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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Parts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cerebral_cortex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cerebral_cortex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cerebral cortex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cerebral_cortex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thalamus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thalamus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Thalamus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thalamus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cerebellum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cerebellum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cerebellum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cerebellum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain_stem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_stem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Brain stem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_stem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Size-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Size subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_cells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_cells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Number of cells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_cells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 184 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">184 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brein" title="Brein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehirn" title="Gehirn – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gehirn" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D" title="አንጎል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንጎል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A6gen" title="Brægen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Brægen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%9A%DC%90" title="ܡܘܚܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܚܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="মস্তিষ্ক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মস্তিষ্ক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebru" title="Cerebru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cerebru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtip" title="Wirtip – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Wirtip" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apytu%27%C5%A9" title="Apytu'ũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apytu'ũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="ГӀадалнах – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀадалнах" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixwi" title="Lixwi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lixwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyin" title="Beyin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beyin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بئیین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بئیین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunkolos%C9%9Bm%C9%9B" title="Kunkolosɛmɛ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kunkolosɛmɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="মস্তিষ্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মস্তিষ্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1u" title="Náu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Náu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Баш мейеһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баш мейеһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="Галаўны мозг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галаўны мозг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Галаўны мозаг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галаўны мозаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="माथा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="माथा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutok" title="Hutok – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hutok" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Главен мозък – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Главен мозък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀླད་པ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀླད་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mozak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empenn" title="Empenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Empenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тархи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тархи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervell" title="Cervell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cervell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozek" title="Mozek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mozek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huropi" title="Huropi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Huropi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymennydd" title="Ymennydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymennydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoig%C5%8Ba%C5%A1at" title="Vuoigŋašat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuoigŋašat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehirn" title="Gehirn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gehirn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%91%DE%A8" title="ސިކުނޑި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސިކުނޑި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3rzgi" title="Mórzgi – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mórzgi" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaaju" title="Peaaju – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peaaju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Εγκέφαλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγκέφαλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarv%C3%A8l" title="Zarvèl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Zarvèl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" title="Brain – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Brain" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Удем – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Удем" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerbo" title="Cerbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmuin" title="Burmuin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burmuin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2" title="مغز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimaag" title="Dimaag – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dimaag" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveau" title="Cerveau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cerveau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsens" title="Harsens – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Harsens" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchinn" title="Inchinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inchinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eanchainn" title="Eanchainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eanchainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Хьоа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьоа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%9C" title="મગજ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મગજ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8u-n%C3%B3" title="Thèu-nó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thèu-nó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C" title="뇌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwalwa" title="Kwakwalwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwakwalwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Գլխուղեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլխուղեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मस्तिष्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मस्तिष्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozy" title="Mozy – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mozy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mozak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utek" title="Utek – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Utek" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%96%83%E1%95%86%E1%91%95%E1%96%85" title="ᖃᕆᑕᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᖃᕆᑕᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaqisaq" title="Qaqisaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qaqisaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuchopho" title="Ubuchopho – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubuchopho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heili" title="Heili – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heili" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervello" title="Cervello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cervello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="מוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utek" title="Utek – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Utek" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%A9t%C9%A9y%C9%A9m" title="Fɩtɩyɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fɩtɩyɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೆದುಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆದುಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utak" title="Utak – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Utak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თავის ტვინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თავის ტვინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%88" title="کوڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کوڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8" title="Ми – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ми" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ympynnyon" title="Ympynnyon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ympynnyon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubwonko" title="Ubwonko – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubwonko" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubongo" title="Ubongo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8vo" title="Sèvo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sèvo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8rvo" title="Sèrvo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sèrvo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mej%C3%AE" title="Mejî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mejî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Мээ – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мээ" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F" title="Ня – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ня" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ສະໝອງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະໝອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cerebrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smadzenes" title="Smadzenes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smadzenes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehier" title="Gehier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gehier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D3%80" title="Кьилин мефтӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кьилин мефтӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvos_smegenys" title="Galvos smegenys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galvos smegenys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herre" title="Herre – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Herre" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%94ng%C9%94%CC%81_(enama)" title="Bɔngɔ́ (enama) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bɔngɔ́ (enama)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/besna" title="besna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="besna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervell" title="Cervell – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cervell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agy" title="Agy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Мозок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мозок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atidoha" title="Atidoha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Atidoha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="മസ്തിഷ്കം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മസ്തിഷ്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="मेंदू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेंदू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დუდიშ ტვინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დუდიშ ტვინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="مخ (بيولوجيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مخ (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utak" title="Utak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Utak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тархи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тархи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဦးနှောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဦးနှောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuayolotl" title="Cuayolotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuayolotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona" title="Mona – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mona" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersenen" title="Hersenen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hersenen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मस्तिष्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मस्तिष्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81" title="न्हेपु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्हेपु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B3" title="脳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Коьртан хье – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Коьртан хье" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8rv%C3%A9" title="Chèrvé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chèrvé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerv%C3%A8l" title="Cervèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cervèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Вуйдорык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вуйдорык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95" title="ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosh_miya" title="Bosh miya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosh miya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC" title="ਦਿਮਾਗ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਿਮਾਗ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utek" title="Utek – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Utek" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebro" title="Celebro – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Celebro" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ماغزه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماغزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brien" title="Brien – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Brien" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregen" title="Bregen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bregen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3zg" title="Mózg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mózg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9rebro" title="Cérebro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cérebro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creier" title="Creier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91utqu" title="Ñutqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñutqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D2%91" title="Мозоґ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мозоґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="Головной мозг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Головной мозг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Мэйии – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мэйии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मस्तिष्कम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मस्तिष्कम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbeddu" title="Cherbeddu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cherbeddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harn" title="Harn – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Harn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainge" title="Brainge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Brainge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truri" title="Truri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Truri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciriveddu" title="Ciriveddu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciriveddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%BA" title="මොළය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොළය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozog" title="Mozog – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mozog" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Možgani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Možgani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskax" title="Maskax – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Maskax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="مێشک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێشک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мозак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мозак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mozak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uteuk" title="Uteuk – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uteuk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivot" title="Aivot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rna" title="Hjärna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utak" title="Utak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Utak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="மனித மூளை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித மூளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Баш мие – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Баш мие" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="మెదడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెదడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สมอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мағзи сар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мағзи сар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyin" title="Beyin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelle_be%C3%BDnisi" title="Kelle