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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the nuclear test region. For the landform extending further northwest, see <a href="/wiki/Pahute_Mesa_(landform)" title="Pahute Mesa (landform)">Pahute Mesa (landform)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pahute_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pahute (disambiguation)">Pahute (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTS_Areas_Pahute_Mesa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NTS_Areas_Pahute_Mesa.png/150px-NTS_Areas_Pahute_Mesa.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NTS_Areas_Pahute_Mesa.png/225px-NTS_Areas_Pahute_Mesa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NTS_Areas_Pahute_Mesa.png/300px-NTS_Areas_Pahute_Mesa.png 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2606" /></a><figcaption>Location of Pahute Mesa within the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_National_Security_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada National Security Site">Nevada National Security Site</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pahute Mesa</b> or <b>Paiute Mesa</b> is one of four major nuclear test regions within the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_National_Security_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada National Security Site">Nevada National Security Site</a> (NNSS). It occupies 243 square miles (630 km<sup>2</sup>) in the northwest corner of the NNSS in Nevada. The eastern section is known as Area 19 and the western section as Area 20.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE/EIS-246-D_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE/EIS-246-D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE/NV-209-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahute_Mesa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> of 1963 banned atmospheric nuclear testing. This led to a requirement for an underground test area that could accommodate higher yield tests than <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Flat" title="Yucca Flat">Yucca Flat</a>. </p><p>Pahute Mesa was seen as ideal due to its <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and distance of over 160 kilometers (99 mi) from Las Vegas. Holes can be drilled to a depth of more than 1,370 meters (4,490 ft). This allows tests in the megaton range to be fully contained with minimal <a href="/wiki/Ground_motion" title="Ground motion">ground motion</a> being felt in Las Vegas. </p><p>Pahute Mesa was thus incorporated into the boundary of the NNSS in late 1963 under an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ntsdesc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntsdesc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_climate">Geology and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahute_Mesa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTS_-_Pahute_Mesa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/NTS_-_Pahute_Mesa_2.jpg/220px-NTS_-_Pahute_Mesa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/NTS_-_Pahute_Mesa_2.jpg/330px-NTS_-_Pahute_Mesa_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/NTS_-_Pahute_Mesa_2.jpg/440px-NTS_-_Pahute_Mesa_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Pahute Mesa</figcaption></figure> <p>Pahute Mesa is part of the <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonopah Basin">Tonopah Basin</a> and includes the Silent Canyon caldera complex of the Southwest Nevada volcanic field. </p><p>Rugged terrain features and harsh winter conditions make year-round operations difficult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_testing">Nuclear testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahute_Mesa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nuclear testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A total of 85 nuclear tests were conducted in Pahute Mesa between 1965 and 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE/NV-209-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of them—<i>Boxcar</i>, <i>Benham</i> and <i>Handley</i>—had a yield of over one megaton.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE/NV-209-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three tests were conducted as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plowshare" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Plowshare">operation Plowshare</a> and one as part of <a href="/wiki/Vela_Uniform" title="Vela Uniform">Vela Uniform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE/NV-209-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touchstone_Kearsarge_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Touchstone_Kearsarge_001.jpg/220px-Touchstone_Kearsarge_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Touchstone_Kearsarge_001.jpg/330px-Touchstone_Kearsarge_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Touchstone_Kearsarge_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet Union flag is raised to the top of the emplacement tower to be flown beside the U.S. flag for the <i>Kearsarge</i> test.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1988, as a prelude to the signing of the protocols to the <a href="/wiki/Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Nuclear_Explosions_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty">Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty</a>, the United States and the Soviet Union conducted two joint tests employing proposed treaty verification techniques. The first was <i>Kearsarge</i>, conducted in Area 19 of the NNSS, the second <i>Shagan</i>, conducted at the <a href="/wiki/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site" title="Semipalatinsk Test Site">Semipalatinsk Test Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE/NV-209-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radioactive_contamination">Radioactive contamination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahute_Mesa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radioactive contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following tests resulted in a release of radioactivity that was detected outside of the NNSS.