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The earliest names of Frisian rulers are documented by the chronicles of the [[Merovingian]] ([[Franks|Frankish]]) kings, with whom they were contemporaries. In these chronicles, these rulers were styled ''dux'', a [[Latin]] term for leader which is the origin of the title ''[[duke]]'' and its cognates in other languages. English sources refer to them as kings. After coming under Frankish rule, the Frisian districts were governed by counts, later on also by dukes and bishops exerting the count's privileges. The power of these counts was restricted, however, due to the decentralized nature of the maritime landscape, which prevented large-scale military operations. After the [[Treaty of Verdun]] (843) Frisia was allocated to [[Middle Francia]], after the [[Treaty of Meersen]] (870) it became part of [[East Francia]], i.e. the [[Kingdom of Germany|German Kingdom]]. The foreign - largely Saxon - magnates that held office were dependent on local nobles helping them to exploit privileges, administer justice and raise troops. Only in the coastal districts of Holland a local dynasty developed, due to extensive royal domains. In fact, the Frisians were ruled by local officials such as the ''[[frana]]'' and ''[[skelta]]'', that were in most cases appointed by counts. As the power of counts waned during the 12th century, these functionaries were replaced by elected ''[[grietman]]nen'' (prosecutors) in Friesland or ''[[redjeva]]'' (judges or ''[[advocatus|advocati]]'') in Groningen and East-Frisia. The position of ''grietmannen'' evolved towards a government office and was ultimately transformed into the office of [[mayor]] in 1851. == Kingdom of Frisia == {{further|Frisian Kingdom}} Note that a supposed "House of Frisia" as well as the names of most members of the house are mythological or fictitious. Early modern historians created the story of a continuous dynasty. After the [[Migration Period]], several [[Frisian Kingdom]]s may have emerged in the districts northwest of the Frankish Kingdom, each districts characterized by a distincive style of ornaments. One of these kingdoms may have been ruled by the legendary [[Finn (Frisian)|Finn]], son of Folcwald, well known from ''[[Beowulf]]'', ''[[Widsith]]'' and the ''[[Finnesburg Fragment]]''. According the legend, Finn was killed by the Saxon leader [[Hengist and Horsa|Hengist]], who migrated to [[Great Britain|Britain]] in 449 and founded the [[Kingdom of Kent]] thereafter. The early medieval Frisians were in fact, like Hengist and Horsa, immigrants from Anglo-Saxon descent, absorbing the older name of the Frisii that inhabitated the area in Roman times. Under [[Radbod of Frisia]] the Frisian kingship reached its maximum geographical extent, covering the coastal districts of [[North Holland|North]] and [[South Holland]] (''Frisia ulterior'') with parts of [[Utrecht]] and the town of [[Dorestad]] (''Frisia citerior''). Radbod may also have extended his power to the province of Fryslân, but his rule did not extend farther East. The province of [[Zeeland]] may already have been under Frankish rule during his lifetime. In 722 the Frisian land west of the River [[Vlie]] came under Frankish rule and were christianized. In 734, after the [[Battle of the Boarn]], the area west of the [[Lauwers]] (nowadays [[Friesland]]) was occupied by the Franks. The Frisians east of the Lauwers ([[Groningen]] and [[East Frisia]]) were subjugated in 785. The Frisians immigrants of the isle of [[Helgoland]] and in [[Schleswig-Holstein]] remained under Danish or Jutish rule. {{Succession table monarch | name1 = '''[[Finn (Frisian)|Finn Folcwalding]]''' | nickname1 = | native1 = | life1 = | reignstart1 = | reignend1 = before 449 | notes1 = legendary | family1 = | image1 = | alt1 = | | name2 = '''[[Audulf]]''' | nickname2 = | native2 = | life2 = | reignstart2 = c. 600 | reignend2 = c. 630 | notes2 = disputed, probably in Westergo, but may have been a Frankish [[moneyer]]; attested only in a small number of Merovingian-style golden coins and ;<ref>{{citation |last=Grierson |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Grierson |url=https://jaarboekvoormuntenpenningkunde.nl/jaarboek/1973/1973-1974e.pdf |title=Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde |volume=60/61 |date=1973–1974 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Munt- en Penningkunde |editor=H. Enno van Gelder |editor2=H.R. Kiezebrink |editor3=G. van der Meer |editor4=A.T. Puister |editor5=H.J. van der Wiel |display-editors=0 |contribution=Korte Bijdragen: A New Audulfus Frisia Triens |pages=153–156 }}.</ref> | family2 = | image2 = | alt2 = | | name3 = '''[[Aldgisl]]''' | native3 = Aldegisel | life3 = | reignstart3 = 650/77 | reignend3 = 679 | notes3 = first Frisian monarch attested in historical sources | family3 = | image3 = | alt3 = | | name4 = '''[[Radbod of Frisia]]''' | nickname4 = Redbad, Radboud | native4 = | life4 = | reignstart4 = 679 | reignend4 = 719 | notes4 = son of [[Aldgisl]] | family4 = | image4 = | alt4 = | | name5 = '''[[Poppo (Frisian)|Poppo]]''' | nickname5 = Bubo, Bobba | native5 = | life5 = | reignstart5 = | reignend5 = 734 | notes5 = called a ''dux'' (count) in Frankish sources, ruled East of the River [[Vlie]] | family5 = | image5 = | alt5 = }} ===Fictitious kings, princes and dukes=== During the 15th and 16th centuries historians from Holland and [[Friesland]] invented a series of Frisian monarchs. The historian Goffe Jensma states in his introduction to a course at the University of Amsterdam: :"One of the characteristics of Frisian historiography and literature from the Middle Ages up to the nineteenth and twentieth century is the existence of a comprehensive corpus of fantastic, apocryphal and mystified historic works, which deal with the origins and identity of the Frisians. Well known examples are medieval myths of origin like the ''Gesta Frisiorum'' or the ''Tractatus Alvini'', sixteenth-century humanistic scholarly books by e.g. Suffridus Petrus, Ocko van Scarl en [[Martinus Hamconius]] and nineteenth-century forgeries like the ''Tescklaow'' and the infamous ''[[Oera Linda Book]]''."<ref>Goffe Jensma, '[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fstudiegids.uva.nl%2Fweb%2Fuva%2F2008_2009%2Fen%2Fc%2F6573.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url Historical Frisian Literature: Fakes and Forgeries, myths and mystifications in Frisian Literature]', in: ''Studiegids Universiteit van Amsterdam'', 2011 (archive) {{in lang|nl}}</ref> Several names of Frisian kings appear in 14th- and 15th-century chronicles from Holland and Hainaut. Among these names three stand out. The name Gondebald or Gondebuef is derived from the 12th-century ''[[Historia Caroli Magni]]''. Here he is introduced as a Christian king, who fell at [[Roncevalles]] and was buried in a collective mound in [[Belin-Béliet]]. He plays a role in [[Count of Holland#House of Avesnes|Hainaut]]-[[Count of Holland#Wittelsbach|Bavarian]] historiography, because his name was linked to dynastic claims