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value thresholding</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: singular value thresholding"> <meta name="keywords" content="singular value thresholding"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="singular value thresholding"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 250</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: singular value thresholding</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">250</span> Empirical Mode Decomposition Based Denoising by Customized Thresholding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wahiba%20Mohguen">Wahiba Mohguen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ra%C3%AFs%20El%E2%80%99hadi%20Bekka"> Raïs El’hadi Bekka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a denoising method called EMD-Custom that was based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and the modified Customized Thresholding Function (Custom) algorithms. EMD was applied to decompose adaptively a noisy signal into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Then, all the noisy IMFs got threshold by applying the presented thresholding function to suppress noise and to improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR). The method was tested on simulated data and real ECG signal, and the results were compared to the EMD-Based signal denoising methods using the soft and hard thresholding. The results showed the superior performance of the proposed EMD-Custom denoising over the traditional approach. The performances were evaluated in terms of SNR in dB, and Mean Square Error (MSE). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customized%20thresholding" title="customized thresholding">customized thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ECG%20signal" title=" ECG signal"> ECG signal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EMD" title=" EMD"> EMD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20thresholding" title=" hard thresholding"> hard thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft-thresholding" title=" soft-thresholding"> soft-thresholding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67421/empirical-mode-decomposition-based-denoising-by-customized-thresholding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67421.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">249</span> Binarization and Recognition of Characters from Historical Degraded Documents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bency%20Jacob">Bency Jacob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.B.%20Waykar"> S.B. Waykar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Degradations in historical document images appear due to aging of the documents. It is very difficult to understand and retrieve text from badly degraded documents as there is variation between the document foreground and background. Thresholding of such document images either result in broken characters or detection of false texts. Numerous algorithms exist that can separate text and background efficiently in the textual regions of the document; but portions of background are mistaken as text in areas that hardly contain any text. This paper presents a way to overcome these problems by a robust binarization technique that recovers the text from a severely degraded document images and thereby increases the accuracy of optical character recognition systems. The proposed document recovery algorithm efficiently removes degradations from document images. Here we are using the ostus method ,local thresholding and global thresholding and after the binarization training and recognizing the characters in the degraded documents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binarization" title="binarization">binarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=denoising" title=" denoising"> denoising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20thresholding" title=" global thresholding"> global thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20thresholding" title=" local thresholding"> local thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thresholding" title=" thresholding"> thresholding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33322/binarization-and-recognition-of-characters-from-historical-degraded-documents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33322.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">248</span> Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Singular Value Decomposition of an Impulse Response Function</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rogelio%20Luck">Rogelio Luck</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yucheng%20Liu"> Yucheng Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes the continuous-time singular value decomposition (SVD) for the impulse response function, a special kind of Green’s functions e⁻⁽ᵗ⁻ ᵀ⁾, in order to find a set of singular functions and singular values so that the convolutions of such function with the set of singular functions on a specified domain are the solutions to the inhomogeneous differential equations for those singular functions. A numerical example was illustrated to verify the proposed method. Besides the continuous-time SVD, a discrete-time SVD is also presented for the impulse response function, which is modeled using a Toeplitz matrix in the discrete system. The proposed method has broad applications in signal processing, dynamic system analysis, acoustic analysis, thermal analysis, as well as macroeconomic modeling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20value%20decomposition" title="singular value decomposition">singular value decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impulse%20response%20function" title=" impulse response function"> impulse response function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Green%E2%80%99s%20function" title=" Green’s function "> Green’s function </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toeplitz%20matrix" title=" Toeplitz matrix "> Toeplitz matrix </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hankel%20matrix" title=" Hankel matrix"> Hankel matrix</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127083/continuous-time-and-discrete-time-singular-value-decomposition-of-an-impulse-response-function" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127083.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">247</span> Rough Oscillatory Singular Integrals on Rⁿ</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20Al-Qassem">H. M. Al-Qassem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Cheng"> L. Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Pan"> Y. Pan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we establish sharp bounds for oscillatory singular integrals with an arbitrary real polynomial phase P. Our kernels are allowed to be rough both on the unit sphere and in the radial direction. We show that the bounds grow no faster than log(deg(P)), which is optimal and was first obtained by Parissis and Papadimitrakis for kernels without any radial roughness. Among key ingredients of our methods are an L¹→L² estimate and extrapolation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillatory%20singular%20integral" title="oscillatory singular integral">oscillatory singular integral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rough%20kernel" title=" rough kernel"> rough kernel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20integral" title=" singular integral"> singular integral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orlicz%20spaces" title=" Orlicz spaces"> Orlicz spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Block%20spaces" title=" Block spaces"> Block spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrapolation" title=" extrapolation"> extrapolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L%5E%7Bp%7D%20boundedness" title=" L^{p} boundedness"> L^{p} boundedness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2152/rough-oscillatory-singular-integrals-on-r" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">246</span> Singular Value Decomposition Based Optimisation of Design Parameters of a Gearbox </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20Bozca">Mehmet Bozca</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Singular value decomposition based optimisation of geometric design parameters of a 5-speed gearbox is studied. During the optimisation, a four-degree-of freedom torsional vibration model of the pinion gear-wheel gear system is obtained and the minimum singular value of the transfer matrix is considered as the objective functions. The computational cost of the associated singular value problems is quite low for the objective function, because it is only necessary to compute the largest and smallest singular values (µmax and µmin) that can be achieved by using selective eigenvalue solvers; the other singular values are not needed. The design parameters are optimised under several constraints that include bending stress, contact stress and constant distance between gear centres. Thus, by optimising the geometric parameters of the gearbox such as, the module, number of teeth and face width it is possible to obtain a light-weight-gearbox structure. It is concluded that the all optimised geometric design parameters also satisfy all constraints. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Singular%20value" title="Singular value">Singular value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimisation" title=" optimisation"> optimisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gearbox" title=" gearbox"> gearbox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torsional%20vibration" title=" torsional vibration"> torsional vibration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32486/singular-value-decomposition-based-optimisation-of-design-parameters-of-a-gearbox" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32486.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">245</span> Hybrid Robust Estimation via Median Filter and Wavelet Thresholding with Automatic Boundary Correction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alsaidi%20M.%20Altaher">Alsaidi M. Altaher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Tahir%20Ismail"> Mohd Tahir Ismail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wavelet thresholding has been a power tool in curve estimation and data analysis. In the presence of outliers this non parametric estimator can not suppress the outliers involved. This study proposes a new two-stage combined method based on the use of the median filter as primary step before applying wavelet thresholding. After suppressing the outliers in a signal through the median filter, the classical wavelet thresholding is then applied for removing the remaining noise. We use automatic boundary corrections; using a low order polynomial model or local polynomial model as a more realistic rule to correct the bias at the boundary region; instead of using the classical assumptions such periodic or symmetric. A simulation experiment has been conducted to evaluate the numerical performance of the proposed method. Results show strong evidences that the proposed method is extremely effective in terms of correcting the boundary bias and eliminating outlier’s sensitivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20correction" title="boundary correction">boundary correction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=median%20filter" title=" median filter"> median filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelet%20thresholding" title=" wavelet thresholding"> wavelet thresholding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16883/hybrid-robust-estimation-via-median-filter-and-wavelet-thresholding-with-automatic-boundary-correction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16883.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">428</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">244</span> Sharp Estimates of Oscillatory Singular Integrals with Rough Kernels </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Al-Qassem">H. Al-Qassem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Cheng"> L. Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Pan"> Y. Pan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we establish sharp bounds for oscillatory singular integrals with an arbitrary real polynomial phase P. Our kernels are allowed to be rough both on the unit sphere and in the radial direction. We show that the bounds grow no faster than log (deg(P)), which is optimal and was first obtained by Parissis and Papadimitrakis for kernels without any radial roughness. Our results substantially improve many previously known results. Among key ingredients of our methods are an L¹→L² sharp estimate and using extrapolation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillatory%20singular%20integral" title="oscillatory singular integral">oscillatory singular integral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rough%20kernel" title=" rough kernel"> rough kernel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20integral" title=" singular integral"> singular integral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orlicz%20spaces" title=" orlicz spaces"> orlicz spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=block%20spaces" title=" block spaces"> block spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrapolation" title=" extrapolation"> extrapolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L%5E%7Bp%7D%20boundedness" title=" L^{p} boundedness"> L^{p} boundedness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40363/sharp-estimates-of-oscillatory-singular-integrals-with-rough-kernels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40363.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">243</span> The Norm, Singular Value and Condition Number Analysis for the Hadamard Matrices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emine%20Tu%C4%9Fba%20Aky%C3%BCz">Emine Tuğba Akyüz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the analysis of Hadamard matrices, which is a special type of matrix, was made under three headings: norms, singular values, condition number. Six norm types was applied to Hadamard matrices and the relationship between the results and the size of the matrix has been studied. As a result of the investigation when 2-norm was used on the problem Hx =f, the equation ‖x‖_2= ‖f‖_2/√n was shown (H is n-dimensional Hadamard matrix). Related with this, the relationship between the the singular value of H and 2-norm and eigenvalues was shown. Then, the evaluation of condition number for Hx =f was made. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condition%20number" title="condition number">condition number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadamard%20matrix" title=" Hadamard matrix"> Hadamard matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=norm" title=" norm"> norm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20value" title=" singular value"> singular value</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9350/the-norm-singular-value-and-condition-number-analysis-for-the-hadamard-matrices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9350.