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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Division of East Africa's coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_East_Africa's_coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zanj_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zanj_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zanj territory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zanj_territory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zanj territory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zanj_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_DNA_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_DNA_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ancient DNA analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_DNA_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Contemporary descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zanj_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zanj_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zanj Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zanj_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC" title="زنج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99ncil%C9%99r" title="Zəncilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zəncilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zanj" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandsch" title="Zandsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zandsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zanj" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%AF_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87)" title="زنگ (منطقه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنگ (منطقه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenj" title="Zenj – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zenj" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zanj" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zanj" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zanj" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili%C5%B3_krantas" title="Svahilių krantas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Svahilių krantas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanji" title="Zanji – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zanji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zanj" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5" title="ザンジュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザンジュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjilar" title="Zanjilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zanjilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Зинджи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зинджи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF_(%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95)" title="زەنگ (ناوچە) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەنگ (ناوچە)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand%C5%BE" title="Zandž – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zandž" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zanj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%8C" title="ซันจญ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซันจญ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Зіндж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зіндж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC" title="زنج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زنج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1nji" title="Sánji – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sánji" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Name used by medieval Muslim geographers to refer to a portion of Southeast Africa</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swahili_coast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Swahili_coast.png/250px-Swahili_coast.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Swahili_coast.png/360px-Swahili_coast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Swahili_coast.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>The Swahili coast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bantu_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bantu_area.png/250px-Bantu_area.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bantu_area.png/330px-Bantu_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Bantu_area.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu people">Bantu</a> inhabited areas</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zanj</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زَنْج</span>, adj. <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زنجي</span></span>, <i>Zanjī</i>; from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">زنگ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Zang</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steiner_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a term used by medieval <a href="/wiki/Geography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography in medieval Islam">Muslim geographers</a> to refer to both a certain portion of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a> (primarily the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a>) and to its <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagley_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been used to refer to Africans collectively by Arab sources.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 613">: 613 </span></sup> This word is also the origin of the place-names <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> ("coast of the Zanji") and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Zanj" title="Sea of Zanj">Sea of Zanj</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">latinization</a> <b>Zingium</b> serves as an archaic name for the coastal area in modern <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. The architecture of these commercial urban settlements is now a subject of study for <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nezar_AlSayyad_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nezar_AlSayyad-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For centuries the coastal settlements were a source of ivory, gold, and <a href="/wiki/East_African_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="East African slave trade">slaves</a>, from sections of the conquered hinterland, to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Zanj</i> or <i>Zang</i> in Persian means the "country of the blacks". Other transliterations include <i>Zenj</i>, <i>Zinj</i>, and <i>Zang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagley2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagley2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raunig2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raunig2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony Christie argued that the word <i>zanj</i> or <i>zang</i> may not be Arabic in origin: a Chinese form (僧祇 <i>sēngqí</i>) is recorded as early as 607 AD. Christie argued that the word is South East Asian in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> word <i><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">jenggi</i></span></i> means African people, specifically the people of Zanzibar.