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<span>Muscles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Movement,_breathing_and_other_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement,_breathing_and_other_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Movement, breathing and other functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement,_breathing_and_other_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Posture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exercise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Examination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Surface landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horizontal_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.1</span> <span>Horizontal lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.2</span> <span>Vertical lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quadrants_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quadrants_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Quadrants and regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quadrants_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Across_animal_phyla_and_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Across_animal_phyla_and_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Across animal phyla and classes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Across_animal_phyla_and_classes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Across animal phyla and classes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Across_animal_phyla_and_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chordata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chordata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Chordata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chordata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthropoda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthropoda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Arthropoda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthropoda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arachnida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arachnida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Arachnida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arachnida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdomen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%86" title="بطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%AA%DC%A3%DC%90" title="ܟܪܣܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܪܣܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdome" title="Abdome – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abdome" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyeguy" title="Tyeguy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tyeguy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C" title="Чехь – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Чехь" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0" title="উদর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdom%C3%A9n" title="Abdomén – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Abdomén" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak-t%C3%B3%CD%98" title="Pak-tó͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak-tó͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Корем – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корем" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kof" title="Kof – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kof" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Хырăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хырăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99icho" title="Břicho – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Břicho" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bughule" title="Bughule – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bughule" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5ht" title="Kõht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Κοιλιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοιλιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventro" title="Ventro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ventro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomin" title="Abdomin – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Abdomin" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%85" title="شکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAk" title="Búk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Búk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%B3man" title="Abdóman – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abdóman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balg" title="Balg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Balg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdome" title="Abdome – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abdome" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BA-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Tú-sṳ́ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tú-sṳ́" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0_(%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99)" title="배 (해부학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배 (해부학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Որովայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Որովայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0" title="उदर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उदर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trbuh" title="Trbuh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trbuh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomino" title="Abdomino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abdomino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomine" title="Abdomine – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Abdomine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afturbolur" title="Afturbolur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afturbolur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addome" title="Addome – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Addome" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%98%D7%9F" title="בטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weteng" title="Weteng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Weteng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0" title="ಉದರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉದರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%8E%DA%88" title="یَڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یَڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Құрсақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құрсақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vant" title="Vant – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vant" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zik%C3%AA_mirov" title="Zikê mirov – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zikê mirov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B0" title="Лякьа – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Лякьа" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93ders" title="Vēders – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēders" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauch" title="Bauch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bauch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilvas" title="Pilvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libumu" title="Libumu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libumu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adomen" title="Adomen – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Adomen" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venter" title="Venter – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Venter" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Has" title="Has – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Has" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Стомак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стомак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഉദരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉദരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ქვარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქვარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بتیم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بتیم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3k-l%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Bók-lō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bók-lō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buik" title="Buik – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Buik" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek_(lichem)" title="Boek (lichem) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Boek (lichem)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="पेट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पेट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B9" title="腹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="腹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buken" title="Buken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Buken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdom%C3%A8n" title="Abdomèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abdomèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%DA%89%D9%87" title="گېډه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گېډه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel" title="Bel – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buuk" title="Buuk – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Buuk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzuch" title="Brzuch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brzuch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%B3men" title="Abdómen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abdómen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch_(K%C3%B6rperdeel)" title="Buch (Körperdeel) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Buch (Körperdeel)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiksa" title="Wiksa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wiksa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="नाभिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नाभिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomeni" title="Abdomeni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abdomeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panza" title="Panza – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Panza" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abdomen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucho_(stavovce)" title="Brucho (stavovce) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brucho (stavovce)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuh" title="Trebuh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trebuh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DA%AF" title="زگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85" title="Трбух – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трбух" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trbuh" title="Trbuh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trbuh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuteung" title="Beuteung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beuteung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vatsa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buken" title="Buken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puson" title="Puson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Puson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="வயிறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வயிறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adis" title="Adis – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adis" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఉదరము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉదరము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_(%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0)" title="ท้อง (อวัยวะ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ท้อง (อวัยวะ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C4%B1n" title="Karın – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Живіт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Живіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="پیٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%85" title="قورساق قىسم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قورساق قىسم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungx" title="Dungx – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dungx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koht" title="Koht – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Koht" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5ng" title="Bụng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bụng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B9" title="腹 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="腹" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buuk" title="Buuk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Buuk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puson" title="Puson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Puson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9A%E7%9A%AE" title="肚皮 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肚皮" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9A" title="בויך – Yiddish" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the part of the body, sometimes called the stomach. For the organ in the gastrointestinal tract, see <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the body between the chest and pelvis</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Abdomen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdomen-periumbilical_region.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Abdomen-periumbilical_region.png/250px-Abdomen-periumbilical_region.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Abdomen-periumbilical_region.png/375px-Abdomen-periumbilical_region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Abdomen-periumbilical_region.png/500px-Abdomen-periumbilical_region.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="574" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg/250px-Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg/375px-Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg/500px-Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The human abdomen and organs which can be found beneath the surface</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">Actions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Movement and support for the torso<br />Assistance with breathing<br />Protection for the inner organs<br />Postural support</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>abdomen</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>ἦτρον</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000005">D000005</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.016%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A01.1.00.016</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=127">127</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma9577">9577</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9597" class="extiw" title="d:Q9597">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>abdomen</b> (colloquially called the <b>belly</b>, <b>tummy</b>, <b>midriff</b>, <b>tucky</b>, or <b>stomach</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) is the front part of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> (chest) and <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> in humans and in other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. The area occupied by the abdomen is called the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, it is the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(biology)" title="Tagma (biology)">tagma</a> of the body; it follows the thorax or <a href="/wiki/Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">cephalothorax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In humans, the abdomen stretches from the thorax at the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">thoracic diaphragm</a> to the pelvis at the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_brim" title="Pelvic brim">pelvic brim</a>. The pelvic brim stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Lumbosacral_joint" title="Lumbosacral joint">lumbosacral joint</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">intervertebral disc</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">L5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vertebra#Sacrum" title="Vertebra">S1</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">pubic symphysis</a> and is the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inlet" title="Pelvic inlet">pelvic inlet</a>. The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_wall" title="Abdominal wall">abdominal wall</a> in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear. </p><p>In vertebrates, the abdomen is a large <a href="/wiki/Body_cavity" title="Body cavity">body cavity</a> enclosed by the abdominal muscles, at the front and to the sides, and by part