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Microspermæ p. 448</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_I._Microspermæ_p._448-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_II_Epigynæ_p._636" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_II_Epigynæ_p._636"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Series II Epigynæ p. 636</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_II_Epigynæ_p._636-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_III_Coronarieæ_p._746" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_III_Coronarieæ_p._746"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Series III Coronarieæ p. 746</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_III_Coronarieæ_p._746-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_VI_Calycineæ_p._860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_VI_Calycineæ_p._860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Series VI Calycineæ p. 860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_VI_Calycineæ_p._860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_V._Nudifloreæ_p._949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_V._Nudifloreæ_p._949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Series V. Nudifloreæ p. 949</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_V._Nudifloreæ_p._949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_VI._Apocarpæ_p.1001" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_VI._Apocarpæ_p.1001"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Series VI. Apocarpæ p.1001</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_VI._Apocarpæ_p.1001-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_VII._Glumaceæ_p._1019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_VII._Glumaceæ_p._1019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Series VII. Glumaceæ p. 1019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_VII._Glumaceæ_p._1019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bentham & Hooker system</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentham%E2%80%93Hookerov_sistem" title="Bentham–Hookerov sistem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bentham–Hookerov sistem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentham%C5%AFv_a_Hooker%C5%AFv_syst%C3%A9m" title="Benthamův a Hookerův systém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benthamův a Hookerův systém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Bentham_%26_Hooker" title="Sistema Bentham & Hooker – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema Bentham & Hooker" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_de_Bentham_et_Hooker" title="Classification de Bentham et Hooker – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classification de Bentham et Hooker" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Bentham_%26_Hooker" title="Sistem Bentham & Hooker – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem Bentham & Hooker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentham_%26_Hooker-systeem" title="Bentham & Hooker-systeem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bentham & Hooker-systeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_Bentham_e_Hooker" title="Sistema de Bentham e Hooker – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de Bentham e Hooker" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Классификация Бентама и Гукера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Классификация Бентама и Гукера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பெந்தம்-கூக்கர் வகைப்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெந்தம்-கூக்கர் வகைப்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3" title="బెంథామ్-హుకర్ వర్గీకరణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెంథామ్-హుకర్ వర్గీకరణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System of plant classification</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generaplantarum04hookgoog_0005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Generaplantarum04hookgoog_0005.jpg/220px-Generaplantarum04hookgoog_0005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Generaplantarum04hookgoog_0005.jpg/330px-Generaplantarum04hookgoog_0005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Generaplantarum04hookgoog_0005.jpg/440px-Generaplantarum04hookgoog_0005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of 1862 edition of Genera plantarum</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">taxonomic system</a> for seed plants was published in Bentham and Hooker's <i>Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita</i> in three volumes between 1862 and 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-B&H_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&H-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenthamHooker1862–1883_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenthamHooker1862–1883-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">George Bentham</a> (1800–1884) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1817–1911) were British botanists who were closely affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>, in England. Their system of botanical taxonomy was based on the principle of natural affinities and is considered as pre-Darwinian as it does not take evolution into account. The <i>Genera plantarum</i> classified an estimated 97,205 species into 202 families and 7,569 genera.