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href="#Secretary_of_War_(1911–1913)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Secretary of War (1911–1913)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_War_(1911–1913)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua_and_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua_and_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nicaragua and Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua_and_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Secretary of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_War_(1940–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_War_(1940–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Secretary of War (1940–1945)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_War_(1940–1945)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of War (1940–1945) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_War_(1940–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_American_internment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_American_internment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Japanese American internment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_American_internment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Patton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Patton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General Patton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Patton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morgenthau_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morgenthau_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Morgenthau Plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morgenthau_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_bomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_bomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Atomic bomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_bomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stimson's_vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stimson's_vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Stimson's vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stimson's_vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anecdote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anecdote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Anecdote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anecdote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry L. Stimson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هنري ستيمسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري ستيمسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هنری استیمسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هنری استیمسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Генры Льюіс Стымсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генры Льюіс Стымсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Хенри Стимсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хенри Стимсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stimson" title="Henry Stimson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henry Stimson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هنری استیمسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنری استیمسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lewis_Stimson" title="Henry Lewis Stimson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henry Lewis Stimson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stimson" title="Henry Stimson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henry Stimson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הנרי סטימסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרי סטימסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrijs_Stimsons" title="Henrijs Stimsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Henrijs Stimsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هنرى ستيمسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى ستيمسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stimson" title="Henry Stimson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henry Stimson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ヘンリー・スティムソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー・スティムソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stimson" title="Henry Stimson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henry Stimson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Стимсон, Генри Льюис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стимсон, Генри Льюис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%B5_%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ھێنری ئێڵ ستیمسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێنری ئێڵ ستیمسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henry L. Stimson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henry L. 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Henry L. Stimson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Stimson,_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait,_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henry_Stimson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1929.jpg/220px-Henry_Stimson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henry_Stimson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1929.jpg/330px-Henry_Stimson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henry_Stimson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1929.jpg/440px-Henry_Stimson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="2669" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Stimson in 1929</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">45th & 54th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 10, 1940 – September 21, 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Woodring" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry H. Woodring">Harry H. Woodring</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 22, 1911 – March 4, 1913</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_Oliver" title="Robert Shaw Oliver">Robert Shaw Oliver</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Jacob M. Dickinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Lindley Miller Garrison</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">46th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 28, 1929 – March 4, 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Cotton" title="Joseph P. Cotton">Joseph P. Cotton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Richards_Castle_Jr." title="William Richards Castle Jr.">William Castle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 27, 1927 – February 23, 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Allen_Gilmore" title="Eugene Allen Gilmore">Eugene Allen Gilmore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Eugene Allen Gilmore (Acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Eugene Allen Gilmore (Acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York">United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1906 – April 8, 1909</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_Burnett" title="Henry Lawrence Burnett">Henry Lawrence Burnett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Henry Wise</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Henry Lewis Stimson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1867-09-21</span>)</span>September 21, 1867<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 20, 1950<span style="display:none">(1950-10-20)</span> (aged 83)<br /><a href="/wiki/Huntington,_New_York" title="Huntington, New York">Huntington, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mabel Wellington White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Atterbury_Stimson" title="Lewis Atterbury Stimson">Lewis Stimson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Stimson_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry L. Stimson's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Henry_Stimson_Signature.png/128px-Henry_Stimson_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Henry_Stimson_Signature.png/192px-Henry_Stimson_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Henry_Stimson_Signature.png/256px-Henry_Stimson_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="83" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry Lewis Stimson</b> (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, lawyer, and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> politician. Over his long career, he emerged as a leading figure in <a href="/wiki/U.S._foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. foreign policy">U.S. foreign policy</a> by serving in both Republican and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> administrations. He served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> (1911–1913) under President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> (1929–1933) under President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, and again Secretary of War (1940–1945) under Presidents <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, overseeing American military efforts during <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>The son of the surgeon <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Atterbury_Stimson" title="Lewis Atterbury Stimson">Lewis Atterbury Stimson</a> and Candace C. Stimson (née Wheeler, daughter of Candace Thurber Wheeler) Stimson became a <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> lawyer after graduating from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>. He served as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and prosecuted several <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">antitrust</a> cases. After he was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1910_New_York_state_election" title="1910 New York state election">1910 New York gubernatorial election</a>, Stimson served as Secretary of War under Taft. He continued the reorganization of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> that had begun under his mentor, <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>. After the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Stimson became part of the <a href="/wiki/Preparedness_Movement" title="Preparedness Movement">Preparedness Movement</a>. He served as an artillery officer in <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">France</a> after the United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">entered the war</a>. From 1927 to 1929, he served as <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>. </p><p>In 1929, President Hoover appointed Stimson as Secretary of State. Stimson sought to avoid a worldwide naval race and thus helped negotiate the <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a>. He protested the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a>, which instituted the <a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a> of nonrecognition of international territorial changes that are executed by force. After World War II <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">broke out in Europe</a>, Stimson accepted President Franklin Roosevelt's appointment to return as Secretary of War. After the U.S. entered the war, Stimson, working very closely with Army Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a>, took charge of raising and training 13 million soldiers and airmen, supervised the spending of a third of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States#Wartime_output_and_controls:_1940–1945" title="Economic history of the United States">nation's GDP</a> on the Army and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Air Forces</a>, helped formulate military strategy, and oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> to build the first atomic bombs. He supported the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. During and after the war, Stimson strongly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a>, which would have deindustrialized and partitioned <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Germany</a> into several smaller states. He also insisted on judicial proceedings against <a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">Nazi war criminals</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>. </p><p>Stimson retired from office in September 1945 and died in 1950. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_L._Stimson,_age_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Henry_L._Stimson%2C_age_10.jpg/160px-Henry_L._Stimson%2C_age_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Henry_L._Stimson%2C_age_10.jpg/240px-Henry_L._Stimson%2C_age_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Henry_L._Stimson%2C_age_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Young Stimson with Mimi, the cat, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Dora_Wheeler_Keith" title="Dora Wheeler Keith">Dora Wheeler Keith</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HLStimson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/HLStimson.jpg/155px-HLStimson.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/HLStimson.jpg/233px-HLStimson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/HLStimson.jpg/310px-HLStimson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Stimson as a young lawyer</figcaption></figure> <p>Stimson was born in 1867 in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Atterbury_Stimson" title="Lewis Atterbury Stimson">Lewis Atterbury Stimson</a>, a prominent surgeon, and his wife, the former Candace Thurber Wheeler. When he was nine, his mother died of kidney failure, and he was then sent to <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a>. </p><p>He spent summers with his grandmother <a href="/wiki/Candace_Wheeler" title="Candace Wheeler">Candace Wheeler</a> at her <a href="/wiki/Catskills" class="mw-redirect" title="Catskills">Catskills</a> country house and played with his uncle Dunham Wheeler, who was almost the same age, in "the Armory", which was their nickname for one corner of a large room in the house.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roaming the Catskill Mountains, he grew to love the outdoors and would become an avid sportsman.