regarding the Kingdom of Friesland. Aldgisl II and Radboud II are doubles of Aldgisl I and Redbad I, and were also depicted as Christian Kings and ancestors of several noble families in Holland. Radboud II was supposed to have been the first [[House of Egmond|Lord of Egmond]], married to a Princess Amarra of [[Hungary]] (i.e. of the Huns) and according to the legend buried on Lord Radbod's cemetery (''Heer Raetbouts kerckhof'') in [[Egmond aan den Hoef|Rinnegom]] near the Abbey of [[Egmond-Binnen|Egmond]]. The historian [[Eggerik Beninga]] from [[East Frisia]] introduced a King Ritzart, who was supposed to have lived 625. The classicist Suffridus Petrus (1527-1597), professor in Cologne and official chronicler of the Estates of [[Friesland]] and his successor in Friesland Bernardus Furmerius (1545-1616) constructed a series of fictitious princes, dukes and kings, beginning with Prince [[Friso]], son of Adel, who had allegedly migrated from [[India]] during the time of [[Alexander the Great]]. The list was completed by [[Martinus Hamconius]] in his chronicle ''Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus'' (1609, 2nd. ed. 1623). According to the latter, there had been seven princes of Frisia, followed by seven dukes and nine kings. The dynasty of kings was succeeded by seventeen [[Potestaat of Friesland|podestà]]s ([[stadtholder]]s or governors), of which only the last one was historical.<ref>Martinus Hamconius, ''[https://picryl.com/media/verthoninghe-der-coninghen-bisschoppen-princen-potestaten-heeren-ende-graven-689718 Verthoninghe der Coninghen, Bisschoppen, Princen, Potestaten, Heeren ende Graven van Vrieslant, met de gedenckweerdichtsche saecken van haer, zoo buiten als binnen ’s lants gedaen van aanbegin tot den jare MDCXVII]'', Franeker 1617 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=4Fl537OOA_EC reissued] by Montanus de Haan Hettema, Workum 1844, also in: ''De Vrije Fries'' 3 (1844), [https://books.google.com/books?id=7dlJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA332 p. 332-410])</ref><ref>Wopke Eekhoff, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UyGnW5o8lHEC&pg=PA487 Beknopte Geschiedenis van Friesland in hoofdtrekken]'', Leeuwarden 1851, p. 487-491.</ref> All four lists focused on the province of Friesland and not on the other parts of [[Frisia Magna|Frisia]]. '''Seven Princes''' *[[Friso]], 313-245 BCE, established a militaristic hereditary monarchy *Adel, 245-151 BCE *Ubbo, 151-71 BCE *Asinga Ascon, 71 BCE-AD 11, reviled for employing foreign troops and bringing plague *Diocarus Segon, AD 11-46 *Dibbaldus Segon, 46-85 *Tabbo, 85-130 '''Seven dukes''' *Asconius, AD 130-173, his title downgraded to duke as he was supposed to have been a Roman client *[[Adelbold]]us, 173-187 *Titus Boiocalus, 187-240 *Ubbo, 240-299 *Haron Ubbo, 299-335 *Odilbaldus, 335-360 *Udolphus Haron, 360-392 '''Nine kings''' *Richardus, Uffo, 392-435 *Odilbaldus, 435-470 *Richoldus, 470-533 *Beroaldus, 533-590 *Adgillus I, 590-672 *Radbodus I, 672-723 *Adgillus II, 723-737, loyal Christian vassal of the Franks, brother of Poppo *Gondobaldus, 737-749 (also Aldegisel III), son of Aldgillus II *Radbodus II, 749-775. He was, according Hamconius, a heathen and grew up in the court of the King of Denmark. He was supposed to have participated in the [[Saxon Wars|Saxon rebellion]] and thought to have fled back to Denmark, after which the Kingdom of Frisia was dissolved. Medieval [[chivalric romance]]s contain the names of other fictitious Frisian kings. French romances