CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>私有化 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"e2e04177-3aa7-46b6-9761-2114f1967e97","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"私有化","wgTitle":"私有化","wgCurRevisionId":85083299,"wgRevisionId":85083299,"wgArticleId":78165,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1英语来源 (en)","CS1德语来源 (de)","需要拆分的条目","自2010年10月扩充中的条目","自2010年10月需要专业人士关注的页面","所有需要專家關注的頁面","其他需要專家關注的頁面","自2010年10月中立性有争议的作品","拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目","自2019年4月需补充来源的条目","含有多个问题的条目","含有德語的條目","需补充来源的条目","使用小型訊息框的頁面","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目", "包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","私有化","规制经济学","市场状态","壟斷","公共经济学","管理控制论"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"私有化","wgRelevantArticleId":78165,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg", "zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q161500","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.ilhpp","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Stprivat.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1367"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Stprivat.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="911"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="729"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="私有化 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-私有化 rootpage-私有化 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="主菜单" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>詞源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-概述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>概述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>形式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-反私有化运动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反私有化运动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>反私有化运动</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反私有化运动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考資料子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">私有化</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。70种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="خصخصة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خصخصة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B5%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="خوصصة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="خوصصة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96z%C9%99ll%C9%99%C5%9Fdirm%C9%99" title="Özəlləşdirmə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Özəlləşdirmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прыватызацыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыватызацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прыватызацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прыватызацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Приватизация – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Приватизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatitzaci%C3%B3" title="Privatització – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Privatització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizace" title="Privatizace – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Privatizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preifateiddio" title="Preifateiddio – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Preifateiddio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisering" title="Privatisering – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Privatisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisierung" title="Privatisierung – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Privatisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ιδιωτικοποίηση – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιδιωτικοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Privatization" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatigo" title="Privatigo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Privatigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizaci%C3%B3n" title="Privatización – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Privatización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erastamine" title="Erastamine – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erastamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribatizazio" title="Pribatizazio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pribatizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="خصوصی‌سازی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خصوصی‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yksityist%C3%A4minen" title="Yksityistäminen – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yksityistäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation" title="Privatisation – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Privatisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizaci%C3%B3n" title="Privatización – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Privatización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94" title="הפרטה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="निजीकरण – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निजीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denacionalizacija" title="Denacionalizacija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Denacionalizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatiz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Privatizáció – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Privatizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisasi" title="Privatisasi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Privatisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkav%C3%A6%C3%B0ing" title="Einkavæðing – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Einkavæðing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizzazione" title="Privatizzazione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Privatizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%96%B6%E5%8C%96" title="民営化 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民営化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პრივატიზება – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრივატიზება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жекешелендіру – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жекешелендіру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಖಾಸಗೀಕರಣ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಾಸಗೀಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="민영화 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizatio" title="Privatizatio – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Privatizatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizzazion" title="Privatizzazion – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Privatizzazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizacija" title="Privatizacija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Privatizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatiz%C4%81cija" title="Privatizācija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Privatizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Приватизациясь – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Приватизациясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Приватизација – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Приватизација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D1%87_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Өмч хувьчлал – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмч хувьчлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="खाजगीकरण – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खाजगीकरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penswastaan" title="Penswastaan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penswastaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="निजीकरण – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निजीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisering" title="Privatisering – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Privatisering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisering" title="Privatisering – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Privatisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prywatyzacja" title="Prywatyzacja – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prywatyzacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نجکاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نجکاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="خصوصي کول – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خصوصي کول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Privatização – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Privatização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizare" title="Privatizare – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Privatizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Приватизация – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Приватизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizacija" title="Privatizacija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Privatizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="පෞද්ගලීකරණය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෞද්ගලීකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Privatization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatiz%C3%A1cia" title="Privatizácia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Privatizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denacionalizacija" title="Denacionalizacija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Denacionalizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizimi" title="Privatizimi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Privatizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Приватизација – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Приватизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisering" title="Privatisering – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Privatisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தனியார்மயமாக்கல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனியார்மயமாக்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="การโอนกิจการของรัฐเป็นของเอกชน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโอนกิจการของรัฐเป็นของเอกชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zelle%C5%9Ftirme" title="Özelleştirme – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özelleştirme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" title="Хосусыйлаштыру – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хосусыйлаштыру" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Приватизація – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Приватизація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نجکاری – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نجکاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatsionalizatsiya" title="Denatsionalizatsiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Denatsionalizatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0_nh%C3%A2n_h%C3%B3a" title="Tư nhân hóa – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tư nhân hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disban%C3%A5vlaedje" title="Disbanåvlaedje – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Disbanåvlaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="私有化 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="私有化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="私有化 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="私有化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q161500#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&oldid=85083299" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&id=85083299&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25A7%2581%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%258C%2596"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25A7%2581%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%258C%2596"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Privatization" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q161500" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-68001e06" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">本條目被提議<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%8B%86%E5%88%86" title="Wikipedia:条目拆分">拆分</a></b>為「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="民营化">民营化</a>」和「<a class="mw-selflink selflink">私有化</a>」。（<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="Talk:私有化">討論</a>）<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-68001e06" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="People"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Transport"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Economics"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:私有化; zh-hant:民營化"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{display:none}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="Talk:私有化">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antistub.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antistub.svg/44px-Antistub.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antistub.svg/66px-Antistub.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antistub.svg/88px-Antistub.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要擴充。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2010年10月18日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请協助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit">改善这篇條目</a>，更進一步的信息可能會在<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="Talk:私有化">討論頁</a>或<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%89%A9%E5%85%85%E8%AF%B7%E6%B1%82" title="Wikipedia:扩充请求">扩充请求</a>中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉相关主题的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2010年10月18日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="Talk:私有化">討論頁</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem-scales.svg/40px-Emblem-scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem-scales.svg/60px-Emblem-scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem-scales.svg/80px-Emblem-scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目之<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%82%E7%82%B9" title="Wikipedia:中立的观点">中立性</a>有争议</b>。其內容、語調可能<b>帶有明顯的個人觀點或<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="Wikipedia:避免地域中心">地方色彩</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2010年10月18日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>加上此模板的編輯者需在<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="Talk:私有化">討論頁</a>說明此文中立性有爭議的原因，以便讓各編輯者討論和改善。在編輯之前請務必察看讨论页。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2019年4月15日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96%22">"私有化"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stprivat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stprivat.jpg/240px-Stprivat.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stprivat.jpg/360px-Stprivat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Stprivat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E7%BB%B4%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="巴勒维王朝">巴勒維王朝</a>時代民營化國營工廠換取股份的標誌，後來因處理不當、貧富差距和裁員問題導致巴勒維王朝覆亡。