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE/NV-209-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Test </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Purpose </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Atmospheric release of <a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">iodine-131</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Palanquin </td> <td>1965-04-14 </td> <td>Crater </td> <td>Plowshare </td> <td>Area 20 </td> <td>910 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">kilocuries</a> (34 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">PBq</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.gov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cabriolet </td> <td>1968-01-26 </td> <td>Crater </td> <td>Plowshare </td> <td>Area 20 </td> <td>6 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">kilocuries</a> (0.22 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">PBq</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.gov_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schooner </td> <td>1968-12-08 </td> <td>Crater </td> <td>Plowshare </td> <td>Area 20 </td> <td>15 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">kilocuries</a> (0.56 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">PBq</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.gov_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>Schooner</i> plume spread <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> and other radionuclides across Area 20 and northward into <a href="/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellis Air Force Range">Nellis Air Force Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nts_contamination_map_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nts_contamination_map-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to measurements taken in 2001, the <i>Schooner</i> crater has the highest annual mean concentration of radioactive <a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">tritiated water</a> of any area of the NNSS.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE/NV_11718-747_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE/NV_11718-747-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahute_Mesa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo16-Schooner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Apollo16-Schooner.jpg/220px-Apollo16-Schooner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Apollo16-Schooner.jpg/330px-Apollo16-Schooner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Apollo16-Schooner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 16 astronauts train in the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar rover</a> by driving over a near-lunar landscape at the Schooner crater site in Area 20</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Schooner</i> crater area resembles the lunar landscape. It was used along with other areas of the NNSS to train some of the astronauts of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Dick Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">Dave Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart" title="Rusty Schweickart">Rusty Schweickart</a>. In 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> team of <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charlie Duke</a> trained at Schooner in the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">lunar rover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE/NV-772_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE/NV-772-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2023, NASA returned to <i>Schooner</i> to test lunar equipment for the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supporting_infrastructure">Supporting infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahute_Mesa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Supporting infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pahute Control Point is located in Area 18, south of Pahute Mesa. It was used until 1971 to monitor tests in Pahute Mesa. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pahute_Mesa_Airstrip" title="Pahute Mesa Airstrip">Pahute Mesa Airstrip</a>, also in Area 18, was used to ship supplies and equipment to Pahute Mesa.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE/EIS-246-D_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE/EIS-246-D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahute_Mesa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_Energy,_National_Nuclear_Security_Administration,_Nevada_Site_Office2011" class="citation cs2">U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Site Office (July 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nv_sweis/environmentalimpact/v1b1/Chapter%2002.pdf">"chapter 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Draft Site-Wide Environmental Impact Statement Nevada</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chapter+2&rft.btitle=Draft+Site-Wide+Environmental+Impact+Statement+Nevada&rft.date=2011-07&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+National+Nuclear+Security+Administration%2C+Nevada+Site+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnnsa.energy.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fnv_sweis%2Fenvironmentalimpact%2Fv1b1%2FChapter%252002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahute+Mesa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOE/NV-209-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOE/NV-209_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_Energy,_Nevada_Operations_Office2000" class="citation cs2">U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office (December 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012160826/http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf"><i>United States Nuclear Tests - July 1945 through September 1992</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-10-12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Nuclear+Tests+-+July+1945+through+September+1992&rft.date=2000-12&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+Nevada+Operations+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nv.doe.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fhistorical%2FDOENV_209_REV15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahute+Mesa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ntsdesc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ntsdesc_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHechanovaO’Neill1998" class="citation cs2">Hechanova, A.E.; O’Neill, L.J. (May 1998), <i>Description of the Nevada Test Site and Nellis Air Force Range Complex Activities in Nevada</i>, Las Vegas, NV: Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies, University of Nevada</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+the+Nevada+Test+Site+and+Nellis+Air+Force+Range+Complex+Activities+in+Nevada&rft.place=Las+Vegas%2C+NV&rft.pub=Harry+Reid+Center+for+Environmental+Studies%2C+University+of+Nevada&rft.date=1998-05&rft.aulast=Hechanova&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Neill%2C+L.