of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> at the back. Lower ribs can also enclose ventral and lateral walls. The abdominal cavity is continuous with, and above, the pelvic cavity. It is attached to the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a> by the diaphragm. Structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> pass through the diaphragm. Both the abdominal and pelvic cavities are lined by a serous membrane known as the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_peritoneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Parietal peritoneum">parietal peritoneum</a>. This membrane is continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Visceral_peritoneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Visceral peritoneum">visceral peritoneum</a> lining the organs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abdomen in vertebrates contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> belonging to, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">muscular system</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">Abdominal cavity</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_organs_of_the_human_body" title="List of organs of the human body">List of organs of the human body</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a> contains most organs of the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> with its attached <a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">appendix</a>. Other digestive organs are known as the accessory digestive organs and include the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, its attached <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, and these communicate with the rest of the system via various ducts. The <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, and organs of the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal glands</a> also lie within the abdomen, along with many blood vessels including the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">inferior vena cava</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian tubes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a> may be seen as either abdominal organs or as pelvic organs. Finally, the abdomen contains an extensive membrane called the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a>. A fold of peritoneum may completely cover certain organs, whereas it may cover only one side of organs that usually lie closer to the abdominal wall. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneum">retroperitoneum</a>, and the kidneys and ureters are known as <i>retroperitoneal</i> organs. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobo_1906_393.png" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the various organs and blood-vessels in proximity with liver."><img alt="View of the various organs and blood-vessels in proximity with liver." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sobo_1906_393.png/120px-Sobo_1906_393.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sobo_1906_393.png/180px-Sobo_1906_393.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sobo_1906_393.png/240px-Sobo_1906_393.png 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the various organs and blood-vessels in proximity with liver.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1120.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The relations of the viscera and large vessels of the abdomen, seen from behind."><img alt="The relations of the viscera and large vessels of the abdomen, seen from behind." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/91px-Gray1120.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/136px-Gray1120.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/182px-Gray1120.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The relations of the viscera and large vessels of the abdomen, seen from behind.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muscles">Muscles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">Abdominal muscles</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:458px;max-width:458px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grays_Anatomy_image392.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Grays_Anatomy_image392.png/225px-Grays_Anatomy_image392.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Grays_Anatomy_image392.png/338px-Grays_Anatomy_image392.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Grays_Anatomy_image392.png/450px-Grays_Anatomy_image392.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_a_physically_fit_human_male_abdomen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Example_of_a_physically_fit_human_male_abdomen.jpg/225px-Example_of_a_physically_fit_human_male_abdomen.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Example_of_a_physically_fit_human_male_abdomen.jpg/338px-Example_of_a_physically_fit_human_male_abdomen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Example_of_a_physically_fit_human_male_abdomen.jpg/450px-Example_of_a_physically_fit_human_male_abdomen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">(Left) <i>Henry Gray (1825–1861). Anatomy of the Human Body</i>.<br />(Right) A <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> abdomen.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>There are three layers of muscles in the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_wall" title="Abdominal wall">abdominal wall</a>. They are, from the outside to the inside: <a href="/wiki/External_oblique" class="mw-redirect" title="External oblique">external oblique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_oblique" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal oblique">internal oblique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transverse_abdominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse abdominal">transverse abdominal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first three layers extend between the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a>, the lower ribs, the <a href="/wiki/Iliac_crest" title="Iliac crest">iliac crest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a>. All of their fibers merge towards the midline and surround the <a href="/wiki/Rectus_abdominis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectus abdominis">rectus abdominis</a> in a sheath before joining up on the opposite side at the <a href="/wiki/Linea_alba_(abdomen)" title="Linea alba (abdomen)">linea alba</a>. Strength is gained by the criss-crossing of fibers, such that the <a href="/wiki/External_oblique" class="mw-redirect" title="External oblique">external oblique</a> runs downward and forward, the <a href="/wiki/Internal_oblique" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal oblique">internal oblique</a> upward and forward, and the transverse abdominal horizontally forward.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Transverse_abdominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse abdominal">transverse abdominal</a> muscle is flat and triangular, with its fibers running horizontally. It lies between the internal oblique and the underlying <a href="/wiki/Transverse_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse fascia">transverse fascia</a>. It originates from the inguinal ligament, costal cartilages 7-12, the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia. Inserts into the conjoint tendon, <a href="/wiki/Xiphoid_process" title="Xiphoid process">xiphoid process</a>, linea alba and the pubic crest. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rectus_abdominis_muscle" title="Rectus abdominis muscle">rectus abdominis muscles</a> are long and flat. The muscle is crossed by three fibrous bands called the <a href="/wiki/Tendinous_intersection" title="Tendinous intersection">tendinous intersections</a>. The rectus abdominis is enclosed in a thick sheath, formed as described above, by fibers from each of the three muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. They originate at the <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis bone</a>, run up the abdomen on either side of the linea alba, and insert into the cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs. In the region of the <a href="/wiki/Groin" title="Groin">groin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_canal" title="Inguinal canal">inguinal canal</a>, is a passage through the layers. This gap is where the <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a> can drop through the wall and where the fibrous cord from the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> in the female runs. This is also where weakness can form, and cause <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">inguinal hernias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pyramidalis_muscle" title="Pyramidalis muscle">pyramidalis muscle</a> is small and triangular. It is located in the lower abdomen in front of the rectus abdominis. It originates at the pubic bone and is inserted into the linea alba halfway up to the <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdominal_Organs_Anatomy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Abdominal_Organs_Anatomy.png/220px-Abdominal_Organs_Anatomy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Abdominal_Organs_Anatomy.png/330px-Abdominal_Organs_Anatomy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Abdominal_Organs_Anatomy.png/440px-Abdominal_Organs_Anatomy.