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">242</span> Clutter Suppression Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Fast Wavelet Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruomeng%20Xiao">Ruomeng Xiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhulin%20Zong"> Zhulin Zong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Longfa%20Yang"> Longfa Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aiming at the problem that the target signal is difficult to detect under the strong ground clutter environment, this paper proposes a clutter suppression algorithm based on the combination of singular value decomposition and the Mallat fast wavelet algorithm. The method first carries out singular value decomposition on the radar echo data matrix, realizes the initial separation of target and clutter through the threshold processing of singular value, and then carries out wavelet decomposition on the echo data to find out the target location, and adopts the discard method to select the appropriate decomposition layer to reconstruct the target signal, which ensures the minimum loss of target information while suppressing the clutter. After the verification of the measured data, the method has a significant effect on the target extraction under low SCR, and the target reconstruction can be realized without the prior position information of the target and the method also has a certain enhancement on the output SCR compared with the traditional single wavelet processing method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clutter%20suppression" title="clutter suppression">clutter suppression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20value%20decomposition" title=" singular value decomposition"> singular value decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelet%20transform" title=" wavelet transform"> wavelet transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mallat%20algorithm" title=" Mallat algorithm"> Mallat algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20SCR" title=" low SCR"> low SCR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181202/clutter-suppression-based-on-singular-value-decomposition-and-fast-wavelet-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181202.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">241</span> Application of Regularized Low-Rank Matrix Factorization in Personalized Targeting </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kourosh%20Modarresi">Kourosh Modarresi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Netflix problem has brought the topic of “Recommendation Systems” into the mainstream of computer science, mathematics, and statistics. Though much progress has been made, the available algorithms do not obtain satisfactory results. The success of these algorithms is rarely above 5%. This work is based on the belief that the main challenge is to come up with “scalable personalization” models. This paper uses an adaptive regularization of inverse singular value decomposition (SVD) that applies adaptive penalization on the singular vectors. The results show far better matching for recommender systems when compared to the ones from the state of the art models in the industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convex%20optimization" title="convex optimization">convex optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LASSO" title=" LASSO"> LASSO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regression" title=" regression"> regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recommender%20systems" title=" recommender systems"> recommender systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20value%20decomposition" title=" singular value decomposition"> singular value decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20rank%20approximation" title=" low rank approximation"> low rank approximation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19547/application-of-regularized-low-rank-matrix-factorization-in-personalized-targeting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19547.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">240</span> Scintigraphic Image Coding of Region of Interest Based on SPIHT Algorithm Using Global Thresholding and Huffman Coding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Seddiki">A. Seddiki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Djebbouri"> M. Djebbouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Guerchi"> D. Guerchi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Medical imaging produces human body pictures in digital form. Since these imaging techniques produce prohibitive amounts of data, compression is necessary for storage and communication purposes. Many current compression schemes provide a very high compression rate but with considerable loss of quality. On the other hand, in some areas in medicine, it may be sufficient to maintain high image quality only in region of interest (ROI). This paper discusses a contribution to the lossless compression in the region of interest of Scintigraphic images based on SPIHT algorithm and global transform thresholding using Huffman coding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20thresholding%20transform" title="global thresholding transform">global thresholding transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=huffman%20coding" title=" huffman coding"> huffman coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=region%20of%20interest" title=" region of interest"> region of interest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPIHT%20coding" title=" SPIHT coding"> SPIHT coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scintigraphic%20images" title=" scintigraphic images"> scintigraphic images</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17067/scintigraphic-image-coding-of-region-of-interest-based-on-spiht-algorithm-using-global-thresholding-and-huffman-coding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17067.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">239</span> Encryption Image via Mutual Singular Value Decomposition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adil%20Al-Rammahi">Adil Al-Rammahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Image or document encryption is needed through e- government data base. Really in this paper we introduce two matrices images, one is the public, and the second is the secret (original). The analyses of each matrix is achieved using the transformation of singular values decomposition. So each matrix is transformed or analyzed to three matrices say row orthogonal basis, column orthogonal basis, and spectral diagonal basis. Product of the two row basis is calculated. Similarly the product of the two column basis is achieved. Finally we transform or save the files of public, row product and column product. In decryption stage, the original image is deduced by mutual method of the three public files. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20cryptography" title="image cryptography">image cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20values%20decomposition" title=" singular values decomposition"> singular values decomposition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13714/encryption-image-via-mutual-singular-value-decomposition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13714.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">436</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">238</span> A Passive Digital Video Authentication Technique Using Wavelet Based Optical Flow Variation Thresholding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20S.%20Remya">R. S. Remya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20S.