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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_baroque_music_(1580–1650)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_baroque_music_(1580–1650)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early baroque music (1580–1650)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_baroque_music_(1580–1650)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_baroque_music_(1630–1700)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_baroque_music_(1630–1700)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle baroque music (1630–1700)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_baroque_music_(1630–1700)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_baroque_music_(1680–1750)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_baroque_music_(1680–1750)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Late baroque music (1680–1750)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_baroque_music_(1680–1750)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Onset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Onset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wider_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wider_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Wider adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wider_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_Classical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_Classical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Transition to Classical era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_Classical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Timeline of composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Strings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodwinds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodwinds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Woodwinds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodwinds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Brass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Keyboards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Percussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles_and_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_and_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Styles and forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles_and_forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles and forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles_and_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dance_suite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_suite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dance suite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_suite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vocal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Instrumental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baroque music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokmusiek" title="Barokmusiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Barokmusiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barockmusik" title="Barockmusik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Barockmusik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى باروكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى باروكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_barroca" title="Música barroca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Música barroca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokko_(musiqi)" title="Barokko (musiqi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Barokko (musiqi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokna_muzika" title="Barokna muzika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Barokna muzika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_barroca" title="Música barroca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música barroca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokn%C3%AD_hudba" title="Barokní hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barokní hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerddoriaeth_far%C3%B3c" title="Cerddoriaeth faróc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerddoriaeth faróc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokmusik" title="Barokmusik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Barokmusik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barockmusik" title="Barockmusik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barockmusik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokk_(muusika)" title="Barokk (muusika) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Barokk (muusika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μπαρόκ μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαρόκ μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_del_Barroco" title="Música del Barroco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música del Barroco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroka_muziko" title="Baroka muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baroka muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musika_barroko" title="Musika barroko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Musika barroko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9" title="موسیقی باروک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی باروک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_baroque" title="Musique baroque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique baroque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokmuzyk" title="Barokmuzyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Barokmuzyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%B3cach_(ceol)" title="Barócach (ceol) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Barócach (ceol)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_barroca" title="Música barroca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música barroca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A1%9C%ED%81%AC_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="바로크 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바로크 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokna_glazba" title="Barokna glazba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Barokna glazba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_Barok" title="Musik Barok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik Barok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_barocca" title="Musica barocca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica barocca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7" title="המוזיקה הקלאסית בתקופת הבארוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המוזיקה הקלאסית בתקופת הבארוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetas_Baroca_(musica)" title="Aetas Baroca (musica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aetas Baroca (musica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroka_m%C5%ABzika" title="Baroka mūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baroka mūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroko_muzika" title="Baroko muzika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baroko muzika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokk_zene" title="Barokk zene – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barokk zene" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Барокна музика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Барокна музика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مزيكا باروكيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مزيكا باروكيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_era_barok" title="Muzik era barok – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik era barok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_barroca" title="Música barroca – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Música barroca" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokmuziek" title="Barokmuziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barokmuziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="バロック音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バロック音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokken_(musikk)" title="Barokken (musikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barokken (musikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokkmusikk" title="Barokkmusikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barokkmusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="باروک موسيقي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باروک موسيقي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_barokowa" title="Muzyka barokowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka barokowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_barroca" title="Música barroca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música barroca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzica_baroc%C4%83" title="Muzica barocă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzica barocă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Музыка эпохи барокко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка эпохи барокко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_barok" title="Muzika barok – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muzika barok" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9sica_barocca" title="Mùsica barocca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mùsica barocca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baroque music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokov%C3%A1_hudba" title="Baroková hudba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baroková hudba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro%C4%8Dna_glasba" title="Baročna glasba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baročna glasba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9" title="مۆسیقای بۆرۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسیقای بۆرۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Барокна музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Барокна музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokna_muzika" title="Barokna muzika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Barokna muzika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokkimusiikki" title="Barokkimusiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Barokkimusiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barockens_musik" title="Barockens musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barockens musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikang_Baroko" title="Musikang Baroko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Musikang Baroko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="బరోక్ సంగీతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బరోక్ సంగీతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ดนตรีสมัยบารอก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดนตรีสมัยบารอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok_m%C3%BCzik" title="Barok müzik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barok müzik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Музика бароко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музика бароко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_nh%E1%BA%A1c_th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_Baroque" title="Âm nhạc thời kỳ Baroque – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm nhạc thời kỳ Baroque" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="巴洛克音乐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴洛克音乐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7" title="באראק מוזיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באראק מוזיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="巴洛克音樂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴洛克音樂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style of western classical music</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg/290px-Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg/435px-Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg/580px-Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Painting by <a href="/wiki/Evaristo_Baschenis" title="Evaristo Baschenis">Evaristo Baschenis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_instruments" title="Baroque instruments">Baroque instruments</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">cittern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da gamba">viola da gamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutes</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#d6d6ff;font-size:120%;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;">Major eras of<br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500–1400</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance" title="Medieval music">Transition to Renaissance</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400–1600</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baroque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600–1750</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Transition to Classical</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730–1820</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800–1910</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Transition to Modernism</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1945</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  •  <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a><br />  •  <a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template talk:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Baroque music</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>) refers to the period or dominant style of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a> composed from about 1600 to 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Baroque style</b> followed the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance period</a>, and was followed in turn by the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a> after a short transition (the <a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">galant style</a>). The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. Overlapping in time, they are conventionally dated from 1580 to 1650, from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to 1750. Baroque music forms a major portion of the "<a href="/wiki/Western_art_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art music">classical music</a>" <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canon</a>, and is widely studied, performed, and listened to. The term "<a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a>" comes from the Portuguese word <i>barroco</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Baroque_pearl" title="Baroque pearl">misshapen pearl</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> are considered the pinnacle of the Baroque period. Other key composers of the Baroque era include <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Alessandro Stradella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Tomaso Albinoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Arcangelo Corelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Johann Hermann Schein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Samuel Scheidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Sanz" title="Gaspar Sanz">Gaspar Sanz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Nebra" title="José de Nebra">José de Nebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Soler" title="Antonio Soler">Antonio Soler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Seixas" title="Carlos Seixas">Carlos Seixas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jarz%C4%99bski" title="Adam Jarzębski">Adam Jarzębski</a> and others, with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Giovanni Battista Pergolesi</a> being the most prominent Baroque composer of sacred music. </p><p>The Baroque saw the formalization of <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common-practice</a> <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a>, an approach to writing music in which a song or piece is written in