<sup id="cite_ref-B&H_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&H-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system recognises the following main groups: </p> <ul><li>Class <b><a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">DICOTYLEDONES</a></b> <ul><li><b>DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE</b> vol I <ul><li><dl><dd>Series 1. Thalamiflorae</dd> <dd>Series 2. <a href="/wiki/Disciflorae" title="Disciflorae">Disciflorae</a></dd> <dd>Series 3. Calyciflorae</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><b>DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ</b> vol II <ul><li><dl><dd>Series 1. <a href="/wiki/Inferae" title="Inferae">Inferae</a></dd> <dd>Series 2. Heteromerae</dd> <dd>Series 3. Bicarpellatae</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><b>DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ</b> vol III</li></ul></li> <li>Class <b>GYMNOSPERMEÆ</b> vol III (1)</li> <li>Class <b>MONOCOTYLEDONES</b> vol III (2)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Families_and_orders_in_the_Bentham_&_Hooker_system"><span id="Families_and_orders_in_the_Bentham_.26_Hooker_system"></span>Families and orders in the Bentham & Hooker system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Families and orders in the Bentham & Hooker system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules for <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">botanical nomenclature</a>. It indicates a family by "ordo"; an order is indicated by "cohors" (in the first two volumes) or "series" (in the third volume); in the first two volumes “series” refers to a rank above that of order. Terminations for families are not what they are now. Neither of these phenomena is a problem from a nomenclatural perspective: the <i><a href="/wiki/ICBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBN">ICBN</a></i> provides for this </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dicotyledonae">Dicotyledonae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dicotyledonae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Dicotyledonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledonae">Dicotyledonae</a></b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Polypetalae" title="Polypetalae">DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALARUM</a></b> Vol I <dl><dd>S<small>ERIES</small> I <a href="/wiki/Thalamiflorae" title="Thalamiflorae">T<small>HALAMIFLORÆ</small></a> <dl><dd>C<small>OHORS</small> I. <a href="/wiki/Ranales" title="Ranales">R<small>ANALES</small></a> <dl><dd>I. <a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">R<small>ANUNCULACEÆ</small></a></dd> <dd>II. <a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">D<small>ILLENIACEAE</small></a></dd> <dd>III. <a href="/wiki/Calycanthaceae" title="Calycanthaceae">C<small>ALYCANTHACEÆ</small></a></dd> <dd>IV. <a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">M<small>AGNOLIACEAE</small></a></dd> <dd>V. <a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">A<small>NONACEAE</small></a> [sic]</dd> <dd>VI. <a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">M<small>ENISPERMACEÆ</small></a></dd> <dd>VII. <a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">B<small>ERBERIDACEÆ</small></a></dd> <dd>VIII. <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">N<small>YMPHÆACEAE</small></a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> II. <a href="/wiki/Parietales" title="Parietales">P<small>ARIETALES</small></a> <dl><dd>IX. <a href="/wiki/Sarraceniaceae" title="Sarraceniaceae">S<small>ARRACENIACEAE</small></a></dd> <dd>X. <a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">P<small>APAVERACEAE</small></a></dd> <dd>XI. <a href="/wiki/Cruciferae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruciferae">C<small>RUCIFERAE</small></a></dd> <dd>XII. <a href="/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">C<small>APPARIDEAE</small></a></dd> <dd>XIII. <a href="/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">R<small>ESEDACEAE</small></a></dd> <dd>XIV. <a href="/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">C<small>ISTINEAE</small></a></dd> <dd>XV. <a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">V<small>IOLARIEAE</small></a> p. 114 4 tribes</dd> <dd>XVI. <a href="/wiki/Canellaceae" title="Canellaceae">C<small>ANELLACEAE</small></a></dd> <dd>XVII. <a href="/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">B<small>IXINEAE</small></a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> III. P<small>OLYGALINÆ</small> <dl><dd>XVIII. <a href="/wiki/Pittosporaceae" title="Pittosporaceae">P<small>ITTOSPOREÆ</small></a></dd> <dd>XIX. <a href="/wiki/Tremandraceae" title="Tremandraceae">T<small>REMANDREAE</small></a></dd> <dd>XX. <a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">P<small>OLYGALAE</small></a></dd> <dd>XXa. <a href="/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">V<small>OCHYSIACEAE</small></a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> IV. C<small>ARYOPHYLLINÆ</small> <dl><dd>XXI. F<small>RANKENIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXII. C<small>ARYOPHYLLEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXIII. P<small>ORTULACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXIV. T<small>AMARISCINEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> V. G<small>UTTIFERALES</small> <dl><dd>XXV. E<small>LATINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXVI. H<small>YPERICINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXVII. G<small>UTTIFERÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXVIII. T<small>ERNSTROEMIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXIX. D<small>IPTEROCARPEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXX. C<small>HLENACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> VI. M<small>ALVALES</small> <dl><dd>XXXI. M<small>ALVACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXXII. S<small>TERCULIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXXIII. T<small>ILIACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>S<small>ERIES</small> II. D<small>ISCIFLORÆ</small> <dl><dd>C<small>OHORS</small> VII. G<small>ERANIALES</small> <dl><dd>XXXIV