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href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/User:TomT0m" title="Special:MyLanguage/User:TomT0m">User:TomT0m</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-pt-translate-header noprint" dir="ltr" lang="en">This page is a <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3ATomT0m%2FClassification&action=page&filter=&language=fr">translated version</a></span> of the page <a href="/wiki/User:TomT0m/Classification" title="User:TomT0m/Classification">User:TomT0m/Classification</a> and the translation is 69% complete.</div><div class="mw-pt-translate-header" dir="ltr" lang="en"><span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Outdated translations are marked like this.</span></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-pt-languages noprint navigation-not-searchable" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-pt-languages-label">Other languages:</div><ul class="mw-pt-languages-list"><li><a href="/wiki/User:TomT0m/Classification/de" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="User:TomT0m/Klassifikation (17% translated)" lang="de" dir="ltr">Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:TomT0m/Classification" class="mw-pt-languages-ui mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="User:TomT0m/Classification (100% translated)" lang="en" dir="ltr">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:TomT0m/Classification/nl" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Gebruiker:TomT0m/Klassificatie (2% translated)" lang="nl" dir="ltr">Nederlands</a></li> <li><span class="mw-pt-languages-selected mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" lang="fr" dir="ltr">français</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:TomT0m/Classification/it" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="User:TomT0m/Classificazione (17% translated)" lang="it" dir="ltr">italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:TomT0m/Classification/pt-br" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Utilisador:TomT0m/Classificação (18% translated)" lang="pt-BR" dir="ltr">português do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:TomT0m/Classification/ru" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Помощь:Классификация (12% translated)" lang="ru" dir="ltr">русский</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:TomT0m/Classification/uk" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="User:TomT0m/Класифікація (8% translated)" lang="uk" dir="ltr">українська</a></li></ul></div> <table class="draft layouttemplate" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width: 80%; margin: 0 auto 1em; padding: .2em; max-width: 65em; background: AntiqueWhite;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gnome-preferences-system.svg/45px-Gnome-preferences-system.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gnome-preferences-system.svg/68px-Gnome-preferences-system.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gnome-preferences-system.svg/90px-Gnome-preferences-system.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </td> <td><div class="center"><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="description en">This page is a <b>work in progress</b>, not an article or policy, and may be incomplete and/or unreliable.<br />Please offer suggestions on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:TomT0m/Classification/fr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:TomT0m/Classification/fr (page does not exist)">talk page</a>.</div> <hr /><span style="font-size:x-small;line-height:140%" class="plainlinks"> <p><a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/bn">বাংলা</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/ca">català</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/cs">čeština</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/de">Deutsch</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/en">English</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/es">español</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/fa">فارسی</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/fi">suomi</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/fr">français</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/hi">हिन्दी</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/hu">magyar</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/it">italiano</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/ja">日本語</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/ja">한국어</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/lv">latviešu</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/mk">македонски</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/ms">Bahasa Melayu</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/nb">norsk bokmål</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/nl">Nederlands</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/pl">polski</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/pnb">پنجابی</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/pt">português</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/pt-br">português do Brasil</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/ro">română</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/sco">Scots</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/sq">shqip</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/sl">slovenščina</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/sr">српски / srpski</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/sv">svenska</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/tr">Türkçe</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/ru">русский</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/uk">українська</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Draft/zh-hans">中文（简体）</a> | <small class="plainlinks" title="Edit Template:Draft/lang"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Draft/lang&action=edit">+/−</a></small> </p> </span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La classification, dont l'élément Wikidata est <a href="/wiki/Q7211" title="Q7211">taxonomy <small>(Q7211)</small></a>, est l'art de regrouper et de classer les objets, ou les concepts, qui partagent certaines caractéristiques, ou de les différencier des objets qui ne les partagent pas. Les articles d'homonymies de la Wikipédia en anglais (par exemple) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification" class="extiw" title="en:Classification">Classification</a> ou <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Taxonomy">Taxonomy</a> démontrent que ce sujet est très étudié et que des quantité de personnes trouvent différentes manières de classer tout et n'importe quoi dans de nombreux domaines. </p><p>Sur Wikidata, la communauté a choisi d'utiliser des techniques de classification bien étudiées pour construire les classifications, inspirées des technologies dites <i>sémantiques</i>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classes_et_«instances»"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Classes et «instances»</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#La_dichotomie_Classe/Jeton"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">La dichotomie Classe/Jeton</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Classes_parentes_et_sous-classes_:_les_relations_entre_les_classes"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Classes parentes et sous-classes : les relations entre les classes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Définition_d'une_classe"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Définition d'une classe</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Classer_les_classes"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Classer les classes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Pourquoi_avoir_des_éléments_qui_sont_à_la_fois_des_classes_et_des_instances"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pourquoi avoir des éléments qui sont à la fois des classes et des instances</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Class_of_instances,_class_of_class_of_instances,_..."><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Class of instances, class of class of instances, ...</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Outils_et_propriétés"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Outils et propriétés</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Propriétés_associées_à_une_classe"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Propriétés associées à une classe</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#En_complément"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">En complément</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classes_et_«instances»"><span id="Classes_et_.C2.ABinstances.C2.BB"></span>Classes et «instances»</h2></div> <p>Moi, l'auteur de ces lignes, vous, le lecteur, et tous ceux qui ont lu cette page, ont quelque chose en commun. Nous appartenons au groupe des personnes qui avons travaillé, ou avons l'opportunité de travailler avec Wikidata. Nommons ce groupe: <i>les Wikidataiens</i>. </p><p>Il y a d'autres groupe de «choses» dans le monde réel, par exemple </p> <ul><li>le groupe de tout ceux qui ont contribué un jour a un projet Wikimédia</li> <li>le groupe de tous les arbres du monde</li></ul> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <p>Dans la base de donnée de Wikidata, il existe toute sorte de cas groupes. Ils sont appelés «classe». Les membres de ces groupes sont appelés les «instances» du groupe, ou les «individus». </p> </div> <p>Il y a une propriété destinée à relier les individus/instances comme vous ou mois à la classe ou aux classes auxquels ils appartiennent: <a href="/wiki/Property:P31" title="Property:P31">instance of <small dir="ltr">(P31)</small></a>. Par exemple, si vous voulez exprimer le fait que Barack Obama est un être humain en langage Wikidata, cela donnera </p> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <ul><li><div style="border: 1px solid #C9C9C9;background-color: #F9F9F9;vertical-align:top;display: inline-block;"><span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;"><a href="/wiki/Q76" title="Q76">Barack Obama <small>(Q76)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q76&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q76&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span></span> ⟩</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Property:P31" title="Property:P31">instance of <small dir="ltr">(P31)</small></a><small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=P31&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></small></i> <span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;"><a href="/wiki/Q5" title="Q5">human <small>(Q5)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q5&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q5&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span></span> ⟩</span></div>. <a href="/wiki/Q5" title="Q5">human <small>(Q5)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q5&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q5&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span> est l'élément Wikidata correspondant à la classe de tous les êtres humains, et <a href="/wiki/Q76" title="Q76">Barack Obama <small>(Q76)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q76&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q76&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span> est l'élément correspondant à «Barack Obama».