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>民营化</b>，又稱<b>私有化</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，指的是一種将<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A" title="国有企业">国有企业</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%9D%83" title="所有权">所有权</a>转给私人的商業模式。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：定義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>私有化一词有多種不同意思： </p> <ul><li>最常見的是指將原本由公共部門來執行計劃交給私營部門來做。</li> <li>當一个公司或行业受到的監管减少時，私有化也可以作为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%8C%96" title="去管制化">放鬆管制</a>”的同義詞<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>同时，政府中的某一個機構也可以进行私有化，这时候叫做“<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%87%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="特許經營">特許經營</a>”或“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%8C%85" class="mw-redirect" title="外包">外包</a>”，在這種情況下，私有化會提供以前在國營機構中享受不到的服務，符合市場效率，例如收稅、執法、供水、供電和監獄管理<sup id="cite_ref-crisis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crisis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>私有化的另一個定義是，将<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="上市公司">上市公司</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD" title="股份">股份</a>全部卖给同一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87%E8%80%85" title="投資者">投资者</a>，進而使一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%80%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="公开公司">公开公司</a>（Public Company）转变为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%80%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="非公开公司">非公开公司</a>（Private Company）<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：詞源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>原本英文中沒有這個詞。該詞首次出現的時間是1923年4月，《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約時報">紐約時報</a>》的經濟版面中首次出現該詞，但是帶有引號，因為這是一篇<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="德文">德文</a>翻譯。文章中提到，美國的一個私人公司要收購德國國有鐵路<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而在德語中，“<span lang="de">Privatisierung</span>”這個詞至少從19世紀就開始使用了<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而德語的詞源則是來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>，是從和拉丁語一樣拼法法的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>“privatus（私人的）”傳入德國的<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>“再私有化”一詞也是直接從德語“<span lang="de">Reprivatisierung</span>”中翻譯過來的，於1930年代中期在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>被頻繁使用，因為《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學人">經濟學人</a>》報導了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>在1931年的經濟危機時大量出售自己的國有銀行給私人股東，這種不尋常的行為讓該詞成為美國社會的日常口語<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="英國首相">英國首相</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BD%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%92%92%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94" title="玛格丽特·撒切尔">玛格丽特·撒切尔</a>（Margaret Thatcher）治下，眾多國家企業轉為民營企業，“私有化”一詞在20世紀70～80年代在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>也變得普遍。撒切尔借鑒了強烈支持私有化的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="英國國會">英國國會</a>議員——<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%C2%B7%E8%B1%AA%E5%8E%84%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴維·豪厄爾（页面不存在）">戴維·豪厄爾</a>（David Howell）的說法，而豪厄爾又是從<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="奧地利">奧地利</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="管理學">管理學</a>專家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" title="彼得·德鲁克">彼得·德魯克</a>（Peter Drucker）在1969年的著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不連續的時代（页面不存在）">不連續的時代</a>》（The Age of Discontinuity）那裡看來的，而奧地利也屬於德語區<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：概述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a></b>，內容或許<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_Post_Group_and_Privatization.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Post_Group_and_Privatization.jpg/250px-Japan_Post_Group_and_Privatization.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Post_Group_and_Privatization.jpg/375px-Japan_Post_Group_and_Privatization.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Post_Group_and_Privatization.jpg/500px-Japan_Post_Group_and_Privatization.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%B5%E6%94%BF%E6%B0%91%E7%87%9F%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="日本郵政民營化">日本郵政民營化</a>的方式</figcaption></figure> <p>人们往往把「私有化」与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="工业">工业</a>企业或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="服务业">服务业</a>（如采矿、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%9A" title="制造业">制造业</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="电力">电力</a>等）联系起来。然而，私有化可以被应用于任何资产，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="土地">土地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="公路">公路</a>乃至<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="自来水">自来水</a>等。近年来，一些以往由<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>提供的服务如<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="卫生">卫生</a>事业等在许多<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家">国家</a>成为私有化最热门的新对象。 </p><p>理论上，私有化有利于建立<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="自由市场">自由市场</a>，鼓励竞争；其支持者认为私有化的这一特点使公众以竞争性的价格获得更广泛的选择。与之相反，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>者反对私有化，认为政府将其对重要公共服务的控制权赋予私有企业会削弱公众对公共服务的控制，而这种行为将导致私有企业因追逐利润而过度压缩成本，并提高服务售价，造成公共服务品質低下，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="医疗">医疗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="自来水">自来水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2" title="消防">消防</a>等部门的私有化。此外还有军事私有化形成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%B7%A5%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="军工复合体">军工复合体</a>和监狱私有化形成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%91%E5%B7%A5%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="监工复合体">监工复合体</a>对和平和人身自由的侵蚀遭到广泛的批评。 </p><p>一般而言，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>结束后的一段时期，许多国家实行国有化，但在1980年代到1990年代，私有化成为趋势（特别是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>）。这种私有化的趋势常被归纳为<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="新自由主义">新自由主义</a>政策“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化">全球化</a>浪潮”的一部分。观察家指出，<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="撒切尔夫人">撒切尔夫人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="里根">里根</a>的政策对私有化的兴起有重要影响。“私有化”作为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="术语">术语</a>在1948年被提出，1980年代，由于在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="经济学人">经济学人</a>》中多次出现，而普及起来。 </p><p>私有化的计划被<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="世界">世界</a>许多国家采用，这些计划分成三类。第一类是1989年后<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">东欧</a>转型经济体在建立市场经济体制的过程中进行的私有化改造。第二类是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="发展中国家">发展中国家</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="世界银行">世界银行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际货币基金组织">国际货币基金组织</a>等国际金融机构的影响和压力下进行的私有化计划。第三类是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="发达国家">发达国家</a>进行的私有化计划，其中进行的最全面且广泛的当数<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰">新西兰</a>和英国在1980年代、1990年代进行的私有计划，而其中最大規模之私營化計劃是1991年元旦成立之德國郵政。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形式"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F"></span>形式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：形式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a></b>，內容或許<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>私有化含多重意義，從廣義來說，主要有： </p> <ol><li>資產的擁有權轉移即私有化，例如香港將<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%BF%E5%B1%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="房屋委員會">房屋委員會</a>的商場及停車場售予<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%8C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="領匯">領匯</a></li> <li>利用私人市場的營運方式，無論目的是自負盈虧，還是為了謀取利潤，即私營化，在香港的例子包括房屋委員會、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="醫院管理局">醫院管理局</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="香港機場管理局">香港機場管理局</a>。