refer to Enguerran, Galesis, Gondelbuef, Hugon (de Vauvenice), Louhout, Polions, Rabel and Raimbault de Frise, the last two as corrupted forms of Radbod. The 13th-century Old Norse ''[[Þiðreks saga]]'', translated from a lost Lower German original, contains the names of the Frisian kings Osid and his son Otnid, supposedly the father and brother of the famous [[Atilla|Atli (Atilla) the Hun]]. [[Layamon's Brut|Layamon's ''Brut'']] mentions ''King Calin of Frisselond'' (corrupted to Kinkailin) as one of the regional kings who was subordinate to [[King Arthur]]. ===Oera Linda Book=== A 19th century pseudo-chronicle, the ''[[Oera Linda Book]]'' (1872), embellished these stories further by describing an ancient and glorious history for the Frisians extending back thousands of years. Originally, they were supposedly ruled over by a line of matriarchs known as folk-mothers, founded by the eponymous goddess [[Frijjo|Frya]] as an ancestress of all Frisians. The authorship is uncertain, but the book is generally considered to be a hoax or [[parody]]. Several legendary princes from 16th-century mythical historiography were also incorporated in the story. '''Fictitious goddesses and folk-mothers''' *[[Frijjo|Frya]], ?–2194 BCE, eponymous ancestress of the Frisians, who supposedly inhabited all of Northern and Western [[Europe]]) *[[Fasta (Frisian)|Fasta]], 2194–after 2145 BCE (appointed by Frya when the latter ascended to the stars during a terrible flood) *Medea *Thiania *Hellenia *Minna, ''fl.'' 2013 BCE, faced an invasion of [[Finns]] from the east, who settled in the Frisian lands in [[Scandinavia]] *Rosamond, 1631-? BCE, the Frisians in Western Europe revolted and became the [[Celts]] *Hellicht, ''fl.'' 1621 BCE *Frana, ?–590 BCE, murdered by the Finns during an invasion *Adela (''de facto''), 590–559 BCE, supposedly ordered the compilation of what became the ''Oera Linda Book'' *Gosa, 306–before 264 BCE, elected after a long vacancy, Frisian rule confined to approximately the modern [[Netherlands]]) *Prontlik, ''fl. c.'' 60 BCE, puppet folk-mother appointed by King Asinga Ascon '''Fictitious kings''' *Adel I Friso ''de facto'', 304-264 BCE *Adel II Atharik ("Rich of friends"), 264-? BCE *Adel III Ubbo *Adel IV Asega Askar ("Black Adel") == Frankish Frisia: counts and dukes == [[File:Lex Frisionum division.png|thumb|Division of Frisia by the Lex Frisionum]] Poppo's defeat generally marks the conquest of Frisia by the Franks, following the defeat Frisia is divided in three parts: *West Frisia, the region from the [[Scheldt]] to the [[Vlie]] roughly the modern region of [[Holland]] conquered in 719 *Middle Frisia, the region from the [[Vlie]] to the [[Lauwers]] roughly the modern territory of the province [[Fryslân]] conquered in 734 *East Frisia, the region from the [[Lauwers]] to the [[Weser]] conquered in 775 It is further divided in [[Gau (territory)|Gaue]] In 785 the [[Franks]] under [[Charlemagne]] took control of what remained of the Frisian territory (East Frisia) and incorporated it into their kingdom. Counts appointed by the Frankish rulers were: === West Frisia 719-1101 === * 793–810, [[Nordalah]], ruled [[Wieringen]] * -837, Ekkehard (Eggihard), ruled [[Walcheren]] ==== House of Jutland ==== {{see also|Harald Klak}} * 841–844, [[Harald the Younger]], in [[Walcheren]] * 855–873, [[Rodulf Haraldsson]], succeeded Harald the Younger, his region of [[Zeeland]] became part of [[West Francia]] after the [[Treaty of Meersen]] * 839–875, [[Rorik of Dorestad]], acquired all of West