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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propriétés_mathématiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Propriétés mathématiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propriétés_mathématiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Exemples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyphylie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 43 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifileties" title="Polifileties – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polifileties" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilia_(filochenetica)" title="Polifilia (filochenetica) – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polifilia (filochenetica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82" title="متعددة العرق – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متعددة العرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilija" title="Polifilija – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polifilija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifiletisme" title="Polifiletisme – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polifiletisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyletismus" title="Polyfyletismus – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polyfyletismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Полифили – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Полифили" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyletisk_gruppe" title="Polyfyletisk gruppe – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polyfyletisk gruppe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Polyphyly" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifil%C3%A9tico" title="Polifilético – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polifilético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCf%C3%BCleetiline_r%C3%BChm" title="Polüfüleetiline rühm – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polüfüleetiline rühm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifiletiko" title="Polifiletiko – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polifiletiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چندتبار – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چندتبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifil%C3%A9tico" title="Polifilético – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polifilético" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5" title="બહુસમુદાયીત્વ – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બહુસમુદાયીત્વ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פוליפילטיות – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליפילטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="बहुवर्गी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुवर्गी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilija" title="Polifilija – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polifilija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifiletikus_csoport" title="Polifiletikus csoport – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polifiletikus csoport" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphylia" title="Polyphylia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polyphylia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifili" title="Polifili – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polifili" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilia" title="Polifilia – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polifilia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%BE%A4" title="多系統群 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="多系統群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EA%B5%B0" title="다계통군 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다계통군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfylie" title="Polyfylie – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polyfylie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyletische_groep" title="Polyfyletische groep – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polyfyletische groep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyletisk_gruppe" title="Polyfyletisk gruppe – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polyfyletisk gruppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyletisk_gruppe" title="Polyfyletisk gruppe – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polyfyletisk gruppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson_polifiletyczny" title="Takson polifiletyczny – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Takson polifiletyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilia" title="Polifilia – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polifilia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полифилия – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полифилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polyphyly" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilija" title="Polifilija – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Polifilija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphylie" title="Polyphylie – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Polyphylie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyli" title="Polyfyli – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polyfyli" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பலதொகுதிமரபு உயிரினத் தோற்றம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பலதொகுதிமரபு உயிரினத் தோற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifili" title="Polifili – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polifili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Поліфілія – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поліфілія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90a_ng%C3%A0nh" title="Đa ngành – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đa ngành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifiletike" title="Polifiletike – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Polifiletike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="多系群 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多系群" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To-h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng" title="To-hē-thóng – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="To-hē-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="多系群 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多系群" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217743#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polyphylie" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion:Polyphylie&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu (page inexistante) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> 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href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphyl%C3%A9tique&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphylétique">Polyphylétique</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%80_sourcer" title="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus.</figcaption></figure><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-02" data-sort-value="2013-02">février 2013</time>).</small> </p><p>Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les <b>références utiles à sa <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a></b> et en les liant à la section « <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence" title="Aide:Insérer une référence">Notes et références</a> ». </p><p><b>En pratique :</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources#Qualité_des_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">Quelles sources sont attendues ?</a> <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">Comment ajouter mes sources ?</a> </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Darwin.jpg/25px-Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Darwin.jpg/38px-Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Darwin.jpg/50px-Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant l’<a href="/wiki/Histoire_%C3%A9volutive_du_vivant" title="Histoire évolutive du vivant">origine et évolution du vivant</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Polyphyletic-mammals-birds2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Polyphyletic-mammals-birds2.svg/334px-Polyphyletic-mammals-birds2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="334" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Polyphyletic-mammals-birds2.svg/501px-Polyphyletic-mammals-birds2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Polyphyletic-mammals-birds2.svg/668px-Polyphyletic-mammals-birds2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Le groupe des « animaux à sang chaud » est polyphylétique.