%20Sethulekshmi"> U. S. Sethulekshmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Detecting the authenticity of a video is an important issue in digital forensics as Video is used as a silent evidence in court such as in child pornography, movie piracy cases, insurance claims, cases involving scientific fraud, traffic monitoring etc. The biggest threat to video data is the availability of modern open video editing tools which enable easy editing of videos without leaving any trace of tampering. In this paper, we propose an efficient passive method for inter-frame video tampering detection, its type and location by estimating the optical flow of wavelet features of adjacent frames and thresholding the variation in the estimated feature. The performance of the algorithm is compared with the z-score thresholding and achieved an efficiency above 95% on all the tested databases. The proposed method works well for videos with dynamic (forensics) as well as static (surveillance) background. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20wavelet%20transform" title="discrete wavelet transform">discrete wavelet transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20flow" title=" optical flow"> optical flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20flow%20variation" title=" optical flow variation"> optical flow variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20tampering" title=" video tampering"> video tampering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45252/a-passive-digital-video-authentication-technique-using-wavelet-based-optical-flow-variation-thresholding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45252.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">237</span> Numerical Approach for Solving the Hyper Singular Integral Equation in the Analysis of a Central Symmetrical Crack within an Infinite Strip</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ikram%20Slamani">Ikram Slamani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hicheme%20Ferdjani"> Hicheme Ferdjani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focuses on analyzing a Griffith crack situated at the center of an infinite strip. The problem is reformulated as a hyper-singular integral equation and solved numerically using second-order Chebyshev polynomials. The primary objective is to calculate the stress intensity factor in mode 1, denoted as K1. The obtained results reveal the influence of the strip width and crack length on the stress intensity factor, assuming stress-free edges. Additionally, a comparison is made with relevant literature to validate the findings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=center%20crack" title="center crack">center crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chebyshev%20polynomial" title=" Chebyshev polynomial"> Chebyshev polynomial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyper%20singular%20integral%20equation" title=" hyper singular integral equation"> hyper singular integral equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Griffith" title=" Griffith"> Griffith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infinite%20strip" title=" infinite strip"> infinite strip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20intensity%20factor" title=" stress intensity factor"> stress intensity factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167367/numerical-approach-for-solving-the-hyper-singular-integral-equation-in-the-analysis-of-a-central-symmetrical-crack-within-an-infinite-strip" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">236</span> Hybrid Thresholding Lifting Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform with Wiener Filter for Quality Assurance of Medical Image</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hilal%20Naimi">Hilal Naimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amelbahahouda%20Adamou-Mitiche"> Amelbahahouda Adamou-Mitiche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lahcene%20Mitiche"> Lahcene Mitiche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main problem in the area of medical imaging has been image denoising. The most defying for image denoising is to secure data carrying structures like surfaces and edges in order to achieve good visual quality. Different algorithms with different denoising performances have been proposed in previous decades. More recently, models focused on deep learning have shown a great promise to outperform all traditional approaches. However, these techniques are limited to the necessity of large sample size training and high computational costs. This research proposes a denoising approach basing on LDTCWT (Lifting Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform) using Hybrid Thresholding with Wiener filter to enhance the quality image. This research describes the LDTCWT as a type of lifting wavelets remodeling that produce complex coefficients by employing a dual tree of lifting wavelets filters to get its real part and imaginary part. Permits the remodel to produce approximate shift invariance, directionally selective filters and reduces the computation time (properties lacking within the classical wavelets transform). To develop this approach, a hybrid thresholding function is modeled by integrating the Wiener filter into the thresholding function. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lifting%20wavelet%20transform" title="lifting wavelet transform">lifting wavelet transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20denoising" title=" image denoising"> image denoising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual%20tree%20complex%20wavelet%20transform" title=" dual tree complex wavelet transform"> dual tree complex wavelet transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelet%20shrinkage" title=" wavelet shrinkage"> wavelet shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wiener%20filter" title=" wiener filter"> wiener filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135374/hybrid-thresholding-lifting-dual-tree-complex-wavelet-transform-with-wiener-filter-for-quality-assurance-of-medical-image" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135374.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">235</span> An Online Adaptive Thresholding Method to Classify Google Trends Data Anomalies for Investor Sentiment Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duygu%20Dere">Duygu Dere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mert%20Ergeneci"> Mert Ergeneci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaan%20Gokcesu"> Kaan Gokcesu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Google Trends data has gained increasing popularity in the applications of behavioral finance, decision science and risk management. Because of Google’s wide range of use, the Trends statistics provide significant information about the investor sentiment and intention, which can be used as decisive factors for corporate and risk management fields. However, an anomaly, a significant increase or decrease, in a certain query cannot be detected by the state of the art applications of computation due to the random baseline noise of the Trends data, which is modelled as an Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Since through time, the baseline noise power shows a gradual change an adaptive thresholding method is required to track and learn the baseline noise for a correct classification. To this end, we introduce an online method to classify meaningful deviations in Google Trends data. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our method can successfully classify various anomalies for plenty of different data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20data%20processing" title="adaptive data processing">adaptive data processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20finance" title=" behavioral finance "> behavioral finance </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convex%20optimization" title=" convex optimization"> convex optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20learning" title=" online learning"> online learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20minimum%20thresholding" title=" soft minimum thresholding"> soft minimum thresholding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92282/an-online-adaptive-thresholding-method-to-classify-google-trends-data-anomalies-for-investor-sentiment-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92282.