Fourth Amendment | U.S. Constitution | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-1734385-15"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-1734385-15'); </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-PDVVHXRDE6"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-PDVVHXRDE6'); </script> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="version" content="v10.11.0" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/favicon_0.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="LII / Legal Information Institute" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Fourth Amendment" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/images/liibracketlogo.gif" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="U.S. Constitution - Fourth Amendment" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@LIICornell" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Fourth Amendment" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/images/liibracketlogo.gif" /> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Fourth Amendment" /> <title>Fourth Amendment | U.S. Constitution | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute</title>  <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context": "http://schema.org", "@graph": [{"@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "item": {"@id": "https://www.law.cornell.edu", "name": "LII"}}, {"@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "item": {"@id": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution", "name": "U.S. Constitution"}}, {"@type": "ListItem", "position": 5, "item": {"@id": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment", "name": "Fourth Amendment"}}]}, {"@type": "WebSite", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment", "name": "Fourth Amendment", "author": {"@type": "Organization", "name": "Constitutional Convention", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)"}, "description": "U.S. Constitution - Fourth Amendment", "publisher": {"@type": "Organization", "name": "LII / Legal Information Institute", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu"}}]} </script>   <script> SEARCH_URL = 'https://api.law.cornell.edu/lii/search'; </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin="anonymous"> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.1.min.js" integrity="sha256-o88AwQnZB+VDvE9tvIXrMQaPlFFSUTR+nldQm1LuPXQ=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/js-cookie@2/src/js.cookie.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/staticsite_styles/lii_stylenator_v48.min.css" />  <script type='text/javascript'> !function (a) { var b = /iPhone/i, c = /iPod/i, d = /iPad/i, e = /(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i, f = /Android/i, g = /(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bSD4930UR\b)/i, h = /(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\b(?:KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|KFARWI|KFASWI|KFSAWI|KFSAWA)\b)/i, i = /IEMobile/i, j = /(?=.*\bWindows\b)(?=.*\bARM\b)/i, k = /BlackBerry/i, l = /BB10/i, m = /Opera Mini/i, n = /(CriOS|Chrome)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i, o = /(?=.*\bFirefox\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i, p = new RegExp('(?:Nexus 7|BNTV250|Kindle Fire|Silk|GT-P1000)', 'i'), q = function (a, b) { return a.test(b) }, r = function (a) { var r = a || navigator.userAgent, s = r.split('[FBAN'); return 'undefined' != typeof s[1] && (r = s[0]), s = r.split('Twitter'), 'undefined' != typeof s[1] && (r = s[0]), this.apple = { phone: q(b, r), ipod: q(c, r), tablet: !q(b, r) && q(d, r), device: q(b, r) || q(c, r) || q(d, r) }, this.amazon = { phone: q(g, r), tablet: !q(g, r) && q(h, r), device: q(g, r) || q(h, r) }, this.android = { phone: q(g, r) || q(e, r), tablet: !q(g, r) && !q(e, r) && (q(h, r) || q(f, r)), device: q(g, r) || q(h, r) || q(e, r) || q(f, r) }, this.windows = { phone: q(i, r), tablet: q(j, r), device: q(i, r) || q(j, r) }, this.other = { blackberry: q(k, r), blackberry10: q(l, r), opera: q(m, r), firefox: q(o, r), chrome: q(n, r), device: q(k, r) || q(l, r) || q(m, r) || q(o, r) || q(n, r) }, this.seven_inch = q(p, r), this.any = this.apple.device || this.android.device || this.windows.device || this.other.device || this.seven_inch, this.phone = this.apple.phone || this.android.phone || this.windows.phone, this.tablet = this.apple.tablet || this.android.tablet || this.windows.tablet, 'undefined' == typeof window ? this : void 0 }, s = function () { var a = new r; return a.Class = r, a }; 'undefined' != typeof module && module.exports && 'undefined' == typeof window ? module.exports = r : 'undefined' != typeof module && module.exports && 'undefined' != typeof window ? module.exports = s() : 'function' == typeof define && define.amd ? define('isMobile', [], a.isMobile = s()) : a.isMobile = s() }(this); </script>  <script async src='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js'> </script> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ google_ad_client: 'ca-pub-6351434937294517', enable_page_level_ads: true, }); </script>  <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function () { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script> <script type='text/javascript'> function makeDefs() { var width = window.innerWidth || document.documentElement.clientWidth; if (width >= 1200) { var topsize = '[336,280]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[336,280]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[728,90]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[336,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 992) && (width < 1199)) { var topsize = '[336,280]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[336,280]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[468,60]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[336,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 768) && (width < 992)) { var topsize = '[300,250]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[300,250]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[320,100],[320,50]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[300,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 576) && (width < 768)) { var topsize = '[180,150]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[180,150]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[320,100],[320,50]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[180,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 360) && (width < 576)) { var topsize = '[336,280]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[336,280]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[468,60]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[336,15]]'; } else { var topsize = '[300,250]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[300,250]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[300,250],[320,100],[320,50]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[300,15]]'; } var topdefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var topdefp2 = "'/1519273/Constitution_ROC_TopRight_300x250', ".concat(topsize, ','); var topdef = topdefp1.concat(topdefp2, '\'', 'div-gpt-ad-top', '\'', ').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var middefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var middefp2 = "'/1519273/Constitution_ROC_MidRight_300x250', ".concat(midsize, ','); var middef = middefp1.concat(middefp2, '\'', 'div-gpt-ad-middle', '\'', ').