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Abdominal organs anatomy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Functionally, the human abdomen is where most of the digestive tract is placed and so most of the absorption and digestion of food occurs here. The alimentary tract in the abdomen consists of the lower <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">jejunum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">ileum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">appendix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">ascending</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">transverse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">descending colons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">sigmoid colon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>. Other vital organs inside the abdomen include the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_wall" title="Abdominal wall">abdominal wall</a> is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides), and anterior (front) walls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement,_breathing_and_other_functions"><span id="Movement.2C_breathing_and_other_functions"></span>Movement, breathing and other functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Movement, breathing and other functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abdominal muscles have different important functions. They assist as <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_respiration" title="Muscles of respiration">muscles of exhalation</a> in the breathing process during <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">forceful exhalation</a>. Moreover, these muscles serve as protection for the inner organs. Furthermore, together with the back muscles they provide postural support and are important in defining the form. When the <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> is closed and the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> are fixed, they are integral in the <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">cough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vomit">vomit</a>, and singing functions.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the pelvis is fixed, they can initiate the movement of the trunk in a forward motion. They also prevent <a href="/wiki/Hyperextension" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperextension">hyperextension</a>. When the thorax is fixed, they can pull up the pelvis and finally, they can bend the vertebral column sideways and assist in the trunk's rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posture">Posture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Posture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transverse abdominis muscle is the deepest muscle; therefore, it cannot be touched from the outside. It can greatly affect the body's posture. The internal obliques are also deep and also affect body posture. Both of them are involved in rotation and lateral flexion of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">spine</a> and are used to bend and support the spine from the front. The external obliques are more superficial and are also involved in rotation and lateral flexion of the spine. They also stabilize the spine when upright. The rectus abdominis muscle is not the most superficial abdominal muscle. The tendonous sheath extending from the external obliques cover the rectus abdominis. The rectus abdominis is the muscle that very fit people develop into "six-pack" abs, though there are five vertical sections on each side. The two bottom sections are just above the pubic bone and usually not visible. The rectus abdominals' function is to bend one's back forward (flexion). The main work of the abdominal muscles is to bend the spine forward when contracting concentrically.<sup id="cite_ref-B_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navel_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Navel in popular culture">Navel in popular culture</a></div> <p>Social and cultural perceptions of the outward appearance of the abdomen has varying significance around the world. Depending on the type of society, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">excess weight</a> can be perceived as an indicator of wealth and prestige due to excess food, or as a sign of poor health due to lack of exercise. In many cultures, bare abdomens are distinctly sexualized and perceived similarly to <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(breasts)" title="Cleavage (breasts)">breast cleavage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exercise">Exercise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exercise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_exercise" title="Abdominal exercise">Abdominal exercise</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Superman_exercise,_isometric_back_hyperextension_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Superman_exercise%2C_isometric_back_hyperextension_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Superman_exercise%2C_isometric_back_hyperextension_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Superman_exercise%2C_isometric_back_hyperextension_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Superman_exercise%2C_isometric_back_hyperextension_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Superman_exercise%2C_isometric_back_hyperextension_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>The Superman exercise, involving balancing solely with the abdomen (on a folded towel) while raising the upper torso and pelvis off the floor with the limbs bent. There are numerous variations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Being key elements of spinal support, and contributors to good posture, it is important to properly exercise the abdominal muscles together with the back muscles because when these are weak or overly tight they can suffer painful spasms and <a href="/wiki/Injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Injuries">injuries</a>. When properly exercised, abdominal muscles contribute to improved posture and balance, reduce the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Back_pain" title="Back pain">back pain</a> episodes, reduce the severity of back pain,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> protect against injury,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> help avoid some back surgeries, and help with the healing of back problems, or after spine surgery. When strengthened, the abdominal muscles provide flexibility as well. The abdominal muscles can be worked by strength and fitness exercises, and through practicing disciplines of general body strength such as <a href="/wiki/Pilates" title="Pilates">Pilates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">tai chi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">jogging</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_obesity" title="Abdominal obesity">Abdominal obesity</a> is a condition where <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal fat">abdominal fat</a> or visceral fat, has built up excessively between the abdominal organs. This is associated with a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">type 2 diabetes.</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_trauma" title="Abdominal trauma">Abdominal trauma</a> is an injury to the abdomen and can involve damage to the abdominal organs. There is an associated risk of <a href="/wiki/Exsanguination" title="Exsanguination">severe blood loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jansen08_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jansen08-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Injury to the lower chest can cause injuries to the spleen and liver.<sup id="cite_ref-OxHandbookEM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxHandbookEM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A scaphoid abdomen is when the abdomen is sucked inwards.