</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Une note sur l'exemple <i> Wikidatian </i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Il y a une subtilité dans l'exemple «wikidatien». On peut affirmer qu'être un éditeur de wikidata est mieux modélisé comme une profession ( <a href="/wiki/Q12737077" title="Q12737077">occupation <small>(Q12737077)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q12737077&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q12737077&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span> - c'est-à-dire une classe d'actions qui sont souvent effectuées par quelqu'un ou quelque chose, ou un rôle dans la société) qu'en tant que classe de personnes. Si tel est le cas, alors la définition de la profession serait «éditer régulièrement Wikidata». Dans ce cas, la propriété <i> occupation</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/Property:_occupation" title="Special:Search/Property: occupation">Search</a></small> est mieux adaptée, et la classe de toutes les personnes qui exercent cette profession est distincte, bien que certains wikidates préfèrent ne pas la rendre explicite.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_dichotomie_Classe/Jeton"><span id="La_dichotomie_Classe.2FJeton"></span>La dichotomie Classe/Jeton</h3></div> <p>Une chose importante à avoir à l'esprit quand nous devons décider si un élément appartient à une classe, en première approximation, est le principe philosophique de la dichotomie type/jeton, qui possède sur Wikidata l'élément <a href="/wiki/Q175928" title="Q175928">type–token distinction <small>(Q175928)</small></a>. D'après ce principe, les «jetons» (ou instances, ou individus) sont des objets concrets ou des événements qui impliquent des objets concrets, et qui sont localisés dans l'espace et le temps. </p><p>Vous et moi sommes des objets concrets, la <a href="/wiki/Q19024" title="Q19024">Boston Tea Party <small>(Q19024)</small></a> ou le <a href="/wiki/Q323" title="Q323">Big Bang <small>(Q323)</small></a> sont des <a href="/wiki/Q1190554" title="Q1190554">occurrence <small>(Q1190554)</small></a>: tous ceux là sont des jetons. <i>La dernière colère de Napoléon</i> est un jeton également, c'est un événement qui implique une personne. </p><p>De l'autre côté, il y a les types (ou classes). Ce sont des objets abstraits qui regroupent les jetons en fonction de certaines de leurs caractéristiques. Certains concepts peuvent sembler encore plus abstraits que les classes, par exemple le concept de «colère». Ce n'est pas forcément le cas. Dans l'exemple précédent, <i>La dernière colère de Napoléon</i>, nous avons montré un exemple de jeton «colère». L'ensemble de tous les jetons similaire forment une classe, que nous pouvons assimiler au concept de «colère». </p><p>Cette approche de dichotomie classe/jeton s'avère cependant limitée dans certains cas. Nous verrons <a href="#Classifying_classes">plus loin</a> des exemples et des techniques pour la dépasser et lui donner — pour les théoricien d'entre nous — plus de possibilités de <a href="/wiki/Q1644136" title="Q1644136">higher-order logic <small>(Q1644136)</small></a> que certaines ontologie moderne. Id s'agit en pratique dela possibilité d'ajouter des couches d'abstraction au delà de la première abstraction des classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classes_parentes_et_sous-classes_:_les_relations_entre_les_classes">Classes parentes et sous-classes : les relations entre les classes</h3></div> <p>Dans la suite, notre domaine du discours illustratif sera le domaine des projets Wikimédias, en particuliers les contributeurs. Les classes <i>Wikidataien</i> et <i>Wikimédien</i> sont des classes intéressantes dans ce contexte. Chaque <i>Wikidataiens</i>, ayant contribué à Wikidata, a contribué a un projet Wikimédia. Il exiset une propriété dans Wikidata pour exprimer ce genre de relations : <a href="/wiki/Property:P279" title="Property:P279">subclass of <small dir="ltr">(P279)</small></a>. Par exemple une déclaration comme </p> <dl><dd><div style="border: 1px solid #C9C9C9;background-color: #F9F9F9;vertical-align:top;display: inline-block;"><span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;">Wikidataien</span> ⟩</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Property:P279" title="Property:P279">subclass of <small dir="ltr">(P279)</small></a><small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=P279&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></small></i> <span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;">Wikimédien</span> ⟩</span></div></dd></dl> <p>Signifie que chaque instance de la classe sujet est une instance de la classe objet. </p><p>De la même manière il est vraisemblable que tous les Wikimédiens soient des êtres humains. Il est possible d'exprimer ça dans le langage commun à tous les Wikidataiens qui nous définissons, qui est indépendant des langues individuelles des contributeurs. </p> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <ul><li><div style="border: 1px solid #C9C9C9;background-color: #F9F9F9;vertical-align:top;display: inline-block;"><span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;">Wikimedian</span> ⟩</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Property:P279" title="Property:P279">subclass of <small dir="ltr">(P279)</small></a><small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=P279&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></small></i> <span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;">Human</span> ⟩</span></div><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>{{int joke}} 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> </div> <p>Il y a d'autres façon de traduire ces déclarations en français: </p> <ul><li><i>Wikidatiaien</i> est une sorte de <i>Wikimédien</i> ou <i>Wikidataien</i> est un type particulier de <i>Wikimédien</i> ; ou encore, pour les développeurs, la classe <i>Wikidataien</i> est une spécialisation de la classe <i>Wikimédien</i>.