилл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хлорофилл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofili" title="Klorofili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klorofili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chlorophyll" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofyl" title="Chlorofyl – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chlorofyl" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" title="Klorofil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klorofil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کلۆرۆفیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلۆرۆفیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Хлорофил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хлорофил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hlorofil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloropil" title="Kloropil – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kloropil" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehtivihre%C3%A4" title="Lehtivihreä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lehtivihreä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofyll" title="Klorofyll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klorofyll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloropila" title="Kloropila – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kloropila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பச்சையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பச்சையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Хлорофилл – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хлорофилл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="పత్రహరితం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పత్రహరితం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="คลอโรฟิลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลอโรฟิลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Хлорофилл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хлорофилл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" title="Klorofil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klorofil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Хлорофіл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хлорофіл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84" title="کلوروفل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلوروفل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%E1%BB%87p_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Diệp lục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diệp lục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorofile" title="Clorofile – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Clorofile" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloropila" title="Kloropila – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kloropila" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="叶绿素 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="叶绿素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B6%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="葉綠素 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葉綠素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="叶绿素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="叶绿素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43177#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chlorophyll" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chlorophyll" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chlorophyll" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&oldid=1277242198" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chlorophyll&id=1277242198&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChlorophyll"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChlorophyll"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chlorophyll&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chlorophyll" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43177" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Green pigments found in plants, algae and bacteria</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Leaf green" redirects here. For the RAL color, see <a href="/wiki/RAL_6002_Leaf_green" class="mw-redirect" title="RAL 6002 Leaf green">RAL 6002 Leaf green</a>. For the 2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i> video game, see <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_LeafGreen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon LeafGreen"><i>Pokémon LeafGreen</i></a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bacteriochlorophyll" title="Bacteriochlorophyll">bacteriochlorophyll</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Chlorophyll at various scales</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lemon balm leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg/300px-M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg/450px-M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg/600px-M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of many plants and algae.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A microscope image of plant cells, with chloroplasts visible as small green balls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/300px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/450px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/600px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Seen through a microscope, chlorophyll is concentrated within organisms in structures called <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> – shown here grouped inside plant cells.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Why_are_plants_green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A leaf absorbing blue and red light, but reflecting green light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Why_are_plants_green.svg/300px-Why_are_plants_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Why_are_plants_green.svg/450px-Why_are_plants_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Why_are_plants_green.svg/600px-Why_are_plants_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="305" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Plants are perceived as green because chlorophyll absorbs mainly the blue and red wavelengths but green light, reflected by plant structures like cell walls, is less absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-JBE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll_d_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The structure of chlorophyll d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chlorophyll_d_structure.svg/300px-Chlorophyll_d_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chlorophyll_d_structure.svg/450px-Chlorophyll_d_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chlorophyll_d_structure.svg/600px-Chlorophyll_d_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="327" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">There are several types of chlorophyll, but all share the <a href="/wiki/Chlorin" title="Chlorin">chlorin</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> which forms the right side of this diagram.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Chlorophyll</b> is any of several related green <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> words <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χλωρός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">khloros</i></span>, "pale green") and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φύλλον</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">phyllon</i></span>, "leaf").<sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chlorophyll allows plants to absorb <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> from light. Those pigments are involved in <a href="/wiki/Oxygenic_photosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenic photosynthesis">oxygenic photosynthesis</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Bacteriochlorophyll" title="Bacteriochlorophyll">bacteriochlorophylls</a>, related molecules found only in bacteria and involved in <a href="/wiki/Anoxygenic_photosynthesis" title="Anoxygenic photosynthesis">anoxygenic photosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_sky_radiation" title="Diffuse sky radiation">blue portion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> as well as the red portion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum. Hence chlorophyll-containing tissues appear green because green light, diffusively reflected by structures like cell walls, is less absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-JBE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two types of chlorophyll exist in the photosystems of green plants: <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll <i>a</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_b" title="Chlorophyll b"><i>b</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chlorophyll was first isolated and named by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bienaim%C3%A9_Caventou" title="Joseph Bienaimé Caventou">Joseph Bienaimé Caventou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Pelletier" title="Pierre Joseph Pelletier">Pierre Joseph Pelletier</a> in 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> in chlorophyll was discovered in 1906,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the first detection of that element in living tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-motilva_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motilva-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After initial work done by German chemist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a> spanning from 1905 to 1915, the general structure of chlorophyll <i>a</i> was elucidated by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a> in 1940. By 1960, when most of the <a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">stereochemistry</a> of chlorophyll <i>a</i> was known, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> published a total synthesis of the molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-motilva_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motilva-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, the last remaining stereochemical elucidation was completed by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming_(chemist)" title="Ian Fleming (chemist)">Ian Fleming</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1990 Woodward and co-authors published an updated synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_f" title="Chlorophyll f">Chlorophyll <i>f</i></a> was announced to be present in <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> and other oxygenic microorganisms that form <a href="/wiki/Stromatolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromatolites">stromatolites</a> in 2010;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a molecular formula of C<sub>55</sub>H<sub>70</sub>O<sub>6</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Mg and a structure of (2-<a href="/wiki/Formyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Formyl">formyl</a>)-chlorophyll <i>a</i> were deduced based on NMR, optical and mass spectra.