Sign your app | Android Studio | Android Developers

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta name="google-signin-client-id" content="721724668570-nbkv1cfusk7kk4eni4pjvepaus73b13t.apps.googleusercontent.com"> <meta name="google-signin-scope" content="profile email https://www.googleapis.com/auth/developerprofiles https://www.googleapis.com/auth/developerprofiles.award"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Android Developers"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="theme-color" content="#34a853"><meta charset="utf-8"> <meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="manifest" href="/_pwa/android/manifest.json" crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.googleapis.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//apis.google.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.google-analytics.com" crossorigin><link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500,600,700|Google+Sans+Text:400,400italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic|Roboto+Mono:400,500,700&display=swap"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Icons&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined&display=block"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/css/app.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/css/dark-theme.css" disabled> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/favicon.svg"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/touchicon-180.png"><link rel="canonical" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Android Developers" href="https://developer.android.com/s/opensearch.xml"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=ar" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="bn" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=bn" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=zh-cn" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=zh-tw" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="fa" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=fa" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=fr" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=de" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="he" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=he" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="hi" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=hi" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="id" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=id" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=it" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=ja" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ko" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=ko" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="pl" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=pl" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt-BR" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=pt-br" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=ru" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="es-419" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=es-419" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="th" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=th" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="tr" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=tr" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="vi" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing?hl=vi" /><title>Sign your app  |  Android Studio  |  Android Developers</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Sign your app  |  Android Studio  |  Android Developers"><meta name="description" content="Learn important concepts related to app signing and security, how to sign your app for release to Google Play using Android Studio, and how to opt in to Play App Signing."> <meta property="og:description" content="Learn important concepts related to app signing and security, how to sign your app for release to Google Play using Android Studio, and how to opt in to Play App Signing."><meta property="og:url" content="https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing"><meta property="og:image" content="https://developer.android.com/static/images/social/android-developers.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"><meta property="og:locale" content="en"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "headline": "Sign your app" } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Android Studio", "item": "https://developer.android.com/studio" },{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Sign your app", "item": "https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/app-signing" }] } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/extras.css"></head> <body class="" template="page" theme="android-theme" type="article" appearance layout="docs" display-toc pending> <devsite-progress type="indeterminate" id="app-progress"></devsite-progress> <a href="#main-content" class="skip-link button"> Skip to main content </a> <section class="devsite-wrapper"> <devsite-cookie-notification-bar></devsite-cookie-notification-bar><devsite-header role="banner"> <div class="devsite-header--inner nocontent"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-wrapper-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row"> <button type="button" id="devsite-hamburger-menu" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Navigation menu button" visually-hidden aria-label="Open menu"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="androidDevelopers" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" class="devsite-dark-theme" alt="Android Developers"> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Android Developers"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> </li> </ul> </span> </div> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-middle"> <div class="devsite-header-upper-tabs"> <devsite-tabs class="upper-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Upper tabs"> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-dropdown-full "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/get-started" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event android-dropdown-tab" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" > Essentials </a> <button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Essentials" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" role="menu" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown android-dropdown-primary android-dropdown-studio"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Gemini in Android Studio</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Your AI development companion for Android development. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/gemini-in-android" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/gemini-in-android" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="gemini in android studio" tooltip class="button button-primary" > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Learn more </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="gemini in android studio" tooltip class="button button-white" > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Get Android Studio </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-launch"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Get started</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Start by creating your first app. Go deeper with our training courses or explore app development on your own. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/get-started/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Hello world </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/courses" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/courses" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Training courses </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/get-started/codelabs" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started/codelabs" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Tutorials </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/ui/compose/adopt" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/ui/compose/adopt" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Compose for teams </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/kotlin" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/kotlin" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Kotlin for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Monetization with Play ↗️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-multiple-screens"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Extend by device</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Build apps that give your users seamless experiences from phones to tablets, watches, headsets, and more. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/adaptive-apps" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/adaptive-apps" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Adaptive apps </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/xr" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/xr" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android XR </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/wear" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/wear" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/cars" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/cars" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android for Cars </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/tv" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/tv" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android TV </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/chrome-os" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/chrome-os" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> ChromeOS </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-platform"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Build by category</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Learn to build for your use case by following Google's prescriptive and opinionated guidance. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/games" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/games" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Games </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/media" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/media" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Camera & media </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/social-and-messaging" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/social-and-messaging" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Social & messaging </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Health & fitness </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/productivity" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/productivity" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Productivity </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/work/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/work/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Enterprise apps </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-stars"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Get the latest</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Stay in touch with the latest releases throughout the year, join our preview programs, and give us your feedback. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Latest updates </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates/experimental" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates/experimental" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Experimental updates </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/preview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio/preview" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android Studio preview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/versions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/versions" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Jetpack & Compose libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables/versions/4" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables/versions/4" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS preview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Privacy Sandbox </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-dropdown-full "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event android-dropdown-tab" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" > Design & Plan </a> <button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Design & Plan" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" role="menu" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-layout"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>UI Design</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Design a beautiful user interface using Android best practices.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Design for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/mobile" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/mobile" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Mobile </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/large-screens" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/large-screens" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Adaptive UI </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/xr" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/xr" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android XR </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/widget" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/widget" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Widgets </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/wear" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/wear" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/tv" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/tv" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android TV </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-design"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Architecture</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Design robust, testable, and maintainable app logic and services.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/architecture/intro" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/architecture/intro" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Introduction </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/view-binding" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/view-binding" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Navigation </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/modularization" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/modularization" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Modularization </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/testing/fundamentals" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/testing/fundamentals" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Testing </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-vitals"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Quality</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Plan for app quality and align with Play store guidelines.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Overview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/core-value" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/core-value" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Core value </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/user-experience" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/user-experience" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> User experience </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/accessibility" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/accessibility" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Accessibility </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/technical" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/technical" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Technical quality </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/privacy-and-security" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/privacy-and-security" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Security </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-security-2"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Security</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Safeguard users against threats and ensure a secure Android experience.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/security" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/security" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Overview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/privacy-and-security/about" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/privacy-and-security/about" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Privacy </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Permissions </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/identity" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/identity" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Identity </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/security/fraud-prevention" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/security/fraud-prevention" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Fraud prevention </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-earth"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Build for Billions</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Create the best experience for entry-level devices</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/build-for-billions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/build-for-billions" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build for billions" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Overview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build for billions" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> About new markets </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/androidgo" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/androidgo" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build for billions" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android (Go edition) </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-dropdown-full devsite-active "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event android-dropdown-tab" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Develop, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" > Develop </a> <button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Develop" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" role="menu" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown android-dropdown-primary android-dropdown-ai"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Build AI experiences</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Build AI-powered Android apps with Gemini APIs and more. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/ai" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/ai" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build ai experiences" tooltip class="button button-primary" > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Get started </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-flag"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Core areas</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Get the samples and docs for the features you need.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/samples" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/samples" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Samples </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/ui" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/ui" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> User interfaces </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/background-work" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/background-work" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Background work </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/data" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/data" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Data and files </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/connectivity" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/connectivity" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Connectivity </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop#core-areas" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop#core-areas" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> All core areas ⤵️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-tools-2"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Tools and workflow</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Use the IDE to write and build your app, or create your own pipeline.