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahute+Mesa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancer.gov-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.gov_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.gov_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.gov_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221175816/http://www.cancer.gov/i131/fallout/Chapter2.pdf">"National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health. Chapter 2. <i>History of the Nevada Test Site and Nuclear Testing Background.</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/i131/fallout/Chapter2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Cancer+Institute.+National+Institute+of+Health.+Chapter+2.+History+of+the+Nevada+Test+Site+and+Nuclear+Testing+Background.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fi131%2Ffallout%2FChapter2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahute+Mesa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nts_contamination_map-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nts_contamination_map_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/enviro/eis-0243/fig4-30.html">Globalsecurity.org. Weapons of Mass Destruction. Library. <i>Nevada Test Site Final Environmental Impact Statement</i>. Figure 4-30: Approximate area of plutonium contamination exceeding 10 pCi/g on the NTS.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOE/NV_11718-747-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOE/NV_11718-747_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBechtel_Nevada_Corporation2001" class="citation cs2">Bechtel Nevada Corporation (October 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=804926"><i>Annual Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 2001</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F804926">10.2172/804926</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Site+Environmental+Report+for+Calendar+Year+2001&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F804926&rft.au=Bechtel+Nevada+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbridge%2Fproduct.biblio.jsp%3Fosti_id%3D804926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahute+Mesa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOE/NV-772-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOE/NV-772_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_Energy,_National_Nuclear_Security_Administration,_Nevada_Operations_Office2004" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Operations Office (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/factsheets/DOENV_772.pdf">"Apollo Astronauts Train at the Nevada Test Site"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fact Sheets</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fact+Sheets&rft.atitle=Apollo+Astronauts+Train+at+the+Nevada+Test+Site&rft.date=2004-06&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+National+Nuclear+Security+Administration%2C+Nevada+Operations+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nv.doe.gov%2Flibrary%2Ffactsheets%2FDOENV_772.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahute+Mesa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ctxfoq_MDQ"><span class="plainlinks">NASA at the NNSS</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/about-us/web-policies">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear weapons tests of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_weapons_tests_conducted_by_the_United_States143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of United States nuclear weapons tests">Nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Anvil_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Anvil (nuclear test)">Anvil</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Aqueduct" title="Operation Aqueduct">Aqueduct</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Arbor" title="Operation Arbor">Arbor</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Argus" title="Operation Argus">Argus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Bedrock" title="Operation Bedrock">Bedrock</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Bowline" title="Operation Bowline">Bowline</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Buster%E2%80%93Jangle" title="Operation Buster–Jangle">Buster–Jangle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Castle" title="Operation Castle">Castle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Charioteer" title="Operation Charioteer">Charioteer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Cornerstone" title="Operation Cornerstone">Cornerstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Cresset" title="Operation Cresset">Cresset</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Crossroads</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Crosstie" title="Operation Crosstie">Crosstie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Dominic" title="Operation Dominic">Dominic</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Starfish_Prime" title="Starfish Prime">Starfish Prime</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Emery" title="Operation Emery">Emery</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Fishbowl" title="Operation Fishbowl">Fishbowl</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Flintlock_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Flintlock (nuclear test)">Flintlock</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Fulcrum" title="Operation Fulcrum">Fulcrum</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Fusileer" title="Operation Fusileer">Fusileer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Greenhouse" title="Operation Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenadier" title="Operation Grenadier">Grenadier</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Grommet" title="Operation Grommet">Grommet</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannikin" title="Cannikin">Cannikin</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Guardian" title="Operation Guardian">Guardian</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_I" title="Operation Hardtack I">Hardtack I</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Hardtack_Teak" title="Hardtack Teak">Hardtack Teak</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_II" title="Operation Hardtack II">Hardtack II</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy" title="Operation Ivy">Ivy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Julin" title="Operation