a particular <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a>; this type of <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> has continued to be used extensively in Western classical and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. During the Baroque era, professional musicians were expected to be accomplished <a href="/wiki/Music_improvisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music improvisation">improvisers</a> of both solo melodic lines and <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> parts. Baroque concerts were typically accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> group (comprising chord-playing instrumentalists such as <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichordists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> players improvising chords from a <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">figured bass</a> part) while a group of bass instruments—<a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>—played the <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a>. A characteristic Baroque form was the <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)#Dance_suite" title="Suite (music)">dance suite</a>. While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were designed purely for listening, not for accompanying dancers. </p><p>During the period composers experimented with finding a fuller sound for each instrumental part (thus creating the orchestra),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made changes in musical notation (the development of figured bass as a quick way to notate the <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progression</a> of a song or piece), and developed new instrumental playing techniques. Baroque music expanded the size, range, and complexity of instrumental performance, and also established the mixed vocal/instrumental forms of <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> and the instrumental forms of the solo <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonata" title="Sonata">sonata</a> as musical genres. Dense, complex <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> music, in which multiple independent melody lines were performed simultaneously (a popular example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>), was an important part of many Baroque choral and instrumental works. Overall, Baroque music was a tool for expression and communication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/220px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/330px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/440px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, 1748</figcaption></figure> <p>The etymology of <i>baroque</i> is likely via the French <i>baroque</i> (which originally meant a pearl of irregular shape), and from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <i>barroco</i> ("irregular pearl"); also related are the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>barrueco</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>barocco</i>. The term is of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>verrūca</i> ("wart") or possibly from <a href="/wiki/Baroco" title="Baroco">Baroco</a>, a technical term from scholastic logic.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "baroque" is generally used by music historians to describe a broad range of styles from a wide geographic region, mostly in Europe, composed over a period of about 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music, in an anonymous, satirical review of the première in October 1733 of Rameau's <i>Hippolyte et Aricie,</i> printed in the <i>Mercure de France</i> in May 1734. The critic implied that the novelty in this opera was "du barocque", complaining that the music lacked coherent melody, was filled with unremitting dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca19897–8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca19897–8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, who was a musician and composer as well as philosopher, wrote in 1768 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i>: "Baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused, and loaded with modulations and dissonances. The singing is harsh and unnatural, the intonation difficult, and the movement limited. It appears that term comes from the word 'baroco' used by logicians".<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedie_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rousseau was referring to the philosophical term <i><a href="/wiki/Baroco" title="Baroco">baroco</a></i>, in use since the 13th century to describe a type of elaborate and, for some, unnecessarily complicated academic argument.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The systematic application by historians of the term "baroque" to music of this period is a relatively recent development. In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curt Sachs</a> became the first to apply the five characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin" title="Heinrich Wölfflin">Heinrich Wölfflin</a>'s theory of the Baroque systematically to music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachs19197–15_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachs19197–15-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics were quick to question the attempt to transpose Wölfflin's categories to music, however, and in the second quarter of the 20th century independent attempts were made by <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer" title="Manfred Bukofzer">Manfred Bukofzer</a> (in Germany and, after his immigration, in America) and by Suzanne Clercx-Lejeune (in Belgium) to use autonomous, technical analysis rather than comparative abstractions, in order to avoid the adaptation of theories based on the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">plastic arts</a> and literature to music. All of these efforts resulted in appreciable disagreement about time boundaries of the period, especially concerning when it began. In English the term acquired currency only in the 1940s, in the writings of Bukofzer and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henry_Lang" title="Paul Henry Lang">Paul Henry Lang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As late as 1960, there was still considerable dispute in academic circles, particularly in France and Britain, whether it was meaningful to lump together music as diverse as that of <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> under a single rubric. Nevertheless, the term has become widely used and accepted for this broad range of music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be helpful to distinguish the Baroque from both the preceding (<a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a>) and following (<a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a>) periods of musical history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the Baroque era, new developments in music originated in Italy, after which it took up to 20 years before they were broadly adopted in rest of the <a href="/wiki/Western_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical music">Western classical music</a> practice. For instance, Italian composers switched to the <a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">galant style</a> around 1730, while German composers such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> largely continued to write in the baroque style up to 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Phases of Baroque music<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subperiod </th> <th>Time </th> <th>In Italy </th> <th>Elsewhere </th></tr> <tr> <td>Early baroque </td> <td>1580–1650 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Frescobaldi</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">M. Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Sweelinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">O. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Schütz</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle baroque </td> <td>1630–1700 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Cavalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Carissimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Legrenzi" title="Giovanni Legrenzi">Legrenzi</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Lully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">Biber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Buxtehude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachelbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachelbel">Pachelbel</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late baroque </td> <td>1680–1750 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Corelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Pergolesi</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Rameau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_baroque_music_(1580–1650)"><span id="Early_baroque_music_.281580.E2.80.931650.29"></span>Early baroque music (1580–1650)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early baroque music (1580–1650)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg/220px-Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg/330px-Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg/440px-Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> in 1640</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a> was a group of humanists, musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Bardi" title="Giovanni de' Bardi">Giovanni de' Bardi</a> to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>. In reference to music, they based their ideals on a perception of Classical (especially <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a>) musical drama that valued discourse and oration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuti200714_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuti200714-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, they rejected their contemporaries' use of <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> (multiple, independent melodic lines) and instrumental music, and discussed such ancient Greek music devices as <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a>, which consisted of a solo singing accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">kithara</a> (an ancient strummed string instrument).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallechinsky2007445_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallechinsky2007445-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early realizations of these ideas, including <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dafne" title="Dafne">Dafne</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Euridice_(Peri)" title="Euridice (Peri)">L'Euridice</a></i>, marked the beginning of opera,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChua200126_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChua200126-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a catalyst for Baroque music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright_and_Holman20054_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright_and_Holman20054-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerning music theory, the more widespread use of <i><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">figured bass</a></i> (also known as <i>thorough bass</i>) represents the developing importance of <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> as the linear underpinnings of polyphony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke1898147–48_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke1898147–48-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harmony is the result of <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>, and figured bass is a visual representation of those harmonies commonly employed in musical performance. With figured bass, numbers, accidentals or symbols were placed above the <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a> that was read by <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instrument</a> players such as <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> players or <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organists</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutenists</a>). The numbers, accidentals or symbols indicated to the keyboard player what intervals are to be played above each bass note. The keyboard player would <a href="/wiki/Music_improvisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music improvisation">improvise</a> a <a href="/wiki/Chord_voicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord voicing">chord voicing</a> for each bass note.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaagmans1916vi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaagmans1916vi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composers began concerning themselves with <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">harmonic progressions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYork1909109_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork1909109-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also employed the <a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">tritone</a>, perceived as an unstable interval,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonington1974156_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonington1974156-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to create dissonance (it was used in the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_seventh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant seventh">dominant seventh</a> chord and the <a href="/wiki/Diminished_triad" title="Diminished triad">diminished chord</a>). An interest in harmony had also existed among certain composers in the Renaissance, notably <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins1991103_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins1991103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the use of harmony directed towards tonality (a focus on a musical <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a> that becomes the "home note" of a piece), rather than <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modality</a>, marks the shift from the Renaissance into the Baroque period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton198424_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton198424-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the idea that certain sequences of chords, rather than just notes, could provide a sense of <a href="/wiki/Cadence_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadence (music)">closure at the end of a piece</a>—one of the fundamental ideas that became known as <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By incorporating these new aspects of composition, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> furthered the transition from the Renaissance style of music to that of the Baroque period. He developed two individual styles of composition—the heritage of Renaissance polyphony (<a href="/wiki/Prima_pratica" class="mw-redirect" title="Prima pratica">prima pratica</a>) and the new <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> technique of the Baroque (<a href="/wiki/Seconda_pratica" title="Seconda pratica">seconda pratica</a>). With basso continuo, a small group of musicians would play the <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a> and the chords which formed the accompaniment for a <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>. The basso continuo group would typically use one or more keyboard players and a <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> player who would play the bassline and improvise the chords and several bass instruments (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bass_viola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bass viola (page does not exist)">bass viola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>) which would play the bassline. With the writing of <a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Claudio_Monteverdi" title="List of operas by Claudio Monteverdi">the