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 740">: 740 </span></sup> </p><p>It is known that the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Dewar19932_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewar19932-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burney20042_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burney20042-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for their route, one possibility is that the Indonesian Austronesians came directly across the Indian Ocean from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. It is likely that they went through the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, where evidence of old Indonesian boat design and fishing technology persists until the present.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Division_of_East_Africa's_coast"><span id="Division_of_East_Africa.27s_coast"></span>Division of East Africa's coast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Division of East Africa's coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geographers historically divided the eastern coast of Africa at large into several regions based on each region's respective inhabitants. Arab and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> sources referred to the general area that was located to the south of the three regions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Misr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Al-Habash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Habash">Al-Habasha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara (region)">Barbara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>), as <i>Zanj</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raunig_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raunig-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zanj was situated in the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a> vicinity and was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>-speaking peoples called the <i>Zanj</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagley_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raunig_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raunig-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ogot_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogot-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core area of Zanj occupation stretched from the territory south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Ras_Kamboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Kamboni">Ras Kamboni</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Pemba,_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemba, Tanzania">Pemba</a> Island in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. South of Pemba lay <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, the northern boundary of which may have been <a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a>. Beyond Sofala was the obscure realm of <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81%E1%B8%B3w%C4%81%E1%B8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāḳwāḳ">Waq-Waq</a>, also in Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10th-century Arab historian and geographer <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_%27Al%C4%AB_al-Mas%27%C5%ABd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī">Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī</a> describes Sofala as the furthest limit of Zanj settlement, and mentions its king's title as <i>Mfalme</i>, a Bantu word.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagley_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zanj_territory">Zanj territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zanj territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zanzibar_Slave_Market,_1860_-_Stocqueler.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zanzibar_Slave_Market%2C_1860_-_Stocqueler.JPG/250px-Zanzibar_Slave_Market%2C_1860_-_Stocqueler.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zanzibar_Slave_Market%2C_1860_-_Stocqueler.JPG/330px-Zanzibar_Slave_Market%2C_1860_-_Stocqueler.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zanzibar_Slave_Market%2C_1860_-_Stocqueler.JPG/500px-Zanzibar_Slave_Market%2C_1860_-_Stocqueler.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar slave market</a> in 1860, by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Roper_Loftus_Stocqueler" title="Edwin Roper Loftus Stocqueler">Edwin Stocqueler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Zanj traded with Persians, Arabs, and <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Person_of_Indian_Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin">Indians</a>, but according to some sources, only locally, since they possessed no ocean-going ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagley_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The settlements in Zanzibar identified them as economically part of the cosmopolitan culture of the Indian Ocean Basin with trade links as far as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Arabia" title="Ottoman Arabia">Arabia</a>, Persia, and as far east as India and China.<sup id="cite_ref-Nezar_AlSayyad_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nezar_AlSayyad-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kung_Fu_Fighting_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kung_Fu_Fighting-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main source of Zanj slaves was likely the frontier between Eastern Cushitic language speakers and Bantu language speakers, where warlike Somali pastoralists were expanding southwards and subjecting the scattered colonies of Bantu agriculturalists.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Arab and Persian identity is patrilineal, elite <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> claimed, often correctly, prestigious Persian genealogy.