Julin">Julin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Latchkey" title="Operation Latchkey">Latchkey</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Feller_(nuclear_tests)" title="Little Feller (nuclear tests)">Little Feller</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Mandrel" title="Operation Mandrel">Mandrel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketeer_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Musketeer (nuclear test)">Musketeer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Niblick" title="Operation Niblick">Niblick</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Nougat" title="Operation Nougat">Nougat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx" title="Operation Phalanx">Phalanx</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Plumbbob" title="Operation Plumbbob">Plumbbob</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Plumbbob_Hood" title="Plumbbob Hood">Hood</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Praetorian" title="Operation Praetorian">Praetorian</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_56_(nuclear_test)" title="Project 56 (nuclear test)">Project 56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_57" title="Project 57">Project 57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_58/58A" title="Project 58/58A">Project 58/58A</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Quicksilver_(1978)" title="Operation Quicksilver (1978)">Quicksilver</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranger" title="Operation Ranger">Ranger</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Redwing" title="Operation Redwing">Redwing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Roller_Coaster" title="Operation Roller Coaster">Roller Coaster</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandstone" title="Operation Sandstone">Sandstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sculpin" title="Operation Sculpin">Sculpin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Storax" title="Operation Storax">Storax</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunbeam" title="Operation Sunbeam">Sunbeam</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Teapot" title="Operation Teapot">Teapot</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Tinderbox" title="Operation Tinderbox">Tinderbox</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Toggle" title="Operation Toggle">Toggle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Touchstone" title="Operation Touchstone">Touchstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Tumbler%E2%80%93Snapper" title="Operation Tumbler–Snapper">Tumbler–Snapper</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Upshot%E2%80%93Knothole" title="Operation Upshot–Knothole">Upshot–Knothole</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Whetstone" title="Operation Whetstone">Whetstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Wigwam" title="Operation Wigwam">Wigwam</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test<br />areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">New Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gnome_(nuclear_test)" title="Project Gnome (nuclear test)">Carlsbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gasbuggy" title="Project Gasbuggy">Carson National Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Nevada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchman_Flat" title="Frenchman Flat">Frenchman Flat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pahute Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainier_Mesa" title="Rainier Mesa">Rainier Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucca_Flat" title="Yucca Flat">Yucca Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crosstie" title="Operation Crosstie">Central Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Shoal" title="Project Shoal">Sand Springs Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range" title="Nevada Test and Training Range">Nevada Test and Training Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Site" title="Salmon Site">Salmon Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amchitka#Nuclear_testing" title="Amchitka">Amchitka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rulison" title="Project Rulison">Parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rio_Blanco" title="Project Rio Blanco">Rifle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Argus" title="Operation Argus">South Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Atomic_Testing_Museum" title="National Atomic Testing Museum">National Atomic Testing Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallout:_An_American_Nuclear_Tragedy" title="Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy">Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_C._Graves" title="Alvin C. Graves">Alvin C. Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Hadley" title="Reed Hadley">Reed Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hansen" title="Chuck Hansen">Chuck Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbin_Harney" title="Corbin Harney">Corbin Harney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Rock_exercises" title="Desert Rock exercises">Desert Rock exercises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States" title="Unethical human experimentation in the United States">Unethical human experimentation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Nuclear weapons testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Plowshare" title="Project Plowshare">Project Plowshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act" title="Radiation Exposure Compensation Act">Radiation Exposure Compensation Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atomic_Cafe" title="The Atomic Cafe">The Atomic Cafe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bikini" title="Radio Bikini">Radio Bikini</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium_nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test">Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_and_Beyond:_The_Atomic_Bomb_Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie">Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_Uniform" title="Vela Uniform">Vela Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vitale" title="Louis Vitale">Louis Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing_at_Bikini_Atoll" title="Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll">Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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