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Disponible en 33 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="علم الأجواء العليا – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأجواء العليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аерономия – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аерономия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomia" title="Aeronomia – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aeronomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomie" title="Aeronomie – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aeronomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomie" title="Aeronomie – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aeronomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomy" title="Aeronomy – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Aeronomy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronom%C3%ADa" title="Aeronomía – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aeronomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronoomia" title="Aeronoomia – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aeronoomia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبرجوشناسی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبرجوشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomia" title="Aeronomia – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aeronomia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronom%C3%ADa" title="Aeronomía – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aeronomía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="אווירונומיה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אווירונומיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वायुविज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वायुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomija" title="Aeronomija – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aeronomija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomia" title="Aeronomia – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aeronomia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="超高層学 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超高層学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აერონომია – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აერონომია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B3%A0%EC%B8%B5%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="초고층대기물리학 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초고층대기물리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аэрономия – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аэрономия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomi" title="Aeronomi – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aeronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomi" title="Aeronomi – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aeronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomia" title="Aeronomia – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aeronomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomia" title="Aeronomia – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aeronomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomie" title="Aeronomie – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aeronomie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аэрономия – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аэрономия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeron%C3%B3mia" title="Aeronómia – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aeronómia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomi" title="Aeronomi – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aeronomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аэрономия – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аэрономия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomi" title="Aeronomi – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aeronomi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аерономія – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аерономія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomiya" title="Aeronomiya – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aeronomiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dc_cao_kh%C3%B4ng" title="Khí học cao không – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí học cao không" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%A4%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="高層大氣物理學 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高層大氣物理學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Circle-icons-genius.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/35px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/53px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/70px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant la <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"><div class="entete" style="background-color:#2B4B8D;color:#FFF"><div>Aéronomie</div></div><div><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg/260px-Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg/390px-Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg/520px-Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div class="legend"><a href="/wiki/Aurore_polaire" title="Aurore polaire">Aurore polaire</a> en <a href="/wiki/Antarctique" title="Antarctique">Antarctique</a>.</div></div><table><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Objet</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p2578"><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A8ne_lumineux_transitoire" title="Phénomène lumineux transitoire">Phénomènes lumineux transitoires</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16360?uselang=fr#P2578" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #2B4B8D"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A9ronomie&veaction=edit&section=0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A9ronomie&action=edit&section=0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16360" class="extiw" title="d:Q16360">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Discipline" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></p></div> <p>L'<b>aéronomie</b> est l'étude des propriétés physiques et chimiques des parties de l'<a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre" title="Atmosphère terrestre">atmosphère</a> où les réactions d'<a href="/wiki/Ionisation" title="Ionisation">ionisation</a> et de dissociation deviennent prédominantes<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> par opposition à l'<a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rologie" title="Aérologie">aérologie</a> qui étudie les portions de l'atmosphère où les phénomènes de turbulences ont une importance majeure. Par extension, l'aéronomie couvre aussi l'étude de l'atmosphère des <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A8te" title="Comète">comètes</a> et des autres <a href="/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te" title="Planète">planètes</a>. L'aéronomie est une science multidisciplinaire considérée une sous-discipline de la <a href="/wiki/Physique_atmosph%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Physique atmosphérique">physique atmosphérique</a>, utilisant principalement les outils de la physique et de la chimie. </p><p>L'aéronomie partage avec