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un groupe <b>polyphylétique</b> est un assemblage d'organismes excluant leur ancêtre commun le plus récent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signification_biologique">Signification biologique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Signification biologique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Signification biologique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un tel groupe est le plus souvent défini par une ressemblance qui n'a pas été héritée d'un ancêtre commun. Ce terme désigne donc des groupes qui n'ont aucune pertinence pour retracer les liens de parenté et donc l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89volution_(biologie)" title="Évolution (biologie)">évolution</a>. </p><p>Il peut s'agir d'un terme du langage courant désignant un ensemble d'espèces présentant des caractères communs, mais regroupant de ce fait des <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> d'origines variées ; un tel <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> peut également découler d'une notion scientifique invalidée par l'analyse <a href="/wiki/Classification_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Classification phylogénétique">phylogénétique</a> voire par la <a href="/wiki/Classification_scientifique_des_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Classification scientifique des espèces">systématique classique</a>. </p><p>La formation de tels groupes permet donc davantage de décrire un mode de vie et des adaptations communes, résultant par exemple d'une <a href="/wiki/Convergence_%C3%A9volutive" title="Convergence évolutive">convergence évolutive</a>, et non de définir une parenté évolutive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propriétés_mathématiques"><span id="Propri.C3.A9t.C3.A9s_math.C3.A9matiques"></span>Propriétés mathématiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Propriétés mathématiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Propriétés mathématiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_des_graphes" title="Théorie des graphes">théorie des graphes</a>, le « degré de polyphylie » d'un groupe est le nombre minimum d'éléments d'une <a href="/wiki/Partition_d%27un_ensemble" title="Partition d'un ensemble">partition</a> de ce groupe qui ne serait composée que de groupes <a href="/wiki/Monophylie" title="Monophylie">monophylétiques</a> (c'est-à-dire holophylétiques ou paraphylétiques)<sup id="cite_ref-aub15_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aub15-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Un groupe monophylétique a donc un degré de polyphylie de un. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples">Exemples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Exemples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exemples"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exemples de groupes polyphylétiques : </p> <ul><li>les <a href="/wiki/Pachyderme" title="Pachyderme">pachydermes</a> ;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Vautour" title="Vautour">vautours</a> ;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Algue" title="Algue">algues</a> ;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Pyrole" title="Pyrole">pyroles</a> ;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re_marin" title="Mammifère marin">mammifères marins</a> ;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Ungulata" title="Ungulata">ongulés</a> ;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Feuillu" title="Feuillu">feuillus</a> ;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">protistes</a> ;</li> <li>l'espèce <a href="/wiki/Rebutia_minuscula" title="Rebutia minuscula">Rebutia minuscula</a>.</li></ul> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Poisson" title="Poisson">poissons</a> ou les <a href="/wiki/Reptile" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> sont quant à eux considérés comme <a href="/wiki/Paraphylie" title="Paraphylie">paraphylétiques</a> et sont donc des groupes potentiellement valides dans certaines <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A9matique_%C3%A9volutionniste" title="Systématique évolutionniste">classifications évolutionnistes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Termes associés : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monophylie" title="Monophylie">monophylétique</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9t%C3%A9rophylie" title="Hétérophylie">hétérophylétique</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphylie" title="Paraphylie">paraphylétique</a>.</li></ul> <p>Concepts associés : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie">taxonomie</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbre_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Arbre phylogénétique">arbre phylogénétique</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_%C3%A9volutive" title="Convergence évolutive">convergence évolutive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-aub15-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-aub15_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Aubert, D. 2015. A formal analysis of phylogenetic terminology: Towards a reconsideration of the current paradigm in systematics. <i>Phytoneuron</i> <b>2015-66</b>:1–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01240878v1">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01240878v1</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Origine_et_%C3%A9volution_du_vivant" title="Portail origine et évolution du vivant"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Icone_OEV2.jpg/48px-Icone_OEV2.jpg" decoding="async" width="48" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Icone_OEV2.jpg/72px-Icone_OEV2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Icone_OEV2.jpg/96px-Icone_OEV2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="83" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Origine_et_%C3%A9volution_du_vivant" title="Portail:Origine et évolution du vivant">Portail origine et évolution du vivant</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&oldid=220973832">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyphylie&oldid=220973832</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégorie</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Catégorie:Phylogénétique">Phylogénétique</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_manquant_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences_depuis_f%C3%A9vrier_2013" title="Catégorie:Article manquant de références depuis février 2013">Article manquant de références depuis février 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_manquant_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences/Liste_compl%C3%A8te" title="Catégorie:Article manquant de références/Liste complète">Article manquant de références/Liste complète</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%A9bauche_origine_et_%C3%A9volution_du_vivant" title="Catégorie:Wikipédia:ébauche origine et évolution du vivant">Wikipédia:ébauche origine et évolution du vivant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Origine_et_%C3%A9volution_du_vivant/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Origine et évolution du vivant/Articles liés">Portail:Origine et évolution du vivant/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Biologie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Biologie/Articles liés">Portail:Biologie/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Sciences/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Sciences/Articles liés">Portail:Sciences/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Projet:Biologie/Pages_li%C3%A9es" title="Catégorie:Projet:Biologie/Pages liées">Projet:Biologie/Pages liées</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 8 décembre 2024 à 18:10.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. 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