</li></ul> <p>La deuxième déclaration peut se lire aussi (pour que vous soyez prévenu si vous lisez cette expression dans une discussion): </p> <ul><li>La classe <i>Humain</i> est une généralisation de la classe <i>Wikimédien</i> ; tous les Wikimédiens sont humains ; toutes les instances de Wikimédien sont des instances d'humain.</li></ul> <p>Un Wikimédien peut être à la fois un Wikipédien (la classe de tous les contributeurs à Wikipédia) et un Wikidataien. Ce n'est pas un problème. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Définition_d'une_classe"><span id="D.C3.A9finition_d.27une_classe"></span>Définition d'une classe</h3></div> <p>Prenons deux Wikimédiens fictifs, Bob et Alice. Imaginons qu'on dispose d'une base de données de Wikimédiens, et qu'on dispose de certaines informations sur ceux-ci. Nous disposons également d'élément sur les projets comme <i>Wikidata</i>, <i>Wikipedia</i>, <i>Wikisource</i>, ... </p><p>Nous avons aussi une propriété <i>contribue à</i>, avec des informations comme: </p> <dl><dt>Alice</dt> <dd> <ul><li><div style="border: 1px solid #C9C9C9;background-color: #F9F9F9;vertical-align:top;display: inline-block;"><span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;">Alice</span> ⟩</span> <i><i>contribue à</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/Property:contribue_%C3%A0" title="Special:Search/Property:contribue à">Search</a></small></i> <span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;">Wikipédia</span> ⟩</span></div></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Bob</dt> <dd> <ul><li><div style="border: 1px solid #C9C9C9;background-color: #F9F9F9;vertical-align:top;display: inline-block;"><span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;">Bob</span> ⟩</span> <i><i>contribue à</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/Property:contribue_%C3%A0" title="Special:Search/Property:contribue à">Search</a></small></i> <span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;">Wikisource</span> ⟩</span></div></li> <li><div style="border: 1px solid #C9C9C9;background-color: #F9F9F9;vertical-align:top;display: inline-block;"><span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;">Bob</span> ⟩</span> <i><i>contribue à</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/Property:contribue_%C3%A0" title="Special:Search/Property:contribue à">Search</a></small></i> <span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;">Wikidata</span> ⟩</span></div></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <p>Ces hypothétiques données nous disent que Bob est un Wikidataien. Nous pouvons alors utiliser cette propriété pour récupérer, par une requête, tous les Wikidataiens. En fait nous pourrions même utiliser cette propriété pour donner une définition précise de la classe «Wikidataien», en utilisant uniquement des objets présents dans la base de donnée. Nous pourrions créer ce qui s'apelle une «<a href="/wiki/Q1026899" title="Q1026899">intensional definition <small>(Q1026899)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q1026899&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q1026899&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span>» à la classe. C'est une méthode employée sur des projets externes, et quelque chose que nous devrions garder à l'esprit en construisant Wikidata. Cela pourrait permettre de donner des définitions aux classes de manière indépendante de la langue des contributeurs, permettre de construire des contraintes et de faire du contrôle de la qualité des données, combattre le vandalisme … En effet chaque instance de la classe devrais être présente dans les résultats de la requête qui définit la classe, si on en dispose. </p> </div> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <p>Des outils peuvent utiliser les définitions des classes pour en déduire des choses. Un exemple d'inférence avec notre exemple pourrait être que si nous savons qu'Alice et Bob ont contribué à Wikipédia et que la classe des Wikipédien est celle des personnes qui ont contribué à Wikipédia, alors l'outil pourra en déduire qu'Alice et Bob sont des Wikipédiens sans qu'il soit nécessaire de rajouter les déclarations «instance de : Wikipédien» dans leurs éléments. De même si «Wikipédien» est une sous classe de «Wikimédien», alors nous l'outil pourra en déduire que Alice et Bob sont des «Wikimédiens». Il existe un projet dont le but est de recenser (dans un premier temps) les besoins des Wikidataiens en inférence, puis de trouver un moyen d'en profiter dans Wikidata, voir <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning" title="Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject Reasoning">WikiProject Reasoning</a>. </p> </div> <p>There is a project whose goal is to collect Wikidata's community needs and potential use cases in term of inferences (first) then to find ways to benefit them in Wikidata, please visit <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning" title="Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject Reasoning">WikiProject Reasoning</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classer_les_classes">Classer les classes</h2></div> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <p>Il est dans certains cas utile d'utiliser des méthodes de classifications qui ne suivent pas strictement la dichotomie type/jeton. Un exemple est celui de la classification des bateaux qui est en usage en dehors de Wikidata. Les navires sont en effet classés habituellement en ce qui est appelé une "classe de navire". Il est naturel de relier les navires à leur classe dans Wikidata, par exemple </p> <dl><dd><div style="border: 1px solid #C9C9C9;background-color: #F9F9F9;vertical-align:top;display: inline-block;"><span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;"><a href="/wiki/Q5631188" title="Q5631188">HMS Aboukir <small>(Q5631188)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q5631188&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q5631188&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span></span> ⟩</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Property:P31" title="Property:P31">instance of <small dir="ltr">(P31)</small></a><small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=P31&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></small></i> <span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;"><a href="/wiki/Q4121227" title="Q4121227">Albion-class second-rate ship of the line <small>(Q4121227)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q4121227&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q4121227&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span></span> ⟩</span></div></dd></dl> <p>est une déclaration assez naturelle. Mais quelle est la nature des éléments "classe" comme <a href="/wiki/Q4121227" title="Q4121227">Albion-class second-rate ship of the line <small>(Q4121227)</small></a> eux même ? </p> </div> <p>The idea is that we can discriminate ship classes in the preceding sense from any ship class in the Wikidata sense by classifying classes themselves, using the same properties that we use to classify instances. </p> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <dl><dd>Mais que sont les <a href="/wiki/Q559026" title="Q559026">ship class <small>(Q559026)</small></a> elles-même ? On peut raisonnablement dire que <div style="border: 1px solid #C9C9C9;background-color: #F9F9F9;vertical-align:top;display: inline-block;"><span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;"><a href="/wiki/Q4121227" title="Q4121227">Albion-class second-rate ship of the line <small>(Q4121227)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q4121227&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q4121227&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span></span> ⟩</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Property:P279" title="Property:P279">subclass of <small dir="ltr">(P279)</small></a><small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=P279&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></small></i> <span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;"><a href="/wiki/Q11446" title="Q11446">ship <small>(Q11446)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q11446&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q11446&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span></span> ⟩</span></div> parce que toute instance de cette classe est une instance de navire. Mais aussi que <div style="border: 1px solid #C9C9C9;background-color: #F9F9F9;vertical-align:top;display: inline-block;"><span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;"><a href="/wiki/Q4121227" title="Q4121227">Albion-class second-rate ship of the line <small>(Q4121227)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q4121227&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q4121227&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span></span> ⟩</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Property:P31" title="Property:P31">instance of <small dir="ltr">(P31)</small></a><small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=P31&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></small></i> <span style="background:None;">⟨ <span style="font-family:fixed;"><a href="/wiki/Q559026" title="Q559026">ship class <small>(Q559026)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q559026&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q559026&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span></span> ⟩</span></div> parce qu'un militaire le donnerait volontiers en exemple de classe de navire.</dd></dl> </div> <dl><dd>Dans ce cas, <a href="/wiki/Q4121227" title="Q4121227">Albion-class second-rate ship of the line <small>(Q4121227)</small></a> est à la fois une classe et une instance: <ul><li>une classe de navire au sens Wikidata, parce que c'est une sous classe de la class <navire></li> <li>une instance du concept de <classe de navire> au sens de "type de navire tous construits sur le même modèle".