l'<a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rologie" title="Aérologie">aérologie</a> et la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie" title="Météorologie">météorologie</a> l'étude de la <a href="/wiki/Stratosph%C3%A8re" title="Stratosphère">stratosphère</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9sosph%C3%A8re" title="Mésosphère">mésosphère</a> mais alors que la météorologie met l'accent sur la dynamique atmosphérique, l'aéronomie met l'accent sur les phénomènes physico-chimiques d'un milieu hétérogène où l'influence du <a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_solaire" title="Rayonnement solaire">rayonnement solaire</a> est plus importante que dans la basse atmosphère<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La limite basse des études d'aéronomie sur <a href="/wiki/Terre" title="Terre">Terre</a> est la <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> à une altitude comprise entre 8 et 18 <a href="/wiki/Kilom%C3%A8tres" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilomètres">kilomètres</a> des <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B4le_g%C3%A9ographique" class="mw-redirect" title="Pôle géographique">pôles</a> à l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89quateur_(ligne_%C3%A9quinoxiale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Équateur (ligne équinoxiale)">équateur</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(1888-1970)" title="Sydney Chapman (1888-1970)">Sydney Chapman</a> invente ce terme en <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a> et il est adopté en <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a> lorsque l’<i>International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity</i> devient l’<i>International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'aéronomie est toutefois plus ancienne et les premières études dans ce champ de recherche datent du début du <a href="/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. Dès <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Nicolet" title="Marcel Nicolet">Marcel Nicolet</a> (1912-1996) invoquait la présence de l'hélium dans l'atmosphère supérieure où évolueraient plus tard les satellites artificiels. Cette prédiction lui valut le prix Daniel et Florence Guggenheim de l'Académie Internationale d'astronautique en <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Upperatmoslight1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Upperatmoslight1.jpg/220px-Upperatmoslight1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Upperatmoslight1.jpg/330px-Upperatmoslight1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Upperatmoslight1.jpg/440px-Upperatmoslight1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Phénomènes lumineux de la haute atmosphère.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il a ensuite fondé l'<a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27A%C3%A9ronomie_Spatiale_de_Belgique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique">Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique</a> en 1964. Marcel Nicolet a aussi expliqué l'existence de la région D de l'<a href="/wiki/Ionosph%C3%A8re" title="Ionosphère">ionosphère</a> par l'ionisation de l'oxyde d'azote. Cette ionisation est due à la raie d'émission solaire <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rie_de_Lyman" title="Série de Lyman">Lyman-α</a> qui pénètre jusqu'à la stratopause par une fenêtre optique de l'oxygène moléculaire<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A9ronomie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A9ronomie&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Aéronomie: physique et chimie de l'atmosphère</i>, Gaston Kockarts, Édition De Boeck Université, 2000, 224 pages, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-8041-3456-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-8041-3456-3"><span class="nowrap">2-8041-3456-3</span></a>)</small></li> <li><i>Aeronomiya(Aeronomy)</i>, M.Nicolet, Editions Mir, Moscou (1964).</li> <li><i>L'Aéronomie</i>, M.Nicolet, Géophysique, L'Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, (1971).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A9ronomie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A9ronomie&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionnaire des sciences de la Terre</i>, Encyclopædia Universalis, Éditions Albin Michel, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-226-10094-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-226-10094-6"><span class="nowrap">2-226-10094-6</span></a>)</small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteofrance.com/FR/glossaire/designation/38_curieux_view.jsp">L'aéronomie</a>, Météo France</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/about_iaga/iaga_history.htm">The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, history</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Physics Today, September 1963, <small>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3051170">présentation en ligne</a>]</small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">G. Kockarts, Aeronomy, a 20th Century emergent science: the role of solar Lyman series. Ann. Geophys., 20, 585-598, 2002 <small>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ann-geophys.net/20/585/2002/angeo-20-585-2002.html">lire en ligne</a>]</small>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A9ronomie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A9ronomie&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_new_home.htm"><i>International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy</i>, site officiel</a> une branche de l'<a href="/wiki/Union_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique_et_g%C3%A9ophysique_internationale" title="Union géodésique et géophysique internationale">Union géodésique et géophysique internationale</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeronomie.be"><i>Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique</i>, site officiel</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Sciences_de_la_Terre_et_de_l%27Univers" title="Portail des sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Crystal128-browser.svg/24px-Crystal128-browser.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Crystal128-browser.svg/36px-Crystal128-browser.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Crystal128-browser.svg/48px-Crystal128-browser.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="125" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Sciences_de_la_Terre_et_de_l%27Univers" title="Portail:Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers">Portail des sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9od%C3%A9sie_et_g%C3%A9ophysique" title="Portail de la géodésie et de la géophysique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jordens_inre.svg/23px-Jordens_inre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jordens_inre.svg/35px-Jordens_inre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jordens_inre.svg/46px-Jordens_inre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="833" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9od%C3%A9sie_et_g%C3%A9ophysique" title="Portail:Géodésie et géophysique">Portail de la géodésie et de la géophysique</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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