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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9)" title="سلالة (حيوانات أليفة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة (حيوانات أليفة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%ADn-ch%C3%A9ng" title="Phín-chéng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phín-chéng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Порода – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Порода" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a" title="Raça – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raça" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ăрат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăрат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeno" title="Plemeno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plemeno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husdyrrace" title="Husdyrrace – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Husdyrrace" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasse_(Z%C3%BCchtung)" title="Rasse (Züchtung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rasse (Züchtung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5ug" title="Tõug – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tõug" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE_(%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Φυλή (ζωοτεχνία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυλή (ζωοτεχνία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raza_de_animal_dom%C3%A9stico" title="Raza de animal doméstico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Raza de animal doméstico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraza_(etxe_abereak)" title="Arraza (etxe abereak) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arraza (etxe abereak)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="نژاد دامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نژاد دامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race" title="Race – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Race" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raza" title="Raza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Raza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="नस्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नस्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasmina" title="Pasmina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pasmina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variet%C3%A0_(biologia)" title="Varietà (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Varietà (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90)" title="ჯიში (მეცხოველეობა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯიში (მეცხოველეობა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminium" title="Seminium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Seminium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7irne" title="Šķirne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķirne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veisl%C4%97" title="Veislė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Veislė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajta" title="Fajta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fajta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baka" title="Baka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataqali" title="Mataqali – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mataqali" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierenras" title="Dierenras – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dierenras" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%81%E7%A8%AE_(%E5%AE%B6%E7%95%9C)" title="品種 (家畜) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="品種 (家畜)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Тайпа (даьхнийлелор) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тайпа (даьхнийлелор)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Порода (животноводство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Порода (животноводство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raca_(blegtori)" title="Raca (blegtori) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Raca (blegtori)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed" title="Breed – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Breed" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeno_(chovate%C4%BEstvo)" title="Plemeno (chovateľstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plemeno (chovateľstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasma" title="Pasma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pasma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пасмина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пасмина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வளர்ப்பினம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வளர்ப்பினம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iri_(tasnudert)" title="Iri (tasnudert) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iri (tasnudert)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Порода тварин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Порода тварин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%91ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_nu%C3%B4i" title="Giống vật nuôi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giống vật nuôi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%81%E7%A7%8D%EF%BC%88%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%89" title="品种（动物） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="品种（动物）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%81%E7%A8%AE" title="品種 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="品種" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%81%E7%A8%AE_(%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9)" title="品種 (動物) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="品種 (動物)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Breed" title="Special:EditPage/Breed">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Breed%22">"Breed"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Breed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Breed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Breed%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Breed%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Breed%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunvieh_am_Simplonpass,_Schweiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Braunvieh_am_Simplonpass%2C_Schweiz.jpg/250px-Braunvieh_am_Simplonpass%2C_Schweiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Braunvieh_am_Simplonpass%2C_Schweiz.jpg/330px-Braunvieh_am_Simplonpass%2C_Schweiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Braunvieh_am_Simplonpass%2C_Schweiz.jpg/500px-Braunvieh_am_Simplonpass%2C_Schweiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4136" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Braunvieh" title="Braunvieh">Braunvieh</a>, a dairy breed<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with high milk production and little <a href="/wiki/Milk_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk fat">milk fat</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>breed</b> is a specific group of breedable domestic animals having <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous">homogeneous</a> appearance (<a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>), homogeneous <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, and/or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of the same <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. In literature, there exist several slightly deviating definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breeds are formed through <a href="/wiki/Genetic_isolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic isolation">genetic isolation</a> and either natural <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> to the environment or <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>, or a combination of the two. Despite the centrality of the idea of "breeds" to animal husbandry and agriculture, no single, scientifically accepted definition of the term exists.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 340">: 340 </span></sup> A breed is therefore not an objective or biologically verifiable classification but is instead a <a href="/wiki/Term_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Term of art">term of art</a> amongst groups of breeders who share a consensus around what qualities make some members of a given species members of a nameable subset.<sup id="cite_ref-lush_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lush-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another point of view is that a breed is consistent enough in type to be logically grouped together and when mated within the group produce the same type.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When bred together, individuals of the same breed pass on these predictable traits to their offspring, and this ability – known as "<a href="/wiki/Breeding_true" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding true">breeding true</a>" – is a requirement for a breed. <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> breeds are more commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>. The offspring produced as a result of breeding animals of one breed with other animals of another breed are known as <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreeds</a> or mixed breeds. Crosses between animal or plant variants above the level of breed/cultivar (i.e. between species, <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">botanical <i>variety</i></a>, even different <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>) are referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breeding:_selection_by_breeders">Breeding: selection by breeders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Breeding: selection by breeders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeding</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and 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class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_Pot_Bellied_Pig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="dark gray, hairy Vietnamese Pot Bellied Pig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vietnamese_Pot_Bellied_Pig.jpg/160px-Vietnamese_Pot_Bellied_Pig.