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a newborn, it may represent a <a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Diaphragmatic hernia">diaphragmatic hernia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, it is indicative of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease">Disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal disease</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">gastrointestinal diseases</a> affect the abdominal organs. These include <a href="/wiki/Stomach_disease" title="Stomach disease">stomach disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">pancreatic disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a> disease; intestinal diseases include <a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">enteritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">diverticulitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examination">Examination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">medical procedures</a> can be used to examine the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. These include <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">sigmoidoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enteroscopy" title="Enteroscopy">enteroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy">oesophagogastroduodenoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">virtual colonoscopy</a>. There are also a number of <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> techniques that can be used. Surface landmarks are important in the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_examination" title="Abdominal examination">examination of the abdomen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_landmarks">Surface landmarks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Surface landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png/220px-Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png/330px-Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png/440px-Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="2533" /></a><figcaption>Surface projections of the organs of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">trunk</a>, from which organ locations are derived mainly from <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a> levels, <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-line, a slight furrow extends from the <a href="/wiki/Xiphoid_process" title="Xiphoid process">xiphoid process</a> above to the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">pubic symphysis</a> below, representing the <a href="/wiki/Linea_alba_(abdomen)" title="Linea alba (abdomen)">linea alba</a> in the abdominal wall. At about its midpoint sits the umbilicus or <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rectus_abdominis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectus abdominis">rectus abdominis</a> on each side of the linea alba stands out in muscular people. The outline of these muscles is interrupted by three or more transverse depressions indicating the <a href="/wiki/Tendinous_intersection" title="Tendinous intersection">tendinous intersections</a>. There is usually one about the xiphoid process, one at the navel, and one in between. It is the combination of the linea alba and the tendinous intersections which form the abdominal "six-pack" sought after by many people. </p><p>The upper lateral limit of the abdomen is the subcostal margin (at or near the <i><a href="/wiki/Subcostal_plane" title="Subcostal plane">subcostal plane</a></i>) formed by the cartilages of the <a href="/wiki/False_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="False rib">false ribs</a> (8, 9, 10) joining one another. The lower lateral limit is the anterior crest of the <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poupart%27s_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Poupart's ligament">Poupart's ligament</a>, which runs from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the spine of the <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis</a>. These lower limits are marked by visible grooves. Just above the pubic spines on either side are the external abdominal rings, which are openings in the muscular wall of the abdomen through which the <a href="/wiki/Spermatic_cord" title="Spermatic cord">spermatic cord</a> emerges in the male, and through which an <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">inguinal hernia</a> may rupture. </p><p>One method by which the location of the abdominal contents can be appreciated is to draw three horizontal and two vertical lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Horizontal_lines">Horizontal lines</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Horizontal lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1225.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray1225.png/220px-Gray1225.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray1225.png/330px-Gray1225.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray1225.png/440px-Gray1225.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Front of abdomen, showing markings for duodenum, pancreas, and kidneys.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The highest of the former is the <a href="/wiki/Transpyloric_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpyloric line">transpyloric line</a> of C. Addison, which is situated halfway between the <a href="/wiki/Suprasternal_notch" title="Suprasternal notch">suprasternal notch</a> and the top of the pubic symphysis, and often cuts the pyloric opening of the stomach an inch to the right of the mid-line. The <a href="/wiki/Hilum_of_kidney" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilum of kidney">hilum</a> of each <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> is a little below it, while its left end approximately touches the lower limit of the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>. It corresponds to the first lumbar vertebra behind.</li> <li>The second line is the <i><a href="/wiki/Subcostal_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcostal line">subcostal line</a></i>, drawn from the lowest point of the <a href="/wiki/Subcostal_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcostal arch">subcostal arch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tenth_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth rib">tenth rib</a>). It corresponds to the upper part of the third lumbar vertebra, and it is an inch or so above the umbilicus. It indicates roughly the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">transverse colon</a>, the lower ends of the kidneys, and the upper limit of the transverse (3rd) part of the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>.</li> <li>The third line is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Intertubercular_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertubercular line">intertubercular line</a></i>, and runs across between the two rough <a href="/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubercle (anatomy)">tubercles</a>, which can be felt on the outer lip of the crest of the ilium about two and a half inches (64 mm) from the anterior superior spine. This line corresponds to the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra, and passes through or just above the <a href="/wiki/Ileo-caecal_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Ileo-caecal valve">ileo-caecal valve</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> joins the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vertical_lines">Vertical lines</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vertical lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two vertical or mid-Poupart lines are drawn from the point midway between the anterior superior spine and the pubic symphysis on each side, vertically upward to the costal margin. </p> <ul><li>The right one is the most valuable, as the <a href="/wiki/Ileo-caecal_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Ileo-caecal valve">ileo-caecal valve</a> is situated where it cuts the intertubercular line. The orifice of the <a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">appendix</a> lies an inch lower, at <a href="/wiki/McBurney%27s_point" title="McBurney's point">McBurney's point</a>. In its upper part, the vertical line meets the transpyloric line at the lower margin of the ribs, usually the ninth, and here the <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> is situated.</li> <li>The left mid-Poupart line corresponds in its upper three-quarters to the inner edge of the <a href="/wiki/Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">descending colon</a>.