operas</a> <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/L%27incoronazione_di_Poppea" title="L'incoronazione di Poppea">L'incoronazione di Poppea</a></i> among others, Monteverdi brought considerable attention to this new genre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterChew2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterChew2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Venetian style was taken handily to Germany by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>, whose diverse style also evolved into the subsequent period. </p><p>Idiomatic instrumental textures became increasingly prominent. In particular, the <i>style luthé</i>—the irregular and unpredictable breaking up of chordal progressions, in contrast to the regular patterning of broken chords—referred to since the early 20th century as <i><a href="/wiki/Style_bris%C3%A9" title="Style brisé">style brisé</a></i>, was established as a consistent texture in French music by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard_II_(lutenist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Ballard II (lutenist)">Robert Ballard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollinLedbetter2001_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollinLedbetter2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his lute books of 1611 and 1614, and by <a href="/wiki/Ennemond_Gaultier" title="Ennemond Gaultier">Ennemond Gaultier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollin2001a_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollin2001a-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idiomatic lute figuration was later transferred to the harpsichord, for example in the keyboard music of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperin" title="Louis Couperin">Louis Couperin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_D%27Anglebert" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Henri D'Anglebert">Jean-Henri D'Anglebert</a>, and continued to be an important influence on keyboard music throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries (in, for example, the music of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_baroque_music_(1630–1700)"><span id="Middle_baroque_music_.281630.E2.80.931700.29"></span>Middle baroque music (1630–1700)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle baroque music (1630–1700)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of the centralized court is one of the economic and political features of what is often labelled the <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">Age of Absolutism</a>, personified by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France. The style of palace, and the court system of manners and arts he fostered became the model for the rest of Europe. The realities of rising church and state patronage created the demand for organized public music, as the increasing availability of instruments created the demand for <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, which is music for a small ensemble of instrumentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadie2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg/220px-Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg/330px-Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg/440px-Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mignard" title="Paul Mignard">Paul Mignard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One pre-eminent example of a court style composer is <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>. He purchased patents from the monarchy to be the sole composer of operas for the French king and to prevent others from having operas staged. He completed 15 lyric tragedies and left unfinished <i>Achille et Polyxène</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lully was an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>; he would beat the time with a large staff to keep his ensembles together. </p><p>Musically, he did not establish the string-dominated norm for orchestras, which was inherited from the Italian opera, and the characteristically <a href="/wiki/Les_Vingt-quatre_Violons_du_Roi" title="Les Vingt-quatre Violons du Roi">French five-part disposition</a> (violins, violas—in hautes-contre, tailles and quintes sizes—and <a href="/wiki/Bass_violin" title="Bass violin">bass violins</a>) had been used in the ballet from the time of Louis XIII. He did, however, introduce this ensemble to the lyric theatre, with the upper parts often doubled by recorders, flutes, and oboes, and the bass by bassoons. Trumpets and <a href="/wiki/Kettledrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettledrum">kettledrums</a> were frequently added for heroic scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The middle Baroque period in Italy is defined by the emergence of the vocal styles of <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> during the 1630s, and a new concept of melody and harmony that elevated the status of the music to one of equality with the words, which formerly had been regarded as pre-eminent. The florid, coloratura monody of the early Baroque gave way to a simpler, more polished melodic style. These melodies were built from short, cadentially delimited ideas often based on stylized dance patterns drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Sarabande" title="Sarabande">sarabande</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Courante" title="Courante">courante</a>. The harmonies, too, might be simpler than in the early Baroque monody, to show expression in a lighter manner on the string and crescendos and diminuendos on longer notes. The accompanying bass lines were more integrated with the melody, producing a contrapuntal equivalence of the parts that later led to the device of an initial bass anticipation of the aria melody. This harmonic simplification also led to a new formal device of the differentiation of <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a> (a more spoken part of opera) and <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> (a part of opera that used sung melodies). The most important innovators of this style were the Romans <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossi" title="Luigi Rossi">Luigi Rossi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Giacomo Carissimi</a>, who were primarily composers of cantatas and oratorios, respectively, and the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Francesco Cavalli</a>, who was principally an opera composer. Later important practitioners of this style include <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cesti" title="Antonio Cesti">Antonio Cesti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Legrenzi" title="Giovanni Legrenzi">Giovanni Legrenzi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Alessandro Stradella</a>, who additionally originated the <a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerto grosso</a> style in his Sonate di viole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer1947118–21_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer1947118–21-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Arcangelo Corelli</a> is remembered as influential for his achievements on the other side of musical technique—as a violinist who organized violin technique and pedagogy—and in purely instrumental music, particularly his advocacy and development of the <a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerto grosso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Lully was ensconced at court, Corelli was one of the first composers to publish widely and have his music performed all over Europe. As with Lully's stylization and organization of the opera, the concerto grosso is built on strong contrasts—sections alternate between those played by the full orchestra, and those played by a smaller group. Fast sections and slow sections were juxtaposed against each other. Numbered among his students is <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, who later composed hundreds of works based on the principles in Corelli's <a href="/wiki/Trio_sonata" title="Trio sonata">trio sonatas</a> and concerti.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to these composers, <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a> was not a creature of court but instead was church musician, holding the posts of organist and Werkmeister at the Marienkirche at Lübeck. His duties as Werkmeister involved acting as the secretary, treasurer, and business manager of the church, while his position as organist included playing for all the main services, sometimes in collaboration with other instrumentalists or vocalists, who were also paid by the church. Entirely outside of his official church duties, he organised and directed a concert series known as the <a href="/wiki/Abendmusik" title="Abendmusik">Abendmusiken</a>, which included performances of sacred dramatic works regarded by his contemporaries as the equivalent of operas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2001_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Gaultier" title="Denis Gaultier">Denis Gaultier</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollin2001b_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollin2001b-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_d%27Anglebert" title="Jean-Henri d'Anglebert">Jean-Henri d'Anglebert</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedbetterHarris2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedbetterHarris2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Champion_de_Chambonni%C3%A8res" title="Jacques Champion de Chambonnières">Jacques Champion de Chambonnières</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperin" title="Louis Couperin">Louis Couperin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFullerGustafson2001_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullerGustafson2001-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_baroque_music_(1680–1750)"><span id="Late_baroque_music_.281680.E2.80.931750.29"></span>Late baroque music (1680–1750)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late baroque music (1680–1750)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Baroque+music%22">"Baroque music"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Baroque+music%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Baroque+music%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Baroque+music%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Baroque+music%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Baroque+music%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Handel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Retrato_de_Handel.jpg/220px-Retrato_de_Handel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Retrato_de_Handel.jpg/330px-Retrato_de_Handel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Retrato_de_Handel.jpg/440px-Retrato_de_Handel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="2223" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The work of George Frideric Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach and their contemporaries, including Domenico Scarlatti, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Tomaso Albinoni</a>, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Georg Philipp Telemann, and others advanced the Baroque era to its climax,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadie2002_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie2002-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the High Baroque. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Onset">Onset</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Onset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_School" title="Neapolitan School">Neapolitan School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan mass">Neapolitan mass</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Arcangelo Corelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trio_sonata" title="Trio sonata">Trio sonata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">Concerto grosso</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Folia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Folia">La Folia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli" title="Giuseppe Torelli">Giuseppe Torelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solo_concerto" title="Solo concerto">Solo concerto</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_Charpentier_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marc-Antoine Charpentier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MA_Charpentier_II.jpg/220px-MA_Charpentier_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MA_Charpentier_II.jpg/330px-MA_Charpentier_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MA_Charpentier_II.jpg/440px-MA_Charpentier_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Marc-Antoine Charpentier</figcaption></figure> <p>France: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dumont" title="Henri Dumont">Henri Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Robert_(composer)" title="Pierre Robert (composer)">Pierre Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Campra" title="André Campra">André Campra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Richard_Delalande" title="Michel Richard Delalande">Michel-Richard Delalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Desmarets" title="Henri Desmarets">Henri Desmarest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-F%C3%A9ry_Rebel" title="Jean-Féry Rebel">Jean Féry Rebel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wider_adoption">Wider adoption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wider adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini" title="Giovanni Bononcini">Giovanni Bononcini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Tomaso Albinoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Marcello" title="Benedetto Marcello">Benedetto Marcello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani" title="Francesco Geminiani">Francesco Geminiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Locatelli" title="Pietro Locatelli">Pietro Locatelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Giovanni Battista Pergolesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Porpora" title="Nicola Porpora">Nicola Porpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini" title="Giuseppe Tartini">Giuseppe Tartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Veracini" title="Francesco Maria Veracini">Francesco Maria Veracini</a></li></ul> <p>Proliferation: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erdmann_Neumeister" title="Erdmann Neumeister">Erdmann Neumeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estienne_Roger" title="Estienne Roger">Estienne Roger</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27estro_armonico" title="L'estro armonico">L'estro armonico</a></i></li> <li>Visiting Italy, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kuhnau" title="Johann Kuhnau">Johann Kuhnau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen" title="Johann David Heinichen">Johann David Heinichen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel" title="Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel">Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel</a></li> <li>Italians abroad, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Antonio Caldara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lotti" title="Antonio Lotti">Antonio Lotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Torri" title="Pietro Torri">Pietro Torri</a></li></ul> <p>France: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair" title="Jean-Marie Leclair">Jean-Marie Leclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_de_Mondonville" title="Jean-Joseph de Mondonville">Jean Joseph de Mondonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Senaill%C3%A9" title="Jean-Baptiste Senaillé">Jean-Baptiste Senaillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bodin_de_Boismortier" title="Joseph Bodin de Boismortier">Joseph Bodin de Boismortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Corrette" title="Michel Corrette">Michel Corrette</a></li> <li>French abroad: e.g. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marchand" title="Louis Marchand">Louis Marchand</a></li></ul> <p>Germany: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel" title="Johann Georg Pisendel">Johann Georg Pisendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Fasch" title="Johann Friedrich Fasch">Johann Friedrich Fasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux" title="Johann Joseph Fux">Johann Joseph Fux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Graupner" title="Christoph Graupner">Christoph Graupner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen" title="Johann David Heinichen">Johann David Heinichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvius_Leopold_Weiss" title="Sylvius Leopold Weiss">Sylvius Leopold Weiss</a></li> <li>Germans abroad, e.g. <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolf_Scheibe" title="Johann Adolf Scheibe">Johann Adolf Scheibe</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka" title="Jan Dismas Zelenka">Jan Dismas Zelenka</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jarz%C4%99bski" title="Adam Jarzębski">Adam Jarzębski</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_Classical_era">Transition to Classical era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transition to Classical era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant music</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Mattheson" title="Johann Mattheson">Johann Mattheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Johann Joachim Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Benda" class="mw-redirect" title="František Benda">František Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Anton%C3%ADn_Benda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiří Antonín Benda">Jiří Antonín Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Janitsch" title="Johann Gottlieb Janitsch">Johann Gottlieb Janitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Johann Adolph Hasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Graun" title="Carl Heinrich Graun">Carl Heinrich Graun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair" title="Jean-Marie Leclair">Jean-Marie Leclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Veracini" title="Francesco Maria Veracini">Francesco Maria Veracini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sammartini" title="Giovanni Battista Sammartini">Giovanni Battista Sammartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi" title="Baldassare Galuppi">Baldassare Galuppi</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Bach_family#Descendants_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Bach family">Bach's elder sons</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of students of Johann Sebastian Bach">pupils</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">Wilhelm Friedemann Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Empfindsamer_Stil" class="mw-redirect" title="Empfindsamer Stil">empfindsamer Stil</a></i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Goldberg" title="Johann Gottlieb Goldberg">Johann Gottlieb Goldberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDürr1954_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDürr1954-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Mannheim_school" title="Mannheim school">Mannheim school</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Stamitz" title="Johann Stamitz">Johann Stamitz</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_composers">Timeline of composers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Timeline of composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Baroque_composers" title="List of Baroque composers">List of Baroque composers</a></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_l88c9gemtdcxcncykkuyreekmk9da74"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jean%2DJoseph_de_Mondonville" coords="512,1038,693,1059" title="Jean-Joseph de Mondonville" alt="Jean-Joseph de Mondonville" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" coords="508,1017,626,1041" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi" alt="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi" coords="490,999,626,1019" title="Baldassare Galuppi" alt="Baldassare Galuppi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Carlos_Seixas" coords="481,979,589,1000" title="Carlos Seixas" alt="Carlos Seixas" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johann_Adolf_Hasse" coords="459,959,595,980" title="Johann Adolf Hasse" alt="Johann Adolf Hasse" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Riccardo_Broschi" coords="454,940,579,960" title="Riccardo Broschi" alt="Riccardo Broschi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" coords="450,920,603,940" title="Johann Joachim Quantz" alt="Johann Joachim Quantz" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pietro_Locatelli" coords="441,900,566,921" title="Pietro Locatelli" alt="Pietro Locatelli" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini" coords="428,880,553,901" title="Giuseppe Tartini" alt="Giuseppe Tartini" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" coords="428,861,542,881" title="Leonardo Vinci" alt="Leonardo Vinci" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Fasch" coords="410,841,568,862" title="Johann Friedrich Fasch" alt="Johann Friedrich Fasch" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani" coords="406,821,547,842" title="Francesco Geminiani" alt="Francesco Geminiani" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nicola_Porpora" coords="401,802,515,822" title="Nicola Porpora" alt="Nicola Porpora" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Silvius_Leopold_Weiss" coords="401,782,554,803" title="Silvius Leopold Weiss" alt="Silvius Leopold Weiss" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" coords="397,760,582,784" title="George Frideric Handel" alt="George Frideric Handel" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" coords="397,741,555,765" title="Domenico Scarlatti" alt="Domenico Scarlatti" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" coords="397,721,575,745" title="Johann Sebastian Bach" alt="Johann Sebastian Bach" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Walther" coords="392,701,591,725" title="Johann Gottfried Walther" alt="Johann Gottfried Walther" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jean%2DPhilippe_Rameau" coords="388,682,559,706" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau" alt="Jean-Philippe Rameau" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen" coords="388,664,546,684" title="Johann David Heinichen" alt="Johann David Heinichen" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" coords="379,642,564,666" title="Georg Philipp Telemann" alt="Georg Philipp Telemann" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka" coords="370,624,506,645" title="Jan Dismas Zelenka" alt="Jan Dismas Zelenka" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" coords="366,603,504,627" title="Antonio Vivaldi" alt="Antonio Vivaldi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" coords="348,585,467,605" title="Tomaso Albinoni" alt="Tomaso Albinoni" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Ferdinand_Fischer" coords="330,565,538,586" title="Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer" alt="Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" coords="330,544,468,568" title="Antonio Caldara" alt="Antonio Caldara" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Turlough_O%27Carolan" coords="330,526,466,546" title="Turlough O'Carolan" alt="Turlough O'Carolan" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" coords="321,504,480,528" title="François Couperin" alt="François Couperin" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" coords="286,484,457,508" title="Alessandro Scarlatti" alt="Alessandro Scarlatti" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" coords="281,465,406,489" title="Henry Purcell" alt="Henry Purcell" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Michel_Richard_Delalande" coords="272,447,442,467" title="Michel Richard Delalande" alt="Michel Richard Delalande" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" coords="268,427,371,448" title="Marin Marais" alt="Marin Marais" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" coords="255,406,406,430" title="Arcangelo Corelli" alt="Arcangelo Corelli" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" coords="255,386,400,410" title="Johann Pachelbel" alt="Johann Pachelbel" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Biber" coords="215,368,418,389" title="Heinrich Ignaz Biber" alt="Heinrich Ignaz Biber" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" coords="184,346,349,370" title="Dieterich Buxtehude" alt="Dieterich Buxtehude" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Marc_Antoine_Charpentier" coords="170,328,340,349" title="Marc Antoine Charpentier" alt="Marc Antoine Charpentier" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jean%2DBaptiste_Lully" coords="162,307,327,331" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully" alt="Jean-Baptiste Lully" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jean%2DHenri_d%27Anglebert" coords="148,289,307,310" title="Jean-Henri d'Anglebert" alt="Jean-Henri d'Anglebert" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Schmelzer" coords="108,269,283,290" title="Johann Heinrich Schmelzer" alt="Johann Heinrich Schmelzer" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Barbara_Strozzi" coords="104,250,223,270" title="Barbara Strozzi" alt="Barbara Strozzi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger" coords="91,230,249,251" title="Johann Jakob Froberger" alt="Johann Jakob Froberger" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" coords="42,210,172,231" title="Giacomo Carissimi" alt="Giacomo Carissimi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antonio_Bertali" coords="42,191,161,211" title="Antonio Bertali" alt="Antonio Bertali" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/William_Lawes" coords="28,171,137,191" title="William Lawes" alt="William Lawes" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" coords="28,149,180,173" title="Francesco Cavalli" alt="Francesco Cavalli" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" coords="20,131,133,152" title="Samuel Scheidt" alt="Samuel Scheidt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" coords="20,110,165,134" title="Heinrich Schütz" alt="Heinrich Schütz" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" coords="20,90,191,114" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi" alt="Girolamo Frescobaldi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" coords="20,72,145,93" title="Gregorio Allegri" alt="Gregorio Allegri" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" coords="20,51,178,75" title="Claudio Monteverdi" alt="Claudio Monteverdi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" coords="20,31,138,55" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck" alt="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" coords="20,13,117,34" title="Jacopo Peri" alt="Jacopo Peri" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_l88c9gemtdcxcncykkuyreekmk9da74" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/l88c9gemtdcxcncykkuyreekmk9da74.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_instruments" title="Baroque instruments">Baroque instruments</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_period_instruments" title="List of period instruments">List of period instruments</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strings">Strings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Strings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpsichord_VitalJulianFrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Harpsichord_VitalJulianFrey.jpg/220px-Harpsichord_VitalJulianFrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Harpsichord_VitalJulianFrey.jpg/330px-Harpsichord_VitalJulianFrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Harpsichord_VitalJulianFrey.jpg/440px-Harpsichord_VitalJulianFrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Double-manual harpsichord</a> by Vital Julian Frey, after Jean-Claude Goujon (1749)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2_DS-4_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Archive-ugent-be-F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2_DS-4_%28cropped%29.jpg/264px-Archive-ugent-be-F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2_DS-4_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Archive-ugent-be-F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2_DS-4_%28cropped%29.jpg/396px-Archive-ugent-be-F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2_DS-4_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Archive-ugent-be-F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2_DS-4_%28cropped%29.jpg/528px-Archive-ugent-be-F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2_DS-4_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="3905" /></a><figcaption>Individual sheet music for a seventeenth-century harp.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violino_piccolo" title="Violino piccolo">Violino piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_violin" title="Baroque violin">Violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">Viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_d%27amore" title="Viola d'amore">Viola d'amore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pomposa" title="Viola pomposa">Viola pomposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">Tenor violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_violin" title="Bass violin">Bass violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass" title="Contrabass">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">Theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">Archlute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandora" title="Mandora">Mandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandora_(instrument)" title="Bandora (instrument)">Bandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument)" title="Angélique (instrument)">Angélique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">Cittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_guitar" title="Baroque guitar">Guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodwinds">Woodwinds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Woodwinds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque flute">Baroque flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalumeau" title="Chalumeau">Chalumeau</a></li> <li>Cortol (also known as Cortholt, Curtall, <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">Oboe</a> family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcian" title="Dulcian">Dulcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musette_de_cour" title="Musette de cour">Musette de cour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_oboe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque oboe">Baroque oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackett" title="Rackett">Rackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">Bassoon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brass">Brass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Brass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">Cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">Natural horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_trumpet" title="Baroque trumpet">Baroque trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet#Baroque_slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">Tromba da tirarsi</a> (also called <i>tromba spezzata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet#Flatt_trumpet_(English_slide_trumpet)" title="Slide trumpet">Flatt trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_(instrument)" title="Serpent (instrument)">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">Sackbut</a> (16th- and early 17th-century English name for FR: <i>saquebute</i>, <i>saqueboute</i>; ES: <i>sacabuche</i>; IT: <i>trombone</i>; MHG: <i>busaun</i>, <i>busîne</i>, <i>busune</i> / DE (since the early 17th century) <i>Posaune</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">Trombone</a> (English name for the same instrument, from the early 18th