<sup id="cite_ref-Horton_and_Middleton_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horton_and_Middleton-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern conceptions of cultural fusion or Persian origins developed from the tendency of wealthy Swahili to claim Persian patrilineal origins (which has been supported by DNA studies) and the disproportionate 19th-century importation of Omani elements to Zanzibari and Swahili society. Standard <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> is the Zanzibari dialect and thus includes far more Arabic loanwords than the other, older Swahili dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-Horton_and_Middleton_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horton_and_Middleton-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent settlements of the Zanj coast included <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunduchi_Ruins" title="Kunduchi Ruins"> Kunduchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbuamaji" title="Mbuamaji">Mbuamaji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongoni_Ruins" title="Tongoni Ruins">Tongoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimbiji_Ruins" title="Kimbiji Ruins">Kimbiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaole" title="Kaole">Kaole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gede,_Kenya" title="Gede, Kenya">Gedi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>. By the late medieval period, the area included at least 37 substantial Swahili trading towns, many of them quite wealthy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The urban ruling and commercial classes of these Swahili settlements included male Arab, Persian, and Indian immigrants. However, Islamic culture prized familial origins from Persia or Arabia; consequently claims of Middle Eastern descent may be untrustworthy for modern genealogical research.<sup id="cite_ref-Horton_and_Middleton_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horton_and_Middleton-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The richest and most powerful slave trader in all of recorded history is <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tip" title="Tippu Tip">Tippu Tip</a>, a man born in Zanzibar with mixed Bantu and Omani ancestry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tippu_Tip_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tippu_Tip_1889.jpg/220px-Tippu_Tip_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tippu_Tip_1889.jpg/330px-Tippu_Tip_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tippu_Tip_1889.jpg/440px-Tippu_Tip_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Tippu Tip 1889</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_alleyway_in_Zanzibar_city.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_alleyway_in_Zanzibar_city.JPG/250px-The_alleyway_in_Zanzibar_city.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_alleyway_in_Zanzibar_city.JPG/330px-The_alleyway_in_Zanzibar_city.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_alleyway_in_Zanzibar_city.JPG/500px-The_alleyway_in_Zanzibar_city.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town">Stone Town</a> in Zanzibar</figcaption></figure> <p>The Zanj were for centuries shipped as slaves by slave and ivory traders to all the countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliphs</a> recruited many Zanj slaves as soldiers and, as early as 696 AD, we learn of slave revolts of the Zanj in Iraq (see <a href="#Zanj_Rebellion">below</a>). Ancient Chinese texts also mention ambassadors from Java presenting the Chinese emperor with two <i>Seng Chi</i> (Zanji) slaves as gifts, and <i>Seng Chi</i> slaves reaching China from the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Sri Vijaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sea off the south-eastern coast of Africa was known as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Zanj" title="Sea of Zanj">Sea of Zanj</a>, and included the <a href="/wiki/Mascarene" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascarene">Mascarene</a> islands and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. During the anti-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> struggle it was proposed that <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> should assume the name <i>Azania</i>, to reflect ancient Zanj.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba people</a> still refer to the populations of neighboring tribes as "Zenj." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_DNA_analysis">Ancient DNA analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient DNA analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study by Brielle et al in 2023 completed ancient DNA analysis of several samples from the ruins of Zanzibar. Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis was completed for 80 individuals from 6 medieval and early modern (AD 1250–1800) coastal towns and an inland town after AD 1650 in order to determine the proportions of "African-like, Persian-like, and Indian-like" DNA sequences. More than half of the DNA of many of the individuals from coastal towns originated from primarily female ancestors from Africa, with a large proportion — sometimes more than half—of the DNA coming from Asian ancestors. The Asian ancestry includes components associated with Persia and India, with 80–90% of the Asian DNA originating from Persian men. Peoples of African and Asian (predominantly Persian) origins began to mix by about AD 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-Entwined_African_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entwined_African-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samples were taken from two boxes of human remains located the in <a href="/wiki/British_Institute_of_Eastern_Africa" title="British Institute of Eastern Africa">British Institute in Eastern Africa</a> (BIEA) in Nairobi, originally excavated in the 1950s and 1960s by Chittick.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After AD 1500, the sources of male Asian DNA became increasingly Arabian, consistent with increased interactions with southern Arabia. From medieval times until the modern day, subsequent interactions with different Asian and African people have changed the ancestry of the present-day people living on the Swahili coast compared to the medieval individuals whose DNA was sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-Entwined_African_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entwined_African-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potentially dating from 1300-1600 AD (more precise radiocarbon dating techniques were unable to be completed in time for these samples), analysis was completed of the individuals' <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> (mtDNA), <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal DNA">autosomal DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosome_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome DNA">Y chromosome DNA</a>, and X chromosome DNA. Analysis of mtDNA in the individual, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan African populations. Y chromosome analysis, demonstrating paternal ancestry patterns, showed that the individual was carrying the J2 haplotype, a DNA pattern found in Southwest Asian or Persian individuals. X chromosomes, containing larger maternal influence, were compared with the 22 autosomal chromosomes, which contain equal maternal and paternal influence. X chromosomes contained more indicators of African ancestry compared to the autosomal DNA, further adding to evidence of African ancestry on the maternal side and Persian or Southeast Asian ancestry on the paternal side.