CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-ZK1E8XKBLT"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-ZK1E8XKBLT'); </script>  <title>WebElements Periodic Table » Bismuth » the essentials</title> <meta name="Description" content="This WebElements periodic table page contains the essentials for the element bismuth"> <meta name="keywords" content="bismuth, <?php print bismuth ?> atomic weight, periodicity, periodic table, chemical elements, <?php print bismuth ?> CAS registry, <?php print bismuth ?> atomic number, element name, element symbol, <?php print bismuth ?> atomic weight, standard state, colour, color, period,<?php print bismuth ?> description, isolation, chemistry, periodic table, periodic chart, periodic system, chemical elements, chemical, webelements, web-elements, Sheffield, science, element, elements, metal, gas, atoms"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_newlands/pure/pure-min.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_newlands/pure/grids-responsive-min.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_newlands/pure-layout-side-menu/css/layouts/side-menu.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_newlands/css/webelements.css?parameter=1"> <meta name="author" content="Prof Mark Winter, University of Sheffield"> <meta name="copyright" content="Copyright 2025 Prof Mark Winter"> <link rel="index" href="./"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png"> </head> <body> <div id="layout">  <a href="#menu" id="menuLink" class="menu-link">  <span></span> </a>  <div id="menu"> <div class="pure-menu"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item logo"><a href="../" class="pure-menu-link"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo" /></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item v"> <div id="NavigationPanel"> <table style="nav_panel"> <tr> <th class="navpanel-p"><a title="tin" href="../tin/index.html">Sn</a></th> <th class="navpanel-p"><a title="antimony" href="../antimony/index.html">Sb</a></th> <th class="navpanel-p"><a title="tellurium" href="../tellurium/index.html">Te</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navpanel-p"><a title="lead" href="../lead/index.html">Pb</a></th> <th class="navpanel-p">Bi</th> <th class="navpanel-p"><a title="polonium" href="../polonium/index.html">Po</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navpanel-p"><a title="flerovium" href="../flerovium/index.html">Fl</a></th> <th class="navpanel-p"><a title="moscovium" href="../moscovium/index.html">Mc</a></th> <th class="navpanel-p"><a title="livermorium" href="../livermorium/index.html">Lv</a></th> </tr> </table> </div> </li>  <li class="pure-menu-item v"> <div class="element_select_centre"><a class="imagelink" title="Switch to a different element from here" href="../index.html"><img class="" src="../_media/locs/Bi-loc.png" alt="Bismuth location" /></a> </div> </li>  <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../actinium/">Actinium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../aluminium/">Aluminium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../aluminium/">Aluminum</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../americium/">Americium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../antimony/">Antimony</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../argon/">Argon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../arsenic/">Arsenic</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../astatine/">Astatine ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../barium/">Barium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../berkelium/">Berkelium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../beryllium/">Beryllium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../bismuth/">Bismuth</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../bohrium/">Bohrium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../boron/">Boron</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../bromine/">Bromine</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../cadmium/">Cadmium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../caesium/">Caesium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../calcium/">Calcium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../californium/">Californium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../carbon/">Carbon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../cerium/">Cerium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../caesium/">Cesium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../chlorine/">Chlorine</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../chromium/">Chromium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../cobalt/">Cobalt</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../copernicium/">Copernicium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../copper/">Copper</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../curium/">Curium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../darmstadtium/">Darmstadtium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../dubnium/">Dubnium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../dysprosium/">Dysprosium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../einsteinium/">Einsteinium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../erbium/">Erbium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../europium/">Europium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../fermium/">Fermium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../flerovium/">Flerovium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../fluorine/">Fluorine</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../francium/">Francium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../gadolinium/">Gadolinium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../gallium/">Gallium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../germanium/">Germanium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../gold/">Gold</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../hafnium/">Hafnium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../hassium/">Hassium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../helium/">Helium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../holmium/">Holmium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../hydrogen/">Hydrogen</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../indium/">Indium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../iodine/">Iodine</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../iridium/">Iridium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../iron/">Iron</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../krypton/">Krypton</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../lanthanum/">Lanthanum</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../lawrencium/">Lawrencium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../lead/">Lead</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../lithium/">Lithium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../livermorium/">Livermorium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../lutetium/">Lutetium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../magnesium/">Magnesium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../manganese/">Manganese</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../meitnerium/">Meitnerium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../mendelevium/">Mendelevium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../mercury/">Mercury</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../molybdenum/">Molybdenum</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../moscovium/">Moscovium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../neodymium/">Neodymium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../neon/">Neon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../neptunium/">Neptunium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../nickel/">Nickel</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../nihonium/">Nihonium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../niobium/">Niobium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../nitrogen/">Nitrogen</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../nobelium/">Nobelium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../oganesson/">Oganesson ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../osmium/">Osmium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../oxygen/">Oxygen</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../palladium/">Palladium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../phosphorus/">Phosphorus</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../platinum/">Platinum</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../plutonium/">Plutonium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../polonium/">Polonium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../potassium/">Potassium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../praseodymium/">Praseodymium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../promethium/">Promethium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../protactinium/">Protactinium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../radium/">Radium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../radon/">Radon ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../rhenium/">Rhenium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../rhodium/">Rhodium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../roentgenium/">Roentgenium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../rubidium/">Rubidium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../ruthenium/">Ruthenium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../rutherfordium/">Rutherfordium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../samarium/">Samarium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../scandium/">Scandium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../seaborgium/">Seaborgium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../selenium/">Selenium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../silicon/">Silicon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../silver/">Silver</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../sodium/">Sodium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../strontium/">Strontium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../sulfur/">Sulfur</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../sulfur/">Sulphur</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../tantalum/">Tantalum</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../technetium/">Technetium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../tellurium/">Tellurium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../tennessine/">Tennessine ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../terbium/">Terbium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../thallium/">Thallium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../thorium/">Thorium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../thulium/">Thulium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../tin/">Tin</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../titanium/">Titanium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../tungsten/">Tungsten</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../uranium/">Uranium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../vanadium/">Vanadium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../xenon/">Xenon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../ytterbium/">Ytterbium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../yttrium/">Yttrium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zinc/">Zinc</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zirconium/">Zirconium</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-open pure-menu-horizontal centre" role="navigation" style="background: #000 url(../_media/elements/discharge/Bi.png) repeat-y center; background-size:contain;"> <span><a class="pure-menu-heading" href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo"></a> <a class="white" href="./">Bismuth - <sub>83</sub>Bi</a>  <audio id="myAudio_f"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_f/Bi.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button p_button" style=" display: inline;" type="button" onclick="audf_play_pause()"> 🔊  </button> <script> function audf_play_pause() { var myAudiof = document.getElementById("myAudio_f"); if (myAudiof.paused) { myAudiof.play(); } else { myAudiof.pause(); }} </script></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <a href="#" class="pure-menu-link pure-menu-heading">▸▸</a> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇬🇧 Bismuth</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇺🇦 Вісмут</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇨🇳 鉍</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇳🇱 Bismut</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇫🇷 Bismuth</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇩🇪 Bismut</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇱 ביסמות</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇹 Bismuto</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇯🇵 ビスマス</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇵🇹 Bismuto</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇪🇸 Bismuto</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇸🇪 Vismut</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇷🇺 Висмут</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input type="text" name="q" size="28"> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search"> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="p">Bismuth - <sub><small>83</small></sub>Bi: the essentials</h1> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <ul class="pure-menu-list z_menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a href="../bismuth/" class="pure-menu-link">▸▸ Bi Essentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/physics.html">Physical properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/atoms.html">Electron shell data</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/atom_sizes.html">Atom sizes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/electronegativity.html">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/isotopes.html" >Isotopes and NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/crystal_structure.html">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/thermochemistry.html">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/history.html">History</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/uses.html">Uses</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/geology.html">Geology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/biology.html">Biology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/compounds.html">Binary compounds</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/compound_properties.html" >Compound properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/chemistry.html">Element reactions</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bismuth/contents.html">List all Bi properties</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2">  <ul class="ul_facts_table"> <li><a href="../periodicity/name_english/" title="Element names">Name</a>: bismuth</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/name_english/" title="Element symbol">Symbol</a>: Bi</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/atomic_number/" title="Element atomic number">Atomic