</li></ul></dd> <dd>Il est permis de faire ce genre de choses avec des standards du web sémantique comme OWL ou RDF, bien que certaines versions antérieures de OWL l'interdisaient et forçaient une application stricte de la dichotomie type/jeton. Voir l'article sur le concept de <a href="/wiki/Q19478619" title="Q19478619">metaclass <small>(Q19478619)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q19478619&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q19478619&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pourquoi_avoir_des_éléments_qui_sont_à_la_fois_des_classes_et_des_instances"><span id="Pourquoi_avoir_des_.C3.A9l.C3.A9ments_qui_sont_.C3.A0_la_fois_des_classes_et_des_instances"></span>Pourquoi avoir des éléments qui sont à la fois des classes et des instances</h3></div> <p>Some people object that this feature, having items which are both classes and instances, is not useful. In their mind, it is enough to search for all the subclasses of some class to get all the relevant classes. We'll explain why it is not always enough. </p><p>Let's take the ship class example. Say we want to find all ship classes. Some sets of ship are things that are commonly called <i>ship class</i> (<a href="/wiki/Q559026" title="Q559026">ship class <small>(Q559026)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q559026&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q559026&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span>) in the real world. By definition <i>A <b>ship class</b> is a group of ships of a similar design</i>. <a href="/wiki/Q309336" title="Q309336">Nimitz-class aircraft carrier <small>(Q309336)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q309336&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q309336&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span> has a set of instances, 10 have been built. All are ships, so <a href="/wiki/Q309336" title="Q309336">Nimitz-class aircraft carrier <small>(Q309336)</small></a> is a subclass of <a href="/wiki/Q11446" title="Q11446">ship <small>(Q11446)</small></a>. <a href="/wiki/Q182531" title="Q182531">battleship <small>(Q182531)</small></a> is also a Wikidata class. All battleships are ships, so <a href="/wiki/Q182531" title="Q182531">battleship <small>(Q182531)</small></a> is a subclass of <a href="/wiki/Q11446" title="Q11446">ship <small>(Q11446)</small></a> as well. Suppose we want to find all subclasses of <a href="/wiki/Q11446" title="Q11446">ship <small>(Q11446)</small></a> that are ship classes in the <i>similar design</i> (<a href="/wiki/Q559026" title="Q559026">ship class <small>(Q559026)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q559026&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q559026&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span>) sense. If we just query all subclasses of ships, we will get both <a href="/wiki/Q182531" title="Q182531">battleship <small>(Q182531)</small></a> and <a href="/wiki/Q309336" title="Q309336">Nimitz-class aircraft carrier <small>(Q309336)</small></a>. The former is not what we want: battleships are not all of similar design. </p><p>With metaclasses however, we don't have that problem. We just find all the instances of <a href="/wiki/Q559026" title="Q559026">ship class <small>(Q559026)</small></a> and we have what we want. As <battleship> won't be an instance of <a href="/wiki/Q559026" title="Q559026">ship class <small>(Q559026)</small></a>, that problem is solved. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atom_classes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Atom_classes.svg/220px-Atom_classes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Atom_classes.svg/330px-Atom_classes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Atom_classes.svg/440px-Atom_classes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Classification of atoms with classes, like Hydrogen as the class of all Hydrogen atoms, and Elements as a class of class of atoms.</figcaption></figure> <p>This is also relevant in chemistry. For example there are a lot of hydrogen atoms in the universe. Following the token/type principle, Hydrogen would then be a class, all of whose instances are those billions of hydrogen atoms. </p> <dl><dt>Note on the definition of chemical element</dt> <dd>please note that the definition of "chemical element" taken in this example is, for simplicity, "type of atom with a specific number of protons". The definition of element is sometimes a little bit different and can be "substance in which all atoms have the same number of protons" depending on the country or on the chemistry school.</dd></dl> <p>But usually chemists also use the concept of <i>chemical elements</i>. "Hydrogen is a chemical element" is something that teachers can assert. But what is the relationship, then? There is no problem if we decide that chemical element is a class of classes of atoms. It is different than the class of all isotopes of a chemical element as well. If we had only classes and instances, it would be difficult to express the relationship between Hydrogen and chemical elements because we wouldn't have an explicit way to discriminate the different classes of atoms, since both the Hydrogen atoms, atoms of some Hydrogen isotope (i.e., deuterium or tritium), metallic atoms, and so on would all be subclasses of atoms. It's convenient then to classify all those classes into a class of classes that share something. Chemical element classes share something: every one of them contains atoms with the same atomic number. Two different classes of atoms have a different atomic number for their instances. Which is not the case for, let's say the class of all metallic atoms, which groups together atoms some of which have different atomic numbers. </p><p>Une classe de classe est appelée une <a href="/wiki/Q19478619" title="Q19478619">metaclass <small>(Q19478619)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q19478619&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q19478619&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_of_instances,_class_of_class_of_instances,_..."><span id="Class_of_instances.2C_class_of_class_of_instances.2C_..."></span>Class of instances, class of class of instances, ...</h3></div> <p>It's also possible to repeat the pattern to get <i>higher level metaclasses</i>. These classes are [???]