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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role-playing_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role-playing_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role-playing games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role-playing_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Board games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of testing in game design</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the process. For the TV episode, see <a href="/wiki/Playtest_(Black_Mirror)" title="Playtest (Black Mirror)">Playtest (Black Mirror)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>playtest</b> is the process by which a game designer tests a new game for bugs and design flaws before releasing it to market. Playtests can be run "open", "closed", "beta", or otherwise, and are very common with <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectible_card_game" title="Collectible card game">collectible card games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_hunt" title="Puzzle hunt">puzzle hunts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, for which they have become an established part of the <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a> process. An individual involved in testing a game is referred to as a <b>playtester</b>. </p><p>An <i>open</i> playtest could be considered open to anyone who wishes to join, or it may refer to game designers recruiting testers from outside the design group. Prospective testers usually must complete a survey or provide their contact information in order to be considered for participation. A <i>closed</i> playtest is an internal testing process not available to the public. <i>Beta testing</i> normally refers to the final stages of testing just before going to market with a product, and is often run semi-open with a limited form of the game in order to find any last-minute problems. With all forms of playtesting it is not unusual for participants to be required to sign a <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreement</a>, in order to protect the game designer's <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a>. </p><p>The word 'playtest' is also commonly used in unofficial situations where a game is being tested by a group of players for their own private use, or to denote a situation where a new strategy or <a href="/wiki/Game_mechanics" title="Game mechanics">game mechanic</a> is being tested. Playtesting is a part of <a href="/wiki/Usability_testing" title="Usability testing">usability test</a> in the process of game development. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_games">Video games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playtest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the video game industry, playtesting refers specifically to the process of exposing a game in development (or some specific parts of it) to its intended audience, to identify potential design flaws and gather feedback. Playtests are also used to help ensure that a product will be commercially viable upon release, by providing a way for consumers to play the game and provide their opinions. Playtesting should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a> (QA) testing, in which professional testers look for and report specific software bugs to be fixed by the development team. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/User_research" title="User research">user research</a> employee in the video game industry was Carol Kantor, who was employed by <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a> in 1976. Prior to this, the company had evaluated their games primarily via coin-collection data, however <a href="/wiki/Playtesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Playtesting">playtesting</a> became a core method by which Atari evaluated the commercial viability of new games.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> described playtesting as "what everyone says is the least favorite part of the game-building operation".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Meretzky" title="Steve Meretzky">Steve Meretzky</a> of <a href="/wiki/Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a> said that "the first part of debugging is exciting; it's the first feedback. Somebody is actually playing your game. But by the end, you get sick of the little problems. You have spent three months inventing the game, and now you have to spend just as much time cleaning it up".<sup id="cite_ref-dyer19840506_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyer19840506-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirements for a person to be considered for participation in a playtest vary. Some playtests are open to anyone willing to volunteer, while others specifically target professional gamers and journalists. Some playtests also try to evaluate the game's appeal to players with different levels of experience by selecting players with varying exposure to the game's genre. </p><p>An example of a video game that made extensive use of open playtesting is <a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a>, which was made available for purchase in its pre-alpha stages. This both helped to financially support the game and provide feedback and bug testing during its early stages. Playtesting began even before the game features included multiplayer or the ability to save games.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mojang" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojang">Mojang</a> continues to make use of playtesting with <i>Minecraft</i> through weekly development releases, allowing players to experiment with unfinished additions to the game and provide feedback on them. </p><p>Some games make use of playtesting with only part of their content, leaving other important sections unexposed to the public. <a href="/wiki/StarCraft_II:_Heart_of_the_Swarm" title="StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm">StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm</a> was tested in this manner; its playtest only included the multiplayer portion of the game, while the single-player campaign was not revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heart of the Swarm is also an example of a playtest where average players are not being considered for entry; the initial wave of testers are only being selected from the ranks of professional SCII gamers and from the media. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Open-source_video_game" title="Open-source video game">open-source video game</a> engine remake <a href="/wiki/OpenRA" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenRA">OpenRA</a>, which recreates the early <a href="/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer" title="Command & Conquer">Command & Conquer</a> games, publishes playtests to the public during the release process so that a broader range of testers can verify that new features don't introduce critical errors such as <a href="/wiki/Desync" class="mw-redirect" title="Desync">desync</a> problems in the <a href="/wiki/Lockstep_protocol" title="Lockstep protocol">lockstep protocol</a> and unwanted side effects on the <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">gameplay</a> can be balanced out prior to the next stable release.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Team_Fortress_2" title="Team Fortress 2">Team Fortress 2</a> uses a method of playtesting whereby players that purchased the game can participate in an open beta. The beta is nearly identical to the actual game itself, but includes items that are on their way to being released in the full game. The purpose of this beta is to test those items before their release, to ensure that they are balanced and fair; in this way, the game is constantly being playtested despite the fact that it has been released.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve</a> does not often make use of open playtesting, in keeping with the company's tradition of tightly controlling what information they release to the public. However, both <a href="/wiki/Dota_2" title="Dota 2">Dota 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Strike:_Global_Offensive" title="Counter-Strike: Global Offensive">Counter-Strike: Global Offensive</a> were openly playtested, with beta invites being distributed to (and in some cases by) volunteers. Valve also has a general beta signup form on their website;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this survey is intended to recruit testers both in the Seattle/Bellevue area and from other locations, to test new games and gaming hardware that Valve is developing.