<sup id="cite_ref-ChlF_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChlF-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Photosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg/220px-Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg/330px-Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg/440px-Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">Absorbance</a> spectra of free chlorophyll <i>a</i> (<b><span style="color:#0169c9;">blue</span></b>) and <i>b</i> (<b><span style="color:red;">red</span></b>) in a solvent. The spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified <i>in vivo</i> depending on specific pigment-protein interactions. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0169C9; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Chlorophyll <i>a</i></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Chlorophyll <i>b</i></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Chlorophyll is vital for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, which allows plants to absorb energy from <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chlorophyll molecules are arranged in and around <a href="/wiki/Photosystem" title="Photosystem">photosystems</a> that are embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Thylakoid" title="Thylakoid">thylakoid</a> membranes of <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these complexes, chlorophyll serves three functions: </p> <ol><li>The function of the vast majority of chlorophyll (up to several hundred molecules per photosystem) is to absorb light.</li> <li>Having done so, these same centers execute their second function: The transfer of that energy by <a href="/wiki/Resonance_energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonance energy transfer">resonance energy transfer</a> to a specific chlorophyll pair in the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction center">reaction center</a> of the photosystems.</li> <li>This specific pair performs the final function of chlorophylls: Charge separation, which produces the unbound protons (H<sup>+</sup>) and electrons (e<sup>−</sup>) that separately propel biosynthesis.</li></ol> <p>The two currently accepted photosystem units are <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Photosystem_I" title="Photosystem I">photosystem I</a></span> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Photosystem_II" title="Photosystem II">photosystem II</a>,</span> which have their own distinct reaction centres, named <a href="/wiki/P700" title="P700">P700</a> and <a href="/wiki/P680" title="P680">P680</a>, respectively. These centres are named after the wavelength (in <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a>) of their red-peak absorption maximum. The identity, function and spectral properties of the types of chlorophyll in each photosystem are distinct and determined by each other and the protein structure surrounding them. </p><p>The function of the reaction center of chlorophyll is to absorb light energy and transfer it to other parts of the photosystem. The absorbed energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in a process called charge separation. The removal of the electron from the chlorophyll is an oxidation reaction. The chlorophyll donates the high energy electron to a series of molecular intermediates called an <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a>. The charged reaction center of chlorophyll (P680<sup>+</sup>) is then reduced back to its ground state by accepting an electron stripped from water. The electron that reduces P680<sup>+</sup> ultimately comes from the oxidation of water into O<sub>2</sub> and H<sup>+</sup> through several intermediates. This reaction is how photosynthetic organisms such as plants produce O<sub>2</sub> gas, and is the source for practically all the O<sub>2</sub> in Earth's atmosphere. Photosystem I typically works in series with Photosystem II; thus the P700<sup>+</sup> of Photosystem I is usually reduced as it accepts the electron, via many intermediates in the thylakoid membrane, by electrons coming, ultimately, from Photosystem II. Electron transfer reactions in the thylakoid membranes are complex, however, and the source of electrons used to reduce P700<sup>+</sup> can vary. </p><p>The electron flow produced by the reaction center chlorophyll pigments is used to pump H<sup>+</sup> ions across the thylakoid membrane, setting up a <a href="/wiki/Proton-motive_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton-motive force">proton-motive force</a> a chemiosmotic potential used mainly in the production of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> (stored chemical energy) or to reduce NADP<sup>+</sup> to <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>. NADPH is a universal <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">agent</a> used to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> into sugars as well as other biosynthetic reactions. </p><p>Reaction center chlorophyll–protein complexes are capable of directly absorbing light and performing charge separation events without the assistance of other chlorophyll pigments, but the probability of that happening under a given light intensity is small. Thus, the other chlorophylls in the photosystem and antenna pigment proteins all cooperatively absorb and funnel light energy to the reaction center. Besides chlorophyll <i>a</i>, there are other pigments, called <a href="/wiki/Accessory_pigment" title="Accessory pigment">accessory pigments</a>, which occur in these pigment–protein antenna complexes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_structure">Chemical structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll-a-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chlorophyll-a-3D-vdW.png/220px-Chlorophyll-a-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chlorophyll-a-3D-vdW.png/330px-Chlorophyll-a-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chlorophyll-a-3D-vdW.png/440px-Chlorophyll-a-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Space-filling model of the chlorophyll <i>a</i> molecule</figcaption></figure> <p>Several chlorophylls are known. All are defined as derivatives of the parent <a href="/wiki/Chlorin" title="Chlorin">chlorin</a> by the presence of a fifth, ketone-containing ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. Most chlorophylls are classified as <a href="/wiki/Chlorin" title="Chlorin">chlorins</a>, which are reduced relatives of <a href="/wiki/Porphyrins" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyrins">porphyrins</a> (found in <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>). They share a common biosynthetic pathway with porphyrins, including the precursor <a href="/wiki/Uroporphyrinogen_III" title="Uroporphyrinogen III">uroporphyrinogen III</a>. Unlike hemes, which contain iron bound to the N4 center, most chlorophylls bind <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>. The axial <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> attached to the Mg<sup>2+</sup> center are often omitted for clarity. Appended to the chlorin ring are various side chains, usually including a long <a href="/wiki/Phytyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytyl">phytyl</a> chain (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">20</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">39</sub>O</span>). The most widely distributed form in terrestrial plants is chlorophyll <i>a</i>. Chlorophyll <i>a</i> has <a href="/wiki/Methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl">methyl</a> group in place of a <a href="/wiki/Formyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Formyl">formyl</a> group in chlorophyll <i>b</i>. This difference affects the absorption spectrum, allowing plants to absorb a greater portion of visible light. </p><p> The structures of chlorophylls are summarized below:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">Chlorophyll <i>a</i></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_b" title="Chlorophyll b">Chlorophyll <i>b</i></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_c1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorophyll c1">Chlorophyll <i>c<sub>1</sub></i></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_c2" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorophyll c2">Chlorophyll <i>c<sub>2</sub></i></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_d" title="Chlorophyll d">Chlorophyll <i>d</i></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_f" title="Chlorophyll f">Chlorophyll <i>f</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-ChlF_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChlF-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular formula">Molecular formula</a> </th> <td>C<sub>55</sub>H<sub>72</sub>O<sub>5</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Mg </td> <td>C<sub>55</sub>H<sub>70</sub>O<sub>6</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Mg </td> <td>C<sub>35</sub>H<sub>30</sub>O<sub>5</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Mg </td> <td>C<sub>35</sub>H<sub>28</sub>O<sub>5</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Mg </td> <td>C<sub>54</sub>H<sub>70</sub>O<sub>6</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Mg </td> <td>C<sub>55</sub>H<sub>70</sub>O<sub>6</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Mg </td></tr> <tr> <th>C2 group </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">−CH<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CHO </td></tr> <tr> <th>C3 group </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_group" title="Vinyl group">−CH=CH<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>−CH=CH<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−CH=CH<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−CH=CH<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Formyl">−CHO</a> </td> <td>−CH=CH<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <th>C7 group </th> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CHO </td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <th>C8 group </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_group" title="Ethyl group">−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CH=CH<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <th>C17 group </th> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO−Phytyl </td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO−Phytyl </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acrylate" title="Acrylate">−CH=CHCOOH</a> </td> <td>−CH=CHCOOH </td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO−Phytyl </td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO−Phytyl </td></tr> <tr> <th>C17−C18 bond </th> <td>Single<br />(chlorin) </td> <td>Single<br />(chlorin) </td> <td>Double<br />(porphyrin) </td> <td>Double<br />(porphyrin) </td> <td>Single<br />(chlorin) </td> <td>Single<br />(chlorin) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Occurrence </th> <td>Universal </td> <td>Mostly plants </td> <td>Various algae </td> <td>Various algae </td> <td>Cyanobacteria </td> <td>Cyanobacteria </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="skin-invert-image"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Structures of chlorophylls</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll_a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="chlorophyll a"><img alt="chlorophyll a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chlorophyll_a.svg/48px-Chlorophyll_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chlorophyll_a.svg/72px-Chlorophyll_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chlorophyll_a.svg/96px-Chlorophyll_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">chlorophyll <i>a</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll_b.