number</a>: 83 </li> <li><a href="../periodicity/atomic_weight/" title="Element atomic weight">Relative atomic mass (<i>A</i><sub>r</sub>)</a>: 208.98040 (1) </li> <li><a href="../periodicity/standard_state/" title="Element standard state">Standard state</a>: solid at 298 K</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/standard_state/" title="Element colour">Appearance</a>: lustrous reddish white</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/classification/" title="Classification of bismuth as metal, non-metal, or semi-metal">Classification</a>: Metallic </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2"> <ul class="ul_facts_table"> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The group within which bismuth is located">Group in periodic table</a>: 15</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The name of the group (if there is one) within which bismuth is located">Group name</a>: Pnictogen</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The period within which bismuth is located">Period in periodic table</a>: 6</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The block within which bismuth is located">Block in periodic table</a>: p</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/electron_shell_structure/" title="Shell structure">Shell structure</a>: 2.8.18.32.18.5 </li> <li><a href="../periodicity/cas_registry_id/" title="Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry numbers for the elements">CAS Registry</a>: 7440-69-9</li> </ul> </div> </div> <p class="p_first"> Bismuth atoms have 83 electrons and the <strong><a href="../periodicity/electron_shell_structure/">shell structure</a></strong> is 2.8.18.32.18.5. The <strong> <a href="../periodicity/electronic_configuration/">ground state electronic configuration of neutral bismuth is</a></strong> [<strong>Xe</strong>].<strong>4f</strong><sup>14</sup>.<strong>5d</strong><sup>10</sup>.<strong>6s</strong><sup>2</sup>.<strong>6p</strong><sup>3</sup> and the <strong><a href="../periodicity/term_symbol/">term symbol of bismuth </a> is</strong> <sup>4</sup><strong>S</strong><sub>3/2</sub>. </p> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: description  <audio id="myAudio_desc"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_description/Bi.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button p_button" style="display: inline;" type="button" onclick="auddesc_play_pause()">🔊</button> <script> function auddesc_play_pause() { var myAudiodesc = document.getElementById("myAudio_desc"); if (myAudiodesc.paused) { myAudiodesc.play(); } else { myAudiodesc.pause(); }} </script> </h2> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <p class="p_first">Bismuth is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (that is, the greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field).</p> <p class="pure-img"><img src="../_media/elements/element_pictures/Bi.jpg" title="bismuth" alt="bismuth" /></p> <p class="pure-img"><img src="../_media/elements/cartoons/Bi.jpg" alt="Science and Ink cartoon for bismuth" /><br/>Cartoon by Nick D Kim (<a href="http://www.lab-initio.com">[Science and Ink]</a>, used by permission).</p> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g display_table"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: physical properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/density/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity for density of elemental solids"><img alt="Density of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Density of solid</a>: 9780 kg m<sup>-3</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/molar_volume/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity for molar volumes of the elements"><img alt="Molar volume of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Molar volume</a>: 21.31 cm<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/thermal_conduct/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of thermal conductivity in the periodic table"><img alt="Thermal conductivity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Thermal conductivity</a>: 8 W m<sup>‑1</sup> K<sup>‑1</sup></li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./physics.html">More physical properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: heat properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/melting_point/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of melting point in the periodic table"><img alt="Melting point on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Melting point</a>: 544.4 [271.3 °C (520.3 °F)] K</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/boiling_point/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of boiling point in the periodic table"><img alt="Boiling point on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Boiling point</a>: 1837 [1564 °C (2847 °F)] K</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/enthalpy_fusion/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of fusion enthalpy in the periodic table"><img alt="Enthalpy of fusion on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Enthalpy of fusion</a>: 20.5 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./thermochemistry.html">More thermochemical properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: atom sizes</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/atom_radius_emp/" title="View atomic radius data for the elements"><img alt="Atomic radius (empirical) of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Atomic radius (empirical)</a>: 160 pm</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/rad_cov_single/" title="View molecular single bond covalent radii data for the elements"><img alt="Covalent (single bond) radius on a periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Molecular single bond covalent radius</a>: 151 (coordination number 3) ppm</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/van_der_waals_rad/" title="View van der Waals' radius data for the elements"><img alt="van der Waals radius on a periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> van der Waals radius</a>: [ 280 ] ppm</li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./atom_sizes.html">More atomc size properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: electronegativities</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/eneg_pauling/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Pauling electronegativity"><img alt="Pauling electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Pauling electronegativity</a>: 2.02 (Pauling units)</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/eneg_allred_rochow/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Allred Rochow electronegativity"><img alt="Allred-Rochow electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Allred Rochow electronegativity</a>: 1.67 (Pauling units)</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/eneg_mulliken_j/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity"><img alt="Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity</a>: 2.15 (20% s orbital)</li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./electronegativity.html">More electronegativity properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: orbital properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_1/" title="View definition and pictures showing first ionisation energies"><img alt="First ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> First ionisation energy</a>: 702.95 kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_2/" title="View definition and pictures showing second ionisation energies"><img alt="Second ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Second ionisation energy</a>: 1611.6 kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_3/" title="View definition and pictures showing