</li> <li>把一些演藝團體改以商業原則運作，如：香港芭蕾舞團和管絃樂團。</li></ol> <p>具體的方法包括： </p> <ol><li>把公營資產全部或局部賣給私人公司，又或是把股份上市出售。</li> <li>把服務<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%88%A4" title="外判">外判</a>。這種方式的私有化雖然沒有出售公產，但其控制或決策權則透過合約落入私人機構手中。合約用競投獲得，通常是價低者得。</li> <li>對公營服務的種種監管加以撤銷，特別是對那些已出售的壟斷性企業會這樣做。</li> <li>公司化。這種方式不涉及買賣公產，但是按私人公司結構去重組公營服務，用私人機構的方法去營運。公司化也常是民營化之前的過渡措施，例如大多數國家的<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E6%94%BF" title="郵政">郵政</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BF%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="電信">電信</a>服務民營化前會先從政府機構改組成公司。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="反私有化运动"><span id=".E5.8F.8D.E7.A7.81.E6.9C.89.E5.8C.96.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8"></span>反私有化运动</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：反私有化运动"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>民營化是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="华盛顿共识">華盛頓共識</a>的主項之一，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="八大工業國組織">G7</a>以此來要求<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="發展中國家">發展中國家</a>（尤以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中南美洲">中南美洲</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="世界銀行">世界銀行</a>的經援就以受援國的民營化為達成協議的主條件之一。台灣遭受此<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="壓力">壓力</a>，1989年後多次被迫釋放官股黨股，也因此從事各種改革，2000年代以來更引發<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="二次金改">二次金改</a>、油電雙漲等爭議。对诸如<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="自来水">自来水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="电力">电力</a>等重要公共服务部门的私有化建议常常遭到民间组织和居民的强烈反对。反私有化运动以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="游行">游行</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81" title="示威">示威</a>和政治途径实现，有时则演变成为嚴重暴力冲突。例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="玻利维亚">玻利维亚</a>中西部城市<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%81%B0%E7%8F%AD%E5%B7%B4" title="科恰班巴">科恰班巴</a>2000年发生的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A8%B7%E4%BA%82" class="mw-redirect" title="騷亂">骚亂</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81" title="秘鲁">秘鲁</a>南部城市<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%95" title="阿雷基帕">阿雷基帕</a>2002年6月发生的骚动；2004年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" title="乌拉圭">乌拉圭</a>反自来水经营权私有化运动中，民间组织发起禁止自来水经营权私有化的全民公决，并于10月獲得通过。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">周义程; 李阳. 市场化、民营化、私有化的概念辨析. 天府新论. 2008, (03): 92–96. <q>市场化＝民营化＋借鉴企业管理方法；民营化＝私有化</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&rft.atitle=%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E3%80%81%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E5%8C%96%E3%80%81%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90&rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E4%B9%89%E7%A8%8B&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E9%98%B3&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=03&rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C%E6%96%B0%E8%AE%BA&rft.pages=92-96&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chowdhury, F. L. Corrupt Bureaucracy and Privatisation of Tax Enforcement, 2006: Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crisis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crisis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.coop/index.php?content=story&id=835">Musselburgh Co-op in crisis as privatization bid fails.</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-operative_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-operative Press（页面不存在）">Co-operative News</a>. 2005-11-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110310024438/http://www.thenews.coop/index.php?content=story&id=835">存档</a>于2011-03-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&rft.atitle=Musselburgh+Co-op+in+crisis+as+privatization+bid+fails.&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.coop%2Findex.php%3Fcontent%3Dstory%26id%3D835&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fernando, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/going-private.asp">Going Private Definition</a>. Investopedia. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909054149/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/going-private.asp">存档</a>于2023-09-09） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&rft.atitle=Going+Private+Definition&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.aulast=Fernando&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fg%2Fgoing-private.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dumont, Marvin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/08/public-companies-privatize-go-private.asp">Why Do Public Companies Go Private?</a>. Investopedia. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607092919/https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/08/public-companies-privatize-go-private.asp">存档</a>于2023-06-07） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Public+Companies+Go+Private%3F&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Farticles%2Fstocks%2F08%2Fpublic-companies-privatize-go-private.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/07/archives/asserts-americans-plot-with-french-german-engineer-calls-ruhr.html">Asserts Americans 'Plot' With French</a>. The New York Times. 7 April 1923: 4 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-01-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924173944/https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/07/archives/asserts-americans-plot-with-french-german-engineer-calls-ruhr.html">存档</a>于2022-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&rft.atitle=Asserts+Americans+%27Plot%27+With+French&rft.date=1923-04-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1923%2F04%2F07%2Farchives%2Fasserts-americans-plot-with-french-german-engineer-calls-ruhr.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kämmerer, Jörn Axel. Privatisierung. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-16-147515-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-16-147515-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-16-147515-3</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rn+Axel&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4mmerer&rft.btitle=Privatisierung&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-16-147515-3&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/privatisieren">Privatisieren</a>. Duden. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-01-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925234841/https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/privatisieren">存档</a>于2022-09-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&rft.atitle=Privatisieren&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2Fprivatisieren&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bel, Germa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/jep.20.3.187">The Coining of "Privatization" and Germany's National Socialist Party</a>. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Summer 2006, <b>20</b> (3): 187–194 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-01-11</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33815402"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 33815402</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.20.3.187"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1257/jep.20.3.187</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111083406/https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/jep.20.3.187">存档</a>于2023-01-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&rft.atitle=The+Coining+of+%22Privatization%22+and+Germany%27s+National+Socialist+Party&rft.aufirst=Germa&rft.aulast=Bel&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.pages=187-194&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33815402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aeaweb.