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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antiguo alfabeto turco</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. Disponible en 44 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 idiomas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Turkse_skrif" title="Oud-Turkse skrif (afrikáans)" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oud-Turkse skrif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikáans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%BE%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%95%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B5" title="የኦርኾን ጽሕፈት (amárico)" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኦርኾን ጽሕፈት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="أبجدية تركية قديمة (árabe)" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية تركية قديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orxon_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Orxon əlifbası (azerbaiyano)" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orxon əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaiyano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اورخون الیفباسی (South Azerbaijani)" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورخون الیفباسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Орхон яҙмалары (baskir)" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Орхон яҙмалары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabet_Turkik_na_Robi" title="Alpabet Turkik na Robi (Batak Toba)" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Alpabet Turkik na Robi" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Орхонска писменост (búlgaro)" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орхонска писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئەلفوبێی تورکیی کۆن (kurdo sorani)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفوبێی تورکیی کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchon-Runen" title="Orchon-Runen (alemán)" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orchon-Runen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script (inglés)" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Old Turkic script" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C4%A5ona_runoskribo" title="Orĥona runoskribo (esperanto)" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orĥona runoskribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="خط اورخون (persa)" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط اورخون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_de_l%27Orkhon" title="Alphabet de l'Orkhon (francés)" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet de l'Orkhon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="पुरानी तुर्की लिपि (hindi)" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुरानी तुर्की लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_rov%C3%A1s%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Türk rovásírás (húngaro)" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Türk rovásírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Հին թյուրքական ռունական գիր (armenio)" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին թյուրքական ռունական գիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Turk_Kuno" title="Alfabet Turk Kuno (indonesio)" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Turk Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_dell%27Orhon" title="Alfabeto dell'Orhon (italiano)" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto dell'Orhon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="突厥文字 (japonés)" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="突厥文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Turki_Bahari" title="Aksara Turki Bahari (Komering)" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aksara Turki Bahari" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Көне түркі жазбалары (kazajo)" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көне түркі жазбалары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%8C%EA%B6%90_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="돌궐 문자 (coreano)" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="돌궐 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeya_tirk%C3%AE_ya_kevn" title="Alfabeya tirkî ya kevn (kurdo)" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfabeya tirkî ya kevn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senasis_tiurk%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Senasis tiurkų raštas (lituano)" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senasis tiurkų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhonas_raksts" title="Orhonas raksts (letón)" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orhonas raksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Эртний Түрэг бичиг (mongol)" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эртний Түрэг бичиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Turkik_Kuno" title="Abjad Turkik Kuno (malayo)" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Turkik Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiske_runer" title="Tyrkiske runer (noruego bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyrkiske runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruego bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_orcho%C5%84skie" title="Pismo orchońskie (polaco)" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo orchońskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_de_Orcom" title="Alfabeto de Orcom (portugués)" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto de Orcom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_runic_turcic" title="Alfabet runic turcic (rumano)" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabet runic turcic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Древнетюркское письмо (ruso)" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнетюркское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Былыргы түүр бичигэ (sakha)" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Былыргы түүр бичигэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhon-alfabehta" title="Orhon-alfabehta (sami septentrional)" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Orhon-alfabehta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchonskrift" title="Orchonskrift (sueco)" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orchonskrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="อักษรออร์ค็อง (tailandés)" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรออร์ค็อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_T%C3%BCrk_yaz%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Eski