</li></ul> <p>The right subcostal margin corresponds to the lower limit of the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, while the right nipple is about half an inch above its upper limit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quadrants_and_regions">Quadrants and regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Quadrants and regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg/400px-Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg/600px-Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg/800px-Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Side-by-side comparison of quadrants and regions.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="quadrants"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quadrants_and_regions_of_abdomen" title="Quadrants and regions of abdomen">Quadrants and regions of abdomen</a></div> <p>The abdomen can be divided into quadrants or regions to describe the location of an organ or structure. Classically, quadrants are described as the left upper, left lower, right upper, and right lower.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Quadrants are also often used in describing the site of an abdominal pain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abdomen can also be divided into nine regions. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>right hypochondriac/<a href="/wiki/Hypochondrium" title="Hypochondrium">hypochondrium</a></td> <td>epigastric/<a href="/wiki/Epigastrium" title="Epigastrium">epigastrium</a></td> <td>left hypochondriac/hypochondrium </td></tr> <tr> <td>right lumbar/flank/<a href="/wiki/Latus_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latus (anatomy)">latus</a>/lateral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_region" title="Umbilical region">umbilical</a></td> <td>left lumbar/flank/latus/lateral </td></tr> <tr> <td>right <a href="/wiki/Groin" title="Groin">inguinal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iliac_fossa" title="Iliac fossa">iliac</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypogastrium" title="Hypogastrium">hypogastric</a>/supra<a href="/wiki/Pubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubic">pubic</a></td> <td>left inguinal/iliac </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These terms stem from "hypo" meaning "below" and "epi" means "above", while "chondron" means "cartilage" (in this case, the cartilage of the rib) and "gaster" means stomach. The reversal of "left" and "right" is intentional, because the anatomical designations reflect <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">the patient's own right and left</a>.) </p><p>The "right iliac fossa" (RIF) is a common site of pain and tenderness in patients who have <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a>. The fossa is named for the underlying <a href="/wiki/Iliac_fossa" title="Iliac fossa">iliac fossa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">hip bone</a>, and thus is somewhat imprecise. Most of the anatomical structures that will produce pain and tenderness in this region are not in fact in the concavity of the ileum. However, the term is in common usage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Across_animal_phyla_and_classes">Across animal phyla and classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Across animal phyla and classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chordata">Chordata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chordata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mammals">Mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mammal_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammal anatomy">Mammal anatomy</a></div> <p>Abdominal organs can be highly specialized in some mammals. For example, the stomach of <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, (a <a href="/wiki/Suborder" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborder">suborder</a> of mammals that includes <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>), is divided into four chambers – <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reticulum_(anatomy)" title="Reticulum (anatomy)">reticulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omasum" title="Omasum">omasum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abomasum" title="Abomasum">abomasum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Arthropoda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, the abdomen is built up of a series of upper plates known as <a href="/wiki/Tergite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tergite">tergites</a> and lower plates known as <a href="/wiki/Sternite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternite">sternites</a>, the whole being held together by a tough yet stretchable membrane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insects">Insects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdomen-head-thorax-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Abdomen-head-thorax-en.svg/220px-Abdomen-head-thorax-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Abdomen-head-thorax-en.svg/330px-Abdomen-head-thorax-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Abdomen-head-thorax-en.svg/440px-Abdomen-head-thorax-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">analogous</a> gross <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphologies</a> of a human and an <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg/220px-Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg/330px-Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg/440px-Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>In the worker ant, the abdomen consists of the <a href="/wiki/Propodeum" title="Propodeum">propodeum</a> fused to the <a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology#Thorax" title="Insect morphology">thorax</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metasoma" title="Metasoma">metasoma</a>, itself divided into the narrow <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(insect_anatomy)" title="Petiole (insect anatomy)">petiole</a> and bulbous <a href="/wiki/Gaster_(insect_anatomy)" title="Gaster (insect anatomy)">gaster</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> In <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, the abdomen contains the insect's digestive tract and reproductive organs, it consists of eleven segments in most orders of insects though the eleventh segment is absent in the adult of most higher orders. The number of these segments does vary from species to species with the number of segments visible reduced to only seven in the common <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bee</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Collembola" class="mw-redirect" title="Collembola">Collembola</a> (springtails), the abdomen has only six segments. </p><p>The abdomen is sometimes highly modified. In <a href="/wiki/Apocrita" title="Apocrita">Apocrita</a> (bees, ants and wasps), the first segment of the abdomen is fused to the <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorax (insect anatomy)">thorax</a> and is called the <a href="/wiki/Propodeum" title="Propodeum">propodeum</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, the second segment forms the narrow <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(insect_anatomy)" title="Petiole (insect anatomy)">petiole</a>. Some ants have an additional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Postpetiole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postpetiole (page does not exist)">postpetiole</a> segment, and the remaining segments form the bulbous <a href="/wiki/Gaster_(insect_anatomy)" title="Gaster (insect anatomy)">gaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The petiole and gaster (abdominal segments 2 and onward) are collectively called the <a href="/wiki/Metasoma" title="Metasoma">metasoma</a>. </p><p>Unlike other arthropods, insects possess no legs on the abdomen in adult form, though the <a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Protura</a> do have rudimentary leg-like appendages on the first three abdominal segments, and <a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Archaeognatha</a> possess small, articulated "styli" which are sometimes considered to be rudimentary appendages. Many larval insects including the <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Symphyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphyta">Symphyta</a> (sawflies) have fleshy appendages called <a href="/wiki/Proleg" title="Proleg">prolegs</a> on their abdominal segments (as well as their more familiar thoracic legs), which allow them to grip onto the edges of plant leaves as they walk around. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arachnida">Arachnida</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Arachnida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Arachnids" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnids">arachnids</a> (spiders, scorpions and relatives), the term "abdomen" is used interchangeably with "<a href="/wiki/Opisthosoma" title="Opisthosoma">opisthosoma</a>" ("hind body"), which is the body section posterior to that bearing the legs and head (the prosoma or <a href="/wiki/Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">cephalothorax</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal fat">Abdominal fat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abdomen">Abdomen</a>. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition. Retrieved 22 October 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/peritoneum">Peritoneum</a>. The Veterinary Dictionary. Elsevier, 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/19">"Abdominal cavity"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL. 2010. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/19">19–20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdominal+cavity&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=19-20&rft.edition=15th&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226202250/http://backandneck.about.com/od/anatomyexplained/p/abdominalmuscle.htm">"The Abdominal Muscle Group"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backandneck.about.com/od/anatomyexplained/p/abdominalmuscle.htm">the original</a> on 2015-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Abdominal+Muscle+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbackandneck.about.com%2Fod%2Fanatomyexplained%2Fp%2Fabdominalmuscle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerryGoodman2019" class="citation book cs1">Terry, Michael; Goodman, Paul (2019). <i>Hockey Anatomy</i>. Champaign: Human Kinetics. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4925-3588-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4925-3588-1"><bdi>978-1-4925-3588-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hockey+Anatomy&rft.place=Champaign&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4925-3588-1&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj2011" class="citation book cs1">Raj, Joshua (2011). <i>A Guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Back Pain</i>. Singapore: Armour. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4305-32-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4305-32-7"><bdi>978-981-4305-32-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Prevention+and+Treatment+of+Back+Pain&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Armour&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4305-32-7&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReger-NashSmithJuckett2015" class="citation book cs1">Reger-Nash, Bill; Smith, Meredith; Juckett, Gregory (2015). <i>Foundations of Wellness</i>. Human Kinetics. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4504-0200-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4504-0200-2"><bdi>978-1-4504-0200-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Wellness&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4504-0200-2&rft.aulast=Reger-Nash&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Smith%2C+Meredith&rft.au=Juckett%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsacowitz2014" class="citation book cs1">Isacowitz, Rael (2014). <i>Pilates</i> (2 ed.). Champaign: Human Kinetics. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4504-3416-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4504-3416-4"><bdi>978-1-4504-3416-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilates&rft.place=Champaign&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4504-3416-4&rft.aulast=Isacowitz&rft.aufirst=Rael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwenson2001" class="citation book cs1">Swenson, Doug (2001). "Accumulating strong abs". <i>Power Yoga for Dummies</i>. Hoboken: Wiley Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Accumulating+strong+abs&rft.btitle=Power+Yoga+for+Dummies&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jansen08-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jansen08_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansenYuleLoudon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jansen JO, Yule SR, Loudon MA (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2335258">"Investigation of blunt abdominal trauma"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>336</b> (7650): 938–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.39534.686192.80">10.1136/bmj.39534.686192.80</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2335258">2335258</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18436949">18436949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+blunt+abdominal+trauma&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=7650&rft.pages=938-42&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2335258%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18436949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.39534.686192.80&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=JO&rft.au=Yule%2C+SR&rft.au=Loudon%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2335258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxHandbookEM-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxHandbookEM_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyattIllingworth,_RNGraham,_CAClancy,_MJ2006" class="citation book cs1">Wyatt, Jonathon; Illingworth, RN; Graham, CA; Clancy, MJ; Robertson, CE (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_t9l0/page/346/mode/2up"><i>Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920607-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920607-0"><bdi>978-0-19-920607-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Emergency+Medicine&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920607-0&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rft.au=Illingworth%2C+RN&rft.au=Graham%2C+CA&rft.au=Clancy%2C+MJ&rft.au=Robertson%2C+CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhandbookof0000unse_t9l0%2Fpage%2F346%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary</i> (32nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6257-8"><bdi>978-1-4160-6257-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dorland%27s+illustrated+medical+dictionary.&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=32nd&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-6257-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurward,_HeatherBaston,_Helen2001" class="citation book cs1">Durward, Heather; Baston, Helen (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/examinationnewbo00bast_733"><i>Examination of the newborn: a practical guide</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/examinationnewbo00bast_733/page/n150">134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19184-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19184-5"><bdi>978-0-415-19184-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Examination+of+the+newborn%3A+a+practical+guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19184-5&rft.au=Durward%2C+Heather&rft.au=Baston%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexaminationnewbo00bast_733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson,_Charles1990" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Charles (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK420/">"Inspection, Auscultation, Palpation, and Percussion of the Abdomen"</a>. In Walker, HK; Hall, WD; Hurst, JW (eds.). <i>Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations</i> (3rd ed.). Boston: Butterworths. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780409900774" title="Special:BookSources/9780409900774"><bdi>9780409900774</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inspection%2C+Auscultation%2C+Palpation%2C+and+Percussion+of+the+Abdomen&rft.btitle=Clinical+Methods%3A+The+History%2C+Physical%2C+and+Laboratory+Examinations&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Butterworths&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780409900774&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK420%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2011" class="citation book cs1">Saladin, Kenneth (2011). <i>Human anatomy</i>. McGraw-Hill. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071222075" title="Special:BookSources/9780071222075"><bdi>9780071222075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+anatomy&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780071222075&rft.aulast=Saladin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/ruminant">Ruminant</a>." The Veterinary Dictionary. Elsevier, 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517144322/http://www.desertants.org/indexpages/terminology.html">"Glossary of Descriptive Terminology"</a>. Desertants.