. Some researchers have studied them and have described patterns and antipatterns on Wikidata to help in finding mistakes<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Some items exist on Wikidata that represent those higher level metaclasses : <a href="/wiki/Q24017414" title="Q24017414">second-order class <small>(Q24017414)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q24017414&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q24017414&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span> (an example of such a class is "ship class") ; <a href="/wiki/Q24017465" title="Q24017465">third-order class <small>(Q24017465)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q24017465&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q24017465&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span> ; <a href="/wiki/Q24027474" title="Q24027474">fourth-order class <small>(Q24027474)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q24027474&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q24027474&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span> ; <a href="/wiki/Q24027515" title="Q24027515">fifth-order class <small>(Q24027515)</small></a><span class="external_link-reasonator">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q24027515&lang=en" title="View with Reasonator"><img alt="View with Reasonator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/12px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/18px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-Reasonator_small_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><span class="external_link-SQID"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://sqid.toolforge.org/#/view?id=Q24027515&lang=en" title="View with SQID"><img alt="View with SQID" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/25px-SQID_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/38px-SQID_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SQID_logo.svg/50px-SQID_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span> ... There are, however, very few known instances of the highest levels<sup id="cite_ref-Cyc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outils_et_propriétés"><span id="Outils_et_propri.C3.A9t.C3.A9s"></span>Outils et propriétés</h2></div> <p>Les deux plus importantes propriétés pour classes les sujets des éléments Wikidata sont <a href="/wiki/Property:P31" title="Property:P31">instance of <small dir="ltr">(P31)</small></a> et <a href="/wiki/Property:P279" title="Property:P279">subclass of <small dir="ltr">(P279)</small></a>. </p> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Classification">Classification</a>}}</code>, un modèle.</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:PropertyForThisType" title="Template:PropertyForThisType">PropertyForThisType</a>}}</code> : un modèle pour lister les propriétés applicables aux instances d'une classe</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propriétés_associées_à_une_classe"><span id="Propri.C3.A9t.C3.A9s_associ.C3.A9es_.C3.A0_une_classe"></span>Propriétés associées à une classe</h3></div> <dl><dt><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Item_documentation" title="Template:Item documentation">Item documentation</a>}}</code> ; Vous pouvez créer une liste de propriétés dans la sous-page <i>/class</i> de la page de discussion d'un élément (un exemple est la page <a href="/wiki/Talk:Q5/class" title="Talk:Q5/class">Talk:Q5/class</a>) qui sera affichée par ce modèle</dt></dl> <ul><li>Wikidata list</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="En_complément"><span id="En_compl.C3.A9ment"></span>En complément</h2></div> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Basic_membership_properties" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Basic membership properties">Aide:propriétés d'appartenance de base</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nous ne conterons pas les robots dans les Wikimédiens &41-;;</span> </li> </ol> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://snap.stanford.edu/wikiworkshop2016/papers/Wiki_Workshop__WWW_2016_paper_11.pdf">http://snap.stanford.edu/wikiworkshop2016/papers/Wiki_Workshop__WWW_2016_paper_11.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cyc_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1377389009">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFFoxvog,_D.2005" class="citation conference cs1">Foxvog, D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas_Foxvog/publication/231599269_Instances_of_Instances_Modeled_via_Higher-Order_Classes/links/09e41506d92dd5ffbf000000.pdf?inViewer=0&pdfJsDownload=0&origin=publication_detail"><i>Instances of instances modeled via higher-order classes</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Workshop on Foundational Aspects of Ontologies (FOnt 2005), 28th German Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Koblenz, Germany. pp. 46–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Instances+of+instances+modeled+via+higher-order+classes&rft.place=Koblenz%2C+Germany&rft.pages=46-54&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Foxvog%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FDouglas_Foxvog%2Fpublication%2F231599269_Instances_of_Instances_Modeled_via_Higher-Order_Classes%2Flinks%2F09e41506d92dd5ffbf000000.pdf%3FinViewer%3D0%26pdfJsDownload%3D0%26origin%3Dpublication_detail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwww.wikidata.org%3AUser%3ATomT0m%2FClassification%2Ffr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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