beýnisi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kelle beýnisi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuu_(a%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1)" title="Fuu (a̱pyia̱) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fuu (a̱pyia̱)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Головний мозок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Головний мозок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%DA%AD%DB%95" title="مېڭە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېڭە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk" title="Uk – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Uk" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serve%C5%82o" title="Serveło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Serveło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A3o" title="Não – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Não" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brein" title="Brein – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Brein" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai" title="Ai – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ai" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervea" title="Cervea – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cervea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="腦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utok" title="Utok – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Utok" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91" title="脑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="מוח – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוח" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezg" title="Mezg – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mezg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smag%C4%97nis" title="Smagėnis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Smagėnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91" title="脑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nden%CC%84" title="Nden̄ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nden̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Otak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" 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tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blausen_0102_Brain_Motor%26Sensory_%28flipped%29.png/220px-Blausen_0102_Brain_Motor%26Sensory_%28flipped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blausen_0102_Brain_Motor%26Sensory_%28flipped%29.png/330px-Blausen_0102_Brain_Motor%26Sensory_%28flipped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blausen_0102_Brain_Motor%26Sensory_%28flipped%29.png/440px-Blausen_0102_Brain_Motor%26Sensory_%28flipped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Functional areas of the cerebral cortex.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_size_comparison_between_bird,_rodent,_and_human_with_relative_scale_width_lines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Brain_size_comparison_between_bird%2C_rodent%2C_and_human_with_relative_scale_width_lines.png/220px-Brain_size_comparison_between_bird%2C_rodent%2C_and_human_with_relative_scale_width_lines.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Brain_size_comparison_between_bird%2C_rodent%2C_and_human_with_relative_scale_width_lines.png/330px-Brain_size_comparison_between_bird%2C_rodent%2C_and_human_with_relative_scale_width_lines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Brain_size_comparison_between_bird%2C_rodent%2C_and_human_with_relative_scale_width_lines.png/440px-Brain_size_comparison_between_bird%2C_rodent%2C_and_human_with_relative_scale_width_lines.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The comparison of brain sizes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gehirn_eines_Rehbocks_-_brain_of_a_roebuck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gehirn_eines_Rehbocks_-_brain_of_a_roebuck.jpg/220px-Gehirn_eines_Rehbocks_-_brain_of_a_roebuck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gehirn_eines_Rehbocks_-_brain_of_a_roebuck.jpg/330px-Gehirn_eines_Rehbocks_-_brain_of_a_roebuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gehirn_eines_Rehbocks_-_brain_of_a_roebuck.jpg/440px-Gehirn_eines_Rehbocks_-_brain_of_a_roebuck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>The brain with a hand</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>brain</b> is the part of the body which lets living beings think. It does some bodily functions, such as telling the rest of the body what to do. Almost all animals have a brain: an exception are <a href="/wiki/Sponge_(animal)" title="Sponge (animal)">sponges</a>. Plants do not have brains, although they do react to changes in their environment. </p><p>The brain is made up of special <a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">cells</a> called <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>, which are connected with each other and with other nerves in our body. The brain gets input from <a href="/wiki/Sense_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense organs">sense organs</a>, and changes <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a> in response to this information. In humans, the brain also controls our use of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, and is capable of <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstract" class="extiw" title="wikt:abstract">abstract</a> <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain is the main control centre of the whole body.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In all animals, the brain is protected in some way. In ourselves, and all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, it is protected by the <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Function" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Function"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brain does the <a href="/wiki/Thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinking">thinking</a>, learning, and feeling for the body. For humans, it is the source of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain also controls basic <a href="/wiki/Autonomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomic">autonomic</a> body actions, like <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heartbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartbeat">heartbeat</a>, that happen automatically. These activities, and much else, are governed by <a href="/wiki/Unconscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconscious">unconscious</a> functions of the brain and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. All the information about the world gathered by our <a href="/wiki/Senses" class="mw-redirect" title="Senses">senses</a> is sent through nerves into the brain, allowing us to see, hear, smell, taste, and feel things. The brain processes this information, and we experience it as pictures, sounds, and so on. The brain also uses nerves to tell the body what to do, for example by telling muscles to move or our <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> to beat faster. </p><p>This is generally true but some activity is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> directly, for example, <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflex</a> actions do not involve the brain. In lower animals, a good deal is done without their brain being involved. </p><p>All <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> have brains and, over time, their brains have <a href="/wiki/Evolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved">evolved</a> to become more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some simple animals, however, like <a href="/wiki/Sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, do not have anything like a brain. <a href="/wiki/Segmented" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented">Segmented</a> <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> have <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglions</a> in each segment, and a ring of nervous tissue around the <a href="/wiki/Alimentary_canal" title="Alimentary canal">alimentary canal</a> at the front. This acts to bring <a href="/wiki/Sense_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense data">sense data</a> from the front into play with the movement of the body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts">Parts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Parts" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Parts"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, the brain is made of three main parts: the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>. The surface of the cerebrum is the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, which all vertebrates have. Mammals also have an extra layer, the <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a>. This is the key to the behaviour which is typical of mammals, especially humans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cerebral_cortex">Cerebral cortex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Cerebral cortex" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Cerebral cortex"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cortex has <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" title="Sensory system">sensory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_system" title="Motor system">motor</a>, and association areas. The sensory areas are the areas that get and process information from the senses. The motor areas control voluntary movements, especially fine movements performed by the hand. The right half of the motor area controls the left side of the body, and vice versa. Association areas produce a meaningful experience of the world and supports abstract thinking and language. This enables us to interact effectively. Most connections are from one area of the cortex to another, rather than to subcortical areas; The figure may be as high as 99%.