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desertants.org/indexpages/terminology.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Descriptive+Terminology&rft.pub=Desertants.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertants.org%2Findexpages%2Fterminology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdomen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/abdomen" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/abdomen">abdomen</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abdomen"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abdomen">"Abdomen" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdomen&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdomen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abdomen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abdomen">Abdomen</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_regional_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template talk:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_peritoneum_and_mesentery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peritoneal_anatomy" title="Template:Peritoneal anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peritoneal_anatomy" title="Template talk:Peritoneal anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peritoneal_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peritoneal anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_peritoneum_and_mesentery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">mesentery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_cavity" title="Peritoneal cavity">cavity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">Mesentery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abdominal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From<br />ventral mesentery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_omentum" title="Lesser omentum">Lesser omentum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatoduodenal_ligament" title="Hepatoduodenal ligament">Hepatoduodenal ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatogastric_ligament" title="Hepatogastric ligament">Hepatogastric ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_ligament" title="Coronary ligament">Coronary ligament</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Left_triangular_ligament" title="Left triangular ligament">Left triangular ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_triangular_ligament" title="Right triangular ligament">Right triangular ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatorenal_ligament" title="Hepatorenal ligament">Hepatorenal ligament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falciform_ligament" title="Falciform ligament">Falciform ligament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liver" title="Round ligament of liver">Round ligament of liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_venosum" title="Ligamentum venosum">Ligamentum venosum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From<br />dorsal mesentery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_omentum" title="Greater omentum">Greater omentum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrophrenic_ligament" title="Gastrophrenic ligament">Gastrophrenic ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrocolic_ligament" title="Gastrocolic ligament">Gastrocolic ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrosplenic_ligament" title="Gastrosplenic ligament">Gastrosplenic ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">Mesentery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenorenal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenorenal ligament">Splenorenal ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenicocolic_ligament" title="Phrenicocolic ligament">Phrenicocolic ligament</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Folds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_folds" title="Umbilical folds">Umbilical folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supravesical_fossa" title="Supravesical fossa">Supravesical fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_inguinal_fossa" title="Medial inguinal fossa">Medial inguinal fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_umbilical_fold" title="Lateral umbilical fold">Lateral umbilical fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_inguinal_fossa" title="Lateral inguinal fossa">Lateral inguinal fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileocecal_fold" title="Ileocecal fold">Ileocecal fold</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abdominal cavity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_sac" title="Greater sac">Greater sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_sac" title="Lesser sac">Lesser sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omental_foramen" title="Omental foramen">Omental foramen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystohepatic_triangle" title="Cystohepatic triangle">Cystohepatic triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatorenal_recess" title="Hepatorenal recess">Hepatorenal recess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_wall" title="Abdominal wall">Abdominal wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_triangle" title="Inguinal triangle">Inguinal triangle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_recesses" title="Peritoneal recesses">Peritoneal recesses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracolic_gutters" title="Paracolic gutters">Paracolic gutters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramesenteric_gutters" title="Paramesenteric gutters">Paramesenteric gutters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_peritoneum" title="Urogenital peritoneum">Pelvic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_ligament_of_the_uterus" title="Broad ligament of the uterus">Broad ligament of the uterus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesovarium" title="Mesovarium">Mesovarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosalpinx" title="Mesosalpinx">Mesosalpinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesometrium" title="Mesometrium">Mesometrium</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_ligament" title="Ovarian ligament">Ovarian ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_ovary" title="Suspensory ligament of ovary">Suspensory ligament of ovary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Female <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rectouterine_pouch" title="Rectouterine pouch">Rectouterine pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectouterine_fold" title="Rectouterine fold">Rectouterine fold</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uterosacral_ligament" title="Uterosacral ligament">Uterosacral ligament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicouterine_pouch" title="Vesicouterine pouch">Vesicouterine pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_fossa" title="Ovarian fossa">Ovarian fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravesical_fossa" title="Paravesical fossa">Paravesical fossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroperitonium" title="Retroperitonium">Retroperitonium</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Male <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rectovesical_pouch" title="Rectovesical pouch">Rectovesical pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pararectal_fossa" title="Pararectal fossa">Pararectal fossa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraperitoneal_space" title="Extraperitoneal space">Extraperitoneal space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal_space" title="Retroperitoneal space">Retroperitoneal space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retropubic_space" title="Retropubic space">Retropubic space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9597#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9597#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9597#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85000091">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Abdomen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930814c">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Abdomen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930814c">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="břicho"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119084&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531710">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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