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">234</span> Segmentation Using Multi-Thresholded Sobel Images: Application to the Separation of Stuck Pollen Grains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Endrick%20Barnacin">Endrick Barnacin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Luc%20Henry"> Jean-Luc Henry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jimmy%20Nagau"> Jimmy Nagau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jack%20Molinie"> Jack Molinie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Being able to identify biological particles such as spores, viruses, or pollens is important for health care professionals, as it allows for appropriate therapeutic management of patients. Optical microscopy is a technology widely used for the analysis of these types of microorganisms, because, compared to other types of microscopy, it is not expensive. The analysis of an optical microscope slide is a tedious and time-consuming task when done manually. However, using machine learning and computer vision, this process can be automated. The first step of an automated microscope slide image analysis process is segmentation. During this step, the biological particles are localized and extracted. Very often, the use of an automatic thresholding method is sufficient to locate and extract the particles. However, in some cases, the particles are not extracted individually because they are stuck to other biological elements. In this paper, we propose a stuck particles separation method based on the use of the Sobel operator and thresholding. We illustrate it by applying it to the separation of 813 images of adjacent pollen grains. The method correctly separated 95.4% of these images. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20segmentation" title="image segmentation">image segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stuck%20particles%20separation" title=" stuck particles separation"> stuck particles separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sobel%20operator" title=" Sobel operator"> Sobel operator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thresholding" title=" thresholding"> thresholding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148891/segmentation-using-multi-thresholded-sobel-images-application-to-the-separation-of-stuck-pollen-grains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148891.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">233</span> RGB Color Based Real Time Traffic Sign Detection and Feature Extraction System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kay%20Thinzar%20Phu">Kay Thinzar Phu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lwin%20Lwin%20Oo"> Lwin Lwin Oo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In an intelligent transport system and advanced driver assistance system, the developing of real-time traffic sign detection and recognition (TSDR) system plays an important part in recent research field. There are many challenges for developing real-time TSDR system due to motion artifacts, variable lighting and weather conditions and situations of traffic signs. Researchers have already proposed various methods to minimize the challenges problem. The aim of the proposed research is to develop an efficient and effective TSDR in real time. This system proposes an adaptive thresholding method based on RGB color for traffic signs detection and new features for traffic signs recognition. In this system, the RGB color thresholding is used to detect the blue and yellow color traffic signs regions. The system performs the shape identify to decide whether the output candidate region is traffic sign or not. Lastly, new features such as termination points, bifurcation points, and 90’ angles are extracted from validated image. This system uses Myanmar Traffic Sign dataset. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20thresholding%20based%20on%20RGB%20color" title="adaptive thresholding based on RGB color">adaptive thresholding based on RGB color</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blue%20color%20detection" title=" blue color detection"> blue color detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20extraction" title=" feature extraction"> feature extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yellow%20color%20detection" title=" yellow color detection"> yellow color detection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77127/rgb-color-based-real-time-traffic-sign-detection-and-feature-extraction-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77127.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">313</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">232</span> An ALM Matrix Completion Algorithm for Recovering Weather Monitoring Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuqing%20Chen">Yuqing Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ying%20Xu"> Ying Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renfa%20Li"> Renfa Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of matrix completion theory provides new approaches for data gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The existing matrix completion algorithms for WSN mainly consider how to reduce the sampling number without considering the real-time performance when recovering the data matrix. In order to guarantee the recovery accuracy and reduce the recovery time consumed simultaneously, we propose a new ALM algorithm to recover the weather monitoring data. A lot of experiments have been carried out to investigate the performance of the proposed ALM algorithm by using different parameter settings, different sampling rates and sampling models. In addition, we compare the proposed ALM algorithm with some existing algorithms in the literature. Experimental results show that the ALM algorithm can obtain better overall recovery accuracy with less computing time, which demonstrate that the ALM algorithm is an effective and efficient approach for recovering the real world weather monitoring data in WSN. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20sensor%20network" title="wireless sensor network">wireless sensor network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matrix%20completion" title=" matrix completion"> matrix completion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20value%20thresholding" title=" singular value thresholding"> singular value thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=augmented%20Lagrange%20multiplier" title=" augmented Lagrange multiplier"> augmented Lagrange multiplier</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45997/an-alm-matrix-completion-algorithm-for-recovering-weather-monitoring-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45997.