Frisia, [[Utrecht (provincie)|Utrecht]] and [[Dorestad]], ruled from [[Wieringen]] === House of Godfrid === * 882–885, [[Godfrid, Duke of Frisia|Godfrid]], reconquered Rorik's domain ==== House of West Frisia ==== {{Further|Count of Holland#Counts of Holland and West-Frisia (885–1433)}} Godfrid was ambushed and killed, count Gerolf is believed to have been one of the nobles involved in the attack as he is rewarded shortly after with most of Godfrid's domain: the coastline from [[Vlie]] to [[Meuse]] and upriver the [[Gaue]] Nifterlake, Lek & IJssel and several properties in [[Teisterbant]]. However, this 'reward' was granted four years after Godfrid's death by Arnulf of Carinthia, and not by Charles the Fat, his predesessor, who was behind the plot to kill Godfrid.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nieuwenhuijsen |first=Kees |title=Strijd om West-Frisia. De ontstaansgeschiedenis van het graafschap Holland: 900-1100. |date=2016 |publisher=Omniboek |year=2016 |isbn=9789401907569 |pages=22 |language=Dutch}}</ref> * 883–916, [[Gerolf of Holland|Gerulf the younger]], plausible son of Deodred (Diederik) * 916–939, [[Dirk I, Count of Holland|Dirk I]], Dirk inherited most of the coastline of Gerulf's domain. [[Waldger]], Dirk's brother inherited the eastern inland territories. * 939–988, [[Dirk II, Count of Holland|Dirk II]], Ruled West Frisia now roughly the [[Gaue]] [[Maasland]], [[Kennemerland]] and [[Texel]] * 988–993, [[Arnulf, Count of Holland|Arnulf I]], killed by rebelling Frisians, for the Frisians of [[West Friesland (region)|roughly the Gau Westflinge]] this marks the beginning of the [[Frisian Freedom]] and approximately 300 years of [[self-governance]] * 993–1039, [[Dirk III of Holland|Dirk III]], moved his court south to [[Vlaardingen]] * 1039–1049, [[Dirk IV of Holland|Dirk IV]] * 1049–1061, [[Floris I, Count of Holland|Floris I]], brother of Dirk IV * 1061–1091, [[Dirk V, Count of Holland|Dirk V]], fought a long war to claim his inheritance * 1091–1101, [[Floris II, Count of Holland|Floris II the Fat]], the title "Count of Frisia west of the Vlie" was changed to "Count of Holland". Continues in [[Counts of Holland]]. === Middle Frisia 734-1222 === * 734?-754-768, [[Alfbad]] ([[Praefectus]] Abba), governed at least Oostergo * 768–793, Theoderic (Diederik), killed in the [[Frisian-Frankish wars|Uprising of 793]], his domain is unknown but likely somewhere in between the [[Vlie]] and [[Weser]] * 810-834 & 839-???, [[Gerulf I of Frisia|Gerulf the elder]], plausible son of theoderic, Reeve of Frisians from [[Vlie]] to [[Weser]] * c.820, Deodred (Diederik), plausible son of Gerulf the elder, held lands in the [[Westerkwartier]] * 824?-834-855, [[Gerhart]], plausibly related to Deodred, ruled in Westergo * 855–870, Wiccing, also held lands in [[Westerkwartier]] * 870-873?, [[Albdag]], defended Oostergo against [[Rodulf Haraldsson]] * -885-, Gardulf, mentioned together with Gerulf the younger and plausibly related * 921–945, [[Reginbert of Seldenbüren|Reginbert]], Ruled in [[Franeker]] the traditional seat of government for Westergo and likely family of the Reginingen that held considerable property across Middle Frisia and the west [[Frisian Islands]] * 945–966, Gerbert, son of Reginbert In 775, [[Charles the Great]] made [[Frisia]] officially part of the [[Frankish Kingdom]]. The wars ended with the last uprising of the Frisians in 793 and the pacification of them. Counts were appointed by the Frankish monarchs. However, Danish [[Vikings]] raided Frisia in the end