<sup id="cite_ref-Entwined_African_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entwined_African-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_descriptions">Contemporary descriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>We know from Kwale-ware sites that starting in the Iron Age Bantu-speaking people were spreading into the area south of Ethiopia and Somalia and these people were referred to as Zanj and were being exported as slaves all along the Indian Ocean. Chinese sources from the 9th century make a clear distinction between "Somali (Barbar) pastoralists of Po-Pa-Li" and "savage blacks of Ma-Lin," which is probably to be identified with Malindi in Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A description of the Zanj is found in the following passage from <i>Kitab al-Bad' wah-tarikh</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the medieval Arab writer <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasī</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>As for the Zanj, they are people of black color, flat noses, kinky hair, and little understanding or intelligence.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1331, the Arabic-speaking Berber scholar and explorer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> visited the <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Kilwa Sultanate</a> in the Zanj.<sup id="cite_ref-Pouwels_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouwels-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta recorded his visit to the city around 1331, and commented favorably on the generosity, humility, and religion of its ruler, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Hasan_ibn_Sulaiman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman">Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman</a>. Ibn Battuta also describes how the sultan would go into the interior and raid the people taking slaves and other forms of wealth. He was also particularly impressed by the planning of the city and believed that it was the reason for Kilwa's success along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this period, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Husuni_Kubwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Husuni Kubwa">Palace of Husuni Kubwa</a> and a significant extension to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kilwa" title="Great Mosque of Kilwa">Great Mosque of Kilwa</a>, which was made of <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> stones, the largest mosque of its kind. Kilwa was an important and wealthy city for the trade of gold and ivory. Because of trade, some of the people who lived in Kilwa had a higher standard of living, but many others were poor. The wealthy enjoyed indoor plumbing in their stone homes and the poor lived in mud huts with thatched roofs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta characterized the enslaved Zanj people as "jet-black in color, and with scarification on their faces."<sup id="cite_ref-Pouwels_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouwels-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Kilwa is one of the most beautiful and well-constructed towns in the world. The whole of it is elegantly built. The roofs are built with mangrove pole. There is very much rain. The people are engaged in a holy war, for their country lies beside the pagan Zanj. Their chief qualities are devotion and piety: they follow the Shafi'i sect. When I arrived, the Sultan was Abu al-Muzaffar Hasan surnamed Abu al-Mawahib [loosely translated, "The Giver of Gifts"] ... on account of his numerous charitable gifts. He frequently makes raids into the Zanj country [neighboring mainland], attacks them and carries off booty, of which he reserves a fifth, using it in the manner prescribed by the Koran [Qur'an].<sup id="cite_ref-Pouwels_2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouwels_2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zanj_Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zanj Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a> was a series of uprisings that took place between 869 and 883 AD near the city of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> during <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a>. Many Zanj were taken as <a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">slave soldiers</a>, but many had earned their freedom and chose to stay in Iraq as free persons and make Iraq their home living amongst the <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the term <i>Zanj</i> here is thought to refer to Africans in general due to the lack of a prolific slave trade on the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a> during this period and genetic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 613">: 613 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEl-Azhari2016" class="citation book cs1">El-Azhari, Taef (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCfeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades: The Politics of Jihad</i></a>. Routledge. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317589396" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317589396"><bdi>978-1317589396</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zengi+and+the+Muslim+Response+to+the+Crusades%3A+The+Politics+of+Jihad&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1317589396&rft.aulast=El-Azhari&rft.aufirst=Taef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCfeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steiner-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steiner_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFḴẖān1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ḵẖān, M. S. (1981). "Al-Masʿūdī and the Geography of India". <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>. <b>131</b> (1): 119–136 [p. 130]. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43376756">43376756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Al-Mas%CA%BF%C5%ABd%C4%AB+and+the+Geography+of+India&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-136+p.+130&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43376756%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%B4%E1%BA%96%C4%81n&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagley-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bagley_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagley_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagley_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagley_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBagleyKissling1997" class="citation book cs1">Bagley, F. R. C.; et al. (1997). <i>The Last Great Muslim Empires</i>. Brill. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55876-112-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55876-112-8"><bdi>1-55876-112-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+Muslim+Empires&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55876-112-8&rft.aulast=Bagley&rft.aufirst=F.+R.+C.