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">231</span> Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions to Singular Higher Order Two-Point BVPs on Time Scales</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhenjie%20Liu">Zhenjie Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the existence and uniqueness of solutions for singular higher order boundary value problems on time scales by using mixed monotone method. The theorems obtained are very general. For the different time scale, the problem may be the corresponding continuous or discrete boundary value problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20monotone%20operator" title="mixed monotone operator">mixed monotone operator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20value%20problem" title=" boundary value problem"> boundary value problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20scale" title=" time scale"> time scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%27s%20function" title=" green's function"> green's function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positive%20solution" title=" positive solution"> positive solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singularity" title=" singularity"> singularity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7268/existence-and-uniqueness-of-solutions-to-singular-higher-order-two-point-bvps-on-time-scales" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">230</span> Speckle Noise Reduction Using Anisotropic Filter Based on Wavelets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kritika%20Bansal">Kritika Bansal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akwinder%20Kaur"> Akwinder Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shruti%20Gujral"> Shruti Gujral</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the approach of denoising is solved by using a new hybrid technique which associates the different denoising methods. Wavelet thresholding and anisotropic diffusion filter are the two different filters in our hybrid techniques. The Wavelet thresholding removes the noise by removing the high frequency components with lesser edge preservation, whereas an anisotropic diffusion filters is based on partial differential equation, (PDE) to remove the speckle noise. This PDE approach is used to preserve the edges and provides better smoothing. So our new method proposes a combination of these two filtering methods which performs better results in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), coefficient of correlation (COC) and equivalent no of looks (ENL). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=denoising" title="denoising">denoising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anisotropic%20diffusion%20filter" title=" anisotropic diffusion filter"> anisotropic diffusion filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiplicative%20noise" title=" multiplicative noise"> multiplicative noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speckle" title=" speckle"> speckle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelets" title=" wavelets"> wavelets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14626/speckle-noise-reduction-using-anisotropic-filter-based-on-wavelets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">512</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">229</span> Finding Bicluster on Gene Expression Data of Lymphoma Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Hierarchical Clustering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alhadi%20Bustaman">Alhadi Bustaman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soeganda%20Formalidin"> Soeganda Formalidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Titin%20Siswantining"> Titin Siswantining</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> DNA microarray technology is used to analyze thousand gene expression data simultaneously and a very important task for drug development and test, function annotation, and cancer diagnosis. Various clustering methods have been used for analyzing gene expression data. However, when analyzing very large and heterogeneous collections of gene expression data, conventional clustering methods often cannot produce a satisfactory solution. Biclustering algorithm has been used as an alternative approach to identifying structures from gene expression data. In this paper, we introduce a transform technique based on singular value decomposition to identify normalized matrix of gene expression data followed by Mixed-Clustering algorithm and the Lift algorithm, inspired in the node-deletion and node-addition phases proposed by Cheng and Church based on Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). Experimental study on standard datasets demonstrated the effectiveness of the algorithm in gene expression data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agglomerative%20hierarchical%20clustering%20%28AHC%29" title="agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC)">agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biclustering" title=" biclustering"> biclustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20expression%20data" title=" gene expression data"> gene expression data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lymphoma" title=" lymphoma"> lymphoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20value%20decomposition%20%28SVD%29" title=" singular value decomposition (SVD)"> singular value decomposition (SVD)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72889/finding-bicluster-on-gene-expression-data-of-lymphoma-based-on-singular-value-decomposition-and-hierarchical-clustering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">228</span> Music Note Detection and Dictionary Generation from Music Sheet Using Image Processing Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ammar">Muhammad Ammar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Talha%20Ali"> Talha Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Basit"> Abdul Basit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bakhtawar%20Rajput"> Bakhtawar Rajput</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zobia%20Sohail"> Zobia Sohail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Music note detection is an area of study for the past few years and has its own influence in music file generation from sheet music. We proposed a method to detect music notes on sheet music using basic thresholding and blob detection. Subsequently, we created a notes dictionary using a semi-supervised learning approach. After notes detection, for each test image, the new symbols are added to the dictionary. This makes the notes detection semi-automatic. The experiments are done on images from a dataset and also on the captured images. The developed approach showed almost 100% accuracy on the dataset images, whereas varying results have been seen on captured images. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music%20note" title="music note">music note</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sheet%20music" title=" sheet music"> sheet music</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20music%20recognition" title=" optical music recognition"> optical music recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blob%20detection" title=" blob detection"> blob detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thresholding" title=" thresholding"> thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dictionary%20generation" title=" dictionary generation"> dictionary generation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133670/music-note-detection-and-dictionary-generation-from-music-sheet-using-image-processing-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">227</span> Long-Term Resilience Performance Assessment of Dual and Singular Water Distribution Infrastructures Using a Complex Systems Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kambiz%20Rasoulkhani">Kambiz Rasoulkhani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeanne%20Cole"> Jeanne Cole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sybil%20Sharvelle"> Sybil Sharvelle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Mostafavi"> Ali Mostafavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dual water distribution systems have been proposed as solutions to enhance the sustainability and resilience of urban water systems by improving performance and decreasing energy consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term resilience and robustness of dual water distribution systems versus singular water distribution systems under various stressors such as demand fluctuation, aging infrastructure, and funding constraints. To this end, the long-term dynamics of these infrastructure systems was captured using a simulation model that integrates institutional agency decision-making processes with physical infrastructure degradation to evaluate the long-term transformation of water infrastructure. A set of model parameters that varies for dual and singular distribution infrastructure based on the system attributes, such as pipes length and material, energy intensity, water demand, water price, average pressure and flow rate, as well as operational expenditures, were considered and input in the simulation model. Accordingly, the model was used to simulate various scenarios of demand changes, funding levels, water price growth, and renewal strategies. The long-term resilience and robustness of each distribution infrastructure were evaluated based on various performance measures including network average condition, break frequency, network leakage, and energy use. An ecologically-based resilience approach was used to examine regime shifts and tipping points in the long-term performance of the systems under different stressors. Also, Classification and Regression Tree analysis was adopted to assess the robustness of each system under various scenarios. Using data from the City of Fort Collins, the long-term resilience and robustness of the dual and singular water distribution systems were evaluated over a 100-year analysis horizon for various scenarios. The results of the analysis enabled: (i) comparison between dual and singular water distribution systems in terms of long-term performance, resilience, and robustness; (ii) identification of renewal strategies and decision factors that enhance the long-term resiliency and robustness of dual and singular water distribution systems under different stressors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20systems" title="complex systems">complex systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual%20water%20distribution%20systems" title=" dual water distribution systems"> dual water distribution systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long-term%20resilience%20performance" title=" long-term resilience performance"> long-term resilience performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-agent%20modeling" title=" multi-agent modeling"> multi-agent modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20and%20resilient%20water%20systems" title=" sustainable and resilient water systems"> sustainable and resilient water systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80952/long-term-resilience-performance-assessment-of-dual-and-singular-water-distribution-infrastructures-using-a-complex-systems-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80952.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">226</span> Reversible and Adaptive Watermarking for MRI Medical Images</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nisar%20Ahmed%20Memon">Nisar Ahmed Memon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new medical image watermarking scheme delivering high embedding capacity is presented in this paper. Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT), Companding technique and adaptive thresholding are used in this scheme. The proposed scheme implants, recovers the hidden information and restores the input image to its pristine state at the receiving end. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are used for experimental purposes. The scheme first segment the MRI medical image into non-overlapping blocks and then inserts watermark into wavelet coefficients having a high frequency of each block. The scheme uses block-based watermarking adopting iterative optimization of threshold for companding in order to avoid the histogram pre and post processing. Results show that proposed scheme performs better than other reversible medical image watermarking schemes available in literature for MRI medical images. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20thresholding" title="adaptive thresholding">adaptive thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=companding%20technique" title=" companding technique"> companding technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20authentication" title=" data authentication"> data authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reversible%20watermarking" title=" reversible watermarking"> reversible watermarking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57365/reversible-and-adaptive-watermarking-for-mri-medical-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57365.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">225</span> Setting Uncertainty Conditions Using Singular Values for Repetitive Control in State Feedback</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20A.%20Alsubaie">Muhammad A. Alsubaie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mubarak%20K.%20H.%20Alhajri"> Mubarak K. H. Alhajri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarek%20S.%20Altowaim"> Tarek S. Altowaim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A repetitive controller designed to accommodate periodic disturbances via state feedback is discussed. Periodic disturbances can be represented by a time delay model in a positive feedback loop acting on system output. A direct use of the small gain theorem solves the periodic disturbances problem via 1) isolating the delay model, 2) finding the overall system representation around the delay model and 3) designing a feedback controller that assures overall system stability and tracking error convergence. This paper addresses uncertainty conditions for the repetitive controller designed in state feedback in either past error feedforward or current error feedback using singular values. The uncertainty investigation is based on the overall system found and the stability condition associated with it; depending on the scheme used, to set an upper/lower limit weighting parameter. This creates a region that should not be exceeded in selecting the weighting parameter which in turns assures performance improvement against system uncertainty. Repetitive control problem can be described in lifted form. This allows the usage of singular values principle in setting the range for the weighting parameter selection. The Simulation results obtained show a tracking error convergence against dynamic system perturbation if the weighting parameter chosen is within the range obtained. Simulation results also show the advantage of weighting parameter usage compared to the case where it is omitted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20mismatch" title="model mismatch">model mismatch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repetitive%20control" title=" repetitive control"> repetitive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20values" title=" singular values"> singular values</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20feedback" title=" state feedback"> state feedback</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99234/setting-uncertainty-conditions-using-singular-values-for-repetitive-control-in-state-feedback" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99234.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">224</span> Robust Image Design Based Steganographic System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadiq%20J.%20Abou-Loukh">Sadiq J. Abou-Loukh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20M.