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thalamus">Thalamus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Thalamus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Thalamus"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> puts together the input from most of the <a href="/wiki/Senses" class="mw-redirect" title="Senses">senses</a>. It is the place in the brain which makes the "picture" we have of the world outside us. The thalamus sits centrally under the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Cerebellum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Cerebellum"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cerebellum coordinates <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> so they work together.<sup id="cite_ref-igcse_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igcse-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the centre of keeping position and balance, and motor skills. It is one of the most ancient parts of the brain and sits at the back underneath the cerebral cortex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_stem">Brain stem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Brain stem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Brain stem"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" title="Brain stem">brain stem</a> is at the back of the brain (actually underneath it in humans). It joins the rest of the brain with the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. It has lots of different parts that control different jobs in the body: for instance, the brain stem controls breathing, <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heartbeat</a>, sneezing, <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> blinking, and swallowing. Body temperature and hunger are also controlled by parts of the brain stem. Roughly speaking, it deals with the more automated aspects of nervous function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size">Size</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Size" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Size"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> of the human brain (relative to the size of the whole body) is very large, compared to that of most other animals. The human brain also has a very large surface (called <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortex</a>) for its size, which is possible because it is very wrinkled. If the human cortex were flattened, it would be close to a square <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">meter</a> in area. Some other animals also have very wrinkled brains, such as <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>. Here is a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a>: the larger an animal is, the larger its brain will be.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p15</sup> Even allowing for that, the human brain, and in particular the neocortex, is very large. We know it increased in size <i>four-fold</i> over the last several million years of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvin_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p79</sup> There are ideas about why this happened, but no-one is quite sure. Most theories suggest complex social activity and the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> would make a larger brain advantageous.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvin_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p80</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an additional note, <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a>'s brain weighed only 1,230 grams, which is less than the average adult male brain (about 1,400 grams).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The detailed organisation of a brain obviously matters, but in ways which are not understood at present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_cells">Number of cells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Number of cells" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Number of cells"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A human brain accounts for about 2% of the body's weight, but it uses about 20% of its energy. It has about 50–100 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">billion</a> nerve <a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">cells</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>), and roughly the same number of support cells, called <i><a href="/wiki/Glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glia">glia</a></i>. The job of neurons is to receive and send <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> to and from the rest of the body, while glia provide <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a> and guide blood flow to the neurons, allowing them to do their job. Each nerve <a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">cell</a> has contact with as many as 10,000 other <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> cells through connections called <a href="/wiki/Synapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapse">synapses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neural_signaling-human_brain.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Neural_signaling-human_brain.gif/220px-Neural_signaling-human_brain.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Neural_signaling-human_brain.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="168" /></a><figcaption>Neural signaling in the human brain. Small electrical charges go from one neuron to the next</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_brain" title="Vertebrate brain">Vertebrate brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Connectome_Project" title="Human Connectome Project">Human Connectome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Calvin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Calvin_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Calvin_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Calvin_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Calvin_1-3">1.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvin, William H. [1996] 1998. <i>How brains think: evolving intelligence, then & now</i>. Phoenix, London. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-75380-200-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-75380-200-7">0-75380-200-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of discovery: science</i>. Weldon Owen, 2001, 30–31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740893298" title="Special:BookSources/1740893298">1740893298</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">We do not know for sure whether other mammals have consciousness, but it is likely from their behaviour.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, Gerhard 2013. <i>The long evolution of brains and minds</i>. Springer, Dordrecht.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, Susan 1997. <i>The human brain: a guided tour</i>. Phoenix, London. Author gave the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> Christmas Lectures, the first woman to do so since the series started in 1826.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Braitenberg V. and Schüz A. 1991. <i>Anatomy of the cortex: statistics and geometry</i>. NY: Springer-Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igcse-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-igcse_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBradfieldPotter2009" class="citation book cs1">Bradfield, Phil; Potter, Steve (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edexceligcsebiol0000brad"><i>Edexcel IGCSE Biology: Student Book</i></a>. Pearson Education. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edexceligcsebiol0000brad/page/n267">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435966881" title="Special:BookSources/9780435966881"><bdi>9780435966881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edexcel+IGCSE+Biology%3A+Student+Book&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780435966881&rft.aulast=Bradfield&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Potter%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedexceligcsebiol0000brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinker, Stephen 1994. <i>The language instinct</i>. Morrow. p363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/ein.html">"Neuroscience For Kids - Einstein's brain"</a>. <i>faculty.washington.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=faculty.