L<small>INEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXXV. H<small>UMIRIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXXVI. M<small>ALPIGHIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXXVII. Z<small>YGOPHYLLEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXXVIII. G<small>ERANIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XXXIX. R<small>UTACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XL. S<small>IMARUBEÆ</small> [sic]</dd> <dd>XLI. O<small>CHNACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XLII. B<small>URSERACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XLIII. M<small>ELIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XLIV. C<small>HAILLETIACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> VIII. O<small>LACALES</small> <dl><dd>XLV. O<small>LACINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XLVI. I<small>LICINEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> IX. C<small>ELASTRALES</small> <dl><dd>XLVII. C<small>ELASTRINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XLVIII. S<small>TACKHOUSIEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XLIX. R<small>HAMNEÆ</small></dd> <dd>L. A<small>MPELIDEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> X. S<small>APINDALES</small> <dl><dd>LI. S<small>APINDACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LII. S<small>ABIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LIII. A<small>NACARDIACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>O<small>RDINES V. POTIUS</small> G<small>ENERA ANOMALA</small> <dl><dd>LIV. C<small>ORIARIEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LV. M<small>ORINGEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>S<small>ERIES</small> III. C<small>ALYCIFLORÆ</small> <dl><dd>C<small>OHORS</small> XI. R<small>OSALES</small> <dl><dd>LVI. C<small>ONNARACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LVII. L<small>EGUMINOSÆ</small></dd> <dd>LVIII. R<small>OSACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LIX. S<small>AXIFRAGEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LX. C<small>RASSULACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXI. D<small>ROSERACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXII. H<small>AMAMELIDEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXIII. B<small>RUNIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXIV. H<small>ALORAGEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> XII. M<small>YRTALES</small> <dl><dd>LXV. R<small>HIZOPHOREÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXVI. C<small>OMBRETACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXVII. M<small>YRTACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXVIII. M<small>ELASTOMACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXIX. L<small>YTHRARIEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXX. O<small>NAGRARIEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> XIII. P<small>ASSIFLORALES</small> <dl><dd>LXXI. S<small>AMYDACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXII. L<small>OASEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXIII. T<small>URNERACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXIV. P<small>ASSIFLOREÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXV. C<small>UCURBITACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXVI. B<small>EGONIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXVII. D<small>ATISCEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> XIV. F<small>ICOIDALES</small> <dl><dd>LXXVIII. C<small>ACTEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXIX. F<small>ICIOIDEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> XV. U<small>MBELLALES</small> <dl><dd>LXXX. U<small>MBELLIFERÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXXI. A<small>RALIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXXII. C<small>ORNACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><b>DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ</b> vol II <dl><dd>S<small>ERIES</small> I. I<small>NFERÆ</small> <dl><dd>C<small>OHORS</small> I. R<small>UBIALES</small> <dl><dd>LXXXIII. C<small>APRIFOLIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXXIV. R<small>UBIACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> II. A<small>STERALES</small> <dl><dd>LXXXV. V<small>ALERIANEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXXVI. D<small>IPSACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXXVII. C<small>ALCEREÆ</small></dd> <dd>LXXXVIII. C<small>OMPOSITÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> III. C<small>AMPANALES</small> <dl><dd>LXXXIX. S<small>TYLIDIEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XC. G<small>OODENOVIEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XCI. C<small>AMPANULACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>S<small>ERIES</small> II. H<small>ETEROMERÆ</small> <dl><dd>C<small>OHORS</small> IV E<small>RICALES</small> <dl><dd>XCII. V<small>ACCINIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XCIII. E<small>RICACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XCIV. M<small>ONOTROPEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XCV. E<small>PACRIDEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XCVI. D<small>IAPENSIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XCVII. L<small>ENNOACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> V. P<small>RIMULALES</small> <dl><dd>XCVIII. P<small>LUMBAGINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>XCIX. P<small>RIMULACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>C. M<small>YRSINEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> VI. E<small>BENALES</small> <dl><dd>CI. S<small>APOTACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CII. E<small>BENACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CIII. S<small>TYRACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>S<small>ERIES</small> III. B<small>ICARPELLATÆ</small> <dl><dd>C<small>OHORS</small> VII. G<small>ENTIANALES</small> <dl><dd>CIV. O<small>LEACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CV. S<small>ALVADORACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CVI. A<small>POCYNACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CVII. A<small>SCLEPIADEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CVIII. L<small>OGANIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CIX. G<small>ENTIANEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> VIII. P<small>OLEMONIALES</small> <dl><dd>CX. P<small>OLEMONIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXI. H<small>YDROPHYLLACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXII. B<small>ORAGINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXIII. C<small>ONVOLVULACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXIV. S<small>OLANACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> IX. P<small>ERSONALES</small> <dl><dd>CXV. S<small>CROPHULARINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXVI. O<small>ROBRANCHACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXVII. L<small>ENTIBULARIEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXVIII. C<small>OLUMELLIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXIX. G<small>ESNERACEÆ</small> [sic]</dd> <dd>CXX. B<small>IGNONIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXI. P<small>EDALINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXII. A<small>CANTHACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>C<small>OHORS</small> X. L<small>AMIALES</small> <dl><dd>CXXIII. M<small>YOPORINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXIV. S<small>ELAGINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXV. V<small>ERBENACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXVI. L<small>ABIATÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd>incertae