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role-playing_games">Role-playing games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playtest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role-playing games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the nature of pen-and-paper RPGs as opposed to video games, RPG playtests tend to focus more on ensuring that the game's mechanics are balanced and that the game flows smoothly in play. It is also more typical to see feedback from players cause game mechanics to be adjusted or altered, as it is usually easier to make such changes with an RPG than it would be with a video game. </p><p>An example of a role-playing game that was heavily playtested is the 5th edition of <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>. For this game, <a href="/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast" title="Wizards of the Coast">Wizards of the Coast</a> (WotC) used an open playtest with volunteers from their online community to evaluate the game as it was being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New playtest packets were distributed to the testers as WotC revised the game. WotC focused heavily on the results of this testing owing to the mixed reactions that the 4th edition rules received,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showcasing another advantage of playtesting: helping to ensure that the final product will be a commercial success. The process produced feedback to WotC regarding which aspects of the game needed modifications or redesigns.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While D&D's 4th edition did see some playtesting, this was mainly restricted to classes added after the game's initial release, such as the monk and the bard. The playtest documents were released through the online <i>Dragon</i> Magazine, and were originally available for both subscribers and non-subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Flight_Games" title="Fantasy Flight Games">Fantasy Flight Games</a> is running a playtest of the first installment of their new <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Roleplaying_Game_(Fantasy_Flight_Games)" title="Star Wars Roleplaying Game (Fantasy Flight Games)">Star Wars RPG</a>. This playtest is similar to <i>Minecraft'</i>s in that the players must purchase the beta rules from Fantasy Flight before playing; the rules are not being released freely to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Updates made to the rules are released in PDF format on their website, but there is no word on whether playtesters will get a copy of the actual final draft. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paizo_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Paizo Publishing">Paizo Publishing</a> ran a completely open playtest through the alpha and beta stages of their <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Roleplaying_Game" title="Pathfinder Roleplaying Game">Pathfinder Roleplaying Game</a> in 2008 and 2009, releasing the rules as free PDF's (and also in print for the beta version) on their web store.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone could join the playtest by downloading the documents, running games using them, and posting their feedback on the Paizo message boards. This playtest, which was active for over a year, is the longest-running open playtest in RPG history to date,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as being one of the largest due to its unrestricted nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Board_games">Board games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playtest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Board games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the board game industry, playtesting applies both to feedback gathered during the early design process as well as late stage exposure to the target audience by a game's publisher. Major types of boardgame testing include local testing — where a designer, developer, or publisher representative moderates the test in person, and remote testing, where groups receive copies of the game or files to assemble their own version.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wizards of the Coast ran a public playtest of their new <a href="/wiki/D%26D_Miniatures#Future_of_the_game" class="mw-redirect" title="D&D Miniatures">Dungeon Command</a> miniatures game. In this case, they used the feedback generated on the rules to improve the game but also used feedback on the playtest itself to improve logistics on the D&D Next playtest.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jackson_Games" title="Steve Jackson Games">Steve Jackson Games</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Munchkin_(card_game)" title="Munchkin (card game)">Munchkin</a> players from the area around their offices to test new cards and expansions, as well as distributing playtest packages at conventions. According to the SJG website, this is done "so we [the developers] can observe carefully which cards work well, which jokes aren't as funny as we thought, and so on."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_games">Other games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playtest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The playtest concept has been carried over into a full-fledged sport. <a href="/wiki/Jim_Foster_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Foster (football)">Jim Foster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League_(1987%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena Football League (1987–2008)">Arena Football League</a>, tested his concept of <a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">indoor football</a> in a special one-time game in 1986. This game was organized at the behest of <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> in order to test the viability of the game's concept.<sup id="cite_ref-idea_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idea-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Metros" title="Rockford Metros">Rockford Metros</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Politicians" title="Chicago Politicians">Chicago Politicians</a> played the game in <a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford, Illinois</a>. The test proved successful, and four teams began the league's first season the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playtest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most dangerous risks with playtesting is that the playtest version of the game could be released over the internet, particularly if it is a video game or something presented in an electronic format. There are ways to prevent this; for example, requiring all players to log-on to the game's servers before it will launch, or implementing other forms of <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>. </p><p>Even if the game itself is not leaked, details regarding its gameplay still may be. It is likely that over the course of an open playtest, even one where testers signed <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">NDAs</a>, that some details will be leaked onto the web. This is a major risk for companies wishing to preserve secrecy, particularly in nations where there are no way to prevent leaks from occurring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playtest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">Quality control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_acceptance_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="User acceptance testing">User acceptance testing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playtest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYáñez-GómezCascado-CaballeroSevillano2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yáñez-Gómez, Rosa; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dungeon+Command+-+Follow+the+Leader&rft.pub=Wizards+of+the+Coast&rft.aulast=Dupuis&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wizards.com%2FDnD%2FArticle.aspx%3Fx%3Ddnd%2Fdrdd%2F20120627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaytest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjgames.com/pyramid/playtest.html">"Playtesting for Steve Jackson Games"</a>. Steve Jackson Games<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+good+idea...on+paper&rft.date=2001-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacksonville.com%2Ftu-online%2Fstories%2F051201%2Fspo_6156030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaytest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playtest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssenBurke1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Janssen, Craig; Burke, Matt (February 1995). "Playtesting Fallen Empires". <i><a href="/wiki/Scrye" title="Scrye">Scrye</a></i>. No. 4. pp. 90–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scrye&rft.atitle=Playtesting+Fallen+Empires&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=90-94&rft.date=1995-02&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Burke%2C+Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaytest" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Playtest&oldid=1184116853">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Playtest&oldid=1184116853</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Role-playing_game_terminology" title="Category:Role-playing game terminology">Role-playing game terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Board_game_terminology" title="Category:Board game terminology">Board game terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Software_testing" title="Category:Software testing">Software testing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2023, at 12:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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