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Neuroscience+For+Kids+-+Einstein%27s+brain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fchudler%2Fein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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title="Multiple system atrophy">Striatonigral degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemiballismus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemiballismus (not yet started)">Hemiballismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">HD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (not yet started)">OA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskinesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskinesia (not yet started)">Dyskinesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Status_dystonicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Status dystonicus (not yet started)">Status dystonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spasmodic_torticollis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spasmodic torticollis (not yet started)">Spasmodic torticollis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meige%27s_syndrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meige's syndrome (not yet started)">Meige's</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blepharospasm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blepharospasm (not yet started)">Blepharospasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athetosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athetosis (not yet started)">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choreoathetosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choreoathetosis (not yet started)">Choreoathetosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myoclonic_epilepsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myoclonic epilepsy (not yet started)">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akathisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akathisia (not yet started)">Akathisia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intention_tremor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intention tremor (not yet started)">Intention tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stiff-person_syndrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stiff-person syndrome (not yet started)">Stiff-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tauopathy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tauopathy (not yet started)">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (not yet started)">Early-onset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (not yet started)">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pick%27s_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pick's disease (not yet started)">Pick's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewy_bodies_dementia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewy bodies dementia (not yet started)">Lewy bodies dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posterior_cortical_atrophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posterior cortical atrophy (not yet started)">Posterior cortical atrophy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitochondrial_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitochondrial disease (not yet started)">Mitochondrial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leigh_syndrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leigh syndrome (not yet started)">Leigh syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demyelinating_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demyelinating disease (not yet started)">Demyelinating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases (not yet started)">Autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (not yet started)">Inflammatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS (not yet started)">Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodic/<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paroxysmal_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paroxysmal attack (not yet started)">paroxysmal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Focal seizure (not yet started)">Focal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generalized_epilepsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generalized epilepsy (not yet started)">Generalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Epilepsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Epilepsy (not yet started)">Template:Epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Headache</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">Cluster headache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">Tension</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Headache" title="Template:Headache">Template:Headache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">TIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases (not yet started)">Template:Cerebrovascular diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sleep_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sleep disorders (not yet started)">Sleep disorders</a> <ul><li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sleep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Sleep (not yet started)">Template:Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intracranial_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intracranial pressure (not yet started)">Intracranial hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus (not yet started)">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choroid_plexus_papilloma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choroid plexus papilloma (not yet started)">Choroid plexus papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (not yet started)">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontaneous_cerebrospinal_fluid_leak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak (not yet started)">Intracranial hypotension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain_herniation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brain herniation (not yet started)">Brain herniation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reye_syndrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reye syndrome (not yet started)">Reye syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatic_encephalopathy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepatic encephalopathy (not yet started)">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_encephalopathy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxic encephalopathy (not yet started)">Toxic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashimoto%27s_encephalopathy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hashimoto's encephalopathy (not yet started)">Hashimoto's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Static Encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Degenerative" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinocerebellar_ataxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia (not yet started)">SA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedreich%27s_ataxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedreich's ataxia (not yet started)">Friedreich's ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia (not yet started)">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor neuron disease">MND</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_motor_neuron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper motor neuron (not yet started)">UMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_lateral_sclerosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary lateral sclerosis (not yet started)">Primary lateral sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudobulbar_palsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudobulbar palsy (not yet started)">Pseudobulbar palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia (not yet started)">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_motor_neuron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower motor neuron (not yet started)">LMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distal_hereditary_motor_neuronopathies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies (not yet started)">Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinal_muscular_atrophies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinal muscular atrophies (not yet started)">Spinal muscular atrophies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">SMA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (not yet started)">SMAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2 (not yet started)">SMAX2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (not yet started)">DSMA1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy (not yet started)">Congenital DSMA</a></li> <li>Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1 (not yet started)">SMALED1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2A (not yet started)">SMALED2A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2B (not yet started)">SMALED2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontocerebellar_hypoplasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (not yet started)">SMA-PCH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_progressive_myoclonic_epilepsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy (not yet started)">SMA-PME</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">Progressive muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazio–Londe disease (not yet started)">Fazio–Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy (not yet started)">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>both:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain&oldid=9771904">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain&oldid=9771904</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Basic_English_850_words" title="Category:Basic English 850 words">Basic English 850 words</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomy_of_the_brain" title="Category:Anatomy of the brain">Anatomy of the brain</a></li></ul></div><div 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