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var bottomdefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var bottomdefp2 = "'/1519273/Constitution_ROC_Footer_728x90', ".concat(bottomsize, ','); var bottomdef = bottomdefp1.concat(bottomdefp2, '\'', 'div-gpt-ad-bottom', '\'', ').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var sponsorcaptiondefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var sponsorcaptiondefp2 = "'/1519273/Constitution_ROC_SponsorCaption', ".concat(sponsorcaptionsize, ','); var sponsorcaptiondef = sponsorcaptiondefp1.concat(sponsorcaptiondefp2, '\'', 'div-gpt-ad-sponsorcaption', '\'', ').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var defs = topdef + middef + bottomdef + sponsorcaptiondef return defs; }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { { mydefs = makeDefs(); eval(mydefs); }; googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); //--> </script>   <script src="https://justatic.com/v/20160725b/shared/js/widgets/find-a-lawyer.js"></script> </head> <body> <div id="liisurveymodal" class="modal fade bs-example-modal-lg" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="liisurveymodal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-title-box">Please help us improve our site!</div> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" onclick="snooze_survey()" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <iframe title="Survey Frame" class="survey-content" id="iframeHolder"></iframe> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" onclick="snooze_survey()">No thank you</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header id="conannav" class="navbar navbar-fixed-top active"> <a href="#content" class="skip">Skip to main content</a> <div id="cu-identity"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" id="insignialink" title="Cornell University"> <img class="img-responsive" src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/insignia.gif" alt="Cornell University insignia" /> </a> <a href="https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/" id="clslink" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/search/" id="cusearch" title="Search Cornell University">Search Cornell</a> </div> </div> <div id="lii-identity" class="col-12 identity-header"> <div id="liiheader" class="container-fluid"> <nav id="liiallnav" class="navbar" aria-label="Main"> <div id="liibanner" class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#liinav" href="#liinav"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <div id="liilogodiv"> <a id="liilogo" class="navbar-brand" href="/" aria-label="lii logo"></a> </div> <div class="navbar-right" id="liinavbarstuff"> <button id="survey" class="btn btn-primary icon-pencil icon-white" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top:-20px; height: 42px">Please help us improve our site!</button> <div id="liidonatewrap"> <a id="liidonate" class="navbar-link mdblueinv" href="/donate" aria-label="Donate to LII"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-gift"></span> <span class="gltxt">Support Us!</span> </a> </div> <div id="liisearchlinkwrap"> <a id="liisearchlink" href="#" class="navbar-link cured" aria-label="Search LII"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span> <span class="gltxt">Search</span> </a> </div> <div id="liisearch" href="#"> <div class="input-group" id="adv-search" role="search"> <input label="Enter the terms you wish to search for." placeholder="Search" class="form-control form-text" type="text" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" list="autocomplete_list" aria-label="Enter search terms text box"> <datalist id="autocomplete_list"> </datalist> <div class="input-group-btn"> <div class="btn-group" role="group" aria-label="Filter and search buttons"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="findNowClickEvent()" aria-label="Find now"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="button"></span></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="liinav" class="collapse navbar-collapse"> <ul id="liiheadernav" class="nav navbar-nav" role="menubar" aria-hidden="false"> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">About LII</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/who_we_are">Who We Are</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/what_we_do">What We Do</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/who_pays_for_this">Who Pays For This</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/get_the_law" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Get the law</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a title="U.S. Constitution" href="/constitution">Constitution</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a title="Supreme Court" href="/supremecourt/text/home">Supreme Court</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a title="U.S. Code" href="/uscode/text">U.S. Code</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a title="C.F.R." href="/cfr/text">CFR</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a title="Federal Rules" href="/rules" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Federal Rules</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu submenu-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frap">Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frcp">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frcrmp">Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/fre">Federal Rules of Evidence</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frbp">Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a title="U.C.C." href="/ucc">U.C.C.</a> </li> <li aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a title="Law by jurisdiction" href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Law by jurisdiction</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu submenu-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/states">State law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/uniform">Uniform laws</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/federal">Federal law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/world">World law</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://lawyers.law.cornell.edu/">Lawyer directory</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/wex" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Legal encyclopedia</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/business_law">Business law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/constitutional_law">Constitutional law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/criminal_law_and_procedure">Criminal law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/family_law">Family law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/employment_law">Employment law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/money_and_financial_problems">Money and Finances</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/wex_articles">More...