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts" title="Andover, Massachusetts">Andover, Massachusetts</a>, where he gained a lifelong interest in religion and a close relationship with the school. He later donated Woodley, his <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> estate, to the school in his will (the property is now the <a href="/wiki/Maret_School" title="Maret School">Maret School</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an honorary lifetime member of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a>, North America's first wildlife conservation organization.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a Phillips trustee from 1905 to 1947 and served as president of the board from 1935 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a>, where he was elected to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>. He joined <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a>, a secret society that afforded many contacts for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated in 1888 and attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he graduated in 1890. He joined the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> law firm of Root and Clark in 1891 and became a partner in 1893. <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>, a future Secretary of War and Secretary of State, became a major influence on and role model for Stimson.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1893, Stimson married the former Mabel Wellington White, a great-great-granddaughter of one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Fathers">Founding Fathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>, and the sister of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Selden_Rogers" title="Elizabeth Selden Rogers">Elizabeth Selden Rogers</a>. An adult case of <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a> had left Stimson infertile, and they had no children.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stimson developed a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lee_Loomis" title="Alfred Lee Loomis">Alfred Lee Loomis</a> his first cousin twenty years his junior, and <i>became the father that Loomis never had</i>; while Loomis became the son that Stimson could not have because he was sterile.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> appointed Stimson <a href="/wiki/U.S._Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York">U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York</a>, where Stimson made a distinguished record prosecuting <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> cases. He later served from 1937 to 1939 as president of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association</a>, where a medal honoring service as a U.S. Attorney is still awarded in his honor. </p><p>Stimson was defeated as Republican candidate for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> in <a href="/wiki/1910_New_York_state_election" title="1910 New York state election">1910</a>. </p><p>He joined the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> at its inception<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was described by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> as "the group's quintessential member".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stimson is an English surname, a variant of Stevenson.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_War_(1911–1913)"><span id="Secretary_of_War_.281911.E2.80.931913.29"></span>Secretary of War (1911–1913)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Secretary of War (1911–1913)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1911, President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> appointed Stimson as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>. Stimson continued the reorganization of the army that had begun by <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>, which improved its efficiency prior to its vast expansion in World War I. In 1913, Stimson left office following the accession of President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:111-SC-13856_-_NARA_-_55187853_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/111-SC-13856_-_NARA_-_55187853_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-111-SC-13856_-_NARA_-_55187853_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/111-SC-13856_-_NARA_-_55187853_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-111-SC-13856_-_NARA_-_55187853_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/111-SC-13856_-_NARA_-_55187853_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-111-SC-13856_-_NARA_-_55187853_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2538" data-file-height="1991" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Alfred_William_Bjornstad" title="Alfred William Bjornstad">Alfred William Bjornstad</a>, organizer and director of the U.S. Army Staff College in France, and Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Stimson who is about to leave the college, July 1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, he was a strong supporter of Britain and France although also supported U.S. neutrality. </p><p>He called for <a href="/wiki/Preparedness_Movement" title="Preparedness Movement">preparation of a large, powerful army</a> and was active in the privately funded <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Military_Training_Camp#Plattsburgh_Movement" title="Citizens' Military Training Camp">Plattsburg Training Camp Movement</a> to train potential officers. </p><p>After the U.S. declared war in 1917, Stimson was one of the 18 selected by former President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> to raise a <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_World_War_I_volunteers" title="Roosevelt's World War I volunteers">volunteer infantry division</a> for service in France in 1917. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> refused to make use of the volunteers, and the unit disbanded. Stimson served in the regular U.S. Army in France as an artillery officer and reached the rank of colonel in August 1918. He continued his military service in the Organized Reserve Corps and rose to the rank of brigadier general in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicaragua_and_Philippines">Nicaragua and Philippines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nicaragua and Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927, Stimson was sent by President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> to negotiate an end to the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_civil_war_(1926-1927)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan civil war (1926-1927)">Nicaraguan Civil War</a>. Stimson wrote that Nicaraguans "were not fitted for the responsibilities that go with independence and still less fitted for popular self-government."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opposed independence for the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> for the same reason after he had been appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a>, an office that he held from 1927 to 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stimson returned to the cabinet in 1929, when U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> appointed him <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a>. Both served until 1933. Stimson lived in the <a href="/wiki/Woodley_Mansion" title="Woodley Mansion">Woodley Mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, where he remained through 1946. </p><p>Shortly after being appointed as the new Secretary of State, Stimson shut down the <a href="/wiki/Black_Chamber" title="Black Chamber">Cipher Bureau</a> (U.S. cryptanalytic service, later known as the "Black Chamber") in 1929. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a>'s Center for Cryptologic History, Stimson likely dissolved the bureau for budgetary reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But he also considered intercepting diplomatic communications unethical, reputedly saying: "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the advent of World War II in 1940 it appears Stimson had changed his mind, at least as to the ethics of codebreaking.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930 and 1931, Stimson was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to the <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Conference of 1930</a>. In the following year, he was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to <a href="/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="World Disarmament Conference">World Disarmament Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. The same year, the United States issued the "<a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a>" in response to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a>. It stated that the U.S. refused to recognize any situation or treaty that limited U.S. treaty rights or was brought about by aggression. </p><p>On October 5, 1931, the League received a strongly-worded letter from Stimson urging it to pressure Japan against aggression in China, and informing the League that the U.S. would support the League's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning to private life at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover administration</a>, Stimson was an outspoken opponent of Japanese aggression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_War_(1940–1945)"><span id="Secretary_of_War_.281940.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Secretary of War (1940–1945)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secretary of War (1940–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Stimson_and_Frank_Kellogg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Henry_Stimson_and_Frank_Kellogg.jpg/220px-Henry_Stimson_and_Frank_Kellogg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Henry_Stimson_and_Frank_Kellogg.jpg/330px-Henry_Stimson_and_Frank_Kellogg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Henry_Stimson_and_Frank_Kellogg.jpg/440px-Henry_Stimson_and_Frank_Kellogg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> Henry L. Stimson (right) and <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a>, as seen leaving from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>, (July 25, 1929)</figcaption></figure><p> After World War II broke out, Roosevelt returned Stimson to his post at the head of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>, in July 1940. The choice of Stimson, a conservative Republican (and anti-New Dealer) and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> as secretary of the Navy was a calculated effort by the president to win bipartisan support for what was considered the almost-inevitable U.S. entrance into the war. </p><p>In the seventeen months leading up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Stimson, working side-by-side with U.S. Army Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> (in offices adjacent to one another where the door between them was deliberately left open at all times) led efforts to prepare an unprepared America for war. Together, Stimson and Marshall had to build up the Army and Army Air Corps, organize housing and training for the soldiers, and oversee the design, testing, production, and distribution of the various machines, weapons, and materials required to support the country and its allies. </p><p>Ten days before the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, Stimson entered in his diary the following statement: "[Roosevelt] brought up the event that we are likely to be attacked perhaps next Monday, for the Japanese are notorious for making an attack without warning, and the question was what we should do. The question was how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With respect to the war in Europe, Stimson was "pro-British" even before Pearl Harbor. Stimson's view was the <a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Navy">British Royal Navy</a>, fighting <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in the Atlantic, was protecting America, and was the reason the U.S. did not (for the time being) "have to do the fighting ourselves." Stimson said America should "rely on the shield of the British Navy," and that on that basis the U.S. should do everything possible to arm and supply the British.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Colonel_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Colonel-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of this view, when the Senate voted to confirm him, all of the most notorious isolationist Senators such as <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Shipstead" title="Henrik Shipstead">Henrik Shipstead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen" title="Ernest Lundeen">Ernest Lundeen</a> of Minnesota, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Nye" title="Gerald Nye">Gerald Nye</a> of North Dakota, <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette_Jr." title="Robert M. La Follette Jr.">Robert Marion La Follette</a> of Wisconsin, <a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">David I. Walsh</a> of Massachusetts and <a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> of Montana voted against his confirmation on the grounds he was "too pro-British" whereas all of the most "Anglophile" Senators such as <a href="/wiki/John_H._Bankhead_II" title="John H. Bankhead II">John H. Bankhead II</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">J. Lister Hill</a> of Alabama, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">Kenneth McKellar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stewart_(politician)" title="Tom Stewart (politician)">Tom Stewart</a> of Tennessee, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Schwartz_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Schwartz (U.S. senator)">Harry Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._O%27Mahoney" title="Joseph C. O'Mahoney">Joseph C. O'Mahoney</a> of Wyoming all spoke in favor of Stimson and his foreign policy views (and voted to confirm him as Secretary of War).