century)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboards">Keyboards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Keyboards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangent_piano" title="Tangent piano">Tangent piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a> – an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> invented <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700</span>, but did not become popular during Baroque era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percussion">Percussion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Percussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">Castanets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles_and_forms">Styles and forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Styles and forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="The_Baroque_suite"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance_suite">Dance suite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dance suite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)#Dance_suite" title="Suite (music)">Suite (music) § Dance suite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannini,_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png/250px-Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png/375px-Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png/500px-Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>A large instrumental ensemble's performance in the lavish <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Argentina" title="Teatro Argentina">Teatro Argentina</a>, as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini" title="Giovanni Paolo Panini">Panini</a> (1747)</figcaption></figure> <p>A characteristic of the Baroque form was the <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)#Dance_suite" title="Suite (music)">dance suite</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Bach_Suites" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach Suites">dance suites by Bach</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Partita" title="Partita">partitas</a>, although this term is also used for other collections of pieces. While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were intended for listening, not for accompanying dancers. Composers used a variety of different movements in their dance suites. A dance suite commonly has these <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movements</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_overture" title="French overture">Overture</a> – The Baroque suite often began with a French overture ("Ouverture" in French), a slow movement followed by a succession of principally four different types of dances:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allemande" title="Allemande">Allemande</a> – Often the first dance of an instrumental <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a>, the allemande was a very popular dance that had its origins in the German <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> era. The allemande was played at a moderate <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a> and could start on any beat of the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courante" title="Courante">Courante</a> – The second dance is the courante, in <a href="/wiki/Triple_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple meter">triple meter</a>. It can be either fast and lively or slow and stately. The Italian version is called the corrente.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001c_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001c-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabande" title="Sarabande">Sarabande</a> – The sarabande, a Spanish dance, is the third of the four basic dances, and is one of the slowest of the baroque dances. It is also in triple meter and can start on any beat of the bar, although there is an emphasis on the second beat, creating the characteristic 'halting', or iambic rhythm of the sarabande.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigue" title="Gigue">Gigue</a> – The gigue is an upbeat and lively baroque dance in compound meter, typically the concluding movement of an instrumental suite, and the fourth of its basic dance types. The gigue can start on any beat of the bar and is easily recognized by its rhythmic feel. The gigue originated in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. Its counterpart in <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">jig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The four dance types (allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue) make up the majority of 17th-century suites. Later suites interpolate one or more additional dances between the sarabande and gigue: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavotte" title="Gavotte">Gavotte</a> – The gavotte is in duple metre, with phrases which start on an offbeat. The gavotte is played at a moderate tempo, although those in an Italian style may be faster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2014_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2014-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourr%C3%A9e" title="Bourrée">Bourrée</a> – The bourrée is similar to the gavotte as it is in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time, although it starts on the second half of the last beat of the bar, creating a different feel to the dance. The bourrée is commonly played at a moderate tempo, although for some composers, such as Handel, it can be taken at a much faster tempo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">Minuet</a> – in triple meter at moderate tempo. It does not have an <a href="/wiki/Anacrusis" title="Anacrusis">anacrusis</a>. The Italian minuet was typically faster, with longer phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001d_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001d-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passepied" title="Passepied">Passepied</a> – The passepied is a fast dance in binary form and triple meter that originated as a court dance in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001a_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001a-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigaudon" title="Rigaudon">Rigaudon</a> – The rigaudon is a lively French dance in duple meter, similar to the bourrée, but rhythmically simpler. It originated as a family of closely related southern-French folk dances, traditionally associated with the provinces of Vavarais, <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001b_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001b-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are many other dance forms as well as other pieces that could be included in a suite, such as <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonaise (dance)">Polonaise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loure" title="Loure">Loure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">Scherzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_(music)" title="Air (music)">Air</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_features">Other features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">Prelude</a></i> – a suite might be started by a prelude, a slow piece written in an improvisatory style. Some Baroque preludes were not fully written out; instead, a sequence of chords were indicated, with the expectation that the instrumentalist would be able to improvise a melodic part using the indicated harmonic framework. The prelude was not based on a type of dance.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e_(ballet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrée (ballet)">Entrée</a></i> – Sometimes an entrée is composed as part of a suite; but there it is purely instrumental music and no dance is performed. It is an introduction, a march-like piece played during the entrance of a dancing group, or played before a ballet. Usually in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time. It is related to the Italian 'intrada'.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">Basso continuo</a></i> – a kind of continuous accompaniment notated with a new music notation system, <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">figured bass</a>, usually for one or more sustaining bass instruments (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>) and one or more chord-playing instruments (e.g., keyboard instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a> (a solo piece with orchestral accompaniment) and <a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerto grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">Monody</a> – an accompanied Italian solo song, an outgrowth of arrangements of ensemble music for solo instruments in the late 16th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortune2001_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortune2001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">Homophony</a> – music with one melodic voice and rhythmically similar (and subordinate) chordal accompaniment (this and monody are contrasted with the typical Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">texture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyer2013_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyer2013-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dramatic musical forms like opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Dramma_per_musica" title="Dramma per musica">dramma per musica</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Combined instrumental-vocal forms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which used singers and orchestra</li> <li>New instrumental techniques, like <i><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">pizzicato</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">da capo aria</a> had become the dominant form of aria by 1680<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrupMcClymondsBuddenClements2001_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrupMcClymondsBuddenClements2001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">ritornello</a></i> aria – repeated short instrumental interruptions of vocal passages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001b_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001b-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Concertato" title="Concertato">concertato</a> style – contrast in sound between groups of instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver2013_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver2013-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Extensive <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornamentation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoseman1975_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoseman1975-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was typically improvised by singers and instrumentalists (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trill_(music)" title="Trill (music)">trills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordent" title="Mordent">mordents</a>, etc.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genres">Genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal">Vocal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vocal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-opera" title="Semi-opera">Semi-opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">Zarzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera-ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera-ballet">Opera-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">Tragédie en musique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_de_cour" title="Ballet de cour">Ballet de cour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">Masque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">Oratorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(music)" title="Passion (music)">Passion (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">Cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">Monody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">Chorale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumental">Instrumental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Instrumental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorale composition">Chorale composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">Concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">Concerto grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">Fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">Suite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allemande" title="Allemande">Allemande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courante" title="Courante">Courante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabande" title="Sarabande">Sarabande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigue" title="Gigue">Gigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavotte" title="Gavotte">Gavotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">Minuet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonata (music)">Sonata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_da_camera" title="Sonata da camera">Sonata da camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_da_chiesa" title="Sonata da chiesa">Sonata da chiesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trio_sonata" title="Trio sonata">Trio sonata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partita" title="Partita">Partita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzona" title="Canzona">Canzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia">Sinfonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">Fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricercar" title="Ricercar">Ricercar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toccata" title="Toccata">Toccata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">Prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaconne" title="Chaconne">Chaconne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">Passacaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylus_fantasticus" title="Stylus fantasticus">Stylus fantasticus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalisca2001">Palisca 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackayRomanec2007">Mackay & Romanec 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baroque">"baroque – Wiktionary"</a>. <i>en.wiktionary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wiktionary.org&rft.atitle=baroque+%E2%80%93+Wiktionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fbaroque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca19897–8-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca19897–8_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalisca1989">Palisca 1989</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedie-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedie_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedie</i>; <i>Lettre sur la Musique Francaise</i> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, <i>La logique ou l'art de penser</i>, Part Three, chapter VI (1662) (in French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/baroque">"BAROQUE : Etymologie de BAROQUE"</a>. <i>www.cnrtl.