third ionisation energies"><img alt="Third ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Third ionisation energy</a>: 2466.5 kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup></li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./atoms.html">More orbital properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: abundances</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_universe/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in the universe"><img alt="Chemical elements abundance by weight in the universe on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Universe</a>: 0.7 ppb by weight</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_crust/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in the earth's crust"><img alt="Chemical elements abundance by weight in the earth's crust on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Crustal rocks</a>: 25 ppb by weight</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_humans/" title="Abundance in humans of the chemical elements displayed graphically"><img alt="Chemical elements abundance by weight in humans on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Human</a>: (no data) ppb by weight</li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./geology.html">More geological data...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: crystal structure</h2> <figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/elements/crystal_structure_image/Bi-sf.jpg" alt="Bi crystal structure"><figcaption>The solid state structure of bismuth is: monoclinic.</figcaption></figure> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./crystal_structure.html">More crystallographic data...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: biological data</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_humans/" title="View definition and pictures showing human abundance by weight"><img alt="Human abundance by weight of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Human abundance by weight</a>: (no data) ppb by weight</li> </ul> <p class="p_first">Bismuth has no biological role. However it has been used for some time as a medicine (tripotassium dicitratobismuthate) for treatment of stomach upsets. In combination with antibiotics it is now used for treatment of some stomach ulcers. It is also to be found in haemorrhoid creams such as Anusol cream and Hemocaneas as bismuth oxide and in Anusol ointment as bismuth subgallate.</p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./biology.html">More biological data...</a></p> <div> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9334432533380510" data-ad-slot="2897369985"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: uses</h2> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./uses.html">Uses...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: reactions</h2> <p> Reactions of bismuth as the element with air, water, halogens, acids, and bases where known. </p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./chemistry.html">View reactions of bismuth...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: binary compounds</h2> <p> Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of bismuth where known. </p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./compounds.html">View binary compounds...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: compound properties</h2> <p> Bond strengths; lattice energies of bismuth halides, hydrides, oxides (where known); and reduction potentials where known. </p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./compound_properties.html">View compound properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: history</h2> <strong>Bismuth</strong> was <a href="../periodicity/discovery/" title="Further information on element discoveries">discovered</a> by known since ancient times in unknown at not known. <a href="../periodicity/discovery/" title="Further information on element discoveries">Origin of name</a>: from the German word "<em>bisemutum</em>". <p><a class="pure-button" href="./history.html">More history...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: isotopes</h2> <div><figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/elements/isotopes/isotope_abundance_Bi.png" alt="Isotope abundances of bismuth" /><figcaption>Isotope abundances of bismuth with the most intense signal set to 100%.</figcaption></figure></div> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./isotopes.html">More isotope and NMR data...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-1"> <h2 class="p">Bismuth: isolation</h2> <p class="p_first"> <a href="../periodicity/isolation/" title="literature sources referring to isolation of pure bismuth">Isolation</a>: it is not normally necessary to make bismuth in the laboratory as it is available commercially. Bismuth is found in nature largely as bismite (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), bismuthinite (Bi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>), and bismutite [(BiO)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>]. However it is generally made as a byproduct of copper, lead,tin, silver, gold, and zinc plants. The final step involves a reduction of the oxide by charcoal.</p> </div> </div>  </main> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Electronegativity </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/">Melting point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/density/">Density </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/molar_volume/">Molar volume</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/ionis_energy_1/">Ionization energy (1st)</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/covalent_radius/">Covalent radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/metallic_radius/">Metallic radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/abund_crust/">Abundance: earth's crust</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Shop</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">Sorry, shop closed</li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Social</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/webelements.periodic.table">Facebook</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://twitter.com/periodic_table">Twitter</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.pinterest.com/periodictable/">Pinterest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Administration</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/your-privacy/" title="Your privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/about-webelements/" title="About WebElements">About</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/" title="Copyright information about WebElements">Copyright</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/acknowledgements/" title="Acknowledgements">Thanks...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <address> <p> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/"><img class="logo_m" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements home" /></a><br /> <strong>WebElements:</strong> THE periodic table on the WWW [<a href="https://www.webelements.com/">www.webelements.com</a>]<br /> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/">Copyright </a> 1993-2025 <a href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/">Mark Winter</a> [ <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/chemistry/">The University of Sheffield </a> and WebElements Ltd, UK]. All rights reserved.</p> <p>You can reference the WebElements periodic table as follows:<br />"WebElements, https://www.webelements.com, accessed April 2025."</p> </address> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <script src="../_newlands/javascript/menus.js"></script> <script src="../_newlands/pure-layout-side-menu/js/ui.js"></script> </body> </html>