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Colonel_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Colonel-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voteview.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voteview.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government watched his confirmation vote closely, hoping he would have enough votes to get confirmed by the Senate, and they celebrated when he was confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Colonel_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Colonel-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voteview.com_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voteview.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stimson and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a>, both "vigorous interventionists", were confirmed by the Senate at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Those_Angry_Days_pg._205_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Those_Angry_Days_pg._205-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both advocated American entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, earning them the title of "war hawks" from isolationists. Knox was described as "<i>even more</i> of a Hawk than Stimson."<sup id="cite_ref-Those_Angry_Days_pg._205_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Those_Angry_Days_pg._205-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimson was hired by FDR explicitly to replace <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Harry Hines Woodring</a>, Knox was hired explicitly to replace <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles Edison</a> on the grounds that Edison and Woodring were isolationists who did not agree with the philosophy of helping Great Britain in their war against the Nazis. Stimson referred to the views of isolationists as "hopelessly twisted."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power of isolationists explains why Stimson did not record "shock, horror or anger" after Roosevelt informed him of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Instead, he wrote, "my first feeling was of relief that the indecision was over and that a crisis had come in a way which would unite our people (…) For I feel this country united has practically nothing to fear while the apathy and visions stirred up by unpatriotic men have been hitherto very discouraging."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, Stimson oversaw a great expansion of the military, including drafting and training of 13 million soldiers and airmen as well as purchasing and transporting 30 percent of the nation's industrial output to the battlefields.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to George Marshall, Stimson worked closely with his top aides <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a>, who succeeded Stimson as secretary;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert Lovett</a>, who handled the Air Force; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Bundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Bundy">Harvey Bundy</a>; and <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a>, Assistant Secretary of War.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stimson was 73 when he took the reins as War Secretary, and many critics questioned if a man of his age could tackle a job that was so enormous. He defied all naysayers and plunged into the task with "an energy that men 20 years his junior could not have mustered."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (September 2016)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> However, at 75, Stimson confessed that he was "feeling very tired. The unconscious strain has been pretty heavy on me."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_American_internment">Japanese American internment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japanese American internment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson_and_Col._W._H._Kyle_(right)_arrive_at_the_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin,_Germany_to_attend..._-_NARA_-_198795.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson_and_Col._W._H._Kyle_%28right%29_arrive_at_the_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_to_attend..._-_NARA_-_198795.jpg/220px-Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson_and_Col._W._H._Kyle_%28right%29_arrive_at_the_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_to_attend..._-_NARA_-_198795.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson_and_Col._W._H._Kyle_%28right%29_arrive_at_the_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_to_attend..._-_NARA_-_198795.jpg/330px-Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson_and_Col._W._H._Kyle_%28right%29_arrive_at_the_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_to_attend..._-_NARA_-_198795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson_and_Col._W._H._Kyle_%28right%29_arrive_at_the_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_to_attend..._-_NARA_-_198795.jpg/440px-Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson_and_Col._W._H._Kyle_%28right%29_arrive_at_the_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_to_attend..._-_NARA_-_198795.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Stimson and Colonel William H. Kyle (right) arriving at the Gatow Airport in <a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin, Germany">Berlin, Germany</a> to attend the Potsdam Conference (July 16, 1945)</figcaption></figure> <p>Stimson was initially opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">internment of Japanese Americans</a> away from the West Coast, but he eventually gave in to pro-exclusion military advisers and secured Roosevelt's final approval for the incarceration program. The administration was split in the wake of Pearl Harbor, with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> officials arguing against "evacuation" and the Army and the War Department leaders demanding the immediate relocation. Still opposed to the idea of wholesale eviction, Stimson spent much of January 1942 in fielding calls from military advisers and West Coast politicians on the potential threat of a Japanese American <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>. By February, John McCloy and others from the pro-exclusion camp had won him over. </p><p>On February 11, Stimson and McCloy briefed in a phone conference Roosevelt, who gave his Secretary of War the go-ahead to pursue whatever course he saw fit. McCloy contacted <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bendetsen" title="Karl Bendetsen">Karl Bendetsen</a> to begin formulating a removal strategy immediately after. Roosevelt granted Stimson the final approval to carry out the eviction of West Coast Japanese Americans on February 17, and two days later, Roosevelt issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Order 9066</a>, which authorized the establishment of military zones that excluded certain persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Niiya_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niiya-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Western_Defense_Command" title="Western Defense Command">Western Defense Command</a> began circulating civilian exclusion orders, a new debate formed regarding Japanese Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a>. Stimson joined other officials to push for the exclusion of all "enemy alien" Japanese from the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Niiya_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niiya-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Japanese immigrants were <a href="/wiki/History_of_laws_concerning_immigration_and_naturalization_in_the_United_States" title="History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States">prohibited by law from naturalization</a> and so were classified as enemy aliens, regardless of their residential status.) However, Japanese Hawaiians were the largest ethnic group in the territory and the foundation of the Island's labor force. Since mass removal was infeasible both economically and politically, Stimson's proposal quickly fell through.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Stimson believed it to be "quite impossible" to determine the loyalty of Japanese Americans and eventually came to support the army's incarceration program, he remained unconvinced on the legality of the policy: "The second generation Japanese can only be evacuated either as part of a total evacuation, giving access to the areas only by permits, or by frankly trying to put them out on the ground that their racial characteristics are such that we cannot understand or trust even the citizen Japanese. The latter is the fact but I am afraid it will make a tremendous hole in our constitutional system."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stimson authorized the release of Japanese Americans from camp in May 1944 but postponed permission for them to return to the West Coast until after the November elections to avoid controversy in Roosevelt's upcoming campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Niiya_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niiya-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Patton">General Patton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General Patton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton_slapping_incidents" title="George S. Patton slapping incidents">George S. Patton slapping incidents</a></div> <p>On November 21, 1943, the news broke that General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, commander of the U.S. Seventh Army, had <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton_slapping_incidents" title="George S. Patton slapping incidents">slapped an enlisted man</a> who suffered from nervous exhaustion at a medical evacuation hospital in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident caused a storm of controversy, and members of Congress called for Patton to be relieved of command. General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> opposed any move to recall General Patton from the European Theater and said privately, "Patton is indispensable to the war effort – one of the guarantors of our victory."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimson and McCloy agreed; Stimson told the Senate Patton would be retained because of the need for his "aggressive, winning leadership in the bitter battles which are to come before final victory."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morgenthau_Plan">Morgenthau Plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morgenthau Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stimson_Touring_Italian_Battlefront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stimson_Touring_Italian_Battlefront.jpg/220px-Stimson_Touring_Italian_Battlefront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stimson_Touring_Italian_Battlefront.jpg/330px-Stimson_Touring_Italian_Battlefront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stimson_Touring_Italian_Battlefront.jpg/440px-Stimson_Touring_Italian_Battlefront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Devers" title="Jacob L. Devers">Jacob L. Devers</a> pointing out landmarks at devastated <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a> to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson touring the Italian battlefront</figcaption></figure> <p>Stimson strongly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a> to deindustrialize and to partition Germany into several smaller states.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan also envisioned the deportation and the summary imprisonment of anybody suspected of responsibility for <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>. Initially, Roosevelt had been sympathetic to the plan, but Stimson's opposition and the public outcry when the plan was leaked made Roosevelt backtrack. Stimson thus retained overall control of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, and despite the plan's influence on the early occupation, it never became official policy. Explaining his opposition to the plan, Stimson insisted to Roosevelt that 10 European countries, including Russia, depended upon German trade and its production of raw materials. He also stated that it was inconceivable that the "gift of nature," which was populated by peoples of "energy, vigor, and progressiveness," should be turned into a "ghost territory" or "dust heap." </p><p>What Stimson most feared, however, was that a subsistence-level economy would turn the anger of Germans against the Allies and thereby "obscure the guilt of the Nazis and the viciousness of their doctrines and their acts." Stimson pressed similar arguments on <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, when he became president, in the spring of 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stimson, a lawyer, insisted, against the initial wishes of both Roosevelt and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, on proper judicial proceedings against leading war criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and the War Department, drafted the first proposals for an International Tribunal, which soon received backing from Truman. Stimson's plan eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> of 1945–1946, which have strongly influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_bomb">Atomic bomb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Atomic bomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson,_evidently_arriving_at_the_White_House_for_a_Cabinet_meeting._-_NARA_-_199142.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Photograph_of_Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson%2C_evidently_arriving_at_the_White_House_for_a_Cabinet_meeting._-_NARA_-_199142.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson%2C_evidently_arriving_at_the_White_House_for_a_Cabinet_meeting._-_NARA_-_199142.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Photograph_of_Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson%2C_evidently_arriving_at_the_White_House_for_a_Cabinet_meeting._-_NARA_-_199142.