Türk yazısı (turco)" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Türk yazısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orxon_%C3%A4lifbas%C4%B1" title="Orxon älifbası (tártaro)" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Orxon älifbası" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Эрги түрк бижии (tuviniano)" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Эрги түрк бижии" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuviniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%87%D9%86-%D9%8A%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%8A_%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89" title="ئورخۇن-يېنسەي يېزىقى (uigur)" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" 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style="text-align:center;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;background:#e6e6e6;;">Antiguo alfabeto turco</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="imagen" style="text-align:center;"> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Ongin_inscription_Bumin_Qaghan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ongin_inscription_Bumin_Qaghan.svg/274px-Ongin_inscription_Bumin_Qaghan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="274" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ongin_inscription_Bumin_Qaghan.svg/411px-Ongin_inscription_Bumin_Qaghan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ongin_inscription_Bumin_Qaghan.svg/548px-Ongin_inscription_Bumin_Qaghan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="129" /></a></span><br /><div style="display:inline;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscripci%C3%B3n_Ongin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscripción Ongin (aún no redactado)">Inscripción Ongin</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bumin_Jagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumin Jagan">Bumin Jagan</a>, Mongolia, c. 720 d. C.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:#f0f0f0;;">Tipo</th><td colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto">Alfabeto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:#f0f0f0;;">Idiomas</th><td colspan="2"> turco antiguo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:#f0f0f0;;">Época</th><td colspan="2"> Siglos <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">VI</span> - <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">X</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:#f0f0f0;;">Antecesores</th><td colspan="2"> <div style="line-height:100%;"> <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_fenicio" title="Alfabeto fenicio">Alfabeto fenicio</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_arameo" title="Alfabeto arameo">Alfabeto arameo</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_siriaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabeto siriaco">siriaco</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_sogdiano" title="Alfabeto sogdiano">Alfabeto sogdiano</a> o <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> (?)<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px; padding-left:0"><li>Antiguo alfabeto turco</li></ul></li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:#f0f0f0;;">Dio lugar a</th><td colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Antiguo_alfabeto_h%C3%BAngaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiguo alfabeto húngaro">Antiguo alfabeto húngaro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:#f0f0f0;;">Dirección</th><td colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Escritura_de_derecha_a_izquierda" class="mw-redirect" title="Escritura de derecha a izquierda">sinistroverso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:#f0f0f0;;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td colspan="2" style="word-break: break-word;;"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10C00.pdf">U+10C00–U+10C4F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:#f0f0f0;;"><a href="/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Internacional_de_Normalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Organización Internacional de Normalización">ISO</a> 15924</th><td colspan="2"> <code>Orkh</code></td></tr><tr><td class="noprint" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><div class="plainlinks wikidata-link" style="font-size: 0.85em">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5058305" class="extiw" title="d:Q5058305">editar datos en Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg/220px-Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg/330px-Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg/440px-Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption> Copia de las inscripciones de Orjón en <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía">Turquía</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Bilge_Khagan_inscription_lines_36-40_in_original_Old_Turkic_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bilge_Khagan_inscription_lines_36-40_in_original_Old_Turkic_script.svg/220px-Bilge_Khagan_inscription_lines_36-40_in_original_Old_Turkic_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bilge_Khagan_inscription_lines_36-40_in_original_Old_Turkic_script.svg/330px-Bilge_Khagan_inscription_lines_36-40_in_original_Old_Turkic_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bilge_Khagan_inscription_lines_36-40_in_original_Old_Turkic_script.svg/440px-Bilge_Khagan_inscription_lines_36-40_in_original_Old_Turkic_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>Transcripción de parte de la inscripción de Bilge Kağan (líneas 36-40).</figcaption></figure> <div class="noviewer thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ubicación del valle de Orjón."><img alt="Ubicación del valle de Orjón." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/240px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/360px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/480px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:42.867%;left:54.87%;height:0;width:0;margin:0;padding:0"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:-4px;top:-4px;width:8px;font-size:8px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Antiguo alfabeto turco"><img alt="Ubicación del valle de Orjón." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" title="Archivo:Asia laea relief location map.jpg"> </a></div>Ubicación del valle de Orjón.