sedis <dl><dd>CXXVII. P<small>LANTAGINEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><b>DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ</b> vol III <dl><dd><dl><dd><b>Series I. Curvembryeæ</b> <dl><dd>CXXVIII. N<small>YCTAGINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXIX. I<small>LLECEBRACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXX. A<small>MARANTACEÆ</small> [sic]</dd> <dd>CXXXI. C<small>HENOPODIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXXII. P<small>HYTOLACCACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXXIII. B<small>ATIDEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXXIV. P<small>OLYGONACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Series II. Multiovulatæ Aquaticæ</b> <dl><dd>CXXXV. P<small>ODOSTEMONACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Series III. Multiovulatæ Terrestres</b> <dl><dd>CXXXVI. N<small>EPENTHACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXXVII. C<small>YTINACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXXXVIII. A<small>RISTOLOCHIACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Series IV. Microembryeæ</b> <dl><dd>CXXXIX. P<small>IPERACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXL. C<small>HLORANTACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXLI. M<small>YRISTICEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXLII. M<small>ONIMIACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Series V. Daphnales</b> <dl><dd>CXLIII. L<small>AURINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXLIV. P<small>ROTEACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXLV. T<small>HYMELÆACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXLVI. P<small>ENÆACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXLVII. E<small>LÆAGNACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Series VI. Achlamydosporeæ</b> <dl><dd>CXLVIII. L<small>ORANTHACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXLIX. S<small>ANTALACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CL. B<small>ALANOPHOREÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Series VII. Unisexuales</b> <dl><dd>CLI. E<small>UPHORBIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLII. B<small>ALANOPEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLIII. U<small>RTICACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLIV. P<small>LATANACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLV. L<small>EITNERIEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLVI. J<small>UGLANDEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLVII. M<small>YRICACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLVIII. C<small>ASUARINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLIX. C<small>UPULIFERÆ</small></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Series VIII. Ordines anomali</b> (<i>incertae sedis</i>) <dl><dd>CLX. S<small>ALICINEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLXI. L<small>ACISTEMACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLXII. E<small>MPETRACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLXIII. C<small>ERATOPHYLLEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li>'<i>GYMNOSPERMEÆ</i> [sic] vol III (1) <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>CLXIV. G<small>NETACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLXV. C<small>ONIFERÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLXVI. C<small>YCADACEÆ</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gymnosperms">Gymnosperms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gymnosperms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>vol III</li> <li>Family:-</li></ul> <p>1> Gnetaceae 2> Coniferae 3> Cycadaceae </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monocotyledons">Monocotyledons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monocotyledons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledons">Monocotyledons</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Summary pp viii–xi</li> <li><b>MONOCOTYLEDONES</b> vol III (2) p. 448</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Series_I._Microspermæ_p._448"><span id="Series_I._Microsperm.C3.A6_p._448"></span>Series I. Microspermæ p. 448</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Series I. Microspermæ p. 448"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>CLXVII. H<small>YDROCHARIDEÆ</small>p. 448</dd> <dd>CLXVIII. B<small>URMANNIACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLXIX. O<small>RCHIDEÆ</small> p. 460</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Series_II_Epigynæ_p._636"><span id="Series_II_Epigyn.C3.A6_p._636"></span>Series II Epigynæ p. 636</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Series II Epigynæ p. 636"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>CLXX. <a href="/wiki/Scitamineae" title="Scitamineae">S<small>CITAMINEÆ</small></a> p. 636<sup id="cite_ref-Scitamineae_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scitamineae-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>CLXXI. B<small>ROMELIACEÆ</small> p. 657</dd> <dd>CLXXII. H<small>AEMODORACEÆ</small> p. 671</dd> <dd>CLXXIII. <a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">I<small>IRIDEÆ</small></a> p. 681 3 tribes</dd> <dd>CLXXIV. <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">A<small>MARYLLIDEÆ</small></a> p. 