</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/help_out" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Help out</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem" aria-hidden="true"> <a href="/donate">Give</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-hidden="true"> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor">Sponsor</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/advertise">Advertise</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/create">Create</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/promote">Promote</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/join_directory">Join Lawyer Directory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul id="liinavsoc" class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li> <div class="addthis_horizontal_follow_toolbox"></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <br><br> <div id="breadcrumb" class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="navbar-header"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="bc-icons-2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/">LII</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item breadcrumb-last">Fourth Amendment</li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <main id="main" class="container-fluid"> <div id="content" class="col-sm-8"> <div class="pagewrapper"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div title="Definitions Frame"></div> <div id="extracted-content"> <div id="main-content"> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Fourth Amendment</h1> <div class="region region-highlighted"> <div class="block block-lii first last odd" id="block-lii-spotlight"> <p> </p> <p dir="ltr"><span>The Fourth Amendment originally enforced the notion that “each man’s home is his castle”, secure from </span><a href="/wex/unreasonable_search_and_seizure"><span>unreasonable searches and seizures</span></a><span> of property by the government. It protects against arbitrary </span><a href="/wex/arrest"><span>arrests</span></a><span>, and is the basis of the law regarding </span><a href="/wex/search_warrant"><span>search warrants</span></a><span>, </span><a href="/wex/stop_and_frisk"><span>stop-and-frisk</span></a><span>, safety inspections, </span><a href="/wex/electronic_surveillance"><span>wiretaps, and other forms of surveillance</span></a><span>, as well as being central to many other criminal law topics and to </span><a href="/wex/privacy"><span>privacy law</span></a><span>.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"></p> <p dir="ltr"><a aria-label="Wex article - Fourth Amendment" href="/wex/fourth_amendment"><span>Learn more...</span></a></p> </div> </div>  <h2 class="element-invisible">Primary tabs</h2> <div id="content1"> <article about="/constitution/fourth_amendment" class="node-9336 node node-constitution en view-mode-full clearfix" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document"> <header> <span class="rdf-meta element-hidden" content="Fourth Amendment" property="dc:title"></span> </header> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><h2>Amendment IV</h2> <p>The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-resources field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"></div> </div> </div> <div class="book-navigation" id="book-navigation-9265"> <div class="page-links clearfix"> <a class="page-previous" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/third_amendment" title="Go to previous page">‹ Third Amendment</a> <a class="page-up" href="/constitution" title="Go to parent page">up</a> <a class="page-next" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fifth_amendment" title="Go to next page">Fifth Amendment ›</a> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="page-bottom" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="region region-bottom"> <div id="block-liidfp-2" class="block block-liidfp first last odd"> <div class="gfs"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-bottom" data-google-query-id="CNH77Z7C7d8CFURLAQodp9oMpg"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-bottom'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside id="supersizeme" class="col-sm-4" aria-label="Sponsor Listings and Toolbox panel"> <div class="block" id="toolbox"> <h2 class="title toolbox"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-briefcase"></span> U.S. Constitution Toolbox </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/anncon/">Explanation of the Constitution</a> - from the Congressional Research Service </li> </ul> <div class="socSep"> <hr /> </div> <div class="addthis_sharing_toolbox"></div> <div class="socSep"> <hr /> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var addthis_config = { data_track_addressbar: false, data_track_clickback: true, publid: 'liiadverts', ui_tabindex: 0, ui_508_compliant: true }; var addthis_share = { url_transforms: { shorten: { twitter: 'bitly' } }, shorteners: { bitly: { login: 'liicornell', apiKey: 'R_75b99d95e1c3033c4dbea23ce04bf5d3' } }, passthrough: { twitter: { via: 'LIICornell' } } }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=liiadverts" async="async"></script> </div> <div class="block" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="gfs"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-top'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-top'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="gfs"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-middle'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-middle'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-lii-justia-find-lawyers-sidebar" class="block block-lii last even"> <div id="block-lii-justia-lawyers" class="block block-lii last even"> <div class="sidebar"> <div class="results-sponsored"> <div data-directive="j-find-a-lawyer" data-crosslink="seemorelawyers" data-domain="lawyers.law.cornell.edu"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </main> <footer id="liifooter" class="container-fluid"> <ul id="liifooternav" class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/lii/about/accessibility" class="nav">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="first"> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="nav">About LII</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us" class="nav">Contact us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor">Advertise here</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help" class="nav">Help</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/terms/documentation" class="nav">Terms of use</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/lii/terms/privacy_policy" class="nav">Privacy</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li> <a href="/" title="LII home page"> <img width="62" height="43" src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/LII_logo_footer.gif" alt="LII logo"> </a> </li> </ul> </footer> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery("#liisearchlink").click(function () { jQuery("#liisearch").toggle('slide'); jQuery("#liinavbarstuff").toggleClass('searchboxslid'); }); }); jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').each(function () { var $elem = jQuery(this); $elem.tooltip({ html: true, container: $elem, delay: { hide: 400 } }); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/staticsite_scripts/htmldiff.js"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/staticsite_scripts/lii_scriptinator.min.js"> </script> <script> window.addEventListener("load", function () { window.cookieconsent.initialise( { "palette": { "popup": { "background": "#000" }, "button": { "background": "#f1d600" } } }) }); </script> </body>

CINXE.COM

Fourth Amendment | U.S. Constitution | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute