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class="nd ne fj nf bh ng"><div class="mu mv mw"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*qj1FsLKVT5SmNfBkKg0BxA.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh mb nh c" width="700" height="467" loading="eager" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="ni ff nj mu mv nk nl bf b bg z du">Photo credit: <a class="af nm" href="https://pixabay.com/illustrations/letters-envelope-news-message-5614727/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a></figcaption></figure><h2 id="0109" class="nn no gu bf np nq nr dy ns nt nu ea nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi bk">Context</h2><p id="d6fd" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oj ok gu ol b om on oo op oq or os ot nw ou ov ow oa ox oy oz oe pa pb pc pd gn bk">Resiliency is a key attribute of modern systems and is considered as the major factor for staying in business. In this article, we will look into how <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Message-Driven</em></strong> architecture helps bring Resiliency into a system with the aid of the reference implementation.</p><h2 id="a544" class="nn no gu bf np nq nr dy ns nt nu ea nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi bk">What is Resiliency?</h2><blockquote class="pf pg ph"><p id="04a8" class="oj ok pe ol b om pi oo op oq pj os ot nw pk ov ow oa pl oy oz oe pm pb pc pd gn bk">In software engineering, <strong class="ol gv">Resiliency</strong> is defined as ability to remain responsive despite of certain failures in the overall system.</p></blockquote><p id="5e03" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oj ok gu ol b om pi oo op oq pj os ot nw pk ov ow oa pl oy oz oe pm pb pc pd gn bk">Modern systems are distributed in nature — multiple components (or microservices) work together to perform the business offered by the overall system. For example, an ecommerce website may have multiple services responsible for catalogue, item, cart, reservation, inventory, etc.. All of these services work together to facilitate a customer buying a product. A simple request like displaying the <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Expected Delivery Date</em> </strong>while booking the order might require pulling information from multiple microservices in order to consider inventory, shipping, and location to calculate the result. If one (or more) of the upstream services is down, would the site stop taking orders? Resiliency is all about keeping the overall system responsive under such partial failures.</p><h2 id="c858" class="nn no gu bf np nq nr dy ns nt nu ea nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi bk">What is Message-Driven Architecture?</h2><blockquote class="pf pg ph"><p id="6dde" class="oj ok pe ol b om pi oo op oq pj os ot nw pk ov ow oa pl oy oz oe pm pb pc pd gn bk">In <strong class="ol gv">Message-Driven Architecture</strong> components talk to each other by passing messages. A<strong class="ol gv"> message</strong> is a data item sent to a specific destination.</p></blockquote><p id="4acc" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oj ok gu ol b om pi oo op oq pj os ot nw pk ov ow oa pl oy oz oe pm pb pc pd gn bk">Messages bridge a contextual boundary between two loosely coupled components. Each component owns a part of the overall system and works in isolation. With isolating components, failures are also contained within the component and not spread to the entire system. Dealing with failures is local problem of the component and not the overall system.</p><h2 id="2203" class="nn no gu bf np nq nr dy ns nt nu ea nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi bk">The problem</h2><p id="0ec3" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oj ok gu ol b om on oo op oq or os ot nw ou ov ow oa ox oy oz oe pa pb pc pd gn bk">We briefly touched upon <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Expected Delivery Date </em></strong>calculation problem in the preceding section, let’s zoom into this.</p><p id="b011" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oj ok gu ol b om pi oo op oq pj os ot nw pk ov ow oa pl oy oz oe pm pb pc pd gn bk">Suppose for the item in the cart we have inventory across few <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Fulfilment Centers (FCs), </em></strong>to keep it simple we will just consider a single <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">FC</em></strong>. Having inventory doesn’t mean it can be delivered in constant time. It will depend on many attributes such as <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">working calendar</em></strong>, <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">cut-off time</em></strong>, etc. Each <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">FC</em> </strong>may have tie-up with different <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">carriers</em></strong> like <em class="pe">FedEx or UPS</em> which may have their own <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">working calendar</em></strong><em class="pe">, </em><strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">cut-off</em></strong><em class="pe">, </em><strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">transit time</em></strong><em class="pe"> </em>and other contributing attributes. Also, each FC can work on a finite set of orders any given day (known as <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">FC Capacity</em></strong><em class="pe">). </em>Each carrier can load a fixed set of boxes (<strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Carrier Capacity</em></strong><em class="pe">)</em> in the trailer too. Item dimension drives the number of boxes. Item attributes filter out certain carriers, for example, not shipping <em class="pe">hazmat</em> items through <em class="pe">air carriers</em>.</p><p id="1efc" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oj ok gu ol b om pi oo op oq pj os ot nw pk ov ow oa pl oy oz oe pm pb pc pd gn bk">If you think that the above model looks complicated, I agree with you! I have just tried to explain a potential <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Sourcing Engine</em></strong><em class="pe"> </em>workflow of an eCommerce website in few words. Regardless, the key here is — there is a system which depends on multiple components to perform its job as shown in <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Image Figure1</em></strong></p><figure class="po pp pq pr ps nc mu mv paragraph-image"><div class="mu mv pn"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:696/format:webp/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 696w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 348px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:696/1*h7v4bZwWh0zUzqqGJCDHDQ.png 696w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 348px"/><img alt="" class="bh mb nh c" width="348" height="344" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="ni ff nj mu mv nk nl bf b bg z du">Figure 1</figcaption></figure><p id="5e5e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oj ok gu ol b om pi oo op oq pj os ot nw pk ov ow oa pl oy oz oe pm pb pc pd gn bk">It is evident that failure in one of these dependent components could have a cascading effect in the overall system. <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Circuit-Breakers,</em></strong> or carefully defined <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">time-outs,</em></strong> can be used to minimize the failure to a certain level. However certain dependencies can’t be avoided and the best method we can achieve might be to fail fast.</p><h2 id="cf16" class="nn no gu bf np nq nr dy ns nt nu ea nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi bk">Solution</h2><p id="f83e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oj ok gu ol b om on oo op oq or os ot nw ou ov ow oa ox oy oz oe pa pb pc pd gn bk"><strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">The Message Driven </em></strong>approach to solve this problem is represented in <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Image Figure 2</em></strong>. All dependent systems publish their state changes to a message bus. <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Sourcing Engine </em></strong>consumes the messages and keeps the data in most efficient format suitable for its need — for example storing it in denormalized fashion which can read entire data in one shot. Critical dependencies are eliminated from its runtime. Upstream component failures are isolated and not cascaded to the overall system.</p><figure class="po pp pq pr ps nc mu mv paragraph-image"><div class="mu mv pt"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1068/format:webp/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 1068w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 534px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1068/1*q1FBLv6tADpWH8ZubYI7bA.png 1068w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 534px"/><img alt="" class="bh mb nh c" width="534" height="344" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="ni ff nj mu mv nk nl bf b bg z du">Figure 2</figcaption></figure><h2 id="598e" class="nn no gu bf np nq nr dy ns nt nu ea nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi bk">Caveats</h2><p id="8573" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oj ok gu ol b om on oo op oq or os ot nw ou ov ow oa ox oy oz oe pa pb pc pd gn bk"><strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Message Driven </em></strong>architecture is not applicable for all use cases and should be used carefully. Below are few points to consider before using it:</p><ul class=""><li id="794d" class="oj ok gu ol b om pi oo op oq pj os ot nw pk ov ow oa pl oy oz oe pm pb pc pd pu pv pw bk">As data flows asynchronously, it may not be as fresh as fetched from the source system. For the systems which can’t afford stale data, message driven might not be the optimal choice.</li><li id="e7b5" class="oj ok gu ol b om px oo op oq py os ot nw pz ov ow oa qa oy oz oe qb pb pc pd pu pv pw bk">Message consumers should be implemented efficiently to match the speed of producers. Lags need to be monitored and alerted on reaching thresholds.</li><li id="70cd" class="oj ok gu ol b om px oo op oq py os ot nw pz ov ow oa qa oy oz oe qb pb pc pd pu pv pw bk">Some intelligent monitoring on producer side should also be implemented to catch the message publish or component failures so that consumers don’t live in false impression that they are up-to-date and act accordingly.</li><li id="f962" class="oj ok gu ol b om px oo op oq py os ot nw pz ov ow oa qa oy oz oe qb pb pc pd pu pv pw bk">Storage on the consumer side should be highly redundant otherwise it will become a single point of failure.</li></ul><h2 id="add8" class="nn no gu bf np nq nr dy ns nt nu ea nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi bk">Conclusion</h2><p id="aa1b" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oj ok gu ol b om on oo op oq or os ot nw ou ov ow oa ox oy oz oe pa pb pc pd gn bk">In distributed systems, failure of certain components is inevitable. <strong class="ol gv"><em class="pe">Message Driven </em></strong>architecture helps build truly decoupled components where such partial failures are allowed and can be contained. Having such loose coupling brings resiliency to the overall system and makes it responsive.</p><h2 id="a0ca" class="nn no gu bf np nq nr dy ns nt nu ea nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi bk">References:</h2><ol class=""><li id="93bd" class="oj ok gu ol b om on oo op oq or os ot nw ou ov ow oa ox oy oz oe pa pb pc pd qc pv pw bk"><a class="af nm" href="https://www.reactivemanifesto.org/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.reactivemanifesto.org/</a></li><li id="e76d" class="oj ok gu ol b om px oo op oq py os ot nw pz ov ow oa qa oy oz oe qb pb pc pd qc pv pw bk"><a class="af nm" href="https://developer.lightbend.com/docs/akka-platform-guide/concepts/message-driven-event-driven.html" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">https://developer.lightbend.com/docs/akka-platform-guide/concepts/message-driven-event-driven.html</a></li></ol></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></article></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="qd 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For example, an ecommerce website may have multiple services responsible for catalogue, item, cart, reservation, inventory, etc.. All of these services work together to facilitate a customer buying a product. A simple request like displaying the Expected Delivery Date while booking the order might require pulling information from multiple microservices in order to consider inventory, shipping, and location to calculate the result. If one (or more) of the upstream services is down, would the site stop taking orders? 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A message is a data item sent to a specific destination.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":3,"end":30,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":83,"end":91,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:bcf6f3ecbfb3_9":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"bcf6f3ecbfb3_9","name":"4acc","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Messages bridge a contextual boundary between two loosely coupled components. Each component owns a part of the overall system and works in isolation. With isolating components, failures are also contained within the component and not spread to the entire system. 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