of the 9th century and established Viking rule. After the division of the Frankish Kingdom in [[West Francia]] and [[East Francia]], they gained more autonomy. {{Succession table monarch | name1 = '''[[Alfbad]]''' | nickname1 = Abba, Boppa | native1 = | life1 = | reignstart1 = 749 | reignend1 = 775/786 | notes1 = possibly son of [[Redbad, King of the Frisians|Redbad]] | family1 = Frisia | image1 = Friesland (kleine wapen).svg | alt1 = Coat of arms in use centuries later | | name2 = '''[[Nordalah]]''' | nickname2 = | native2 = | life2 = | reignstart2 = 786? | reignend2 = 806? | notes2 = son of [[Alfbad]] | family2 = Frisia | image2 = Friesland (kleine wapen).svg | alt2 = Coat of arms in use centuries later | | name3 = '''Dirk''' | nickname3 = | native3 = | life3 = | reignstart3 = 806? | reignend3 = 810? | notes3 = | family3 = Frisia | image3 = Friesland (kleine wapen).svg | alt3 = Coat of arms in use centuries later | | name4 = '''[[Godfrid Haraldsson|Godfrey]]''' | nickname4 = | native4 = | life4 = | reignstart4 = 807/08 | reignend4 = 839? | notes4 = invader | family4 = [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] | image4 =Arms_of_Denmark.svg | alt4 = Coat of arms in use centuries later | | name5 = '''[[Rorik of Dorestad|Rorik]]''' | nickname5 = | native5 = | life5 = | reignstart5 = ca. 841 | reignend5 = ca. 873 | notes5 = cousin of Godfrey; invader | family5 = [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] | image5 =Arms_of_Denmark.svg | alt5 = Coat of arms in use centuries later | | name6 = '''[[Gerulf I of Frisia|Gerulf I]]''' | nickname6 = Gerulf the Elder | native6 = Gerolf de Oude | life6 = | reignstart6 = before 839 | reignend6 = after 855 | notes6 = son of Dirk or [[Nordalah]]?; [[Vogt|reeve]] of the [[Frisians]] between [[Vlie]] and the river [[Weser]] | family6 = Frisia | image6 = Friesland (kleine wapen).svg | alt6 = Coat of arms in use centuries later | }} === House of Billung === {{see also|Billung}} * 955–994, [[Egbert the One-Eyed|Ekbert the one eyed]], inherits frisian lands likely through his maternal grandmother [[Reginhilde]], possible sister of Reginbert and mother of [[Matilda of Ringelheim]] * 994-1024-1030?, [[Wichmann III]] & Ekbert, sons of Egbert the one eyed ==== House of Brunswick ==== {{see also|Brunonen}} * 1024?-1038, [[Liudolf, Margrave of Frisia|Liudolf]], either through marriage with the daughter of Ekbert or conquest * 1038–1057, [[Bruno II (Frisia)|Bruno]], son of Liudolf, expands middle frisia with the [[ommelanden]] * 1057–1068, [[Egbert I, Margrave of Meissen|Egbert I]], son of Bruno * 1068-1086?-1089, [[Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen|Egbert II]], son of Egbert I, punished for his participation in the [[Saxon revolt of 1073–1075|Saxon Rebellion]] * 1089–1099, Egbert's properties in Frisia are given to the [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|Bishopric of Utrecht]], [[Conrad (bishop of Utrecht)|Bishop Conrad]] ==== House of Nordheim ==== * 1099–1101, [[Henry, Margrave of Frisia|Henry I the Fat]], through marriage with Gertrude, daughter of Egbert II, Murdered on arrival * 1101–1117, Otto III, son of Henry the Fat * 1117-?, [[Otto I, Count of Salm]], through marriage with [[Gertrude of Northeim]], the daughter of Henry the Fat Otto III failed to establish his rule in Frisia, and the land reverted to the bishop of Utrecht. Utrecht and Holland fought over the rights to Middle Frisia, and from 1165 administered it in [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]]. With the Hollandic counts and Utrecht bishops failing to agree under whose authority the Frisians would fall, they were left to rule themselves. ==== House of Holland ==== {{see also|Count of Holland}} * 1203?