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1257%2Fjep.20.3.187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.20.3.187&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nico_Perrone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nico Perrone（页面不存在）">Nico Perrone</a> (2002), <i>Economia pubblica rimossa</i>, Milan, Giuffrè <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8814100888" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-14-10088-8</a></li> <li>Mayer, Florian (2006) <i>Vom Niedergang des unternehmerisch tätigen Staates: Privatisierungspolitik in Großbritannien, Frankreich, Italien und Deutschland</i>, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3531149180" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-531-14918-0</a></li> <li>Megginson and Netter, From state to market: A survey of empirical studies on privatization, Journal of Economic Literature 39(2), June 2001, 321-89.</li> <li>Juliet D’Souza, William L. Megginson (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/M/William.L.Megginson-1/prv90pap.pdf">"The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatised Firms during the 1990s"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20051002001501/http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/M/William.L.Megginson-1/prv90pap.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <i>Journal of Finance</i> August 1999</li> <li>von Hayek, Friedrich, (1960) <i>The Constitution of Liberty</i></li> <li>Smith, Adam (1994) <i>The Wealth of Nations</i></li> <li>Stiglitz, Joseph <i>Globalization and its Discontents</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052059/http://www.ce.cn/cysc/newmain/pplm/hysm/201203/05/t20120305_21125442.shtml">“私有化”是好事还是坏事？</a> 中国经济网 2014-06-01</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161500#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161500#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161500#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Privatisations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119763415">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Privatisations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119763415">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047297-8">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538708005171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107058">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576650">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="privatizace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124611&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300379435">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=私有化&oldid=85083299">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=私有化&oldid=85083299</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="Category:私有化">私有化</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%A7%84%E5%88%B6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:规制经济学">规制经济学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="Category:市场状态">市场状态</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A3%9F%E6%96%B7" title="Category:壟斷">壟斷</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:公共经济学">公共经济学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="Category:管理控制论">管理控制论</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(de)" title="Category:CS1德语来源 (de)">CS1德语来源 (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%8B%86%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:需要拆分的条目">需要拆分的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2010%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E6%89%A9%E5%85%85%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2010年10月扩充中的条目">自2010年10月扩充中的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2010%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E4%BA%BA%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:自2010年10月需要专业人士关注的页面">自2010年10月需要专业人士关注的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%97%9C%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:所有需要專家關注的頁面">所有需要專家關注的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%97%9C%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:其他需要專家關注的頁面">其他需要專家關注的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2010%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E6%80%A7%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="Category:自2010年10月中立性有争议的作品">自2010年10月中立性有争议的作品</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%92%E7%BB%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%80%89%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%8F%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目">拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2019%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2019年4月需补充来源的条目">自2019年4月需补充来源的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有多个问题的条目">含有多个问题的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有德語的條目">含有德語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:需补充来源的条目">需补充来源的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%B0%8F%E5%9E%8B%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF%E6%A1%86%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用小型訊息框的頁面">使用小型訊息框的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年11月24日 (星期日) 11:26。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CC_BY-SA_4.0%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Wikipedia:CC BY-SA 4.0协议文本">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">私有化</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>70种语言</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>添加话题</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-64488b9677-9gsl6","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.535","walltime":"0.671","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2623,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":273957,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15650,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":43331,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 500.530 1 -total"," 26.34% 131.856 1 Template:Authority_control"," 22.75% 113.858 7 Template:Ambox"," 20.05% 100.334 1 Template:Split"," 15.86% 79.369 1 Template:Article_issues"," 11.73% 58.691 2 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.47% 57.426 1 Template:NoteTA"," 3.00% 15.039 3 Template:Cite_web"," 2.71% 13.569 1 Template:Main_Other"," 2.56% 12.833 4 Template:IfPNS"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.241","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5406092,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-svknh","timestamp":"20250217105141","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u79c1\u6709\u5316","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q161500","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q161500","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-19T12:40:08Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T11:26:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ce\/Stprivat.jpg","headline":"\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u56fd\u6709\u548c\u516c\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u6240\u6709\u6743\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b"}</script> </body> </html>