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="chlorophyll b"><img alt="chlorophyll b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chlorophyll_b.svg/47px-Chlorophyll_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chlorophyll_b.svg/71px-Chlorophyll_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chlorophyll_b.svg/94px-Chlorophyll_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">chlorophyll <i>b</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll_c1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="chlorophyll c1"><img alt="chlorophyll c1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chlorophyll_c1.svg/104px-Chlorophyll_c1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chlorophyll_c1.svg/156px-Chlorophyll_c1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chlorophyll_c1.svg/207px-Chlorophyll_c1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">chlorophyll <i>c<sub>1</sub></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll_c2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="chlorophyll c2"><img alt="chlorophyll c2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chlorophyll_c2.svg/104px-Chlorophyll_c2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chlorophyll_c2.svg/156px-Chlorophyll_c2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chlorophyll_c2.svg/207px-Chlorophyll_c2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">chlorophyll <i>c<sub>2</sub></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll_d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="chlorophyll d"><img alt="chlorophyll d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chlorophyll_d.svg/49px-Chlorophyll_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chlorophyll_d.svg/74px-Chlorophyll_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chlorophyll_d.svg/98px-Chlorophyll_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">chlorophyll <i>d</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll_f_vert.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="chlorophyll f"><img alt="chlorophyll f" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chlorophyll_f_vert.svg/49px-Chlorophyll_f_vert.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chlorophyll_f_vert.svg/74px-Chlorophyll_f_vert.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chlorophyll_f_vert.svg/98px-Chlorophyll_f_vert.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">chlorophyll <i>f</i></div> </li> </ul></div> <p>Chlorophyll <i>e</i> is reserved for a pigment that has been extracted from algae in 1966 but not chemically described. Besides the lettered chlorophylls, a wide variety of sidechain modifications to the chlorophyll structures are known in the wild. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Prochlorococcus" title="Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i>, a cyanobacterium, uses 8-vinyl Chl <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen19_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement_of_chlorophyll_content">Measurement of chlorophyll content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Measurement of chlorophyll content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll_Extraktion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chlorophyll_Extraktion.jpg/220px-Chlorophyll_Extraktion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chlorophyll_Extraktion.jpg/330px-Chlorophyll_Extraktion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chlorophyll_Extraktion.jpg/440px-Chlorophyll_Extraktion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Chlorophyll forms deep green solutions in organic solvents.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chlorophylls can be extracted from the protein into organic solvents.<sup id="cite_ref-Marker1972_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marker1972-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey1969_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey1969-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, the concentration of chlorophyll within a leaf can be estimated.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods also exist to separate <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll <i>a</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_b" title="Chlorophyll b">chlorophyll <i>b</i></a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>, chlorophyll <i>a</i> has approximate absorbance maxima of 430 nm and 662 nm, while chlorophyll <i>b</i> has approximate maxima of 453 nm and 642 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absorption peaks of chlorophyll <i>a</i> are at 465 nm and 665 nm. Chlorophyll <i>a</i> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluoresces</a> at 673 nm (maximum) and 726 nm. The peak <a href="/wiki/Molar_absorptivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar absorptivity">molar absorption coefficient</a> of chlorophyll <i>a</i> exceeds 10<sup>5</sup> M<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>, which is among the highest for small-molecule organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 90% acetone-water, the peak absorption wavelengths of chlorophyll <i>a</i> are 430 nm and 664 nm; peaks for chlorophyll <i>b</i> are 460 nm and 647 nm; peaks for chlorophyll <i>c<sub>1</sub></i> are 442 nm and 630 nm; peaks for chlorophyll <i>c<sub>2</sub></i> are 444 nm and 630 nm; peaks for chlorophyll <i>d</i> are 401 nm, 455 nm and 696 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ratio fluorescence emission can be used to measure chlorophyll content. By exciting chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence at a lower wavelength, the ratio of chlorophyll fluorescence emission at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993705000000000000♠"></span>705<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>10 nm</span> and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993735000000000000♠"></span>735<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>10 nm</span> can provide a linear relationship of chlorophyll content when compared with chemical testing. The ratio <i>F</i><sub>735</sub>/<i>F</i><sub>700</sub> provided a <a href="/wiki/Correlation_coefficient" title="Correlation coefficient">correlation value of <i>r</i><sup>2</sup></a> 0.96 compared with chemical testing in the range from 41 mg m<sup>−2</sup> up to 675 mg m<sup>−2</sup>. Gitelson also developed a formula for direct readout of chlorophyll content in mg m<sup>−2</sup>. The formula provided a reliable method of measuring chlorophyll content from 41 mg m<sup>−2</sup> up to 675 mg m<sup>−2</sup> with a correlation <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> value of 0.95.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, the chlorophyll concentration can be estimated by measuring the light transmittance through the plant leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assessment of leaf chlorophyll content using optical sensors such as <a href="/wiki/Dualex" title="Dualex">Dualex</a> and SPAD allows researchers to perform real-time and non-destructive measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows that these methods have a positive correlation with laboratory measurements of chlorophyll.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyllide" title="Chlorophyllide">Chlorophyllide</a></div> <p>In some plants, chlorophyll is derived from <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a> and is synthesised along a branched <a href="/wiki/Biosynthetic_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosynthetic pathway">biosynthetic pathway</a> that is shared with <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siroheme" title="Siroheme">siroheme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-akhtar94_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akhtar94-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Review_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_synthase" title="Chlorophyll synthase">Chlorophyll synthase</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the enzyme that completes the biosynthesis of chlorophyll <i>a</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>chlorophyllide <i>a</i> + phytyl diphosphate <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c37b981df851b9e54e489e017b1481e37d418f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }"></span> chlorophyll <i>a</i> + diphosphate</dd></dl> <p>This conversion forms an ester of the carboxylic acid group in <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyllide" title="Chlorophyllide">chlorophyllide <i>a</i></a> with the 20-carbon <a href="/wiki/Diterpene" title="Diterpene">diterpene</a> alcohol <a href="/wiki/Phytol" title="Phytol">phytol</a>. Chlorophyll <i>b</i> is made by the same enzyme acting on <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyllide" title="Chlorophyllide">chlorophyllide <i>b</i></a>. The same is known for chlorophyll <i>d</i> and <i>f</i>, both made from corresponding chlorophyllides ultimately made from chlorophyllide <i>a</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsuzuki_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsuzuki-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">Angiosperm</a> plants, the later steps in the biosynthetic pathway are light-dependent. Such plants are pale (<a href="/wiki/Etiolation" title="Etiolation">etiolated</a>) if grown in darkness. <a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a> and green algae have an additional light-independent <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> and grow green even in darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chlorophyll is bound to <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protochlorophyllide" title="Protochlorophyllide">Protochlorophyllide</a>, one of the biosynthetic intermediates, occurs mostly in the free form and, under light conditions, acts as a <a href="/wiki/Photosensitizer" title="Photosensitizer">photosensitizer</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Free_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radicals">free radicals</a>, which can be toxic to the plant. Hence, plants regulate the amount of this chlorophyll precursor. In angiosperms, this regulation is achieved at the step of <a href="/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid" title="Aminolevulinic acid">aminolevulinic acid</a> (ALA), one of the intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis pathway. Plants that are fed by ALA accumulate high and toxic levels of protochlorophyllide; so do the mutants with a damaged regulatory system.