711 5 tribes <dl><dd>I Tribus Hypoxideae p. 716</dd> <dd>II Tribus Amarylleae p. 718 3 subtribes</dd> <dd>III Tribus Alstroemerieae p. 735</dd> <dd>IV Tribus Agaveae p. 737</dd> <dd>V Tribus Vellosieae p. 739</dd></dl></dd> <dd>CLXXV. T<small>ACCACEÆ</small> p. 740</dd> <dd>CLXXVI. D<small>IOSCOREACEÆ</small> p. 741</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Series_III_Coronarieæ_p._746"><span id="Series_III_Coronarie.C3.A6_p._746"></span>Series III Coronarieæ p. 746</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Series III Coronarieæ p. 746"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>CLXXVII. <a href="/wiki/Roxburghiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxburghiaceae">R<small>OXBURGHIACEÆ</small></a> p. 746</dd> <dd>CLXXVIII. <a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">L<small>ILIACEÆ</small></a> p. 748 (20 tribes) Schema 748–763 <dl><dd>Tribus I Smilaceae p. 763</dd> <dd>Tribus II <a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparageae</a> p. 764</dd> <dd>Tribus III <a href="/wiki/Luzuriageae" title="Luzuriageae">Luzuriageae</a></dd> <dd>Tribus IV Polygonateae p. 768</dd> <dd>Tribus V Convallariae</dd> <dd>Tribus VI Aspidistreae</dd> <dd>Tribus VII Hemerocalleae</dd> <dd>Tribus VIII Aloineae</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li>... <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Tribus X Asphodeleae p. 781 5 subtribes</dd> <dd>Tribus XI Johnsonieae p. 795</dd> <dd>Tribus XII <a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allieae</a> p. 798 Schema p. 750 4 subtribes <dl><dd>Subtribus I <a href="/wiki/Agapantheae" class="mw-redirect" title="Agapantheae">Agapantheae</a> p. 798</dd> <dd>Subtribus II <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euallieae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euallieae (page does not exist)">Euallieae</a> p. 798</dd> <dd>Subtribus III <a href="/wiki/Gilliesieae" title="Gilliesieae">Gilliesieae</a> p. 804</dd> <dd>Subtribus IV <a href="/wiki/Massoniinae" title="Massoniinae">Massonieae</a> p. 806</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Tribus XIII <a href="/wiki/Scilleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scilleae">Scilleae</a> p. 807</dd> <dd>Tribus XIV Tulipeae p. 816</dd> <dd>Tribus XV Colchiceae</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li>... <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Tribus XX <a href="/wiki/Veratreae" class="mw-redirect" title="Veratreae">Veratreae</a> p. 834</dd></dl></dd> <dd>CLXXIX. P<small>ONTEDERIACEÆ</small> p. 836</dd> <dd>CLXXX. P<small>HILYDRACEÆ</small> p. 840</dd> <dd>CLXXXI. <a href="/wiki/Xyridaceae" title="Xyridaceae">X<small>YRIDEÆ</small></a> p. 841</dd> <dd>CLXXXII. <a href="/wiki/Mayaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayaceae">M<small>AYACEÆ</small></a> p. 843</dd> <dd>CLXXXIII. C<small>OMMELINACEÆ</small> p. 844</dd> <dd>CLXXXIV. <a href="/wiki/Rapateaceae" title="Rapateaceae">R<small>APATEACEÆ</small></a> p. 857</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Series_VI_Calycineæ_p._860"><span id="Series_VI_Calycine.C3.A6_p._860"></span>Series VI Calycineæ p. 860</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Series VI Calycineæ p. 860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>CLXXXV. F<small>LAGELLARIEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLXXXVI. J<small>UNCACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLXXXVII. P<small>ALMÆ</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Series_V._Nudifloreæ_p._949"><span id="Series_V._Nudiflore.C3.A6_p._949"></span>Series V. Nudifloreæ p. 949</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Series V. Nudifloreæ p. 949"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>CLXXXVIII. P<small>ANDANEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CLXXXIX. C<small>YCLANTHACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXC T<small>YPHACEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXCI. A<small>ROIDEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXCII. L<small>EMNACEÆ</small> p. 1000</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Series_VI._Apocarpæ_p.1001"><span id="Series_VI._Apocarp.C3.A6_p.1001"></span>Series VI. Apocarpæ p.1001</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Series VI. Apocarpæ p.1001"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>CXCIII. T<small>RIURIDEÆ</small></dd> <dd>CXCIV. A<small>LISMACEÆ</small> p. 1003</dd> <dd>CXCV. N<small>AIADACEÆ</small> [sic]</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Series_VII._Glumaceæ_p._1019"><span id="Series_VII._Glumace.C3.A6_p._1019"></span>Series VII. <a href="/wiki/Glumaceae" title="Glumaceae">Glumaceæ</a> p. 1019</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Series VII. Glumaceæ p. 1019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>CXCVI. <a href="/wiki/Eriocauleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eriocauleae">E<small>RIOCAULEÆ</small></a></dd> <dd>CXCVII. <a href="/wiki/Centrolepideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrolepideae">C<small>ENTROLEPIDEÆ</small></a> p. 1025</dd> <dd>CXCVIII. <a href="/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">R<small>ESTIACEÆ</small></a></dd> <dd>CXCIX. <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">C<small>YPERACEÆ</small></a></dd> <dd>CC. <a href="/wiki/Gramineae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramineae">G<small>RAMINEÆ</small></a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamopetalae" title="Gamopetalae">Gamopetalae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteromerae" title="Heteromerae">Heteromerae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochlamydeae" title="Monochlamydeae">Monochlamydeae</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-B&H-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B&H_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B&H_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2010">Singh 2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6fMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA308">Bentham & Hooker pp. 308–312</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenthamHooker1862–1883-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenthamHooker1862–1883_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenthamHooker1862–1883">Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scitamineae-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scitamineae_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenthamHooker1862–1883">Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/197/mode/1up">Scitamineae pp. 636–657</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenthamHooker1862–1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Bentham, G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Hooker, J.D.