%20Habbi"> Hanan M. Habbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a steganography to hide the transmitted information without excite suspicious and also illustrates the level of secrecy that can be increased by using cryptography techniques. The proposed system has been implemented firstly by encrypted image file one time pad key and secondly encrypted message that hidden to perform encryption followed by image embedding. Then the new image file will be created from the original image by using four triangles operation, the new image is processed by one of two image processing techniques. The proposed two processing techniques are thresholding and differential predictive coding (DPC). Afterwards, encryption or decryption keys are generated by functional key generator. The generator key is used one time only. Encrypted text will be hidden in the places that are not used for image processing and key generation system has high embedding rate (0.1875 character/pixel) for true color image (24 bit depth). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encryption" title="encryption">encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thresholding" title=" thresholding"> thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%0D%0Apredictive%20coding" title=" differential predictive coding"> differential predictive coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=four%20triangles%20operation" title=" four triangles operation "> four triangles operation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16654/robust-image-design-based-steganographic-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16654.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">223</span> Investigating Safe Operation Condition for Iterative Learning Control under Load Disturbances Effect in Singular Values</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20A.%20Alsubaie">Muhammad A. Alsubaie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An iterative learning control framework designed in state feedback structure suffers a lack in investigating load disturbance considerations. The presented work discusses the controller previously designed, highlights the disturbance problem, finds new conditions using singular value principle to assure safe operation conditions with error convergence and reference tracking under the influence of load disturbance. It is known that periodic disturbances can be represented by a delay model in a positive feedback loop acting on the system input. This model can be manipulated by isolating the delay model and finding a controller for the overall system around the delay model to remedy the periodic disturbances using the small signal theorem. The overall system is the base for control design and load disturbance investigation. The major finding of this work is the load disturbance condition found which clearly sets safe operation condition under the influence of load disturbances such that the error tends to nearly zero as the system keeps operating trial after trial. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iterative%20learning%20control" title="iterative learning control">iterative learning control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20values" title=" singular values"> singular values</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20feedback" title=" state feedback"> state feedback</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20disturbance" title=" load disturbance"> load disturbance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108485/investigating-safe-operation-condition-for-iterative-learning-control-under-load-disturbances-effect-in-singular-values" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108485.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">222</span> Spline Solution of Singularly Perturbed Boundary Value Problems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Mohammadi">Reza Mohammadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using quartic spline, we develop a method for numerical solution of singularly perturbed two-point boundary-value problems. The purposed method is fourth-order accurate and applicable to problems both in singular and non-singular cases. The convergence analysis of the method is given. The resulting linear system of equations has been solved by using a tri-diagonal solver. We applied the presented method to test problems which have been solved by other existing methods in references, for comparison of presented method with the existing methods. Numerical results are given to illustrate the efficiency of our methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second-order%20ordinary%20differential%20equation" title="second-order ordinary differential equation">second-order ordinary differential equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singularly-perturbed" title=" singularly-perturbed"> singularly-perturbed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quartic%20spline" title=" quartic spline"> quartic spline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convergence%20analysis" title=" convergence analysis"> convergence analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56960/spline-solution-of-singularly-perturbed-boundary-value-problems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56960.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">221</span> Maximum Initial Input Allowed to Iterative Learning Control Set-up Using Singular Values</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naser%20Alajmi">Naser Alajmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Alobaidly"> Ali Alobaidly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mubarak%20Alhajri"> Mubarak Alhajri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salem%20Salamah"> Salem Salamah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Alsubaie"> Muhammad Alsubaie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Iterative Learning Control (ILC) known to be a controlling tool to overcome periodic disturbances for repetitive systems. This technique is required to let the error signal tends to zero as the number of operation increases. The learning process that lies within this context is strongly dependent on the initial input which if selected properly tends to let the learning process be more effective compared to the case where a system starts from blind. ILC uses previous recorded execution data to update the following execution/trial input such that a reference trajectory is followed to a high accuracy. Error convergence in ILC is generally highly dependent on the input applied to a plant for trial $1$, thus a good choice of initial starting input signal would make learning faster and as a consequence the error tends to zero faster as well. In the work presented within, an upper limit based on the Singular Values Principle (SV) is derived for the initial input signal applied at trial $1$ such that the system follow the reference in less number of trials without responding aggressively or exceeding the working envelope where a system is required to move within in a robot arm, for example. Simulation results presented illustrate the theory introduced within this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=initial%20input" title="initial input">initial input</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iterative%20learning%20control" title=" iterative learning control"> iterative learning control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20input" title=" maximum input"> maximum input</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20values" title=" singular values"> singular values</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80692/maximum-initial-input-allowed-to-iterative-learning-control-set-up-using-singular-values" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 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