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson%2C_evidently_arriving_at_the_White_House_for_a_Cabinet_meeting._-_NARA_-_199142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Photograph_of_Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson%2C_evidently_arriving_at_the_White_House_for_a_Cabinet_meeting._-_NARA_-_199142.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Secretary_of_War_Henry_Stimson%2C_evidently_arriving_at_the_White_House_for_a_Cabinet_meeting._-_NARA_-_199142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2411" /></a><figcaption>Stimson arriving for a Truman cabinet meeting in August 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>As Secretary of War, Stimson took direct and personal control of the entire atomic bomb project, with immediate supervision over Major General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. Both Roosevelt and Truman followed Stimson's advice on every aspect of the bomb, and Stimson overruled military officers when they opposed his views.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is best seen after military planners had selected <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> as the most promising target in southern Japan for nuclear attack. Stimson, who had vacationed in Kyoto in 1926 and spent a night there in 1929 as well, overruled the planners and successfully fought to remove Kyoto from the target list against significant opposition from the military. The true reasons for Stimson's opposition to destroying Kyoto are not clear and may have been both personal and strategic. The common misconception that Stimson had a personal affinity for Kyoto after honeymooning there is not supported by the historical record (indeed, he did not visit the city until over 30 years after his marriage).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Manhattan Project was managed by Major General Groves (Corps of Engineers) with a staff of reservists and many thousands of civilian scientists and engineers. Groves nominally reported directly to General <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a>, but Stimson was really in charge. Stimson secured the necessary money and approval from Roosevelt and from Congress, ensured that Manhattan had the highest priorities, and controlled all plans for the use of the bomb. Stimson successfully tried to get "<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>" (the Hiroshima bomb) dropped within hours of its earliest possible availability. Japan was to be forced to surrender, and the bombing of Hiroshima August 6 was likely a finishing blow for Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stimson ultimately concluded if the U.S. had guaranteed the Japanese preservation of the imperial constitutional monarchy, Japan might have surrendered and prevented the use of atomic bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians debate whether the impact of continued blockade, relentless bombing, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s invasion of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> would have forced Japanese Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> to surrender some time in late 1945 or early 1946 without the use of atomic bombs but with massive Allied casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After American journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" title="John Hersey">John Hersey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_(book)" title="Hiroshima (book)">account</a> of the Hiroshima atomic bombing became a media sensation, Stimson and others published their own article "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb". It argued the atomic bombings saved the Japanese from themselves, that demonstrating it would have been impractical, and American casualties from a potential invasion would exceed 1 million, although military documents from July 1945 estimated under 200,000 casualties (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall#Estimated_casualties" title="Operation Downfall">other estimates</a> put the casualties as high as 4 million). Stimson also sidestepped questions such as the suffering of the victims and the radioactive qualities of the bombs, saying they had a "revolutionary character" or "unfamiliar nature". Because his article was the first official account of the reasonings behind the bombings, news outlets that were covering Hersey's <i>Hiroshima</i> began to cover Stimson's article instead. President Truman commended Stimson, and <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a>, who had worked with Stimson on the article, later wrote, "We deserve some sort of medal."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stimson's_vision"><span id="Stimson.27s_vision"></span>Stimson's vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stimson's vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stimson looked beyond the immediate end of the war. He was the only top government official to try to predict the meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a>, and he envisioned a new era in human affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For half-a-century, he had worked to inject order, science, and moralism into matters of law, state, and diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of the atomic bomb, he thought, would go far beyond military concerns to encompass diplomacy, world affairs, business, economics, and science. Above all, Stimson stated that the "most terrible weapon ever known in human history" opened up "the opportunity to bring the world into a pattern in which the peace of the world and our civilization can be saved."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thought the very destructiveness of the new weaponry would shatter the ages-old belief that wars could be advantageous.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It might now be possible to call a halt to the use of destruction as a ready solution to human conflicts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Indeed, society's new control over the most elemental forces of nature finally "caps the climax of the race between man's growing technical power for destructiveness and his psychological power of self-control and group control—his moral power."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, Stimson advocated collaboration with the Soviet Union and genuine international control of atomic technology and weaponry, including possibly turning them over to the United Nations. He was opposed in this by other members of the Truman administration like <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James Byrnes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimson's vision of such a new world order, shared in part by many atomic scientists as well as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, would have meant yielding some sovereignty to something akin to a <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, when Japan had invaded Manchuria, Stimson, as Secretary of State, proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a>: no fruits of illegal aggression would ever be recognized by the United States. Although Japan ignored it, according to Stimson, the wheels of justice had now turned and the "peace-loving" nations, as Stimson called them, had the chance to punish Japan's misdeeds in a manner that would warn aggressor nations never again to invade their neighbors. To validate the new moral order, he believed that the atomic bomb had to be used against combatants and workers in the war. <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> had both contained combatant bases and major centers of war industry that employed tens of thousands of civilians. The question for Stimson was not one of whether the weapon should be used. Involved were the simple issue of ending a horrible war and the more subtle and more important question of the possibility of genuine peace among nations. Stimson's decision involved the fate of mankind, and he posed the problem to the world in such clear and articulate fashion that there was a nearly-unanimous agreement mankind had to find a way so that atomic weapons would never be used again to kill people.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stimson officially announced his retirement on September 21, 1945. Afterwards, he wrote his memoirs with the aid of <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a>. <i>On Active Service in Peace and War</i> was published by Harper in 1948 to critical acclaim. It is often cited by historians, as are the 170,000 typed pages of candid diaries that Stimson dictated at the end of every day. The diary is now in the Yale University Library; parts have been published in microfilm.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two months after leaving office, in November 1945, Stimson suffered a heart attack from which he recovered, although he suffered a speech impediment.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1950, Stimson fell and broke his leg and was confined to a wheelchair. On October 20, one month after his 83rd birthday, he succumbed to complications from a second heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimson died at his estate Highhold in <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_New_York" title="Huntington, New York">Huntington, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stimson-dies-on-li_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stimson-dies-on-li-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the adjacent town of <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Hollow,_New_York" title="Laurel Hollow, New York">Laurel Hollow</a>, in the cemetery of St. John's Church.<sup id="cite_ref-MyUser_Stjcsh.org_August_30_2015c_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Stjcsh.org_August_30_2015c-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the last surviving member of <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>'s cabinet. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_War_Henry_L._Stimson_Gravesite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Secretary_of_War_Henry_L._Stimson_Gravesite.jpg/220px-Secretary_of_War_Henry_L._Stimson_Gravesite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Secretary_of_War_Henry_L._Stimson_Gravesite.jpg/330px-Secretary_of_War_Henry_L._Stimson_Gravesite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Secretary_of_War_Henry_L._Stimson_Gravesite.jpg/440px-Secretary_of_War_Henry_L._Stimson_Gravesite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The gravesite of Secretary Stimson</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anecdote">Anecdote</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anecdote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._White" title="Theodore H. White">Theodore H. White</a> noted that Stimson had known and served under more Presidents than any other American citizen of his era. According to White, a short time before Stimson died, he had been asked by a friend which of the many Presidents that he had been acquainted with "had been the best." After a few moments of reflection, Stimson indicated his answer to the query depended on what was meant by "the best." He said that if it meant the most efficient man to hold the office, the answer was <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>. If, however, the question meant the greatest president, the answer was "Roosevelt," but Stimson could not decide whether the first name would be <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore</a> or <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin</a>. Stimson said both "understood the use of power" but as well "knew the enjoyment of power."<sup id="cite_ref-TWhitep366_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWhitep366-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a> Distinguished Service Medal<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stimson" title="Mount Stimson">Mount Stimson</a> in Montana's <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a> is named after Stimson, who in the 1890s hiked and assisted <a href="/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell" title="George Bird Grinnell">George Bird Grinnell</a> in surveying the area and later supported creating the park. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/The_Stimson_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Stimson Center">Henry L. Stimson Center</a>, a private research institute in Washington, DC, advocates what it says is Stimson's "practical, non-partisan approach" to international relations.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin class submarine"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Henry_L._Stimson" title="USS Henry L. Stimson">USS <i>Henry L. Stimson</i> (SSBN-655)</a> was commissioned in 1966. </p><p>Stimson's name graces the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson_Middle_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry L. Stimson Middle School (page does not exist)">Henry L. Stimson Middle School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Station,_New_York" title="Huntington Station, New York">Huntington Station</a>, Long Island; a residential building on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a>; as well as a dorm at his alma mater <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a>. </p><p>Stimson is also commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association</a>, where he served as president from 1937 to 1939, with the Henry L. Stimson Medal. The medal is awarded annually to outstanding Assistant U.S. Attorneys in the Southern and Eastern Districts of New York. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stimson has been portrayed in nearly a dozen movies and television shows about World War II and its aftermath, including <i><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_(TV_series)" title="Manhattan (TV series)">Manhattan</a> (2014–2015)</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1995_film)" title="Truman (1995 film)">Truman</a></i> (1995), <i>Truman at Potsdam</i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man_and_Little_Boy_(film)" title="Fat Man and Little Boy (film)">Fat Man and Little Boy</a></i> (1989), <i><a href="/wiki/Day_One_(1989_film)" title="Day One (1989 film)">Day One</a></i> (1989), <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Remembrance_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="War and Remembrance (TV miniseries)">War and Remembrance</a></i> (1988), <i><a href="/wiki/Race_for_the_Bomb" title="Race for the Bomb">Race for the Bomb</a></i> (1987), <i><a href="/wiki/Churchill_and_the_Generals" title="Churchill and the Generals">Churchill and the Generals</a></i> (1981), <i><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer (TV miniseries)">Oppenheimer</a></i> (1980), <i><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a></i> (2023), <i><a href="/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a></i> (1970), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beginning_or_the_End" title="The Beginning or the End">The Beginning or the End</a></i> (1947). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> short story "Truth, Justice, and the American Way" by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Watt-Evans" title="Lawrence Watt-Evans">Lawrence Watt-Evans</a> contained in the 1992 alternate history anthology <i><a href="/wiki/Alternate_Presidents" title="Alternate Presidents">Alternate Presidents</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Resnick" title="Mike Resnick">Mike Resnick</a>, Stimson succeeded Hoover (who defeated Roosevelt in 1932 after <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> ran as a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a> candidate and split the Democratic vote) as president in 1936, defeating Roosevelt. He once again defeated Roosevelt in 1940. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._political_appointments_that_crossed_party_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines">List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmelia_Peck_and_Carol_Irish2001" class="citation book cs1">Amelia Peck and Carol Irish (2001). <i>Candace Wheeler: The Art and Enterprise of American Design</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-002-8"><bdi>978-1-58839-002-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candace+Wheeler%3A+The+Art+and+Enterprise+of+American+Design&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2C+New+York&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-002-8&rft.au=Amelia+Peck+and+Carol+Irish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler, Candace, The Annals of Onteora, 1887-1914, privately printed, Erle W. Whitfield, New York (1914)(Special Collections, University of Virginia Library)(p. 24)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Candace Wheeler, Yesterdays in a Busy Life, Harper & Brothers: New York (1918) p. 299)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19380515&id=NrNQAAAAIBAJ&pg=5483,4626216">"Stimson Estate Goes to Phillips Academy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Milwaukee Journal">The Milwaukee Journal</a></i>. 1938-05-15. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Stimson+Estate+Goes+to+Phillips+Academy&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1938-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1499%26dat%3D19380515%26id%3DNrNQAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5483%2C4626216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407063435/http://cdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16013coll13/id/50/rec/1">"Boone and Crockett Club Archives"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16013coll13/id/50/rec/1">the original</a> on 2014-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boone+and+Crockett+Club+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fsingleitem%2Fcollection%2Fp16013coll13%2Fid%2F50%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzGouSioyrUC&pg=PA4"><i>Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>: Scholarly Resources Inc. 2001. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0842026314" title="Special:BookSources/978-0842026314"><bdi>978-0842026314</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+L.+Stimson%3A+The+First+Wise+Man&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0842026314&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzGouSioyrUC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027205211/http://www.andover.edu/About/NotableAlumni/Pages/shortlist.aspx">"Phillips Academy - Notable Alumni: Short List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andover.edu/About/NotableAlumni/Pages/shortlist.aspx">the original</a> on 2016-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phillips+Academy+-+Notable+Alumni%3A+Short+List&rft.pub=Phillips+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andover.edu%2FAbout%2FNotableAlumni%2FPages%2Fshortlist.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_L._Malloy2008" class="citation book cs1">Sean L. Malloy (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atomictragedyhen00mall"><i>Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atomictragedyhen00mall/page/14">14</a>–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801446542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801446542"><bdi>978-0801446542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Tragedy%3A+Henry+L.+Stimson+and+the+Decision+to+Use+the+Bomb+Against+Japan&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0801446542&rft.au=Sean+L.+Malloy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatomictragedyhen00mall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Malloy, Ch. 1, "The Education of Henry L. Stimson"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConant2002" class="citation book cs1">Conant, Jennet (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tuxedopark00jenn"><i>Tuxedo Park</i></a></span>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tuxedopark00jenn/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87287-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87287-2"><bdi>978-0-684-87287-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuxedo+Park&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-87287-2&rft.aulast=Conant&rft.aufirst=Jennet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftuxedopark00jenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2019" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Norman (2019). <i>Blind Bombing: How Microwave Radar brought the Allies to D-Day and Victory in World War II</i>. Nebraska: Potomac Books/University of Nebraska Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1640-12279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1640-12279-6"><bdi>978-1640-12279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blind+Bombing%3A+How+Microwave+Radar+brought+the+Allies+to+D-Day+and+Victory+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Nebraska&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2FUniversity+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1640-12279-6&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grose, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/book_pdf/Continuing_The_Inquiry.pdf"><i>Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996</i>.</a> New York: <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Council on Foreign Relations Press">Council on Foreign Relations Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876091923" title="Special:BookSources/0876091923">0876091923</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0876091920" title="Special:BookSources/978-0876091920">978-0876091920</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukas, J. Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170913055204/http://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/21/archives/is-it-a-club-seminar-presidium-invisible-government-the-council-on-.html">"Council on Foreign Relations — Is it a Club? Seminar? Presidium? 'Invisible Government'?"</a><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, November 21, 1971, pp. SM34+. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/21/archives/is-it-a-club-seminar-presidium-invisible-government-the-council-on-.html">the original.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland", Patrick Hanks, Richard Coates and Peter McClure, OUP 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052629/https://history.army.mil/books/Sw-SA/Stimson2.htm">"Henry Lewis Stimson"</a>. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/Sw-SA/Stimson2.htm">the original</a> on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+Lewis+Stimson&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2FSw-SA%2FStimson2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Schmitz, <i>Henry L. Stimson: the first wise man</i> (2001) p 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Schmitz, <i>Henry L. Stimson: the first wise man</i> (2001) p 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/center-cryptologic-history/pearl-harbor-review/black-chamber/">"National Security Agency Central Security Service > About Us > Office of General Counsel > Cryptologic Heritage > Center for Cryptologic History > Pearl Harbor Review > The Black Chamber"</a>. <i>www.nsa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nsa.gov&rft.atitle=National+Security+Agency+Central+Security+Service+%3E+About+Us+%3E+Office+of+General+Counsel+%3E+Cryptologic+Heritage+%3E+Center+for+Cryptologic+History+%3E+Pearl+Harbor+Review+%3E+The+Black+Chamber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fabout%2Fcryptologic-heritage%2Fcenter-cryptologic-history%2Fpearl-harbor-review%2Fblack-chamber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/gentlemen-reading-each-others-mail-a-brief-history-of-diplomatic-spying/276940/">"Gentlemen Reading Each Others' Mail: A Brief History of Diplomatic Spying"</a>. The Atlantic Magazine. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gentlemen+Reading+Each+Others%27+Mail%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Diplomatic+Spying&rft.pub=The+Atlantic+Magazine&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2013%2F06%2Fgentlemen-reading-each-others-mail-a-brief-history-of-diplomatic-spying%2F276940%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStimsonBundy1948" class="citation book cs1">Stimson, Henry L.; Bundy, McGeorge (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/onactiveservices006603mbp#page/n219/mode/2up"><i>On Active Service in Peace and War</i></a>. New York, New York, USA: Harper & Brothers. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Active+Service+in+Peace+and+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Stimson&rft.aufirst=Henry+L.&rft.au=Bundy%2C+McGeorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fonactiveservices006603mbp%23page%2Fn219%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 188: "Stimson, as Secretary of State, was dealing as a gentleman with the gentlemen sent as ambassadors and ministers from friendly nations, and he is reputed to have said, 'Gentlemen do not read each other's mail.' "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/history-today-articles/03%202018/12MAR2018%20Reading%20Gentlemens%20Mail.pdf?ver=roQ9cwN7pVB7RcDR0Wp8Mg%3D%3D#:~:text=%E2%80%9CGentlemen%20don't%20read%20each,familiar%20to%20History%20Today%20readers%3A">"National Security Agency>Center for Cryptologic History>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.nsa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nsa.gov&rft.atitle=National+Security+Agency%3ECenter+for+Cryptologic+History%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fportals%2F75%2Fdocuments%2Fnews-features%2Fdeclassified-documents%2Fhistory-today-articles%2F03%25202018%2F12MAR2018%2520Reading%2520Gentlemens%2520Mail.pdf%3Fver%3DroQ9cwN7pVB7RcDR0Wp8Mg%253D%253D%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E2%2580%259CGentlemen%2520don%27t%2520read%2520each%2Cfamiliar%2520to%2520History%2520Today%2520readers%253A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters" class="citation book cs1">Walters, Francis Paul. <i>History of the League of Nations</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+League+of+Nations&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Francis+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard N. Current, "How Stimson Meant to 'Maneuver' the Japanese," <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jun., 1953), pp. 67–74 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897543">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Colonel-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Colonel_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Colonel_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Colonel_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867–1950 by Godfrey Hodgson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voteview.com-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voteview.com_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voteview.com_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0760223">"Voteview | Plot Vote: 76th Congress > Senate > 223"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voteview+%26%23124%3B+Plot+Vote%3A+76th+Congress+%3E+Senate+%3E+223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoteview.com%2Frollcall%2FRS0760223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Those_Angry_Days_pg._205-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Those_Angry_Days_pg._205_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Those_Angry_Days_pg._205_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II by Lynne Olson, pg. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II by Lynne Olson, pg. 205–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2022" class="citation news cs1">Kaiser, Charles (27 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/27/uniting-america-review-fdr-republicans-fascism-lindbergh-trump">"Uniting America review: how FDR and the GOP beat fascism home and away"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Uniting+America+review%3A+how+FDR+and+the+GOP+beat+fascism+home+and+away&rft.date=2022-11-27&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2022%2Fnov%2F27%2Funiting-america-review-fdr-republicans-fascism-lindbergh-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman, Arthur. <i>Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,</i> pp. 83–4, 90, 94, 112–15, 121, 125–6, 139, 141, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4">978-1-4000-6964-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Eiler, <i>Mobilizing America: Robert P. Patterson and the War Effort</i> (Cornell U.P. 