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnrtl.fr&rft.atitle=BAROQUE+%3A+Etymologie+de+BAROQUE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fetymologie%2Fbaroque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachs19197–15-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachs19197–15_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachs1919">Sachs 1919</a>, pp. 7–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBukofzer1947">Bukofzer 1947</a>, pp. 17ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBukofzer2013">Bukofzer 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzV9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26">"The Phases of Baroque Music" pp. 26–29</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENuti200714-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuti200714_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNuti2007">Nuti 2007</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallechinsky2007445-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallechinsky2007445_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallechinsky2007">Wallechinsky 2007</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChua200126-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChua200126_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChua2001">Chua 2001</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright_and_Holman20054-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright_and_Holman20054_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWainwright_and_Holman2005">Wainwright and Holman 2005</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke1898147–48-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke1898147–48_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke1898">Clarke 1898</a>, pp. 147–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaagmans1916vi-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaagmans1916vi_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaagmans1916">Haagmans 1916</a>, p. vi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork1909109-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYork1909109_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYork1909">York 1909</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonington1974156-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonington1974156_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonington1974">Donington 1974</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins1991103-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins1991103_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkins1991">Watkins 1991</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton198424-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton198424_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1984">Norton 1984</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterChew2011-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterChew2011_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarterChew2011">Carter & Chew 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollinLedbetter2001-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollinLedbetter2001_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRollinLedbetter2001">Rollin & Ledbetter 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLedbetter2001">Ledbetter 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollin2001a-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollin2001a_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRollin2001a">Rollin 2001a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadie2013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadie2013">Sadie 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLa_Gorce2001">La Gorce 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer1947118–21-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer1947118–21_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBukofzer1947">Bukofzer 1947</a>, pp. 118–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001a">Talbot 2001a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2001-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2001_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder2001">Snyder 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollin2001b-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollin2001b_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRollin2001b">Rollin 2001b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELedbetterHarris2014-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedbetterHarris2014_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLedbetterHarris2014">Ledbetter & Harris 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2001-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2001_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuller2001">Fuller 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullerGustafson2001-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFullerGustafson2001_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFullerGustafson2001">Fuller & Gustafson 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie2002-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadie2002_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadie2002">Sadie 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDürr1954-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDürr1954_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDürr1954">Dürr 1954</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-3926,0,12970,7241">"Muziek voor barokharp"</a>. <i>lib.ugent.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=Muziek+voor+barokharp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3AF10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D%26xywh%3D-3926%2C0%2C12970%2C7241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstrella2012">Estrella 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001c-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001c_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittle2001c">Little 2001c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2014-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2014_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittle2014">Little 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001d-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001d_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittle2001d">Little 2001d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001a-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001a_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittle2001a">Little 2001a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001b-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001b_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittle2001b">Little 2001b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortune2001-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortune2001_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortune2001">Fortune 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyer2013-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyer2013_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyer2013">Hyer 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotwell2002">Shotwell 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrupMcClymondsBuddenClements2001-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrupMcClymondsBuddenClements2001_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestrupMcClymondsBuddenClements2001">Westrup et al. 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001b-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001b_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001b">Talbot 2001b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver2013-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver2013_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarver2013">Carver 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoseman1975-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoseman1975_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoseman1975">Roseman 1975</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukofzer1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer" title="Manfred Bukofzer">Bukofzer, Manfred F.</a> (1947). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicinbaroqueer0000buko"><i>Music in the Baroque Era: From Monteverdi to Bach</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09745-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-09745-5"><bdi>0-393-09745-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Baroque+Era%3A+From+Monteverdi+to+Bach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=0-393-09745-5&rft.aulast=Bukofzer&rft.aufirst=Manfred+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicinbaroqueer0000buko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukofzer2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer" title="Manfred Bukofzer">Bukofzer, Manfred F.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzV9CgAAQBAJ"><i>Music in the Baroque Era – From Monteverdi to Bach</i></a> (digital ed.). Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4474-9678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4474-9678-6"><bdi>978-1-4474-9678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Baroque+Era+%E2%80%93+From+Monteverdi+to+Bach&rft.edition=digital&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4474-9678-6&rft.aulast=Bukofzer&rft.aufirst=Manfred+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzV9CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterChew2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Carter_(musicologist)" title="Tim Carter (musicologist)">Carter, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chew_(musicologist)" title="Geoffrey Chew (musicologist)">Chew, Geoffrey</a> (2011). "Monteverdi [Monteverde], Claudio". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.44352">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.44352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monteverdi+%5BMonteverde%5D%2C+Claudio&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.44352&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Chew%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarver2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carver, Anthony F. (2013). "Concertato". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concertato&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Carver&rft.aufirst=Anthony+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1898" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Hugh Archibald (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asystemharmonyf01clargoog"><i>A System of Harmony</i></a>. Philadelphia: T. Presser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-248-37946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-248-37946-2"><bdi>978-1-248-37946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+System+of+Harmony&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=T.+Presser&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-1-248-37946-2&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Archibald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasystemharmonyf01clargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua2001" class="citation book cs1">Chua, Daniel K. L. (2001). "Vincenzo Galilei, Modernity, and the Division of Nature". In Clark, Suzannah (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wSYm0cUW6PMC"><i>Music Theory and Natural Order from the Renaissance to the Early Twentieth Century</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77191-7"><bdi>978-0-521-77191-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vincenzo+Galilei%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Division+of+Nature&rft.btitle=Music+Theory+and+Natural+Order+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77191-7&rft.aulast=Chua&rft.aufirst=Daniel+K.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwSYm0cUW6PMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonington1974" class="citation book cs1">Donington, Robert (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/performersguidet00doni"><i>A Performer's Guide to Baroque Music</i></a></span>. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09797-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09797-5"><bdi>978-0-571-09797-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Performer%27s+Guide+to+Baroque+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-571-09797-5&rft.aulast=Donington&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperformersguidet00doni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDürr1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr" title="Alfred Dürr">Dürr, Alfred</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.qucosa.de/ejournals/bjb/article/view/1476">"Johann Gottlieb Goldberg und die Triosonate BWV 1037"</a> [<a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Goldberg" title="Johann Gottlieb Goldberg">Johann Gottlieb Goldberg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trio_sonata" title="Trio sonata">trio sonata</a> BWV 1037]. In <a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr" title="Alfred Dürr">Dürr, Alfred</a>; <a href="/wiki/Werner_Neumann" title="Werner Neumann">Neumann, Werner</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.qucosa.de/ejournals/bjb/issue/view/116"><i>Bach-Jahrbuch 1953</i></a> [<i>Bach Yearbook 1953</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Bach-Jahrbuch" title="Bach-Jahrbuch">Bach-Jahrbuch</a> (in German). Vol. 40. <a href="/wiki/Neue_Bachgesellschaft" title="Neue Bachgesellschaft">Neue Bachgesellschaft</a>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Evangelische_Verlagsanstalt" title="Evangelische Verlagsanstalt">Evangelische Verlagsanstalt</a>. pp. 51–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13141%2Fbjb.v1953">10.13141/bjb.v1953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johann+Gottlieb+Goldberg+und+die+Triosonate+BWV+1037&rft.btitle=Bach-Jahrbuch+1953&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Bach-Jahrbuch&rft.pages=51-80&rft.pub=Evangelische+Verlagsanstalt&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13141%2Fbjb.v1953&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.qucosa.de%2Fejournals%2Fbjb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrella2012" class="citation web cs1">Estrella, Espie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liveabout.com/baroque-dance-suite-2456368">"The Suite: Baroque Dance Suite"</a>. About.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Suite%3A+Baroque+Dance+Suite&rft.pub=About.com&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Estrella&rft.aufirst=Espie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveabout.com%2Fbaroque-dance-suite-2456368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortune2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fortune, Nigel (2001). "Monody". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.18977">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monody&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.18977&rft.aulast=Fortune&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2001" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, David (2001). "Chambonnières, Jacques Champion, Sieur de". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chambonni%C3%A8res%2C+Jacques+Champion%2C+Sieur+de&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerGustafson2001" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, David; Gustafson, Bruce (2001). "Couperin, Luis". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i> (second ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Couperin%2C+Luis&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gustafson%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaagmans1916" class="citation book cs1">Haagmans, Dirk (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scalesintervalsh01haag"><i>Scales, Intervals, Harmony</i></a>. University of Michigan: J. Fischer & Bro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4370-6202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4370-6202-1"><bdi>978-1-4370-6202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scales%2C+Intervals%2C+Harmony&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=J.+Fischer+%26+Bro.&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=978-1-4370-6202-1&rft.aulast=Haagmans&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscalesintervalsh01haag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyer2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hyer, Brian (2013). "Homophony". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homophony&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hyer&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Gorce2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_de_La_Gorce" title="Jérôme de La Gorce">La Gorce, Jérôme de</a> (2001). "Jean-Baptiste Lully". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean-Baptiste+Lully&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=La+Gorce&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedbetter2001" class="citation book cs1">Ledbetter, David (2001). "Style brisé (Fr.: 'broken style')". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Style+bris%C3%A9+%28Fr.%3A+%27broken+style%27%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Ledbetter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedbetterHarris2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ledbetter, David; Harris, C. David (2014). "D'Anglebert, Jean Henry". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%27Anglebert%2C+Jean+Henry&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ledbetter&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Harris%2C+C.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2001a" class="citation book cs1">Little, Meredith Ellis (2001a). "Passepied". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Passepied&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Meredith+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2001b" class="citation book cs1">Little, Meredith Ellis (2001b). "Rigaudon". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rigaudon&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Meredith+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2001c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Little, Meredith Ellis (2001c). "Courante". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.06707">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Courante&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.06707&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Meredith+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2001d" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Little, Meredith Ellis (2001d). "Minuet". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.18751">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minuet&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.18751&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Meredith+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Little, Meredith Ellis (2014). "Gavotte". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.10774">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gavotte&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.10774&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Meredith+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackayRomanec2007" class="citation web cs1">Mackay, Alison; Romanec, Craig (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207213948/http://www.tafelmusik.org/sites/all/themes/tafelmusik/downloads/Baroque_Guide.pdf">"Baroque Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tafelmusik. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tafelmusik.org/sites/all/themes/tafelmusik/downloads/Baroque_Guide.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baroque+Guide&rft.pub=Tafelmusik&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Romanec%2C+Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tafelmusik.org%2Fsites%2Fall%2Fthemes%2Ftafelmusik%2Fdownloads%2FBaroque_Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton1984" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Richard (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tonalityinwester0000nort"><i>Tonality in Western Culture: A Critical and Historical Perspective</i></a></span>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00359-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00359-7"><bdi>978-0-271-00359-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tonality+in+Western+Culture%3A+A+Critical+and+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-271-00359-7&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftonalityinwester0000nort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuti2007" class="citation book cs1">Nuti, Giulia (2007). <i>The Performance of Italian Basso Continuo: Style in Keyboard Accompaniment in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries</i>. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0567-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0567-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-0567-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Performance+of+Italian+Basso+Continuo%3A+Style+in+Keyboard+Accompaniment+in+the+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0567-6&rft.aulast=Nuti&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalisca1989" class="citation book cs1">Palisca, Claude V. (1989). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Baroque' as a Music-Critical Term". In Georgia Cowart (ed.). <i>French Musical Thought, 1600–1800</i>. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. pp. 7–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1882-0"><bdi>978-0-8357-1882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Baroque%27+as+a+Music-Critical+Term&rft.btitle=French+Musical+Thought%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=7-22&rft.pub=UMI+Research+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8357-1882-0&rft.aulast=Palisca&rft.aufirst=Claude+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalisca2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_V._Palisca" title="Claude V. Palisca">Palisca, Claude V.</a> (2001). "Baroque". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561592630" title="Special:BookSources/9781561592630"><bdi>9781561592630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baroque&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781561592630&rft.aulast=Palisca&rft.aufirst=Claude+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollin2001a" class="citation book cs1">Rollin, Monique (2001a). "Gaultier [Gautier, Gaulthier], Ennemond". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaultier+%5BGautier%2C+Gaulthier%5D%2C+Ennemond&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Rollin&rft.aufirst=Monique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollin2001b" class="citation book cs1">Rollin, Monique (2001b). "Gaultier [Gautier, Gaulthier], Denis". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaultier+%5BGautier%2C+Gaulthier%5D%2C+Denis&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Rollin&rft.aufirst=Monique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollinLedbetter2001" class="citation book cs1">Rollin, Monique; Ledbetter, David (2001). "Ballard Family: (3) Robert Ballard (ii)". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ballard+Family%3A+%283%29+Robert+Ballard+%28ii%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Rollin&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft.au=Ledbetter%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseman1975" class="citation web cs1">Roseman, Ronald (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420072643/http://idrs.colorado.edu/publications/journal/JNL3/baroque.html">"Baroque Ornamentation"</a>. Journal of The International Double Reed Society 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idrs.colorado.edu/publications/journal/JNL3/baroque.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baroque+Ornamentation&rft.pub=Journal+of+The+International+Double+Reed+Society+3&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Roseman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidrs.colorado.edu%2Fpublications%2Fjournal%2FJNL3%2Fbaroque.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musebaroque.fr/Articles/Baroque_ornamentation.htm">Muse Baroque: La magazine de la musique baroque</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514043416/http://www.musebaroque.fr/Articles/Baroque_ornamentation.htm">Archived</a> 14 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, n.d.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Sachs, Curt</a> (1919). "Barockmusik". <i>Jahrbuch der Musikbibliothek Peters</i>. Vol. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barockmusik&rft.btitle=Jahrbuch+der+Musikbibliothek+Peters&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadie2002" class="citation web cs1">Sadie, Stanley (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"The Baroque Era"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Music&rft.atitle=The+Baroque+Era&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sadie&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadie2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sadie, Julie Anne (2013). "Louis XIV, King of France". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Louis+XIV%2C+King+of+France&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Sadie&rft.aufirst=Julie+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShotwell2002" class="citation web cs1">Shotwell, Clay (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430010736/http://www.aug.edu/~cshotwel/4350.Baroquetraits.html">"MUSI 4350/4360: Music of the Baroque Era: General Characteristics of the Baroque"</a>. Augusta, GA: Augusta State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aug.edu/~cshotwel/4350.Baroquetraits.html">the original</a> on 30 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MUSI+4350%2F4360%3A+Music+of+the+Baroque+Era%3A+General+Characteristics+of+the+Baroque&rft.place=Augusta%2C+GA&rft.pub=Augusta+State+University&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Shotwell&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aug.edu%2F~cshotwel%2F4350.Baroquetraits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Snyder, Kerala J. (2001). "Buxtehude, Dieterich". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buxtehude%2C+Dieterich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Kerala+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Talbot_(musicologist)" title="Michael Talbot (musicologist)">Talbot, Michael</a> (2001a). "Corelli, Arcangelo". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corelli%2C+Arcangelo&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Talbot, Michael (2001b). "Ritornello". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritornello&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright_and_Holman2005" class="citation book cs1">Wainwright, Jonathan; Peter Holman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2uXTdwWxppwC"><i>From Renaissance to Baroque: Change in Instruments and Instrumental Music in the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0403-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0403-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-0403-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Renaissance+to+Baroque%3A+Change+in+Instruments+and+Instrumental+Music+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0403-7&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Peter+Holman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2uXTdwWxppwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallechinsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Wallechinsky, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=938irIZnmGsC"><i>The Knowledge Book: Everything You Need to Know to Get by in the 21st century</i></a>. Washington, DC: National Geographic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0124-0"><bdi>978-1-4262-0124-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knowledge+Book%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know+to+Get+by+in+the+21st+century&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0124-0&rft.aulast=Wallechinsky&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D938irIZnmGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1991" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, Glenn (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gesualdomanhismu0000watk"><i>Gesualdo: The Man and His Music</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816197-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816197-4"><bdi>978-0-19-816197-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesualdo%3A+The+Man+and+His+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816197-4&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgesualdomanhismu0000watk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestrupMcClymondsBuddenClements2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Westrup; McClymonds; Budden; Clements; Carter; Walker; Heartz; Libby (2001). "Aira". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.43315">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aira&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.43315&rft.au=Westrup&rft.au=McClymonds&rft.au=Budden&rft.au=Clements&rft.au=Carter&rft.au=Walker&rft.au=Heartz&rft.au=Libby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYork1909" class="citation book cs1">York, Francis L. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924021751643"><i>Harmony Simplified: A Practical Introduction to Composition</i></a>. Boston: Oliver Ditson and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-176-33956-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-176-33956-9"><bdi>978-1-176-33956-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmony+Simplified%3A+A+Practical+Introduction+to+Composition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Oliver+Ditson+and+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-1-176-33956-9&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Francis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924021751643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>Christensen, Thomas Street, and Peter Dejans. <i>Towards Tonality Aspects of Baroque Music Theory</i>. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-587-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-587-3">978-90-5867-587-3</a></li> <li>Cyr, Mary. <i>Essays on the Performance of Baroque Music Opera and Chamber Music in France and England</i>. Variorum collected studies series, 899. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5926-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5926-6">978-0-7546-5926-6</a></li> <li>Foreman, Edward. <i>A Bel Canto Method, or, How to Sing Italian Baroque Music Correctly Based on the Primary Sources</i>. Twentieth century masterworks on singing, v. 12. Minneapolis, Minn: Pro Musica Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887117-18-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887117-18-0">978-1-887117-18-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fux, Johann Joseph; Mann, Alfred; Edmunds, John (1965). <i>The Study of Counterpoint from Johann Joseph Fux's Gradus ad parnassum</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00277-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00277-2"><bdi>0-393-00277-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494781">494781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Counterpoint+from+Johann+Joseph+Fux%27s+Gradus+ad+parnassum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F494781&rft.isbn=0-393-00277-2&rft.aulast=Fux&rft.aufirst=Johann+Joseph&rft.au=Mann%2C+Alfred&rft.au=Edmunds%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Grout, Donald J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Claude_V._Palisca" title="Claude V. Palisca">Claude V. Palisca</a> (1996). <i>A History of Western Music</i>. New York: W. W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Grout%2C+Donald+J.&rft.au=Claude+V.+Palisca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hebson, Audrey (2012). "Dance and Its Importance in Bach's Suites for Solo Cello", Musical Offerings: Vol. 1: No. 2, Article 2. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol1/iss2/2">http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol1/iss2/2</a>.</li> <li>Hoffer, Brandi (2012). "Sacred German Music in the Thirty Years' War", Musical Offerings: Vol. 3: No. 1, Article 1. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol3/iss1/1">http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol3/iss1/1</a>.</li> <li>Schubert, Peter, and Christoph Neidhöfer. <i>Baroque Counterpoint</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-183442-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-183442-2">978-0-13-183442-2</a></li> <li>Schulenberg, David. <i>Music of the Baroque</i>. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512232-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512232-9">978-0-19-512232-9</a></li> <li>Stauffer, George B. <i>The World of Baroque Music New Perspectives</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34798-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34798-5">978-0-253-34798-5</a></li> <li>Strunk, Oliver. <i>Source Readings in Music History. From Classical Antiquity to the Romantic Era</i>. London: Faber & Faber, 1952.