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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>New changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Show any page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Show any page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to get help"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Heat+engine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Heat+engine" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" 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id="toc-Everyday_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Everyday_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Everyday examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Everyday_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heat engine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitte-enjin" title="Hitte-enjin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hitte-enjin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="محرك حراري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك حراري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_t%C3%A9rmicu" title="Motor térmicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Motor térmicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stilik_m%C3%BCh%C9%99rriki" title="İstilik mühərriki – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstilik mühərriki" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="তাপ ইঞ্জিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপ ইঞ্জিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Цеплавы рухавік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цеплавы рухавік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Цеплавы рухавік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цеплавы рухавік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Топлинен двигател – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топлинен двигател" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0quina_t%C3%A8rmica" title="Màquina tèrmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màquina tèrmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeln%C3%BD_stroj" title="Tepelný stroj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tepelný stroj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmekraftmaskine" title="Varmekraftmaskine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Varmekraftmaskine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rmekraftmaschine" title="Wärmekraftmaschine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wärmekraftmaschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soojusmasin" title="Soojusmasin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soojusmasin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Θερμική μηχανή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμική μηχανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Heat engine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_t%C3%A9rmico" title="Motor térmico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motor térmico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termika_motoro" title="Termika motoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Termika motoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bero_motor" title="Bero motor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bero motor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ماشین گرمایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماشین گرمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_thermique" title="Machine thermique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Machine thermique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inneall_teasa" title="Inneall teasa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inneall teasa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Máquina térmica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Máquina térmica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="열기관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열기관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ջերմային շարժիչներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմային շարժիչներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऊष्मा इंजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्मा इंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplinski_stroj" title="Toplinski stroj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toplinski stroj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloro_mashino" title="Kaloro mashino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaloro mashino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_kalor" title="Mesin kalor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin kalor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchina_termica" title="Macchina termica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macchina termica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D" title="מנוע חום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוע חום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಉಷ್ಣ ಇಂಜಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಷ್ಣ ಇಂಜಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Жылулық қозғалтқыш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жылулық қозғалтқыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Жылуулук кыймылдаткычы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жылуулук кыймылдаткычы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinatio_caloris" title="Machinatio caloris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Machinatio caloris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltumdzin%C4%93js" title="Siltumdzinējs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siltumdzinējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iluminis_variklis" title="Šiluminis variklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiluminis variklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%91er%C5%91g%C3%A9p" title="Hőerőgép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hőerőgép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjin_haba" title="Enjin haba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enjin haba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Дулааны хөдөлгүүр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дулааны хөдөлгүүр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အပူ အင်ဂျင်စက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပူ အင်ဂျင်စက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmtemachine" title="Warmtemachine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Warmtemachine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="ताप इन्जिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ताप इन्जिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" title="熱機関 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱機関" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmekraftmaskin" title="Varmekraftmaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varmekraftmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmekraftmaskin" title="Varmekraftmaskin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Varmekraftmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issiqlik_dvigateli" title="Issiqlik dvigateli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Issiqlik dvigateli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik_cieplny" title="Silnik cieplny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik cieplny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Máquina térmica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máquina térmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_termic" title="Motor termic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Motor termic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Тепловой двигатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тепловой двигатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="තාප එන්ජින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප එන්ජින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="حرارتي انجن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حرارتي انجن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeln%C3%BD_stroj" title="Tepelný stroj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tepelný stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplotni_stroj" title="Toplotni stroj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toplotni stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بزوێنەری گەرمی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بزوێنەری گەرمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Топлотни мотор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топлотни мотор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplotni_stroj" title="Toplotni stroj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Toplotni stroj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6voimakone" title="Lämpövoimakone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpövoimakone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rmemaskin" title="Värmemaskin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Värmemaskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெப்ப எந்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப எந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఉష్ణ యంత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉష్ణ యంత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เครื่องจักรความร้อน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องจักรความร้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C4%B1_motoru" title="Isı