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the <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> <a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT2A receptor</a> is activated.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> may be the neuroanatomical locus mediating the HTR.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many serotonergic hallucinogens, including <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">lysergic acid diethylamide</a> (LSD), induce the head-twitch response, and so the HTR is used as a behavioral model of hallucinogen effects. However while there is generally a good correlation between compounds that induce head twitch in mice and compounds that are hallucinogenic in humans,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31917152_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31917152-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is unclear whether the head twitch response is primarily caused by <a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT2A receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT2C receptors</a> or both, though recent evidence shows that the HTR is mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor and modulated by the 5-HT2C receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the effect can be non-specific, with head twitch responses also produced by some drugs that do not act through 5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptors, such as <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">yohimbine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">cannabinoid receptor antagonists</a>. As well, compounds such as <a href="/wiki/5-HTP" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HTP">5-HTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">fenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/1-Methylpsilocin" title="1-Methylpsilocin">1-Methylpsilocin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" title="Ergometrine">Ergometrine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine" title="3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine">3,4-di-methoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA)</a> can also produce head twitch and do stimulate serotonin receptors, but are not hallucinogenic in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that while the head twitch response can be a useful indicator as to whether a compound is likely to display hallucinogenic activity in humans, the induction of a head twitch response does not necessarily mean that a compound will be hallucinogenic, and caution should be exercised when interpreting such results.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_Twitch_Response_from_different_drugs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Head_Twitch_Response_from_different_drugs.png/560px-Head_Twitch_Response_from_different_drugs.png" decoding="async" width="560" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Head_Twitch_Response_from_different_drugs.png/840px-Head_Twitch_Response_from_different_drugs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Head_Twitch_Response_from_different_drugs.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Table of Different HTR inducing drugs</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-twitch_response&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNakagawasaiAraiSatohSatoh2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nakagawasai O, Arai Y, Satoh SE, Satoh N, Neda M, Hozumi M, et al. 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Mechanisms of alpha-methylated substrate derivatives". <i>Neurotoxicology</i>. <b>25</b> (1–2): 223–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004NeuTx..25..223N">2004NeuTx..25..223N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0161-813X%2803%2900101-3">10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00101-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14697897">14697897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurotoxicology&rft.atitle=Monoamine+oxidase+and+head-twitch+response+in+mice.+Mechanisms+of+alpha-methylated+substrate+derivatives&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=223-32&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14697897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0161-813X%2803%2900101-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004NeuTx..25..223N&rft.aulast=Nakagawasai&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Arai%2C+Y&rft.au=Satoh%2C+SE&rft.au=Satoh%2C+N&rft.au=Neda%2C+M&rft.au=Hozumi%2C+M&rft.au=Oka%2C+R&rft.au=Hiraga%2C+H&rft.au=Tadano%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-twitch+response" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillinsMeltzer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Willins DL, Meltzer HY (August 1997). 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