</div></div></div> <p>El <b>antiguo alfabeto turco</b> (también conocido como <b>alfabeto Köktürk</b>, <b>escritura de Orjón</b>, <b>escritura Orjón-Yeniséi</b>) es el <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto">alfabeto</a> utilizado por los <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="mw-redirect" title="Köktürks">köktürks</a> y otros de los primeros turcos <a href="/wiki/Kanato" title="Kanato">kanatos</a> durante los siglos <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">VIII</span> y <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">X</span> para registrar la antigua lengua turca.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>1<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La secuencia de códigos lleva el nombre del <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Orj%C3%B3n" title="Valle del Orjón">Valle del Orjón</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, donde las inscripciones de principios del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">VIII</span> fueron descubiertas por Nikolái Yádrintsev en una expedición de 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-sinor_2-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-sinor-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> Estas inscripciones de Orjón fueron publicadas por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasili_R%C3%A1dlov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasili Rádlov (aún no redactado)">Vasili Rádlov</a> y descifradas por el filólogo danés <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Thomsen" title="Vilhelm Thomsen">Vilhelm Thomsen</a> en 1893. </p><p>Este sistema de escritura se usó más tarde en el <a href="/wiki/Kaganato_uigur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaganato uigur">Kaganato uigur</a>. Adicionalmente, en la zona del <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Yenis%C3%A9i" title="Río Yeniséi">río Yeniséi</a> se conocen variantes a partir del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">IX</span>: las inscripciones Yeniséi Kirghiz, es probable que tengan algunas uniones con el <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Talas" title="Río Talas">valle del Talas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Turquest%C3%A1n" title="Turquestán">Turquestán</a> y el <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_h%C3%BAngaro_antiguo" title="Alfabeto húngaro antiguo">alfabeto húngaro antiguo</a> del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">X</span>. Las palabras generalmente se escriben de derecha a izquierda. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orígenes"><span id="Or.C3.ADgenes"></span>Orígenes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiguo_alfabeto_turco&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar sección: Orígenes"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Según algunas fuentes, la escritura Orjón se deriva de variantes del <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_arameo" title="Alfabeto arameo">alfabeto arameo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>3<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>4<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara_1996_5-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara_1996-5"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>5<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> en particular a través de las <a href="/wiki/Escritura_pahlav%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Escritura pahlaví">escrituras pahlaví</a> y <a href="/wiki/Sogdiano_(abyad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiano (abyad)">sogdiana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>7<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> según lo sugerido por Vilhelm Thomsen, o posiblemente a través del kharosthi. (cf. la inscripción en Issyk kurgan). </p><p>Otra explicación del origen del alfabeto además de la derivación de los <a href="/wiki/Tamga" title="Tamga">tamgas</a>, que es una posible derivación alternativa de los <a href="/wiki/Sinograma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinograma">caracteres chinos</a>, que fue sugerida por Vilhelm Thomsen en 1893. Las inscripciones turcas que datan de otras anteriores a Orjón usaban alrededor de 150 símbolos, lo que puede sugerir que los tamgas primero imitaron la escritura china y luego gradualmente fueron refinando en un alfabeto. </p><p>Thomsen (1893) conectó el alfabeto a los informes de las cuentas chinas (<a href="/wiki/Memorias_hist%C3%B3ricas" title="Memorias históricas">Registros del Gran Historiador</a>, volumen 110) de un renegado y dignatario del <a href="/wiki/Estado_Yan" title="Estado Yan">Estado Yan</a> del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">II</span> a. C. llamado Zhonghang Yue (chino: 中行说 , pinyin: Zhōngháng Yuè), que «enseñó al chanyu (los gobernantes del <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>) a escribir cartas oficiales a la corte china en una tableta de madera (chino simplificado: 牍 ; chino tradicional: 牘 ; pinyin: dú) de 31 cm de largo, y usar un sello y una carpeta de gran tamaño». Las mismas fuentes dicen que cuando los Xiongnu anotaron algo o transmitieron un mensaje, no únicamente hicieron cortes en una pieza de madera, sino que también mencionaron un «alfabeto de Hu». En el sitio de enterramiento de Noin-Ula y otros sitios funerarios de <a href="/wiki/Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Hun</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> y regiones al norte del <a href="/wiki/Lago_Baikal" title="Lago Baikal">lago Baikal</a>, los artefactos encontrados exhibieron más de veinte caracteres tallados. La mayoría de estos caracteres son idénticos o muy similares a las letras de los turcos alfabeto de Orjón.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>8<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Las fuentes chinas contemporáneas entran en debate sobre si los turcos tenían un lenguaje escrito en el siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">VI</span>. El <i>Libro de Zhou</i>, que data del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">VII</span>, menciona que los turcos tenían un lenguaje escrito similar al de los <a href="/wiki/Sogdiano_(abyad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiano (abyad)">sogdianos</a>. Otras dos fuentes, el <i>Libro de Sui</i> y la <i>Historia de las Dinastías del Norte</i> afirman que los turcos no tenían ningún lenguaje escrito.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>9<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiguo_alfabeto_turco&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar sección: Unicode"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El bloque Unicode para el antiguo alfabeto turco es U + 10C00 – U + 10C4F. Se agregó al estándar <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> en octubre de 2009, con el lanzamiento de la versión 5.2. Incluye variantes separadas "orjón" y "yenisei" de caracteres individuales. </p><p>A partir de Windows 8, la fuente de Microsoft Segoe soporta esta escritura. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"><b>Old Turkic</b><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10C00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+10C0x </td> <td title="U+10C00: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON A">𐰀 </td> <td title="U+10C01: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI A">𐰁 </td> <td title="U+10C02: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AE">𐰂 </td> <td title="U+10C03: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON I">𐰃 </td> <td title="U+10C04: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI I">𐰄 </td> <td title="U+10C05: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI E">𐰅 </td> <td title="U+10C06: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON O">𐰆 </td> <td title="U+10C07: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON OE">𐰇 </td> <td title="U+10C08: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI OE">𐰈 </td> <td title="U+10C09: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AB">𐰉 </td> <td title="U+10C0A: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AB">𐰊 </td> <td title="U+10C0B: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AEB">𐰋 </td> <td title="U+10C0C: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AEB">𐰌 </td> <td title="U+10C0D: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AG">𐰍 </td> <td title="U+10C0E: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AG">𐰎 </td> <td title="U+10C0F: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AEG">𐰏 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+10C1x </td> <td title="U+10C10: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AEG">𐰐 </td> <td title="U+10C11: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AD">𐰑 </td> <td title="U+10C12: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AD">𐰒 </td> <td title="U+10C13: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AED">𐰓 </td> <td title="U+10C14: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON EZ">𐰔 </td> <td title="U+10C15: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI EZ">𐰕 </td> <td title="U+10C16: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AY">𐰖 </td> <td title="U+10C17: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AY">𐰗 </td> <td title="U+10C18: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AEY">𐰘 </td> <td title="U+10C19: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AEY">𐰙 </td> <td title="U+10C1A: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AEK">𐰚 </td> <td title="U+10C1B: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AEK">𐰛 </td> <td title="U+10C1C: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON OEK">𐰜 </td> <td title="U+10C1D: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI OEK">𐰝 </td> <td title="U+10C1E: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AL">𐰞 </td> <td title="U+10C1F: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AL">𐰟 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+10C2x </td> <td title="U+10C20: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AEL">𐰠 </td> <td title="U+10C21: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON ELT">𐰡 </td> <td title="U+10C22: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON EM">𐰢 </td> <td title="U+10C23: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AN">𐰣 </td> <td title="U+10C24: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AEN">𐰤 </td> <td title="U+10C25: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AEN">𐰥 </td> <td title="U+10C26: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON ENT">𐰦 </td> <td title="U+10C27: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI ENT">𐰧 </td> <td title="U+10C28: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON ENC">𐰨 </td> <td title="U+10C29: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI ENC">𐰩 </td> <td title="U+10C2A: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON ENY">𐰪 </td> <td title="U+10C2B: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI ENY">𐰫 </td> <td title="U+10C2C: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI ANG">𐰬 </td> <td title="U+10C2D: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON ENG">𐰭 </td> <td title="U+10C2E: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AENG">𐰮 </td> <td title="U+10C2F: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON EP">𐰯 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+10C3x </td> <td title="U+10C30: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON OP">𐰰 </td> <td title="U+10C31: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON IC">𐰱 </td> <td title="U+10C32: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON EC">𐰲 </td> <td title="U+10C33: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI EC">𐰳 </td> <td title="U+10C34: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AQ">𐰴 </td> <td title="U+10C35: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AQ">𐰵 </td> <td title="U+10C36: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON IQ">𐰶 </td> <td title="U+10C37: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI IQ">𐰷 </td> <td title="U+10C38: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON OQ">𐰸 </td> <td title="U+10C39: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI OQ">𐰹 </td> <td title="U+10C3A: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AR">𐰺 </td> <td title="U+10C3B: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AR">𐰻 </td> <td title="U+10C3C: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AER">𐰼 </td> <td title="U+10C3D: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AS">𐰽 </td> <td title="U+10C3E: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AES">𐰾 </td> <td title="U+10C3F: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON ASH">𐰿 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+10C4x </td> <td title="U+10C40: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI ASH">𐱀 </td> <td title="U+10C41: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON ESH">𐱁 </td> <td title="U+10C42: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI ESH">𐱂 </td> <td title="U+10C43: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AT">𐱃 </td> <td title="U+10C44: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AT">𐱄 </td> <td title="U+10C45: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AET">𐱅 </td> <td title="U+10C46: OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AET">𐱆 </td> <td title="U+10C47: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON OT">𐱇 </td> <td title="U+10C48: OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON BASH">𐱈 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notas</b> <dl><dd>Desde la versión Unicode 13.0</dd> <dd>Las áreas grises indican segmentos no asignados</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencias">Referencias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiguo_alfabeto_turco&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar sección: Referencias"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="listaref" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). <i>An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions</i>. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-3-933847-00-3" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-3-933847-00-3">978-3-933847-00-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sinor-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sinor_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFSinor2002" class="citation enciclopedia">Sinor, Denis (2002). «Old Turkic». <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i> <b>4</b>. París: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 331-333.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AAntiguo+alfabeto+turco&rft.atitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.au=Sinor%2C+Denis&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.btitle=Old+Turkic&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=331-333&rft.place=Par%C3%ADs&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.volume=4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Babylonian beginnings: The origin of the cuneiform writing system in comparative perspective</i>, Jerold S. Cooper, <i>The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process</i>, ed. Stephen D. Houston, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 58-59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFMabry2015" class="citation libro">Mabry, Tristan James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xtrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Nationalism, Language, and Muslim Exceptionalism</i></a>. Universidad de Pensilvania Press. p. 109. <small><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-0-8122-4691-9" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-0-8122-4691-9">978-0-8122-4691-9</a></small>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AAntiguo+alfabeto+turco&rft.au=Mabry%2C+Tristan+James&rft.aufirst=Tristan+James&rft.aulast=Mabry&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Language%2C+and+Muslim+Exceptionalism&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4691-9&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Pensilvania+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xtrBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara_1996-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara_1996_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITAREFKara_1996">Kara , 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Turks</i>, A. Samoylovitch, <i>First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936</i>, Vol. VI, (Brill, 1993), p. 911</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFCampbellMoseley2013" class="citation libro">Campbell, George; Moseley, Christopher (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQwRD2Cb8EC&pg=PT180"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets</i></a>. Routledge. p. 40. <small><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-1-135-22296-3" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-1-135-22296-3">978-1-135-22296-3</a></small>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AAntiguo+alfabeto+turco&rft.au=Campbell%2C+George&rft.au=Moseley%2C+Christopher&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Scripts+and+Alphabets&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-135-22296-3&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lQwRD2Cb8EC%26pg%3DPT180&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", volume 2, figure 6, p. 166, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFLung_龍2011" class="citation libro">Lung 龍, Rachel 惠珠 (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsNoHtgkGPkC"><i>Interpreters in Early Imperial China</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 54-55. <small><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/90-272-2444-7" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/90-272-2444-7">90-272-2444-7</a></small>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AAntiguo+alfabeto+turco&rft.au=Lung+%E9%BE%8D%2C+Rachel+%E6%83%A0%E7%8F%A0&rft.aufirst=Rachel+%E6%83%A0%E7%8F%A0&rft.aulast=Lung+%E9%BE%8D&rft.btitle=Interpreters+in+Early+Imperial+China&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=90-272-2444-7&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqsNoHtgkGPkC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiguo_alfabeto_turco&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar sección: Bibliografía"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span id="CITAREFKara1996" class="citation libro">Kara, György (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937"><i>Aramaic scripts for Altaic languages”, in Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, eds. The world’s writing systems</i></a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en inglés)</span>. Nueva York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. <small><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-19-507993-0" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-19-507993-0">0-19-507993-0</a></small>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AAntiguo+alfabeto+turco&rft.au=Kara%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.btitle=Aramaic+scripts+for+Altaic+languages%E2%80%9D%2C+in+Peter+T.+Daniels+and+William+Bright%2C+eds.+The+world%E2%80%99s+writing+systems&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-507993-0&rft.place=Nueva+York%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195079937&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r161257576">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox table{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{display:flex;padding:0.5em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#eeeeff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d);color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d)!important;color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width: 12%; 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