motoru – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Isı motoru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Тепловий двигун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тепловий двигун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="حرارتی انجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرارتی انجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_c%C6%A1_nhi%E1%BB%87t" title="Động cơ nhiệt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động cơ nhiệt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%BA" title="热机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" title="熱引擎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱引擎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>In <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, a heat engine converts <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical work">mechanical work</a> by using the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> difference between a hot "source" and a cold "sink". Heat is <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">transferred</a> from the source, through the "working body" of the engine, to the "sink", and in this process some of the heat changes into <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">work</a> by using the qualities of the gas or liquid inside the engine. </p><p>There are many kinds of heat engines. Each has a <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">thermodynamic cycle</a>. Heat engines are often named after the thermodynamic cycle they use, like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnot_cycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnot cycle (not yet started)">Carnot cycle</a>. They often pick up everyday names, such as gasoline/petrol, <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a>s generate heat inside the engine itself. Other heat engines may absorb heat from an external source. Heat engines can be open to the air or sealed and closed off to the outside (This is called an Open or Closed cycle). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/500px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/750px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/1000px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1: <b>Heat engine diagram</b>. T<sub>H</sub> is the heat source and T<sub>C</sub> the cold sink. Q<sub>H</sub> is the heat flowing into the engine. Q<sub>C</sub> is waste heat going into the cold sink. W is the useful work coming out of the engine.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_engine&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Overview" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_engine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Overview"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When scientists study heat engines they come up with ideas for engines that cannot actually be built. These are called ideal engines or cycles. Real heat engines are often confused with the ideal engines or cycles they attempt to mimic. </p><p>Typically when describing the physical device the term '<a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a>' is used. When describing the ideal the term 'cycle' is used. </p><p>One could say that the thermodynamic cycle is an ideal case of the mechanical engine. One could equally say that the model does not quite perfectly match the mechanical engine. However, much benefit is gained from the simplified models, and ideal cases they may represent. </p><p>In general terms, the larger the difference in temperature between the hot source and the cold sink, the more <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">efficient</a> the cycle or engine. On Earth, the cold side of any heat engine is limited to the air temperature of the place where the engine is. </p><p>Most efforts to improve the efficiency of heat engines goes into increasing the temperature of the heat source, but at very high temperatures the metal of the engine begins to go soft. </p><p>The efficiency of various heat engines proposed or used today ranges from 3 percent (97 percent waste heat) for the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">OTEC</a> ocean power proposal through 25 percent for most automotive engines, to 45 percent for a supercritical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuel_power_plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fossil fuel power plant (not yet started)">coal plant</a>, to about 60 percent for a steam-cooled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combined cycle (not yet started)">combined cycle</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a>. All of these processes gain their efficiency (or lack thereof) due to the temperature drop across them. </p><p>The least efficient, OTEC, uses the temperature difference of ocean water on the surface and ocean water from the depths, a small difference of perhaps 25 degrees Celsius, and so the efficiency must be low. </p><p>The most efficient, the combined cycle gas turbine burns natural-gas to heat air to nearly 1530 degrees Celsius, a large temperature difference of 1500 degrees Celsius, and so the efficiency can be very large when the steam-cooling cycle is added.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Everyday_examples">Everyday examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_engine&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Everyday examples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_engine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Everyday examples"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People mostly use heat engines where the heat comes from a fire that expands a working fluid (usually either water or air) and the heat sink is either a body of water or the atmosphere as in a <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling tower</a>. </p><p>Familiar ones that use the expansion of heated gases include: the <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">gasoline (petrol) engine</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile">automobile</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling engine</a> is much rarer but is found in small models which can run off the heat of a hand. </p><p>One kind of toy heat engine is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drinking_bird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drinking bird (not yet started)">drinking bird</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Bimetallic_strip" title="Bimetallic strip">bimetallic strip</a> is a device that converts temperature into mechanical movement and is used in <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostats</a> to control temperature. It is a heat engine that does not use a liquid or gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_engine&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_engine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_engine&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_engine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621121351/http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/powersystems/publications/Brochures/Advancedturbinesystems.pdf">"U.S. Department of Energy • Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laborator: Advanced Turbine Systems. Advancing The Gas Turbine Power Industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/powersystems/publications/Brochures/Advancedturbinesystems.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+Energy+%E2%80%A2+Office+of+Fossil+Energy%2C+National+Energy+Technology+Laborator%3A+Advanced+Turbine+Systems.+Advancing+The+Gas+Turbine+Power+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fe.doe.gov%2Fprograms%2Fpowersystems%2Fpublications%2FBrochures%2FAdvancedturbinesystems.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHeat+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKroemerKittel,_Charles1980" class="citation book cs1">Kroemer, Herbert; Kittel, Charles (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thermalphysics0000kitt"><i>Thermal Physics</i></a> (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1088-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-1088-9"><bdi>0-7167-1088-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermal+Physics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7167-1088-9&rft.aulast=Kroemer&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Kittel%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthermalphysics0000kitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHeat+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCallen1985" class="citation book cs1">Callen, Herbert B. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thermodynamicsan0000call"><i>Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics</i></a> (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-86256-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-86256-8"><bdi>0-471-86256-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics+and+an+Introduction+to+Thermostatistics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-471-86256-8&rft.aulast=Callen&rft.aufirst=Herbert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthermodynamicsan0000call&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHeat+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_engine&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Other websites" 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