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baroque_music" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baroque music">Baroque music</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saladelcembalo.org/">Handel's Harpsichord Room – free recordings of harpsichord music of the Baroque era</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208215140/http://plato.acadiau.ca/courses/musi/callon/2233/ch-comp.htm">Renaissance & Baroque Music Chronology</a>: Composers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orpheon.org/">Orpheon Foundation</a> in Vienna, Austria</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Baroque_composers" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Baroque composers">Free scores by various baroque composers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319233101/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11172003-033041/unrestricted/02_smp_fire1.pdf">Music, Affect and Fire</a>: Thesis on Affect Theory with Fire as the special topic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rism.info">Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM)</a>, a free, searchable database of worldwide locations for music manuscripts up to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baroque_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baroque_music" title="Template talk:Baroque music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baroque_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baroque music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baroque_composers" title="List of Baroque composers">List of Baroque composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transitional</a><br />and early (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Caccini" title="Giulio Caccini">G. Caccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rodrigues_Coelho" title="Manuel Rodrigues Coelho">Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">J. Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Franck" title="Melchior Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Galilei" title="Vincenzo Galilei">V. Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gibbons" title="Christopher Gibbons">C. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">O. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">d'India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Kapsperger" title="Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger">Kapsberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Landi" title="Stefano Landi">Landi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lawes" title="William Lawes">Lawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_V%C3%A1clav_Michna_z_Otradovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic">Michna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarquinio_Merula" title="Tarquinio Merula">Merula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">M. Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossi" title="Luigi Rossi">Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Scheidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Schein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataldo_Amodei" title="Cataldo Amodei">Amodei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_d%27Anglebert" title="Jean-Henri d'Anglebert">d'Anglebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Bassani" title="Giovanni Battista Bassani">Bassani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">H. I. F. Biber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">Blow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Buxtehude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Cabanilles" title="Juan Bautista Cabanilles">Cabanilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Carissimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Cavalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cesti" title="Antonio Cesti">Cesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Charpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Clarke" title="Jeremiah Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Corelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Diletsky" title="Nikolay Diletsky">Diletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger" title="Johann Jakob Froberger">Froberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll" title="Johann Caspar Kerll">Kerll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Legrenzi" title="Giovanni Legrenzi">Legrenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">J.-B. Lully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">M. Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Muffat" title="Georg Muffat">Muffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">J. Pachelbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playford" title="John Playford">J. Playford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">H. Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Reincken" title="Johann Adam Reincken">Reincken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sabini" title="Nicola Sabini">Sabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Sanz" title="Gaspar Sanz">Sanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">A. Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Stradella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Strozzi" title="Barbara Strozzi">Strozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli" title="Giuseppe Torelli">Torelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torrej%C3%B3n_y_Velasco" title="Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco">Torrejón y Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Josef_Vejvanovsk%C3%BD" title="Pavel Josef Vejvanovský">Vejvanovský</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Baroque_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Baroque (music)">Late</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Albinoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bodin_de_Boismortier" title="Joseph Bodin de Boismortier">Bodin de Boismortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini" title="Giovanni Bononcini">G. B. Bononcini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Caldara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Campra" title="André Campra">Campra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">F. Couperin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Richard_Delalande" title="Michel Richard Delalande">Delalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Fasch" title="Johann Friedrich Fasch">Fasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Ferdinand_Fischer" title="Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux" title="Johann Joseph Fux">Fux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani" title="Francesco Geminiani">Geminiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Gerwazy_Gorczycki" title="Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki">Gorczycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Graupner" title="Christoph Graupner">Graupner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen" title="Johann David Heinichen">Heinichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Jacquet_de_La_Guerre" title="Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre">Jacquet de La Guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair" title="Jean-Marie Leclair">Leclair l'aîné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Locatelli" title="Pietro Locatelli">Locatelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lotti" title="Antonio Lotti">Lotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Marcello" title="Alessandro Marcello">A. Marcello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Pepusch" title="Johann Christoph Pepusch">Pepusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Pergolesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel" title="Johann Georg Pisendel">Pisendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Porpora" title="Nicola Porpora">Porpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Rameau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">D. Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Seixas" title="Carlos Seixas">Seixas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini" title="Giuseppe Tartini">Tartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" title="Leonardo Vinci">Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvius_Leopold_Weiss" title="Sylvius Leopold Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka" title="Jan Dismas Zelenka">Zelenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Zumaya" title="Manuel de Zumaya">de Zumaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1720)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">C. P. E. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">J. C. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">W. F. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Benda" title="Franz Benda">F. Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini" title="Luigi Boccherini">Boccherini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Boyce_(composer)" title="William Boyce (composer)">Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Brixi" title="František Brixi">F. Brixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Corrette" title="Michel Corrette">Corrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi" title="Baldassare Galuppi">Galuppi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Hasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Martini" title="Giovanni Battista Martini">Padre Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Myslive%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Mysliveček">Mysliveček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_de_Mondonville" title="Jean-Joseph de Mondonville">Mondonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">L. Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sammartini" title="Giovanni Battista Sammartini">Sammartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Soler" title="Antonio Soler">Soler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Zach" title="Jan Zach">Zach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_instruments" title="Baroque instruments">Musical<br />Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque flute">flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_guitar" title="Baroque guitar">guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautenwerck" title="Lautenwerck">lautenwerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_trumpet" title="Baroque trumpet">trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_violin" title="Baroque violin">violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">violone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_orchestra" title="Baroque orchestra">Baroque orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">Basso continuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ballet" title="French ballet">ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzona" title="Canzona">canzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzonetta" title="Canzonetta">canzonetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(music)" title="Capriccio (music)">capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaconne" title="Chaconne">chaconne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_17th-century_chaconnes" title="List of 17th-century chaconnes">17th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_chaconnes" title="List of 18th-century chaconnes">18th-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertato" title="Concertato">concertato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerto grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courante" title="Courante">courante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavotte" title="Gavotte">gavotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigue" title="Gigue">gigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">passacaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabande" title="Sarabande">sarabande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folia" title="Folia">folia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grands_motets" class="mw-redirect" title="Grands motets">grand motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera#The_Baroque_era" title="Opera">opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricercar" title="Ricercar">ricercar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_da_chiesa" title="Sonata da chiesa">sonata da chiesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Baroque music of the British Isles">British Baroque music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_revival" title="Early music revival">early music revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_festivals" title="Early music festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_music_ensembles" title="List of early music ensembles">ensembles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_baroque" title="Folk baroque">Folk baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_in%C3%A9gales" title="Notes inégales">notes inégales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">polychoral style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_bris%C3%A9" title="Style brisé">Style brisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galant_Schemata" title="Galant Schemata">Galant Schemata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_painting" title="Baroque painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_music" title="Category:Baroque music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_classical_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_music" title="Template:Classical music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_music" title="Template talk:Classical music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_classical_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of eras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major periods and eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">Empfindsamkeit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Art_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre" title="History of classical music in Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_classical_music" title="French classical music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classical music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_States" title="Classical music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students by teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_A_to_B" title="List of music students by teacher: A to B">A to B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F" title="List of music students by teacher: C to F">C to F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_G_to_J" title="List of music students by teacher: G to J">G to J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">K to M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_N_to_Q" title="List of music students by teacher: N to Q">N to G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">R to S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_T_to_Z" title="List of music students by teacher: T to Z">T to Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">Unruly audience response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Worldwide traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_lists" title="Classical music lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">Composers by era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_classical_music" title="Outline of classical music">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_music" title="Category:Classical music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Classical_music" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical music">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/6px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/8px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/11px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" 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