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senescence_and_the_chlorophyll_cycle">Senescence and the chlorophyll cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Senescence and the chlorophyll cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of <a href="/wiki/Plant_senescence" title="Plant senescence">plant senescence</a> involves the degradation of chlorophyll: for example the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyllase" title="Chlorophyllase">chlorophyllase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.1.1.14">3.1.1.14</a>) <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyses</a> the phytyl sidechain to reverse the reaction in which chlorophylls are biosynthesised from chlorophyllide <i>a</i> or <i>b</i>. Since chlorophyllide <i>a</i> can be converted to chlorophyllide <i>b</i> and the latter can be re-esterified to chlorophyll <i>b</i>, these processes allow cycling between chlorophylls <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>. Moreover, chlorophyll <i>b</i> can be directly reduced (via <span class="nowrap">7<sup>1</sup>-hydroxychlorophyll <i>a</i></span>) back to chlorophyll <i>a</i>, completing the cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16669755_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16669755-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later stages of senescence, chlorophyllides are converted to a group of colourless <a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrrole" title="Tetrapyrrole">tetrapyrroles</a> known as nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCC's) with the general structure: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nonfluorescentchlorophilcatabolites.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites"><img alt="Nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nonfluorescentchlorophilcatabolites.svg/241px-Nonfluorescentchlorophilcatabolites.svg.png" decoding="async" width="241" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nonfluorescentchlorophilcatabolites.svg/362px-Nonfluorescentchlorophilcatabolites.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nonfluorescentchlorophilcatabolites.svg/482px-Nonfluorescentchlorophilcatabolites.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>These compounds have also been identified in ripening fruits and they give characteristic <a href="/wiki/Autumn_leaf_color" title="Autumn leaf color">autumn colours</a> to <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16669755_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16669755-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chlorophyll maps from 2002 to 2024, provided by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, show milligrams of chlorophyll per cubic meter of seawater each month.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalMap_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalMap-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Places where chlorophyll amounts are very low, indicating very low numbers of <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, are blue. Places where chlorophyll concentrations are high, meaning many phytoplankton were growing, are yellow. The observations come from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite. Land is dark gray, and places where MODIS could not collect data because of sea ice, polar darkness, or clouds are light gray. The highest chlorophyll concentrations, where tiny surface-dwelling ocean plants are, are in cold polar waters or in places where ocean currents bring cold water to the surface, such as around the equator and along the shores of continents. It is not the cold water itself that stimulates the phytoplankton. Instead, the cool temperatures are often a sign that the water has welled up to the surface from deeper in the ocean, carrying nutrients that have built up over time. In polar waters, nutrients accumulate in surface waters during the dark winter months when plants cannot grow. When sunlight returns in the spring and summer, the plants flourish in high concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalMap_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalMap-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthetic chlorophyll is registered as a food additive colorant, and its <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> is <a href="/wiki/E_number#E100–E199_(colours)" title="E number">E140</a>. Chefs use chlorophyll to color a variety of foods and beverages green, such as pasta and spirits. <a href="/wiki/Absinthe#Production" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a> gains its green color naturally from the chlorophyll introduced through the large variety of herbs used in its production.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chlorophyll is not soluble in water, and it is first mixed with a small quantity of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> to obtain the desired <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_marketing">In marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In years 1950–1953 in particular, chlorophyll was used as a marketing tool to promote toothpaste, sanitary towels, soap and other products. This was based on claims that it was an odor blocker — a finding from research by F. Howard Westcott in the 1940s — and the commercial value of this attribute in advertising led to many companies creating brands containing the compound. However, it was soon determined that the hype surrounding chlorophyll was not warranted and the underlying research may even have been a hoax. As a result, brands rapidly discontinued its use. In the 2020s, chlorophyll again became the subject of unsubstantiated medical claims, as <a href="/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">social media influencers</a> promoted its use in the form of "chlorophyll water", for example.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Hagan_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Hagan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chlorophyll" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriochlorophyll" title="Bacteriochlorophyll">Bacteriochlorophyll</a>, related compounds in phototrophic bacteria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyllin" title="Chlorophyllin">Chlorophyllin</a>, a semi-synthetic derivative of chlorophyll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_chlorophyll_maximum" title="Deep chlorophyll maximum">Deep chlorophyll maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_fluorescence" title="Chlorophyll fluorescence">Chlorophyll fluorescence</a>, to measure plant stress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Earth_hypothesis" title="Purple Earth hypothesis">Purple Earth hypothesis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific hypothesis">scientific hypothesis</a> that explains the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of red-blue spectral affinity of chlorophyll.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JBE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JBE_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBE_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVirtanenConstantinidouTyystjärvi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Virtanen O, Constantinidou E, Tyystjärvi E (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00219266.2020.1858930">"Chlorophyll does not reflect green light – how to correct a misconception"</a>. <i>Journal of Biological Education</i>. <b>56</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00219266.2020.1858930">10.1080/00219266.2020.1858930</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Education&rft.atitle=Chlorophyll+does+not+reflect+green+light+%E2%80%93+how+to+correct+a+misconception&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00219266.2020.1858930&rft.aulast=Virtanen&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Constantinidou%2C+E&rft.au=Tyystj%C3%A4rvi%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00219266.2020.1858930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay" class="citation web cs1">May P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/chlorophyll/chlorophyll_h.htm">"Chlorophyll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chlorophyll&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chm.bris.ac.uk%2Fmotm%2Fchlorophyll%2Fchlorophyll_h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=chlorophyll&allowed_in_frame=0">"chlorophyll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chlorophyll&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dchlorophyll%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdayangani2020" class="citation web cs1">Udayangani S (31 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-bacteriochlorophyll-and-chlorophyll/">"Difference Between Bacteriochlorophyll and Chlorophyll"</a>. <i>differencebetween.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=differencebetween.com&rft.atitle=Difference+Between+Bacteriochlorophyll+and+Chlorophyll&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft.aulast=Udayangani&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.differencebetween.com%2Fdifference-between-bacteriochlorophyll-and-chlorophyll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuneerKimParkLee2014" class="citation journal cs1">Muneer S, Kim EJ, Park JS, Lee JH (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3975419">"Influence of green, red and blue light emitting diodes on multiprotein complex proteins and photosynthetic activity under varying light intensities in lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L.)"</a>. <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">4657–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms15034657">10.3390/ijms15034657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3975419">3975419</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24642884">24642884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Influence+of+green%2C+red+and+blue+light+emitting+diodes+on+multiprotein+complex+proteins+and+photosynthetic+activity+under+varying+light+intensities+in+lettuce+leaves+%28Lactuca+sativa+L.%29&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4657-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3975419%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24642884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms15034657&rft.aulast=Muneer&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kim%2C+EJ&rft.au=Park%2C+JS&rft.au=Lee%2C+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3975419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeer1997" class="citation web cs1">Speer BR (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html">"Photosynthetic Pigments"</a>. <i>UCMP Glossary (online)</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCMP+Glossary+%28online%29&rft.atitle=Photosynthetic+Pigments&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.aufirst=BR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fglossary%2Fgloss3%2Fpigments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelépine1951" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Del%C3%A9pine" class="extiw" title="fr:Marcel Delépine">Delépine M</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (September 1951). "Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Education" title="Journal of Chemical Education">Journal of Chemical Education</a></i>. <b>28</b> (9): 454. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951JChEd..28..454D">1951JChEd..28..454D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed028p454">10.1021/ed028p454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Joseph+Pelletier+and+Joseph+Caventou&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=454&rft.date=1951-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed028p454&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1951JChEd..28..454D&rft.aulast=Del%C3%A9pine&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelletierCaventou1817" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pelletier PJ, Caventou JB (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journaldepharma22unkngoog#page/n444/mode/2up">"Notice sur la matière verte des feuilles"</a> [Notice on the green material in leaves]. <i>Journal de Pharmacie</i> (in French). <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">486–</span>491.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Pharmacie&rft.atitle=Notice+sur+la+mati%C3%A8re+verte+des+feuilles&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E486-%3C%2Fspan%3E491&rft.date=1817&rft.aulast=Pelletier&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Caventou%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjournaldepharma22unkngoog%23page%2Fn444%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span> On p. 490, the authors propose a new name for chlorophyll. From p. 490: <i>"Nous n'avons aucun droit pour nommer une substance connue depuis long-temps, et à l'histoire de laquelle nous n'avons ajouté que quelques faits ; cependant nous proposerons, sans y mettre aucune importance, le nom de </i>chlorophyle<i>, de </i>chloros<i>, couleur, et </i><span class="texhtml">φύλλον</span><i>, feuille : ce nom indiquerait le rôle qu'elle joue dans la nature."</i> (We have no right to name a substance [that has been] known for a long time, and to whose story we have added only a few facts ; however, we will propose, without giving it any importance, the name <i>chlorophyll</i>, from <i>chloros</i>, color, and <span class="texhtml">φύλλον</span>, leaf : this name would indicate the role that it plays in nature.)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillstätter1906" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Willstätter R (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002455980;view=1up;seq=436">"Zur Kenntniss der Zusammensetzung des Chlorophylls"</a> [Contribution to the knowledge of the composition of chlorophyll]. <i>Annalen der Chemie</i> (in German). <b>350</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.19063500103">10.1002/jlac.19063500103</a>. <q>From p. 49: <i>"Das Hauptproduct der alkalischen Hydrolyse bilden tiefgrüne Alkalisalze. In ihnen liegen complexe Magnesiumverbindungen vor, die das Metall in einer gegen Alkali auch bei hoher Temperatur merkwürdig widerstandsfähigen Bindung enthalten."</i> (Deep green alkali salts form the main product of alkali hydrolysis. In them, complex magnesium compounds are present, which contain the metal in a bond that is extraordinarily resistant to alkali even at high temperature.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Chemie&rft.atitle=Zur+Kenntniss+der+Zusammensetzung+des+Chlorophylls&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.19063500103&rft.aulast=Willst%C3%A4tter&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duva.x002455980%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motilva-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-motilva_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motilva_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotilva2008" class="citation book cs1">Motilva MJ (2008). "Chlorophylls –  from functionality in food to health relevance". <i>5th Pigments in Food congress- for quality and health</i> (Print). University of Helsinki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-10-4846-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-10-4846-3"><bdi>978-952-10-4846-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chlorophylls+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+from+functionality+in+food+to+health+relevance&rft.btitle=5th+Pigments+in+Food+congress-+for+quality+and+health&rft.pub=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-952-10-4846-3&rft.aulast=Motilva&rft.aufirst=MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardAyerBeatonBickelhaupt1960" class="citation journal cs1">Woodward RB, Ayer WA, Beaton JM, Bickelhaupt F, Bonnett R, Buchschacher P, et al. (July 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/1961/pdf/0203x0383.pdf">"The total synthesis of chlorophyll"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Journal of the American Chemical Society">Journal of the American Chemical Society</a></i>. <b>82</b> (14): <span class="nowrap">3800–</span>3802. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01499a093">10.1021/ja01499a093</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410023814/http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/1961/pdf/0203x0383.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+total+synthesis+of+chlorophyll&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3800-%3C%2Fspan%3E3802&rft.date=1960-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01499a093&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=RB&rft.au=Ayer%2C+WA&rft.au=Beaton%2C+JM&rft.au=Bickelhaupt%2C+F&rft.au=Bonnett%2C+R&rft.au=Buchschacher%2C+P&rft.au=Closs%2C+G&rft.au=Dutler%2C+H&rft.au=Hannah%2C+J&rft.au=Hauck%2C+F&rft.au=It%C3%B4%2C+S&rft.au=Langemann%2C+A&rft.au=Le+Goff%2C+E&rft.au=Leimgruber%2C+W&rft.au=Lwowski%2C+W&rft.au=Sauer%2C+J&rft.au=Valenta%2C+Z&rft.au=Volz%2C+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2F1961%2Fpdf%2F0203x0383.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming_(chemist)" title="Ian Fleming (chemist)">Fleming I</a> (14 October 1967). "Absolute Configuration and the Structure of Chlorophyll". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>216</b> (5111): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967Natur.216..151F">1967Natur.216..151F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F216151a0">10.1038/216151a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4262313">4262313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Absolute+Configuration+and+the+Structure+of+Chlorophyll&rft.volume=216&rft.issue=5111&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1967-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4262313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F216151a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967Natur.216..151F&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardAyerBeatonBickelhaupt1990" class="citation journal cs1">Woodward RB, Ayer WA, Beaton JM, Bickelhaupt F, Bonnett R, Buchschacher P, et al. (1990). "The total synthesis of chlorophyll <i>a</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron_(journal)" title="Tetrahedron (journal)">Tetrahedron</a></i>. <b>46</b> (22): <span class="nowrap">7599–</span>7659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-4020%2890%2980003-Z">10.1016/0040-4020(90)80003-Z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron&rft.atitle=The+total+synthesis+of+chlorophyll+a&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7599-%3C%2Fspan%3E7659&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0040-4020%2890%2980003-Z&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=RB&rft.au=Ayer%2C+WA&rft.au=Beaton%2C+JM&rft.au=Bickelhaupt%2C+F&rft.au=Bonnett%2C+R&rft.au=Buchschacher%2C+P&rft.au=Closs%2C+GL&rft.au=Dutler%2C+H&rft.au=Hannah%2C+J&rft.au=Hauck%2C+FP&rft.au=It%C7%92%2C+S&rft.au=Langemann%2C+A&rft.au=Le+Goff%2C+E&rft.au=Leimgruber%2C+W&rft.au=Lwowski%2C+W&rft.au=Sauer%2C+J&rft.au=Valenta%2C+Z&rft.au=Volz%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabr2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jabr F (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=new-form-chlorophyll">"A New Form of Chlorophyll?"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=A+New+Form+of+Chlorophyll%3F&rft.date=2010-08&rft.aulast=Jabr&rft.aufirst=F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dnew-form-chlorophyll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19338-infrared-chlorophyll-could-boost-solar-cells.html">"Infrared chlorophyll could boost solar cells"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. 19 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Infrared+chlorophyll+could+boost+solar+cells.&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn19338-infrared-chlorophyll-could-boost-solar-cells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChlF-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChlF_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChlF_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenSchliepWillowsCai2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chen M, Schliep M, Willows RD, Cai ZL, Neilan BA, Scheer H (September 2010). "A red-shifted chlorophyll". <i>Science</i>. <b>329</b> (5997): <span class="nowrap">1318–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...329.1318C">2010Sci...329.1318C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1191127">10.1126/science.1191127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20724585">20724585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206527174">206527174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+red-shifted+chlorophyll&rft.volume=329&rft.issue=5997&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1318-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1191127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206527174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20724585&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...329.1318C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Schliep%2C+M&rft.au=Willows%2C+RD&rft.au=Cai%2C+ZL&rft.au=Neilan%2C+BA&rft.au=Scheer%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1996" class="citation web cs1">Carter JS (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629204107/http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/photosyn.htm">"Photosynthesis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/photosyn.htm">the original</a> on 2013-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photosynthesis&rft.pub=University+of+Cincinnati&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=JS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.clc.uc.edu%2Fcourses%2Fbio104%2Fphotosyn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/photosynthetic-cells-14025371/">"Photosynthesis, Chloroplast | Learn Science at Scitable"</a>. <i>www.nature.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nature.com&rft.atitle=Photosynthesis%2C+Chloroplast+%7C+Learn+Science+at+Scitable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Ftopicpage%2Fphotosynthetic-cells-14025371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheer2006" class="citation book cs1">Scheer H (2006). "An Overview of Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls: Biochemistry, Biophysics, Functions and Applications". <i>Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls</i>. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 25. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-4516-6_1">10.1007/1-4020-4516-6_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4515-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4515-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-4515-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Chlorophylls+and+Bacteriochlorophylls%3A+Biochemistry%2C+Biophysics%2C+Functions+and+Applications&rft.btitle=Chlorophylls+and+Bacteriochlorophylls&rft.series=Advances+in+Photosynthesis+and+Respiration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-4516-6_1&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4515-8&rft.aulast=Scheer&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaniguchiLindsey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS (January 2017). "Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>117</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">344–</span>535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.5b00696">10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1534468">1534468</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27498781">27498781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Synthetic+Chlorins%2C+Possible+Surrogates+for+Chlorophylls%2C+Prepared+by+Derivatization+of+Porphyrins&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E344-%3C%2Fspan%3E535&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27498781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1534468%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.5b00696&rft.aulast=Taniguchi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Lindsey%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen19-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chen19_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chen M (2019). "Chlorophylls d and f: Synthesis, occurrence, light-harvesting, and pigment organization in chlorophyll-binding protein complexes". <i>Advances in Botanical Research</i>. <b>90</b>: <span class="nowrap">121–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.abr.2019.03.006">10.1016/bs.abr.2019.03.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780081027523" title="Special:BookSources/9780081027523"><bdi>9780081027523</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149632511">149632511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Botanical+Research&rft.atitle=Chlorophylls+d+and+f%3A+Synthesis%2C+occurrence%2C+light-harvesting%2C+and+pigment+organization+in+chlorophyll-binding+protein+complexes&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149632511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.abr.2019.03.006&rft.isbn=9780081027523&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marker1972-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marker1972_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarker1972" class="citation journal cs1">Marker AF (1972). "The use of acetone and methanol in the estimation of chlorophyll in the presence of phaeophytin in plant". <i>Freshwater Biology</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">361–</span>385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2427.1972.tb00377.x">10.1111/j.1365-2427.1972.tb00377.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freshwater+Biology&rft.atitle=The+use+of+acetone+and+methanol+in+the+estimation+of+chlorophyll+in+the+presence+of+phaeophytin+in+plant&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E385&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2427.1972.tb00377.x&rft.aulast=Marker&rft.aufirst=AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffrey1969-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey1969_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreyShibata1969" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffrey SW, Shibata (February 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/25503">"Some Spectral Characteristics of Chlorophyll c from Tridacna crocea Zooxanthellae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biological_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological Bulletin">Biological Bulletin</a></i>. <b>136</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1539668">10.2307/1539668</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1539668">1539668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Some+Spectral+Characteristics+of+Chlorophyll+c+from+Tridacna+crocea+Zooxanthellae&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1969-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1539668&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1539668%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=SW&rft.au=Shibata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F25503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilpin2001" class="citation web cs1">Gilpin L (21 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414215124/http://www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk/teaching/MB/benchl01.html">"Methods for analysis of benthic photosynthetic pigment"</a>. School of Life Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Napier_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Napier University">Napier University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk/teaching/MB/benchl01.html">the original</a> on April 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methods+for+analysis+of+benthic+photosynthetic+pigment&rft.pub=School+of+Life+Sciences%2C+Napier+University&rft.date=2001-03-21&rft.aulast=Gilpin&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk%2Fteaching%2FMB%2Fbenchl01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatePerkins2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cate TM, Perkins TD (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F23.15.1077">"Chlorophyll content monitoring in sugar maple (Acer saccharum)"</a>. <i>Tree Physiology</i>. <b>23</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">1077–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F23.15.1077">10.1093/treephys/23.15.1077</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12975132">12975132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tree+Physiology&rft.atitle=Chlorophyll+content+monitoring+in+sugar+maple+%28Acer+saccharum%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1077-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F23.15.1077&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12975132&rft.aulast=Cate&rft.aufirst=TM&rft.au=Perkins%2C+TD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ftreephys%252F23.15.1077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross1991" class="citation book cs1">Gross J (1991). <i>Pigments in vegetables: chlorophylls and carotenoids</i>. Van Nostrand Reinhold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0442006570" title="Special:BookSources/978-0442006570"><bdi>978-0442006570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pigments+in+vegetables%3A+chlorophylls+and+carotenoids&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0442006570&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorraThompsonKriedemann1989" class="citation journal cs1">Porra RJ, Thompson WA, Kriedemann PE (1989). "Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy". <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics</i>. <b>975</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">384–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0005-2728%2889%2980347-0">10.1016/S0005-2728(89)80347-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+Bioenergetics&rft.atitle=Determination+of+accurate+extinction+coefficients+and+simultaneous+equations+for+assaying+chlorophylls+a+and+b+extracted+with+four+different+solvents%3A+verification+of+the+concentration+of+chlorophyll+standards+by+atomic+absorption+spectroscopy&rft.volume=975&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E384-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0005-2728%2889%2980347-0&rft.aulast=Porra&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Thompson%2C+WA&rft.au=Kriedemann%2C+PE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkumDouglasRaven2003" class="citation book cs1">Larkum AW, Douglas S, Raven JA, eds. (2003). <i>Photosynthesis in algae</i>. London: Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-6333-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-6333-0"><bdi>978-0-7923-6333-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photosynthesis+in+algae&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-6333-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitelsonBuschmannLichtenthaler1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gitelson AA, Buschmann C, Lichtenthaler HK (1999). "The Chlorophyll Fluorescence Ratio <i>F</i><sub>735</sub>/<i>F</i><sub>700</sub> as an Accurate Measure of Chlorophyll Content in Plants". <i>Remote Sens. Environ</i>. <b>69</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">296–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999RSEnv..69..296G">1999RSEnv..69..296G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0034-4257%2899%2900023-1">10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00023-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Remote+Sens.+Environ.&rft.atitle=The+Chlorophyll+Fluorescence+Ratio+F%3Csub%3E735%3C%2Fsub%3E%2FF%3Csub%3E700%3C%2Fsub%3E+as+an+Accurate+Measure+of+Chlorophyll+Content+in+Plants&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0034-4257%2899%2900023-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999RSEnv..69..296G&rft.aulast=Gitelson&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Buschmann%2C+C&rft.au=Lichtenthaler%2C+HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajmKashaniPaknejadArdakani2015" class="citation journal cs1">Najm AA, Kashani A, Paknejad F, Ardakani MR, Hadi MR (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unitedlifejournals.in/ms_files/ijals/14._Using_rapid_filed_test_methods_to_assess_the_potato_canopy.pdf">"Using by rapid field test methods to assess the Potato canopy nitrogen status in the presence of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">328–</span>339. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2320-1827">2320-1827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Advanced+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Using+by+rapid+field+test+methods+to+assess+the+Potato+canopy+nitrogen+status+in+the+presence+of+organic+and+inorganic+nitrogen+fertilizer&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=2320-1827&rft.aulast=Najm&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Kashani%2C+A&rft.au=Paknejad%2C+F&rft.au=Ardakani%2C+MR&rft.au=Hadi%2C+MR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funitedlifejournals.in%2Fms_files%2Fijals%2F14._Using_rapid_filed_test_methods_to_assess_the_potato_canopy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerovic2012" class="citation web cs1">Cerovic ZG (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822115631/http://www.ese.u-psud.fr/IMG/pdf/CerovicEbernburg2012.pdf">"New proximal sensors of vegetation: towards a non destructive quantitative estimation of plant constituents"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ebernburg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ese.u-psud.fr/IMG/pdf/CerovicEbernburg2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+proximal+sensors+of+vegetation%3A+towards+a+non+destructive+quantitative+estimation+of+plant+constituents&rft.place=Ebernburg&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Cerovic&rft.aufirst=ZG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ese.u-psud.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FCerovicEbernburg2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuanHua-SongZhi-Jie2010" class="citation journal cs1">Huan YU, Hua-Song WU, Zhi-Jie WA (2010). "Evaluation of SPAD and Dualex for In-Season Corn Nitrogen Status Estimation". <i>Acta Agronomica Sinic</i>. <b>36</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">840–</span>847. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1875-2780%2809%2960051-1">10.1016/S1875-2780(09)60051-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-2780">1875-2780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Agronomica+Sinic&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+SPAD+and+Dualex+for+In-Season+Corn+Nitrogen+Status+Estimation&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E840-%3C%2Fspan%3E847&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1875-2780%2809%2960051-1&rft.issn=1875-2780&rft.aulast=Huan&rft.aufirst=YU&rft.au=Hua-Song%2C+WU&rft.au=Zhi-Jie%2C+WA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosBom1993" class="citation journal cs1">Vos J, Bom H (1993). "Hand-held chlorophyll meter: a promising tool to assess the nitrogen status of potato foliage". <i>Potato Res</i>. <b>36</b>: <span class="nowrap">301–</span>308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02361796">10.1007/BF02361796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Potato+Res&rft.atitle=Hand-held+chlorophyll+meter%3A+a+promising+tool+to+assess+the+nitrogen+status+of+potato+foliage&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02361796&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Bom%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattersby2000" class="citation journal cs1">Battersby AR (December 2000). "Tetrapyrroles: the pigments of life". <i>Natural Product Reports</i>. <b>17</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">507–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB002635M">10.1039/B002635M</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11152419">11152419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Reports&rft.atitle=Tetrapyrroles%3A+the+pigments+of+life&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E507-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FB002635M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11152419&rft.aulast=Battersby&rft.aufirst=AR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akhtar94-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-akhtar94_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2007" class="citation book cs1">Akhtar M (2007). "The Modification of Acetate and Propionate Side Chains During the Biosynthesis of Haem and Chlorophylls: Mechanistic and Stereochemical Studies". <i>Ciba Foundation Symposium 180 - the Biosynthesis of the Tetrapyrrole Pigments</i>. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 180. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470514535.ch8">10.1002/9780470514535.ch8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470514535" title="Special:BookSources/9780470514535"><bdi>9780470514535</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7842850">7842850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Modification+of+Acetate+and+Propionate+Side+Chains+During+the+Biosynthesis+of+Haem+and+Chlorophylls%3A+Mechanistic+and+Stereochemical+Studies&rft.btitle=Ciba+Foundation+Symposium+180+-+the+Biosynthesis+of+the+Tetrapyrrole+Pigments&rft.series=Novartis+Foundation+Symposia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7842850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470514535.ch8&rft.isbn=9780470514535&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Review_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillows2003" class="citation journal cs1">Willows RD (June 2003). "Biosynthesis of chlorophylls from protoporphyrin IX". <i>Natural Product Reports</i>. <b>20</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB110549N">10.1039/B110549N</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12828371">12828371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Reports&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+chlorophylls+from+protoporphyrin+IX&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FB110549N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12828371&rft.aulast=Willows&rft.aufirst=RD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidRassadinaOsterSchoch2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schmid HC, Rassadina V, Oster U, Schoch S, Rüdiger W (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17847/1/bc.2002.198.pdf">"Pre-loading of chlorophyll synthase with tetraprenyl diphosphate is an obligatory step in chlorophyll biosynthesis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>383</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1769–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FBC.2002.198">10.1515/BC.2002.198</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12530542">12530542</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3099209">3099209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Pre-loading+of+chlorophyll+synthase+with+tetraprenyl+diphosphate+is+an+obligatory+step+in+chlorophyll+biosynthesis&rft.volume=383&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1769-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3099209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12530542&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FBC.2002.198&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=HC&rft.au=Rassadina%2C+V&rft.au=Oster%2C+U&rft.au=Schoch%2C+S&rft.au=R%C3%BCdiger%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepub.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F17847%2F1%2Fbc.2002.198.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckhardtGrimmHörtensteiner2004" class="citation journal cs1">Eckhardt U, Grimm B, Hörtensteiner S (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boris.unibe.ch/102079/">"Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown in higher plants"</a>. <i>Plant Molecular Biology</i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11103-004-2331-3">10.1007/s11103-004-2331-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15604725">15604725</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21174896">21174896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+chlorophyll+biosynthesis+and+breakdown+in+higher+plants&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21174896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15604725&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11103-004-2331-3&rft.aulast=Eckhardt&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Grimm%2C+B&rft.au=H%C3%B6rtensteiner%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboris.unibe.ch%2F102079%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollivar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bollivar DW (November 2006). "Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis". <i>Photosynthesis Research</i>. <b>90</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11120-006-9076-6">10.1007/s11120-006-9076-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17370354">17370354</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23808539">23808539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photosynthesis+Research&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+chlorophyll+biosynthesis&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23808539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17370354&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11120-006-9076-6&rft.aulast=Bollivar&rft.aufirst=DW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsuzuki-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tsuzuki_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsuzukiTsukataniYamakawaItoh2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tsuzuki Y, Tsukatani Y, Yamakawa H, Itoh S, Fujita Y, Yamamoto H (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9003380">"Effects of Light and Oxygen on Chlorophyll <i>d</i> Biosynthesis in a Marine Cyanobacterium <i>Acaryochloris</i> <i>marina</i>"</a>. <i>Plants</i>. <b>11</b> (7): 915. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants11070915">10.3390/plants11070915</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9003380">9003380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35406896">35406896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plants&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Light+and+Oxygen+on+Chlorophyll+d+Biosynthesis+in+a+Marine+Cyanobacterium+Acaryochloris+marina&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=915&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9003380%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35406896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fplants11070915&rft.aulast=Tsuzuki&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Tsukatani%2C+Y&rft.au=Yamakawa%2C+H&rft.au=Itoh%2C+S&rft.au=Fujita%2C+Y&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9003380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurakiNomataEbataMizoguchi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Muraki N, Nomata J, Ebata K, Mizoguchi T, Shiba T, Tamiaki H, et al. (May 2010). "X-ray crystal structure of the light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase". <i>Nature</i>. <b>465</b> (7294): <span class="nowrap">110–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.465..110M">2010Natur.465..110M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08950">10.1038/nature08950</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20400946">20400946</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427639">4427639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=X-ray+crystal+structure+of+the+light-independent+protochlorophyllide+reductase&rft.volume=465&rft.issue=7294&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4427639%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20400946&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Natur.465..110M&rft.aulast=Muraki&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Nomata%2C+J&rft.au=Ebata%2C+K&rft.au=Mizoguchi%2C+T&rft.au=Shiba%2C+T&rft.au=Tamiaki%2C+H&rft.au=Kurisu%2C+G&rft.au=Fujita%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeskauskieneNaterGoslingsKessler2001" class="citation journal cs1">Meskauskiene R, Nater M, Goslings D, Kessler F, op den Camp R, Apel K (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC60138">"FLU: a negative regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>98</b> (22): <span class="nowrap">12826–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...9812826M">2001PNAS...9812826M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.221252798">10.1073/pnas.221252798</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3056990">3056990</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC60138">60138</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11606728">11606728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=FLU%3A+a+negative+regulator+of+chlorophyll+biosynthesis+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12826-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC60138%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3056990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...9812826M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11606728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.221252798&rft.aulast=Meskauskiene&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Nater%2C+M&rft.au=Goslings%2C+D&rft.au=Kessler%2C+F&rft.au=op+den+Camp%2C+R&rft.au=Apel%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC60138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbcs/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/tetrapyr/porphyrin7.html">"Chlorophyll Cycle"</a>. IUBMB. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chlorophyll+Cycle&rft.pub=IUBMB&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qmul.ac.uk%2Fsbcs%2Fiubmb%2Fenzyme%2Freaction%2Ftetrapyr%2Fporphyrin7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16669755-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16669755_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16669755_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHörtensteiner2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hörtensteiner S (2006). "Chlorophyll degradation during senescence". <i>Annual Review of Plant Biology</i>. <b>57</b>: <span class="nowrap">55–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.57.032905.105212">10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105212</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16669755">16669755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Chlorophyll+degradation+during+senescence&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.57.032905.105212&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16669755&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6rtensteiner&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerUlrichOnganiaKräutler2007" class="citation journal cs1">Müller T, Ulrich M, Ongania KH, Kräutler B (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912502">"Colorless tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll catabolites found in ripening fruit are effective antioxidants"</a>. <i>Angewandte Chemie</i>. <b>46</b> (45): <span class="nowrap">8699–</span>702. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200703587">10.1002/anie.200703587</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912502">2912502</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943948">17943948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.atitle=Colorless+tetrapyrrolic+chlorophyll+catabolites+found+in+ripening+fruit+are+effective+antioxidants&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8699-%3C%2Fspan%3E702&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2912502%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17943948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200703587&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+M&rft.au=Ongania%2C+KH&rft.au=Kr%C3%A4utler%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2912502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalMap-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalMap_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalMap_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/global-maps/MY1DMM_CHLORA">"Chlorophyll : Global Maps"</a>. <i>Earthobservatory.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Chlorophyll+%3A+Global+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fglobal-maps%2FMY1DMM_CHLORA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams2004-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams2004_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2004" class="citation book cs1">Adams J (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7FwE6EpNPoC&pg=PA22"><i>Hideous absinthe : a history of the devil in a bottle</i></a>. United Kingdom: I.B.Tauris, 2004. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860649202" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860649202"><bdi>978-1860649202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hideous+absinthe+%3A+a+history+of+the+devil+in+a+bottle&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris%2C+2004&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1860649202&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7FwE6EpNPoC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Hagan-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Hagan_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hagan2022" class="citation journal cs1">O'Hagan LA (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2Fjhrm-11-2021-0057">"All that glistens is not (Green) gold: Historicising the contemporary chlorophyll fad through a multimodal analysis of Swedish marketing, 1950–1953"</a>. <i>Journal of Historical Research in Marketing</i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">374–</span>398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2Fjhrm-11-2021-0057">10.1108/jhrm-11-2021-0057</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Research+in+Marketing&rft.atitle=All+that+glistens+is+not+%28Green%29+gold%3A+Historicising+the+contemporary+chlorophyll+fad+through+a+multimodal+analysis+of+Swedish+marketing%2C+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E374-%3C%2Fspan%3E398&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2Fjhrm-11-2021-0057&rft.aulast=O%27Hagan&rft.aufirst=LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%252Fjhrm-11-2021-0057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChlorophyll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany862" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany862" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_plant_pigments143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_pigments" title="Template:Plant pigments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant_pigments" title="Template talk:Plant pigments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant_pigments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plant pigments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_plant_pigments143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Biological_pigment#Pigments_in_plants" title="Biological pigment">plant pigments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Betalain" title="Betalain">Betalains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betalain" title="Betalain">Betacyanins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxanthins" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaxanthins">Betaxanthins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chlorophyll</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">Chlorophyll a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_b" title="Chlorophyll b">Chlorophyll b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_c" title="Chlorophyll c">Chlorophyll c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_d" title="Chlorophyll d">Chlorophyll d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_f" title="Chlorophyll f">Chlorophyll f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorin" title="Chlorin">Chlorin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Curcuminoid" title="Curcuminoid">Curcuminoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one" title="1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one">1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisdemethoxycurcumin" title="Bisdemethoxycurcumin">Bisdemethoxycurcumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethoxycurcumin" title="Desmethoxycurcumin">Desmethoxycurcumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">Anthocyanins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocyanidin" title="Anthocyanidin">Anthocyanidins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthoxanthin" title="Anthoxanthin">Anthoxanthins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavan" title="Flavan">Flavans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">Condensed tannins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">Carotenoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">Carotenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">Xanthophylls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophycocyanin" title="Allophycocyanin">Allophycocyanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycocyanin" title="Phycocyanin">Phycocyanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycoerythrin" title="Phycoerythrin">Phycoerythrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycoerythrocyanin" title="Phycoerythrocyanin">Phycoerythrocyanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">Quinones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthonoid" title="Xanthonoid">Xanthonoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1718" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43177#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chlorophyll"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147817-4">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chlorophyll"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024579">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chlorophylle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120073259">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chlorophylle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120073259">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574346">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="chlorofyl"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph640631&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007285766705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&oldid=1277242198">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&oldid=1277242198</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tetrapyrroles" title="Category:Tetrapyrroles">Tetrapyrroles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Photosynthetic_pigments" title="Category:Photosynthetic pigments">Photosynthetic pigments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:E-number_additives" title="Category:E-number additives">E-number additives</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 February 2025, at 14:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorophyll</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>96 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6686866d65-4m2kr","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.826","walltime":"1.067","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4180,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":158659,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2848,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":222882,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 900.987 1 -total"," 35.26% 317.720 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.54% 212.094 31 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.19% 100.839 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.36% 93.338 2 Template:Lang"," 9.85% 88.740 1 Template:Botany"," 5.57% 50.199 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.27% 47.451 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.04% 45.447 1 Template:Sister_project"," 4.84% 43.603 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.542","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17600309,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5fd4b9f45-bsbzm","timestamp":"20250226143137","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chlorophyll","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorophyll","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43177","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43177","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-03T18:22:56Z","dateModified":"2025-02-23T14:52:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f1\/M%C3%A9lisse_Feuilles_FR_2013b.jpg","headline":"group of chemical compounds"}</script> </body> </html>