</a> (1862–1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary"><i>Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(3 vols.)</span>. London: L Reeve & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+plantarum+ad+exemplaria+imprimis+in+herbariis+kewensibus+servata+definita&rft.place=London&rft.pub=L+Reeve+%26+Co.&rft.date=1862%2F1883&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Hooker%2C+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F747%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABentham+%26+Hooker+system" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14680#page/452/mode/1upVolume">1 Part 1 Index p.441</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentham1877" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Bentham, George</a> (February 1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432977">"On the Distribution of the Monocotyledonous Orders into Primary Groups, more especially in reference to the Australian Flora, with notes on some points of Terminology"</a>. <i>Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany</i>. <b>15</b> (88): 490–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1877.tb00261.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1877.tb00261.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society+of+London%2C+Botany&rft.atitle=On+the+Distribution+of+the+Monocotyledonous+Orders+into+Primary+Groups%2C+more+especially+in+reference+to+the+Australian+Flora%2C+with+notes+on+some+points+of+Terminology.&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=88&rft.pages=490-520&rft.date=1877-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1877.tb00261.x&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABentham+%26+Hooker+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2010" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gurcharan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6fMBQAAQBAJ"><i>Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach</i></a> (3 ed.). Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578083510" title="Special:BookSources/978-1578083510"><bdi>978-1578083510</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Science+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1578083510&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurcharan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz6fMBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABentham+%26+Hooker+system" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="Template:List of systems of plant taxonomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="Template talk:List of systems of plant taxonomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of systems of plant taxonomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">List of systems of plant taxonomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by <a href="/wiki/Lindley_system" title="Lindley system">Lindley</a> in his 1853 edition, and <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren</a> (1982). Examples include the works of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli" title="Giovanni Antonio Scopoli">Scopoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pierre_Ventenat" title="Étienne Pierre Ventenat">Ventenat</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch">Batsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Grisebach" title="August Grisebach">Grisebach</a>.</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Linnaean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaean</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="John_Ray_system_(1686–1704)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray system (1686–1704)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>A discourse on the seeds of plants</i></li> <li><i>Methodus plantarum nova</i></li> <li><i>De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis</i></li> <li><i>Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/41px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="41" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/62px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/83px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="2342" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Darwinian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Darwinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian">Darwinian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean system (1735–51)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adanson_system" title="Adanson system">Adanson system (1763)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Familles naturelles des plantes</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_Jussieu_system" title="De Jussieu system">De Jussieu system (1789)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_Candolle_system" title="De Candolle system">De Candolle system (1819–24)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire_de_la_botanique" class="mw-redirect" title="Théorie élémentaire de la botanique">Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux</a></i></li> <li><i>Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Berchtold" title="Friedrich von Berchtold">Berchtold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Svatopluk_Presl" title="Jan Svatopluk Presl">Presl</a><br /> system (1820–1823)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/O_Prirozenosti_Rostlin" class="mw-redirect" title="O Prirozenosti Rostlin">O Prirozenosti