&rft.au=Kissling%2C+Hans+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAli2022" class="citation cs2">Ali, Adam (28 January 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-933">"Zanj Revolt in the Abbasid Caliphate (Iraq)"</a>, <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-933">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-933</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4"><bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2025</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Zanj+Revolt+in+the+Abbasid+Caliphate+%28Iraq%29&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-933&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027773-4&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fafricanhistory%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasaoMutoro1988" class="citation book cs1">Masao, Fidelis; Mutoro, Henry (1988). 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Greenwood. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96612-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96612-7"><bdi>0-275-96612-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hybrid+Urbanism%3A+On+the+Identity+Discourse+and+the+Built+Environment&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-275-96612-7&rft.aulast=AlSayyad&rft.aufirst=Nezar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6u3CRDloG-YC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollardFleisherWynne-Jones2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pollard, E.; Fleisher, J.; Wynne-Jones, S. (2012). "Beyond the Stone Town: Maritime Architecture at Fourteenth–Fifteenth Century Songo Mnara, Tanzania". <i>Journal of Maritime Archaeology</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JMarA...7...43P">2012JMarA...7...43P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11457-012-9094-9">10.1007/s11457-012-9094-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162935843">162935843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Maritime+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Stone+Town%3A+Maritime+Architecture+at+Fourteenth%E2%80%93Fifteenth+Century+Songo+Mnara%2C+Tanzania&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162935843%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11457-012-9094-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JMarA...7...43P&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Fleisher%2C+J.&rft.au=Wynne-Jones%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOliver1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Oliver" title="Roland Oliver">Oliver, Roland</a> (1975). <i>Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 BC–1400 AD</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20598-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20598-0"><bdi>0-521-20598-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+in+the+Iron+Age%3A+c.500+BC%E2%80%931400+AD&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-20598-0&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagley2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bagley2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBagleyKissling1997" class="citation book cs1">Bagley, F. R. C.; et al. (1997). <i>The Last Great Muslim Empires</i>. Brill. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55876-112-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55876-112-8"><bdi>1-55876-112-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+Muslim+Empires&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55876-112-8&rft.aulast=Bagley&rft.aufirst=F.+R.+C.&rft.au=Kissling%2C+Hans+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raunig2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raunig2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaunig2005" class="citation book cs1">Raunig, Walter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130"><i>Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-05175-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-05175-2"><bdi>3-447-05175-2</bdi></a>. <q>ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt)—al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms)—Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrikas+Horn%3A+Akten+der+Ersten+Internationalen+Littmann-Konferenz+2.+bis+5.+Mai+2002+in+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-447-05175-2&rft.aulast=Raunig&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpNY7VPn1WUC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDick-Read2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dick-Read, Robert (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Ftd.v2i1.307">"Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa's most famous icons"</a>. <i>The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">23–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Ftd.v2i1.307">10.4102/td.v2i1.307</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+for+Transdisciplinary+Research+in+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=Indonesia+and+Africa%3A+questioning+the+origins+of+some+of+Africa%27s+most+famous+icons&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Ftd.v2i1.307&rft.aulast=Dick-Read&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Ftd.v2i1.307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZoetmulder1982" class="citation book cs1">Zoetmulder, P. 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The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9024761786" title="Special:BookSources/9024761786"><bdi>9024761786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Javanese-English+dictionary&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9024761786&rft.aulast=Zoetmulder&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fojed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dewar19932-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dewar19932_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDewarWright1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dewar RE, Wright HT (1993). 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"A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar". <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>47</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JHumE..47...25B">2004JHumE..47...25B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2004.05.005">10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15288523">15288523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+chronology+for+late+prehistoric+Madagascar&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15288523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2004.05.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JHumE..47...25B&rft.aulast=Burney&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Burney%2C+LP&rft.au=Godfrey%2C+LR&rft.au=Jungers%2C+WL&rft.au=Goodman%2C+SM&rft.au=Wright%2C+HT&rft.au=Jull%2C+AJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Y. Manguin. <i>Pre-modern Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: The Maldive Connection</i>. 