-1222, [[William I, Count of Holland|William of Frisia]], in 1178 William's brother Baldwin becomes bishop of Utrecht while his other brother [[Dirk VII, Count of Holland|Dirk VII]] is Count of Holland so Holland and Utrecht agree to make William ruler of Middle Frisia, his power in Frisia fades after his victory in the [[Loon War]] and his descendants would not inherit it. Many Frisians followed William in the [[Fifth crusade]] as documented in [[De itinere Frisonum]]. ==== Upstalsboom Treaty ==== * 1156, The Frisian [[Diet (assembly)|diet]] or [[Thing (assembly)|ding]] at the Upstalsboom. What starts out as a loose gathering becomes an increasingly formal alliance or [[Confederation|Confederacy]], in a response to increased [[Friso-Hollandic Wars|aggression from the counts of Holland]], continues in [[Potestaat of Friesland]] === East Frisia 775-1220 === ==== House of Frisia ==== * 768–793, [[Theoderic]] (Diederik), killed in the [[Frisian-Frankish wars|Uprising of 793]], his domain is unknown but likely somewhere in between the [[Vlie]] and [[Weser]] * 810-834 & 839-???, [[Gerulf I of Frisia|Gerulf the elder]] The Frankish kings divided the region in at least two parts. How the region between the [[Lauwers]] and the [[Eems]] is defined remains unclear. The western part of East Frisia was centered around the mouth of the [[Eems]] roughly corresponding to [[Emsigerland|Emsgau]] and [[Federgo|Federgau]]. The eastern part was centered around the mouth of the [[Weser]], encompassing the [[Norderland|Nordendi]], [[Auricherland|Astergau]], [[Wangerland]], Östringen and [[Rüstringen]], assumed to be the county that Harald Klak received. [[File:Frisian counties.png|thumb|Rough outline of the four counties of Frisia east of the [[Vlie]] ]] === Ommelanden === * c.820, Diederik, held lands in [[Westerkwartier]] * 855–870, Wiccing, also held lands in [[Westerkwartier]] ==== House of Meginhard ==== * 843–880, [[Wichmann II Meginhardi|Wichman II]] * 892–932, [[Ekbert Meginhardi|Ekbert]], also known as Egbert Billung ===== House of Billung ===== {{see also|Billung}} * 932–938, [[Wichmann the Elder|Wichman I]], * 936?-973, [[Hermann Billung|Herman I]] ===== {{Interlanguage link|Grafen von Werl|de|lt=House of Werl}} ===== * ?-1044, [[Rudolf von Werl]] ===== House of Brunswick ===== {{see also|Brunonen}} * 1047–1057, [[Bruno II of Brunswick|Bruno]], expands middle frisia with the [[ommelanden]] * 1057–1061, [[Egbert I, Margrave of Meissen|Egbert I]] * 1068–1089, [[Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen|Egbert II]] Not much is known about the region following the [[Brunonen]], it eventually joins into the [[Upstalboom treaty]]. The city of [[Groningen]], at the time in [[Drenthe]] becomes very powerful. It quickly becomes an important member of the [[Frisian Freedom|free Frisian lands]] and towards the end of the 14th century comes to rule over the [[Ommelanden]]. Groningen joined the other six provinces in Februari 1595 and formed the seventh province of the [[Dutch Republic|Seven Provinces]] === Emsgau === ==== {{Interlanguage link|Ekbertiner|de|lt=House of Ekbert}} ==== * 822–855, Cobbo the Elder, possible son of Ekbert duke of Saxony at the time ==== {{Interlanguage link|Grafen von Werl|de|lt=House of Werl}} ==== * -899- Adalbert * Herman * c.947-955, Hendrik * c.955-986, Herman I * 997–1024, Herman II * c.1031-1038-1070, Bernard & Adalbert, ruled Emsgau & Federgau respectively * c.1092-1096, Koenraad Given to the Bishop of Bremen ==== House of Calvelage ==== {{see also|Calvelage}} * c.1100-1134 Herman or Herman II * 1134–1175, Otto I * 1175-c.1220, Herman III The house of Calvelage likely never stepped foot in east Frisia and lost their belongings when the region entered into the [[Upstalboom treaty]]. === Riustringen === * 772–793, [[Unno]] & [[Eilrad]] ==== House of Jutland ==== {{see also|Harald Klak}} * 827-852?, [[Harald Klak]], was gifted Riustringen by [[Louis the Pious]] ==== House of Stade ==== {{see also|Count of Stade}} * 847?-880, [[Lothar I, Count of Stade|Lothar I]] * 880–929, [[Lothar II, Count of Stade|Lothar II]] * -976, [[Henry I the Bald, Count of Stade|Henry the Bald]] ==== House of Billung ==== {{see also|Billung}} Directly ruled under the following dukes of Saxony * 976–1011, [[Bernard I, Duke of Saxony|Bernard]], * 1011–1059, [[Bernard II, Duke of Saxony|Bernard II]] * 1059–1072, [[Ordulf, Duke of Saxony|Ordulf]] * 1072–1106, [[Magnus, Duke of Saxony|Magnus]] ==== House of Oldenburg ==== {{see also|Count of Oldenburg}} Following the end of house Billung in 1106 the east of Riustringen is slowly being conquered by the [[Count of Oldenburg|county of Oldenburg]], the remainder joined into the [[Frisian Freedom|Frisian alliance]], continues in [[Potestaat of Friesland]] === Dux & Margraves === ==== Dux ==== Dux should not be confused with Duke, the Frisian Dux was a military commander responsible for the defence of the Frisian territory, particularly against the Norse raiders. * 783–793, [[Theodoric]], killed in the [[Frisian-Frankish wars|Uprising of 793]] * 794-???, possibly [[Meginhard I]] * 812–834, [[Gerulf I of Frisia|Gerulf the Elder]], was punished for failing to hold back the Norsemen * 834–837, [[Hemming Halfdansson]] * 839-c.860, [[Rorik of Dorestad]] * 867–870, [[Ubbe Ragnarsson]], sources mention him as Dux Frisonum, the timeframe corresponds roughly with [[Rodulf Haraldsson]]’s presence in Frisia which has led people to believe they are the same person * 870-875, [[Rorik of Dorestad]], returns * 882-885, [[Godfrid, Duke of Frisia]] * 885-898, [[Everhard Saxo]], killed by [[Waldger of Teisterbant]] ==== Margraves ==== * 1024-1038, [[Liudolf, Margrave of Frisia|Liudolf]] * 1038-1057, [[Bruno II of Brunswick|Bruno]] * 1057-1068, [[Egbert I, Margrave of Meissen|Egbert I]] * 1068-1089, [[Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen|Egbert II]] * 1099-1101, [[Henry, Margrave of Frisia|Henry I the Fat]] == See also == * [[Potestaat of Friesland]] * [[List of stadtholders in the Low Countries#Lordship of Frisia]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080413063227/http://www.geerts.com/holland/holland-1.htm Ancient Holland: The History of the Lowlands]{{better source needed|date=April 2023}} * Petz, G.H. (ed). ''MGH Scriptures''. ([[Hanover]], 1892).{{better source needed|date=April 2023}} * Jaekel, H. (1895), ''Die Grafen von Mittelfriesland aus dem Geschlecht König Ratbods''{{better source needed|date=April 2023}} * van Blom, Ph. (1900), ''Geschiedenis van Oud-Friesland.''{{better source needed|date=April 2023}} * Fries Genootschap van Geschied-, Oudheid- en Taalkunde en de Fryske Akademy, (1970), ''De Vrije Fries'' (50th ed.), Leeuwarden * Henstra, D.J. (2012), ''Friese graafschappen tussen Zwin en Wezer'', Assen: van Gorcum, ISBN 9789023249788 * Lawætz, P. 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