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Evan Thomas</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wise_Men:_Six_Friends_and_the_World_They_Made" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made">The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made</a></i> (1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2014" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Nigel (2014). <i>The Mantle of Command: FDR at War, 1941–1942</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780547775241" title="Special:BookSources/9780547775241"><bdi>9780547775241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mantle+of+Command%3A+FDR+at+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780547775241&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niiya-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niiya_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niiya_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niiya_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiiya" class="citation web cs1">Niiya, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Henry%20Stimson/">"Henry Stimson"</a>. Densho Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+Stimson&rft.pub=Densho+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Niiya&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.densho.org%2FHenry%2520Stimson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheiberScheiber" class="citation web cs1">Scheiber, Jane L.; Scheiber, Harry N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Martial%20law%20in%20Hawaii/">"Martial Law in Hawaii"</a>. Densho Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martial+Law+in+Hawaii&rft.pub=Densho+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Scheiber&rft.aufirst=Jane+L.&rft.au=Scheiber%2C+Harry+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.densho.org%2FMartial%2520law%2520in%2520Hawaii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgson, Godfrey. <i>The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867–1950</i> (New York: Knopf, 1990), p 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkinson, Rick, <i>The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy 1943–1944</i>, New York: Henry Holt & Co., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8861-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8861-8">978-0-8050-8861-8</a> (2007), p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_D%27Este" title="Carlo D'Este">Carlo D'Este</a>, <i>Patton: A Genius For War</i>, New York: HarperCollins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016455-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016455-7">0-06-016455-7</a> (1995), p. 536</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Este, <i>Patton: A Genius For War</i>, p. 543</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeschloss2003" class="citation book cs1">Beschloss, Michael R. (2003-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZNha4UcszYC&q=morgenthau+plan+1945&pg=PA118"><i>Morgenthau-Plan</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743244541" title="Special:BookSources/9780743244541"><bdi>9780743244541</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morgenthau-Plan&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003-10-07&rft.isbn=9780743244541&rft.aulast=Beschloss&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ZNha4UcszYC%26q%3Dmorgenthau%2Bplan%2B1945%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold A. Offner, "Research on American-German Relations: A Critical View" in Joseph McVeigh and Frank Trommler, eds. <i>America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History</i> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990) v2 p. 176; see also Michael R. Beschloss, <i>The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945</i> (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHugh2011" class="citation journal cs1">McHugh, Melissa S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=580">"The Legacy of International Cooperation at the Nuremberg Trials"</a>. <i>Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse</i>. <b>3</b> (10)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquiries+Journal%2FStudent+Pulse&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+International+Cooperation+at+the+Nuremberg+Trials&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=McHugh&rft.aufirst=Melissa+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquiriesjournal.com%2Fa%3Fid%3D580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Malloy, <i>Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan</i> The Manhattan Project, Department of Energy at mbe.doe.gov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611232440/http://hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b4stimson-henrylewis.htm">"Henry Lewis Stimson"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b4stimson-henrylewis.htm">the original</a> on 2010-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+Lewis+Stimson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyperhistory.net%2Fapwh%2Fbios%2Fb4stimson-henrylewis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellerstein2020" class="citation cs2">Wellerstein, Alex (2020-01-14), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691195292-004/html">"The Kyoto Misconception: What Truman Knew, and Didn't Know, about Hiroshima"</a>, <i>The Age of Hiroshima</i>, Princeton University Press, pp. 34–55, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691195292-004">10.1515/9780691195292-004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19529-2"><bdi>978-0-691-19529-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225044563">225044563</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age+of+Hiroshima&rft.atitle=The+Kyoto+Misconception%3A+What+Truman+Knew%2C+and+Didn%27t+Know%2C+about+Hiroshima&rft.pages=34-55&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225044563%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691195292-004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19529-2&rft.aulast=Wellerstein&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691195292-004%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellerstein" class="citation web cs1">Wellerstein, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2023/07/24/henry-stimson-didnt-go-to-kyoto-on-his-honeymoon/">"Henry Stimson didn't go to Kyoto on his honeymoon"</a>. <i>Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Restricted+Data%3A+The+Nuclear+Secrecy+Blog&rft.atitle=Henry+Stimson+didn%27t+go+to+Kyoto+on+his+honeymoon&rft.aulast=Wellerstein&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nuclearsecrecy.com%2F2023%2F07%2F24%2Fhenry-stimson-didnt-go-to-kyoto-on-his-honeymoon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtWaltz2004" class="citation book cs1">Art, Robert J.; Waltz, Kenneth Neal (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/useofforce00robe"><i>The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics</i></a></span>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/useofforce00robe/page/179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742525573" title="Special:BookSources/9780742525573"><bdi>9780742525573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+Force%3A+Military+Power+and+International+Politics&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780742525573&rft.aulast=Art&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Waltz%2C+Kenneth+Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fuseofforce00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Schmitz, <i>Henry L. Stimson: the first wise man</i> (2001) p 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton_J._Bernstein1993" class="citation journal cs1">Barton J. Bernstein (1993). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Seizing the Contested Terrain of Early Nuclear History: Stimson, Conant, and Their Allies Explain the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb," Diplomatic History 17 (Winter 1993): 35–72". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>17</b>: 35–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1993.tb00158.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00158.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=%22Seizing+the+Contested+Terrain+of+Early+Nuclear+History%3A+Stimson%2C+Conant%2C+and+Their+Allies+Explain+the+Decision+to+Use+the+Atomic+Bomb%2C%22+Diplomatic+History+17+%28Winter+1993%29%3A+35%E2%80%9372&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=35-72&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1993.tb00158.x&rft.au=Barton+J.+Bernstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlperovitz1995" class="citation book cs1">Alperovitz, Gar (1995). <i>The decision to use the atomic bomb and the architecture of an American myth</i> (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679762850" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679762850"><bdi>978-0679762850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+decision+to+use+the+atomic+bomb+and+the+architecture+of+an+American+myth&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0679762850&rft.aulast=Alperovitz&rft.aufirst=Gar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlume2020" class="citation book cs1">Blume, Lesley M. M. (2020). <i>Fallout : the Hiroshima cover-up and the reporter who revealed it to the world</i> (First Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York. pp. 153–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982128517" title="Special:BookSources/9781982128517"><bdi>9781982128517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallout+%3A+the+Hiroshima+cover-up+and+the+reporter+who+revealed+it+to+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=153-157&rft.edition=First+Simon+%26+Schuster+hardcover&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781982128517&rft.aulast=Blume&rft.aufirst=Lesley+M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Stimson to Harry S. Truman, accompanied by a memorandum, September 11, 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentid=22&pagenumber=1">Truman Papers, President's Secretary's File. Atomic Bomb</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051342/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentid=22&pagenumber=1">Archived</a> 2019-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stimson, Henry. "Stimson Press Release". Atomic Heritage Foundation, 1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/stimson-henry/corr_stimson_1945-04-24.htm">Top Secret Letter From Henry Stimson, Secretary of War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515194411/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/stimson-henry/corr_stimson_1945-04-24.htm">Archived</a> 2021-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 24 April 1945. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry L. Stimson, <i>On Active Services in Peace and War</i> (1948) p. 636</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kort, <i>The Columbia guide to Hiroshima and the bomb</i> (2007) p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell Craig and <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Radchenko" title="Sergey Radchenko">Sergey Radchenko</a>, <i>The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War</i> (2008) pp. 114–120, 164, 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell Craig and Sergey Radchenko, <i>The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War</i> (2008) p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Bonnett, John. "Jekyll and Hyde: Henry L. Stimson, Mentalite, and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb on Japan." <i>War in History</i> 1997 4(2): 174–212. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0968-3445">0968-3445</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/Ebsco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebsco">Ebsco</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGeorge Bundy, <i>Danger and Survival: Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years</i> (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert P. Newman, "Hiroshima and the Trashing of Henry Stimson" <i>The New England Quarterly,</i> Vol. 71, No. 1 (Mar., 1998), pp. 5–32 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/366722">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050319/http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Introductions/82920FM.htm">"The Diaries of Henry Lewis Stimson in the Yale University Library"</a>. Microformguides.gale.com. 1945-09-21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Introductions/82920FM.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Diaries+of+Henry+Lewis+Stimson+in+the+Yale+University+Library&rft.pub=Microformguides.gale.com&rft.date=1945-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicroformguides.gale.com%2FData%2FIntroductions%2F82920FM.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversal_Press_Syndicate1945" class="citation news cs1">Universal Press Syndicate (Nov 13, 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19451113&id=ViIbAAAAIBAJ&pg=5113,5498675">"Stimson Recovering from Heart Attack"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=Stimson+Recovering+from+Heart+Attack&rft.date=1945-11-13&rft.au=Universal+Press+Syndicate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1144%26dat%3D19451113%26id%3DViIbAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5113%2C5498675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0921.html">"Henry L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oldlongisland.com&rft.atitle=St.