'New Directions in Maritime History Conference' Fremantle. December 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raunig-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raunig_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raunig_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaunig2005" class="citation book cs1">Raunig, Walter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130"><i>Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-05175-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-05175-2"><bdi>3-447-05175-2</bdi></a>. <q>ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt)—al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms)—Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). 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Cambridge University Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65171-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65171-9"><bdi>0-521-65171-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Islam+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-65171-9&rft.aulast=Insoll&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChittick,_Neville1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chittick" title="Neville Chittick">Chittick, Neville</a> (1968). "The Coast Before the Arrival of the Portuguese". In Ogot, B. A.; Kieran, J. A. (eds.). <i>Zamani: A Survey of East African History</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coast+Before+the+Arrival+of+the+Portuguese&rft.btitle=Zamani%3A+A+Survey+of+East+African+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Chittick%2C+Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2006" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Stefan (2006). <i>Africa's Legacies of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent</i>. Lexington Books. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0731-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0731-3"><bdi>0-7391-0731-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+Legacies+of+Urbanization%3A+Unfolding+Saga+of+a+Continent&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7391-0731-3&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHirst" class="citation web cs1">Hirst, K. Kris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.about.com/od/tanzania/a/kilwa.htm">"Kilwa Kisiwani. Medieval Trade Center of Eastern Africa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kilwa+Kisiwani.+Medieval+Trade+Center+of+Eastern+Africa&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=K.+Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.about.com%2Fod%2Ftanzania%2Fa%2Fkilwa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kung_Fu_Fighting-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kung_Fu_Fighting_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrashad2002" class="citation book cs1">Prashad, Vijay (2002). <i>Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity</i>. Beacon Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-5011-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-5011-3"><bdi>0-8070-5011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everybody+Was+Kung+Fu+Fighting%3A+Afro-Asian+Connections+and+the+Myth+of+Cultural+Purity&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8070-5011-3&rft.aulast=Prashad&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoland_Anthony_Oliver,_Brian_M._Fagan1975" class="citation book cs1">Roland Anthony Oliver, Brian M. Fagan (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5qYNSRjqacC&q=192"><i>Africa in the Iron Age: C.500 BC-1400 AD</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521099004" title="Special:BookSources/9780521099004"><bdi>9780521099004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+in+the+Iron+Age%3A+C.500+BC-1400+AD&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780521099004&rft.au=Roland+Anthony+Oliver%2C+Brian+M.+Fagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5qYNSRjqacC%26q%3D192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horton_and_Middleton-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horton_and_Middleton_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horton_and_Middleton_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horton_and_Middleton_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHortonMiddleton2000" class="citation book cs1">Horton; Middleton (2000). <i>The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18919-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-18919-X"><bdi>0-631-18919-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swahili%3A+The+Social+Landscape+of+a+Mercantile+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-631-18919-X&rft.au=Horton&rft.au=Middleton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeier2016" class="citation book cs1">Meier, Prita (2016). <i>Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01909-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01909-7"><bdi>978-0-253-01909-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swahili+Port+Cities%3A+The+Architecture+of+Elsewhere&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01909-7&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Prita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearson2000" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Michael (2000). <i>Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5692-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5692-2"><bdi>0-8018-5692-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Port+Cities+and+Intruders%3A+The+Swahili+Coast%2C+India%2C+and+Portugal+in+the+Early+Modern+Era&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8018-5692-2&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Entwined_African-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Entwined_African_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Entwined_African_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Entwined_African_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrielleFleisherWynne-JonesSirak2023" class="citation journal cs1">Brielle, Esther S.; Fleisher, Jeffrey; Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Sirak, Kendra; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kim; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Ayodo, George (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10060156">"Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>615</b> (7954): <span class="nowrap">866–</span>873. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.615..866B">2023Natur.615..866B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05754-w">10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10060156">10060156</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991187">36991187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Entwined+African+and+Asian+genetic+roots+of+medieval+peoples+of+the+Swahili+coast&rft.volume=615&rft.issue=7954&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E866-%3C%2Fspan%3E873&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10060156%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.615..866B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36991187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05754-w&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Brielle&rft.aufirst=Esther+S.