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vietnamese_Pot_Bellied_Pig.jpg/240px-Vietnamese_Pot_Bellied_Pig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vietnamese_Pot_Bellied_Pig.jpg/320px-Vietnamese_Pot_Bellied_Pig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_ARS_Meishan_pig-Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="dark pink with thin black hair Meishan pig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/USDA_ARS_Meishan_pig-Cropped.jpg/160px-USDA_ARS_Meishan_pig-Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/USDA_ARS_Meishan_pig-Cropped.jpg/240px-USDA_ARS_Meishan_pig-Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/USDA_ARS_Meishan_pig-Cropped.jpg/320px-USDA_ARS_Meishan_pig-Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pig_USDA01c0116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fine white haired, pink-skinned Sus scrofa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pig_USDA01c0116.jpg/250px-Pig_USDA01c0116.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pig_USDA01c0116.jpg/330px-Pig_USDA01c0116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">This example shows three different breeds of the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pig</a>, which all vary widely in appearance.</div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Breeder" title="Breeder">breeder</a> (or group of breeders) who initially establishes a breed does so by <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selecting</a> individual animals from within a <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a> that they see as having the necessary qualities needed to enhance the breed model they are aiming for. These animals are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Foundation_stock" title="Foundation stock">foundation stock</a>. Furthermore, the breeder mates the most desirable representatives of the breed from his or her point of view, aiming to pass such characteristics to their <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">progeny</a>. This process is known as <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>. A written description of desirable and undesirable breed representatives is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">breed standard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breed_characteristics">Breed characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Breed characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breed specific characteristics, also known as breed traits, are inherited, and <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">purebred</a> animals pass such traits from <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a> to generation. Thus, all specimens of the same breed carry several genetic characteristics of the original foundation animal(s). In order to maintain the breed, a breeder would select those animals with the most desirable traits to achieve further maintenance and developing of such traits. At the same time, the breed would avoid animals carrying characteristics undesirable or not typical for the breed, including faults or <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> defects. The <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> within the same breed should consist of a sufficient number of animals to maintain the breed within the specified parameters without the necessity of forced <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>. </p><p>Domestic animal breeds commonly differ from country to country, and from nation to nation. Breeds originating in a certain country are known as "native breeds" of that country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_breeds">Lists of breeds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lists of breeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_breeds" title="Lists of breeds">Lists of breeds</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Domestic_animal_breeds"></span> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td align="left" width="275px" valign="top"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">List of cat breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">List of cattle breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">List of dog breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_dog_breeds" title="List of extinct dog breeds">List of extinct dog breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_police_dog_breeds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of police dog breeds">List of police dog breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_domestic_pig_breeds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of domestic pig breeds">List of domestic pig breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_donkey_breeds" title="List of donkey breeds">List of donkey breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_breeds" title="List of goat breeds">List of goat breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guinea_pig_breeds" title="List of guinea pig breeds">List of guinea pig breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">List of horse breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds" title="List of rabbit breeds">List of rabbit breeds</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fancy_rat_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fancy rat varieties">List of fancy rat varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laboratory_rat_strains" class="mw-redirect" title="List of laboratory rat strains">List of laboratory rat strains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sheep_breeds" title="List of sheep breeds">List of sheep breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">List of water buffalo breeds</a></li></ul> </td> <td align="left" width="275px" valign="top"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apis_mellifera_subspecies" title="List of Apis mellifera subspecies">List of <i>Apis mellifera</i> subspecies</a></li></ul> </td> <td align="left" width="275px" valign="top"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">List of chicken breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds" title="List of duck breeds">List of duck breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goose_breeds" title="List of goose breeds">List of goose breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">List of pigeon breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_turkey_breeds" title="List of turkey breeds">List of turkey breeds</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_variety_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Plant variety (disambiguation)">Plant variety (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">Purebred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(biology)" title="Race (biology)">Race (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">Subspecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">Strain (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecattlesite.com/breeds/dairy/31/brown-swiss/">"Breeds:German owl"</a>. <i>The Cattle Sit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cattle+Sit&rft.atitle=Breeds%3AGerman+owl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecattlesite.com%2Fbreeds%2Fdairy%2F31%2Fbrown-swiss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallBradley1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, S. J. G.; Bradley, D. G. (1995). "Conserving livestock breed biodiversity". <i>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>10</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2895%2990005-5">10.1016/0169-5347(95)90005-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21237034">21237034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Conserving+livestock+breed+biodiversity&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0169-5347%2895%2990005-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21237034&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=S.+J.+G.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fao_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRischkowskyPilling2007" class="citation book cs1">Rischkowsky, Barbara; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/A1250E.pdf"><i>The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789251057629" title="Special:BookSources/9789251057629"><bdi>9789251057629</bdi></a> – via FAO.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+World%27s+Animal+Genetic+Resources+for+Food+and+Agriculture&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Commission+on+Genetic+Resources+for+Food+and+Agriculture%2C+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789251057629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fa1250e%2FA1250E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lush-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lush_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLush1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Lush, Jay Laurence</a> (1994). Chapman, A. B.; Shrode, Robert R.; Crow, James F. (eds.). <i>The Genetics of Populations</i>. Ames, Iowa: <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa State College">Iowa State College</a>. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31073249">31073249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genetics+of+Populations&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Iowa+State+College&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31073249&rft.aulast=Lush&rft.aufirst=Jay+Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreed" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in: Rischkowsky & Pilling (2007), p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clutton-Brock, Juliet. 1987 <i>A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals</i>, Cambridge University Press and the Museum of Natural History, page 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanga1998" class="citation book cs1">Banga, Surinder S. (1998). <i>Hybrid Cultivar Development</i>. Springer-Verlag. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3540635238" title="Special:BookSources/3540635238"><bdi>3540635238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hybrid+Cultivar+Development&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3540635238&rft.aulast=Banga&rft.aufirst=Surinder+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreed" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1404e/a1404e00.htm">FAO. 2007. The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. Rome.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2686e/i2686e00.htm">FAO. 2012. Phenotypic characterization of animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 11. Rome.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/publications/sowangr/en/">FAO. 2015. The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918190600/http://www.fao.org/publications/sowangr/en">Archived</a> 2018-09-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/cgrfa/en/">Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture</a> - <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dad.fao.org/">Domestic Animal Diversity Information System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/A5.html">Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/">Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breeds_and_cultivars216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breed" title="Template:Breed"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breed" title="Template talk:Breed"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breed" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breed"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breeds_and_cultivars216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lists_of_animal_breeds">Lists of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cultivars" title="Lists of cultivars">Lists of cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backcrossing" title="Backcrossing">Backcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">Mutation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">Outcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_breeding" title="Preservation breeding">Preservation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">Purebred</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_donkey_breeds" title="List of donkey breeds">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds" title="List of duck breeds">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_breeds" title="List of goat breeds">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goose_breeds" title="List of goose breeds">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guinea_pig_breeds" title="List of guinea pig breeds">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">Pigeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds" title="List of rabbit breeds">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sheep_breeds" title="List of sheep breeds">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_turkey_breeds" title="List of turkey breeds">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">Water buffalo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard_breeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Backyard breeder">Backyard breeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">Breed standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_back" title="Breeding back">Breeding back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_pair" title="Breeding pair">Breeding pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">Breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_crossbreed" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer crossbreed">Designer crossbreed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">Apple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_apple_cultivars" title="List of Japanese apple cultivars">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivars" title="List of basil cultivars">Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Callistemon_cultivars" title="List of Callistemon cultivars"><i>Callistemon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canna_cultivars" title="List of Canna cultivars"><i>Canna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strain" title="Cannabis strain"><i>Cannabis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars"><i>Capsicum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cherimoya_cultivars" title="List of cherimoya cultivars">Cherimoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_hybrids_and_cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of citrus hybrids and cultivars">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus hybrid">hybrids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cucumber_varieties" title="List of cucumber varieties">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gazania_cultivars" title="List of Gazania cultivars"><i>Gazania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grevillea_cultivars" title="List of Grevillea cultivars"><i>Grevillea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars" title="List of mango cultivars">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions" title="List of Narcissus horticultural divisions"><i>Narcissus</i> (daffodils)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nemesia_cultivars" title="List of Nemesia cultivars"><i>Nemesia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepenthes_cultivars" title="List of Nepenthes cultivars"><i>Nepenthes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_olive_cultivars" title="List of olive cultivars">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pear_cultivars" title="List of pear cultivars">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_cultivars" title="List of rice cultivars">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">Rose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_breeders" title="List of rose breeders">breeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_roses" title="List of Award of Garden Merit roses">cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_cultivars" title="List of strawberry cultivars">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_potato_cultivars" title="List of sweet potato cultivars">Sweet potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweetcorn_varieties" title="List of sweetcorn varieties">Sweetcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tomato_cultivars" title="List of tomato cultivars">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus_flytrap_cultivars" title="List of Venus flytrap cultivars">Venus flytrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selection methods<br />and genetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_selection" title="Balancing selection">balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">directional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_selection" title="Disruptive selection">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_sweep" title="Selective sweep">selective sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizing_selection" title="Stabilizing selection">stabilizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction" title="Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction">Selection methods in plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">Genotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">Phenotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Codominance">Codominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">Dwarfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">Heterosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outbreeding_depression" title="Outbreeding depression">Outbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessive_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive trait">Recessive trait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">Sex linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">Breed registry</a></li> <li>Breeder <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeder" title="Breeder">profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeder_(animal)" title="Breeder (animal)">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">Germline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_plant" title="Heirloom plant">Heirloom plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_breed" title="Rare breed">Rare breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">Tree breeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1012" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National 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