Rostlin</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Adolph_Agardh" title="Carl Adolph Agardh">Agardh system (1825)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Classes Plantarum</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Frederick_Gray" title="Samuel Frederick Gray">Gray system (1821)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The Natural Arrangement of British Plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Julius_Perleb" title="Karl Julius Perleb">Perleb system (1826)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Charles_Joseph_Dumortier" title="Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier">Dumortier system (1829)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Analyse des familles des plantes</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lindley_system" title="Lindley system">Lindley system (1830–45)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany</i></li> <li><i>The Vegetable Kingdom</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_Don" title="George Don">Don system (1834)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>General History of Dichlamydious Plants</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bentham & Hooker system<br />(1862–83)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Ernest_Baillon" title="Henri Ernest Baillon">Baillon system (1867–94)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Histoire des plantes</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Post-Darwinian_(Phyletic)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Darwinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian">Darwinian</a> (Phyletic)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nineteenth century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eichler_system" title="Eichler system">Eichler system (1875–1886)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert</i></li> <li><i>Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engler_system" title="Engler system">Engler system (1886–1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Nat%C3%BCrlichen_Pflanzenfamilien" title="Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien">Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syllabus_der_Pflanzenfamilien" title="Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien">Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien</a></i></li> <li><i>Das Pflanzenreich</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_van_Tieghem" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe van Tieghem">van Tieghem system (1891)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Traité de botanique</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Twentieth century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Dalla_Torre" title="Karl Wilhelm von Dalla Torre">Dalla Torre & Harms<br /> system (1900–07)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_Warming" title="Eugenius Warming">Warming system (1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Haandbog i den systematiske botanik</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hallier" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Hallier">Hallier system (1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bessey_system" title="Bessey system">Bessey system (1915)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wettstein_system" title="Wettstein system">Wettstein system (1901–35)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Handbuch der systematischen Botanik</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_Lotsy" title="Johannes Paulus Lotsy">Lotsy system (1907–11)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_system" title="Hutchinson system">Hutchinson system (1926–73)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Calestani" title="Vittorio Calestani">Calestani system (1933)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yojiro_Kimura" title="Yojiro Kimura">Kimura system (1956)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Emberger" title="Louis Emberger">Emberger system (1960)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Traité de Botanique systématique</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melchior_system" title="Melchior system">Melchior system (1964)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takhtajan_system" title="Takhtajan system">Takhtajan system (1966–97)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants</i></li> <li><i>Flowering plants: origin and dispersal</i></li> <li><i>Diversity and classification of flowering plants</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cronquist_system" title="Cronquist system">Cronquist system (1968–81)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>The evolution and classification of flowering plants</i></li> <li><i>An integrated system of classification of flowering plants</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_system" title="Goldberg system">Goldberg system (1986–89</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_system" title="Dahlgren system">Dahlgren system (1975–85)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorne_system" title="Thorne system">Thorne system (1968–2000)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kubitzki_system" title="Kubitzki system">Kubitzki system (1990–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reveal_system" title="Reveal system">Reveal system (1997)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group_System_(1998–)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_II_system" title="APG II system">An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chase_%26_Reveal_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase & Reveal System">Chase & Reveal System</a> (2009)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plantae_(L.)" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Plantae (L.)">Plantae</a></i> at Wikispecies • </dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&oldid=1240336797">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bentham_%26_Hooker_system&oldid=1240336797</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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