&rft.au=Fleisher%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Wynne-Jones%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Sirak%2C+Kendra&rft.au=Broomandkhoshbacht%2C+Nasreen&rft.au=Callan%2C+Kim&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Iliev%2C+Lora&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Ann+Marie&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Qiu%2C+Lijun&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Workman%2C+J.+Noah&rft.au=Zalzala%2C+Fatma&rft.au=Ayodo%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10060156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChittick1974" class="citation book cs1">Chittick, Neville (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/278134885"><i>Kilwa : an Islamic trading city on the East African coast</i></a>. British Institute in Eastern Africa. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/278134885">278134885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kilwa+%3A+an+Islamic+trading+city+on+the+East+African+coast&rft.pub=British+Institute+in+Eastern+Africa&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F278134885&rft.aulast=Chittick&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F278134885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation book cs1">Davis, David Brion (2006). <i>Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01985-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01985-7"><bdi>0-674-01985-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenging+the+Boundaries+of+Slavery&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-01985-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=David+Brion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from Vol. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pouwels-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pouwels_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pouwels_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPouwels2005" class="citation book cs1">Pouwels, Randall Lee (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXDy4aRIKWUC&pg=PA156"><i>African and Middle Eastern world, 600–1500</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195176735" title="Special:BookSources/9780195176735"><bdi>9780195176735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+and+Middle+Eastern+world%2C+600%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195176735&rft.aulast=Pouwels&rft.aufirst=Randall+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXDy4aRIKWUC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunn2005" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Ross E. (2005). <i>The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century</i> (Rev. ed. with a new pref. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520243854" title="Special:BookSources/0520243854"><bdi>0520243854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+adventures+of+Ibn+Battuta%2C+a+Muslim+traveler+of+the+fourteenth+century&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.edition=Rev.+ed.+with+a+new+pref.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0520243854&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Ross+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Travels of Ibn Battuta</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pouwels_2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pouwels_2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdlerPouwels2007" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Philip J.; Pouwels, Randall L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Ah-M_Bt0gC&pg=PA176"><i>World Civilizations: To 1700</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495502616" title="Special:BookSources/9780495502616"><bdi>9780495502616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Civilizations%3A+To+1700&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780495502616&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft.au=Pouwels%2C+Randall+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_Ah-M_Bt0gC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050421004541/http://history-world.org/islam12.htm">Islam, From Arab To Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAli2022" class="citation cs2">Ali, Adam (28 January 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-933">"Zanj Revolt in the Abbasid Caliphate (Iraq)"</a>, <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-933">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-933</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4"><bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2025</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Zanj+Revolt+in+the+Abbasid+Caliphate+%28Iraq%29&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-933&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027773-4&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fafricanhistory%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasaoMutoro1988" class="citation book cs1">Masao, Fidelis; Mutoro, Henry (1988). "The East African coast and the Comoro Islands". <i>General History of Africa: Volume 3</i>. UNESCO Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+East+African+coast+and+the+Comoro+Islands&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa%3A+Volume+3&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Masao&rft.aufirst=Fidelis&rft.au=Mutoro%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZanj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/africanrevolt.html">African Revolts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051119170414/http://unimaps.com/tanzania1886/index.html">Map of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1886 showing Zanj</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb96cc848-prz9b","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.561","walltime":"0.704","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4113,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":82020,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5845,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":128179,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 634.403 1 -total"," 35.11% 222.739 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.01% 145.984 24 Template:Cite_book"," 13.18% 83.598 2 Template:Langx"," 11.92% 75.612 1 Template:Authority_control"," 7.69% 48.782 1 Template:Transl"," 7.00% 44.378 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.49% 41.172 5 Template:Rp"," 6.33% 40.189 3 Template:Citation_needed"," 6.24% 39.613 1 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-03-05T17:24:54Z","dateModified":"2025-03-23T11:35:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/Swahili_coast.png","headline":"name used to refer to both a certain portion of Southeast Africa (primarily the Swahili Coast) and to its Bantu inhabitants"}</script> </body> </html>