+John%27s+Church+Memorial+Cemetery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldlongisland.com%2F2010%2F08%2Fst-johnn-church-memorial-cemetery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWhitep366-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TWhitep366_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2009" class="citation book cs1">White, Theodore H. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofpreside00theo"><i>The Making of the President 1960</i></a></span> (Harper Perennial Political Classicss ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofpreside00theo/page/366">366</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-190060-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-190060-0"><bdi>978-0-06-190060-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+President+1960&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=366&rft.edition=Harper+Perennial+Political+Classicss&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-190060-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Theodore+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofpreside00theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216073938/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=150">"Public Papers Harry S. Truman 1945–1953"</a>. <i>Trumanlibrary.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=150">the original</a> on 16 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trumanlibrary.org&rft.atitle=Public+Papers+Harry+S.+Truman+1945%E2%80%931953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fpublicpapers%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legion.org/distinguishedservicemedal?page=8">"Distinguished Service Medal Recipients – Page 9 – The American Legion"</a>. <i>Legion.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legion.org&rft.atitle=Distinguished+Service+Medal+Recipients+%E2%80%93+Page+9+%E2%80%93+The+American+Legion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legion.org%2Fdistinguishedservicemedal%3Fpage%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stimson.org/about/?sn=ab2001110510">"About Stimson | The Stimson Center | Pragmatic Steps for Global Security"</a>. Stimson.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Stimson+%26%23124%3B+The+Stimson+Center+%26%23124%3B+Pragmatic+Steps+for+Global+Security&rft.pub=Stimson.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stimson.org%2Fabout%2F%3Fsn%3Dab2001110510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+L.+Stimson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aldrich, Edward Farley. "The Partnership: George Marshall, Henry Stimson, and the Extraordinary Collaboration that Won World War II." (Stackpole Books, 2022)</li> <li>Barlow, Aaron, ed. <i>The Manhattan Project and the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb: The Essential Reference Guide</i> (ABC-CLIO, 2019).</li> <li>Bonnett, John. "Jekyll and Hyde: Henry L. Stimson, Mentalite, and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb on Japan." <i>War in History</i> 1997 4(2): 174–212. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Bonnett-2/publication/249820915_Jekyll_and_Hyde_Henry_L_Stimson_Mentalite_and_the_Decision_to_Use_the_Atomic_Bomb_on_Japan/links/00463531870d326181000000/Jekyll-and-Hyde-Henry-L-Stimson-Mentalite-and-the-Decision-to-Use-the-Atomic-Bomb-on-Japan.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Chu, Esther Briney. "The policy of secretary of state Henry L. Stimson toward China" (PhD dissertation, Northwestern University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1943. 10101268).</li> <li>Dallek, Robert. <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt and American foreign policy, 1932–1945</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve00robe">online</a></li> <li>Ferrell, Robert H. <i>Frank B. Kellogg; Henry L. Stimson</i> (1963); as Secretary of State <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansecretar0011unse_q7p4">online</a></li> <li>Gerber, Larry G. "Stimson, Henry Lewis"; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00626.html;">American National Biography Online February 2000.</a></li> <li>Gerber, Larry G. <i>The Limits of Liberalism: Josephus Daniels, Henry Stimson, Bernard Baruch, Donald Richberg, Felix Frankfurter and the Development of the Modern American Political Economy</i> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsofliberali0000gerb">online</a></li> <li>Golub, Grant. "The proper and orthodox way of war: Henry Stimson, the war department, and the politics of US military policy during World War II." <i>International History Review</i> (2022): 1–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07075332.2022.2046624">online</a></li> <li>Harper, John L. "Henry Stimson and the Origin of America's Attachment to Atomic Weapons." <i>SAIS Review</i> 5.2 (1985): 17–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45349291">online</a></li> <li>Hodgson, Godfrey. <i>The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867–1950</i> (1990). popular biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonellifean00hodg">online</a></li> <li>Jordan, Jonathan W., <i>American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II</i> (NAL/Caliber 2015).</li> <li>Majerus, Joe. "Unconditional Surrender and the American Case Against the Modification of a Controversial Policy (1943–1945)." <i>International Journal of Military History and Historiography</i> 40.2 (2020): 245–277.</li> <li>Majerus, Joé. "Final Strategy: The Post-War Grand Strategic Designs of Henry L. Stimson." <i>International History Review</i> 41.4 (2019): 845–865.</li> <li>Malloy, Sean L. <i>Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atomictragedyhen0000mall">online</a></li> <li>Morison, Elting E. <i>Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson</i> (1960), scholarly biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turmoiltradition0000unse_v9q4">online</a></li> <li>Newman, Robert P. "Hiroshima and the trashing of Henry Stimson." <i>New England Quarterly</i> 71.1 (1998): 5–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/366722">online</a></li> <li>O’Brien, Phillips Payson. "The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the atom bomb, the American Military Mind and the end of the Second World War." <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i> 42.7 (2019): 971–991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/20214/O_Brien_2019_JSS_Jointchiefs_AAM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">online</a></li> <li>Rappaport, Armin. <i>Henry L. Stimson and Japan, 1931–33</i> (1963) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henrylstimsonjap00rapp">online</a></li> <li>Redmond, Kent C. "The education of a statesman: Henry L. Stimson, 1911–1928" (PhD dissertation, University of Southern California; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1953. DP28692).</li> <li>Robertson, Charles Langner. "The American Secretary Of State: A Study Of The Office Under Henry L. Stimson And Cordell Hull." (PhD dissertation, Princeton University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1959. 6005044).</li> <li>Schmitz, David F. <i>Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henrylstimsonfir0000schm">online</a></li> <li>Smith, Michael John J. "Henry L. Stimson and the Philippines" (PhD dissertation, Indiana University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7021551).</li> <li>Walker, J. Samuel. <i>Prompt and utter destruction: Truman and the use of atomic bombs against Japan</i> (UNC Press Books, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/promptutterdestr00walk">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kelly, Jason M. "Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb?: Confusion in Postwar Historiography." <i>Journal of American-East Asian Relations</i> 19.2 (2012): 183–203.</li> <li>Kort, Michael. "The Historiography of Hiroshima: The Rise and Fall of Revisionism." <i>New England Journal of History</i> 64.1 (2007): 31–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essaydocs.org/the-historiography-of-hiroshima-the-rise-and-fall-of-revisioni.html">online</a></li> <li>Newman, Robert P. "Hiroshima and the Trashing of Henry Stimson" <i>The New England Quarterly,</i> 71#1 (1998), pp. 5–32 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/366722">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stimson, Henry and McGeorge Bundy, <i>On Active Service in Peace and War.</i> (1948) (memoirs) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onactiveservices006603mbp">online</a></li> <li>United States. War Department. <i>Prelude To Invasion: An Account Based Upon Official Reports by Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War</i> (1944) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PreludeToInvasion">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Henry_L._Stimson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/4819">Henry Lewis Stimson Papers at Yale University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0921.html">Obituary, New York Times, October 21, 1950</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stimson.org/">Henry Stimson Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828141846/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FStimson%2C+Henry">Annotated bibliography for Henry Stimson from the Alsos Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shermangenealog01shergoog/page/n447">Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England</a> By Thomas Townsend Sherman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doug-long.com/">verbatim copy of "Stimson Diary" entries regarding Atomic Bomb, Dec 1944 to Sept 1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12093">Works by Henry L. Stimson</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/017160">Newspaper clippings about Henry L. Stimson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li>Henry Lewis Stimson papers (MS 465). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0465">[1]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1910_New_York_state_election" title="1910 New York state election">1910</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Job_E._Hedges" title="Job E. Hedges">Job E. Hedges</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Jacob M. Dickinson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> </b><br />1911–1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Lindley Miller Garrison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a> </b><br />1927–1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Allen_Gilmore" title="Eugene Allen Gilmore">Eugene Allen Gilmore</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1929–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Woodring" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry H. Woodring">Harry H. Woodring</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> </b><br />1940–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template talk:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a><br />1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a><br />1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_Army" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecArm" title="Template:USSecArm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecArm" title="Template talk:USSecArm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecArm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecArm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States secretaries of war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">Department<br />of War</a><br />(1789–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">B. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">W. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">P. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Poinsett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">J. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">G. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aaron_Rawlins" title="John Aaron Rawlins">Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">R. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">Endicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Elkins" title="Stephen B. Elkins">Elkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Lamont" title="Daniel S. Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">Dern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Assistant Secretary of War">Assistant secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Scott" title="Thomas A. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter H. Watson (page does not exist)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tucker_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tucker (politician) (page does not exist)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wolcott" title="Christopher Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eckert" title="Thomas Eckert">Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Grant" title="Lewis A. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Doe" title="Joseph Doe">Doe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Rue_Meiklejohn" title="George de Rue Meiklejohn">Meiklejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cary_Sanger" title="William Cary Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_Oliver" title="Robert Shaw Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Skillman_Breckinridge" title="Henry Skillman Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Ingraham" title="William Moulton Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Crowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Williams" title="William Reid Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_MacNider" title="Hanford MacNider">MacNider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burton_Robbins" title="Charles Burton Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Huff_Payne" title="Frederick Huff Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">L. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Petersen" title="Howard C. Petersen">Petersen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Under Secretary of War">Under secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department<br />of the Army</a><br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretaries<br />of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pace" title="Frank Pace">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Stevens" title="Robert T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Jacob_Stahr_Jr." title="Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr.">Stahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frederick_Froehlke" title="Robert Frederick Froehlke">Froehlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Callaway" title="Bo Callaway">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Richard_Hoffmann" title="Martin Richard Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Alexander_Jr." title="Clifford Alexander Jr.">C. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo_D._West_Jr." title="Togo D. West Jr.">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Caldera" title="Louis Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._White" title="Thomas E. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Harvey" title="Francis J. Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">McHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Fanning" title="Eric Fanning">Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Wormuth" title="Christine Wormuth">Wormuth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army">Under secretaries<br />of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Voorhees" title="Tracy Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_S._Alexander" title="Archibald S. Alexander">A. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bendetsen" title="Karl Bendetsen">Bendetsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Johnson" title="Earl D. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Slezak" title="John Slezak">Slezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Finucane" title="Charles C. Finucane">Finucane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_M._Milton_II" title="Hugh M. Milton II">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ignatius" title="Paul Ignatius">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._McGiffert" title="David E. McGiffert">McGiffert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Beal" title="Thaddeus Beal">Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._BeLieu" title="Kenneth E. BeLieu">BeLieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_R._Staudt" title="Herman R. Staudt">Staudt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_B._LaBerge" title="Walter B. LaBerge">LaBerge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Ambrose" title="James R. Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Shannon" title="John W. Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Reeder" title="Joe R. Reeder">Reeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Walker" title="Robert M. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_D._Rostker" title="Bernard D. Rostker">Rostker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_R._Dahlberg" title="Gregory R. Dahlberg">Dahlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Brownlee" title="Les Brownlee">Brownlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_M._Ford" title="Nelson M. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Westphal" title="Joseph W. Westphal">Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Carson" title="Brad Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Patrick Murphy (Pennsylvania politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McPherson" title="James E. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabe_Camarillo" title="Gabe Camarillo">Camarillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_governors-general_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Governors-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:American Governors-General of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Governors-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:American Governors-General of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Governors-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Governors-General of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_governors-general_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">American <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">governors-general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1898–1935</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military government</a> <br /> (1898–1902)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Elwell_Stephen_Otis" title="Elwell Stephen Otis">Otis</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Jr." title="Arthur MacArthur Jr.">MacArthur</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Chaffee</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_(1905%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the Insular Philippine Islands"><img alt="Arms of the Insular Philippine Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Government">Insular Government</a> <br /> (1901–1935)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Ide" title="Henry Clay Ide">Ide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Smith" title="James Francis Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Forbes" title="William Cameron Forbes">Forbes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newton_W._Gilbert" title="Newton W. Gilbert">Gilbert</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Burton_Harrison" title="Francis Burton Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yeater" title="Charles Yeater">Yeater</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Allen_Gilmore" title="Eugene Allen Gilmore">Gilmore</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stimson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Allen_Gilmore" title="Eugene Allen Gilmore">Gilmore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_C._Butte" title="George C. Butte">Butte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="smallcaps">Smallcaps</span> indicate military governors</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting governors</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_William_Howard_Taft_(1909–1913)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taft_cabinet" title="Template:Taft cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taft_cabinet" title="Template talk:Taft cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taft_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taft cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_William_Howard_Taft_(1909–1913)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (1909–1913)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Howard_Taft.jpg/100px-William_Howard_Taft.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Howard_Taft.jpg/150px-William_Howard_Taft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Howard_Taft.jpg/200px-William_Howard_Taft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1197" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">Franklin MacVeagh</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Jacob M. Dickinson</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1911–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">George W. Wickersham</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Frank Harris Hitchcock</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">George von Lengerke Meyer</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Ballinger" title="Richard A. Ballinger">Richard A. Ballinger</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Fisher" title="Walter L. Fisher">Walter L. Fisher</a> (1911–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Secretary_of_Agriculture)" title="James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)">James Wilson</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor">Secretary of Commerce and Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nagel" title="Charles Nagel">Charles Nagel</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Herbert_Hoover_(1929–1933)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hoover_cabinet" title="Template:Hoover cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hoover_cabinet" title="Template talk:Hoover cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hoover_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hoover cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Herbert_Hoover_(1929–1933)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg/100px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg/150px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg/200px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3792" data-file-height="4536" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a> (1929)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Ogden L. Mills</a> (1932–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">James William Good</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Patrick J. Hurley</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Mitchell" title="William D. Mitchell">William D. Mitchell</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Folger_Brown" title="Walter Folger Brown">Walter Folger Brown</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_III" title="Charles Francis Adams III">Charles Francis Adams III</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lyman_Wilbur" title="Ray Lyman Wilbur">Ray Lyman Wilbur</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Hyde" title="Arthur M. Hyde">Arthur M. Hyde</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Lamont" title="Robert P. Lamont">Robert P. Lamont</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_D._Chapin" title="Roy D. Chapin">Roy D. Chapin</a> (1932–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James J. Davis</a> (1929–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_N._Doak" title="William N. Doak">William N. Doak</a> (1930–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template talk:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1933–1945)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/100px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/150px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/200px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> (1933–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">William H. Woodin</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> (1934–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">George Dern</a> (1933–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Harry Hines Woodring</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Homer Stille Cummings</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a> (1941–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Frank C. Walker</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude A. Swanson</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles Edison</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> (1940–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Roper" title="Daniel C. Roper">Daniel C. Roper</a> (1933–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a> (1938–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jesse H. Jones</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Truman_cabinet" title="Template:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Truman_cabinet" title="Template talk:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Truman_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945–1953)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/100px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/150px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/200px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="447" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">John Wesley Snyder</a> (1946–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Kenneth Claiborne Royall</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a> (1949–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> (1950–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a> (1951–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">J. Howard McGrath</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">James P. McGranery</a> (1952–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Frank C. Walker</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Robert E. Hannegan</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_M._Donaldson" title="Jesse M. Donaldson">Jesse M. Donaldson</a> (1947–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1945–1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Albert_Krug" title="Julius Albert Krug">Julius Albert Krug</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_L._Chapman" title="Oscar L. Chapman">Oscar L. Chapman</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Clinton Anderson</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan" title="Charles F. Brannan">Charles F. Brannan</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Charles W. Sawyer</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_B._Schwellenbach" title="Lewis B. Schwellenbach">Lewis B. Schwellenbach</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Maurice J. Tobin</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314826#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108007897">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/61621173">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1716378/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwCYp8bwfBPF6RdJGhPwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11879891X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01468267?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1107610">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11879891X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11879891X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032601131">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10627509">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65q4xdp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&oldid=1257530041">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Stimson&oldid=1257530041</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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