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/write" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio/write" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Write and debug code </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/build/gradle-build-overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/build/gradle-build-overview" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Build projects </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/testing" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/testing" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Test your app </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Performance </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/tools" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/tools" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Command-line tools </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/tools/gradle-api" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/reference/tools/gradle-api" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Gradle plugin API </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-multiple-screens"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Device tech</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Write code for form factors. Connect devices and share data.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/large-screens/get-started-with-large-screens" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/large-screens/get-started-with-large-screens" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Adaptive UI </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/xr" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/xr" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android XR </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness/guides" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness/guides" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android Health </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/cars" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/cars" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android for Cars </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/tv" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/tv" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android TV </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop#devices" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop#devices" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> All devices ⤵️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-core-library"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Libraries</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Browse API reference documentation with all the details.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/packages" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/reference/packages" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android platform </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/explorer" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/explorer" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Jetpack libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/releases/compose" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/releases/compose" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Compose libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/android/reference/packages" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/android/reference/packages" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Play services ↗️ </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/sdks" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://play.google.com/sdks" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Play SDK index ↗️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/distribute" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/distribute" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - google play" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Google Play" track-name="google play" > Google Play </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/community" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/community" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - community" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Community" track-name="community" > Community </a> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> <devsite-search enable-signin enable-search enable-suggestions enable-query-completion project-name="Android Studio" tenant-name="Android Developers" > <form class="devsite-search-form" action="https://developer.android.com/s/results" method="GET"> <div class="devsite-search-container"> <button type="button" search-open class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Open search"></button> <div class="devsite-searchbox"> <input aria-activedescendant="" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-label="Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="listbox" autocomplete="off" class="devsite-search-field devsite-search-query" name="q" placeholder="Search" role="combobox" type="text" value="" > <div class="devsite-search-image material-icons" aria-hidden="true"> </div> <div class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon-container" aria-hidden="true"> <kbd class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon">/</kbd> </div> </div> </div> </form> <button type="button" search-close class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Close search"></button> </devsite-search> </div> <devsite-appearance-selector></devsite-appearance-selector> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="it" >Italiano</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pl" >Polski</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="vi" >Tiếng Việt</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="tr" >Türkçe</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ru" >Русский</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="he" >עברית</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ar" >العربيّة</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fa" >فارسی</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="hi" >हिंदी</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="bn" >বাংলা</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="th" >ภาษาไทย</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_tw" >中文 – 繁體</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> <a class="devsite-header-link devsite-top-button button gc-analytics-event" href="https://developer.android.com/studio" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site header link" > Android Studio </a> <devsite-user enable-profiles id="devsite-user"> <span class="button devsite-top-button" aria-hidden="true" visually-hidden>Sign in</span> </devsite-user> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-collapsible-section "> <div class="devsite-header-background"> <div class="devsite-product-id-row" > <div class="devsite-product-description-row"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Lower Header" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Android Studio" > Android Studio </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-doc-set-nav-row"> <devsite-tabs class="lower-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Lower tabs"> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - download" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Download" track-name="download" > Download </a> </tab> <tab class="devsite-active"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/intro" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio/intro" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - android studio editor" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Android Studio editor, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Android Studio editor" track-name="android studio editor" > Android Studio editor </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/gemini-in-android" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/gemini-in-android" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - gemini in android studio" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Gemini in Android Studio" track-name="gemini in android studio" > Gemini in Android Studio </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/build/gradle-build-overview" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/build/gradle-build-overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - android gradle plugin" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Android Gradle Plugin" track-name="android gradle plugin" > Android Gradle Plugin </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/tools" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/tools" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - sdk tools" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: SDK tools" track-name="sdk tools" > SDK tools </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/preview" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio/preview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - preview" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Preview" track-name="preview" > Preview </a> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars > <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" > <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="androidDevelopers" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" class="devsite-dark-theme" alt="Android Developers"> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Android Developers"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Essentials" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Essentials </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Essentials"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Essentials"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Design & Plan" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Design & Plan </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Design & Plan"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Design & Plan"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Develop" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Develop </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Develop"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Develop"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Download" track-name="download" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Download" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Download </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Android Studio editor" track-name="android studio editor" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Studio editor" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> Android Studio editor </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/gemini-in-android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Gemini in Android Studio" track-name="gemini in android studio" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Gemini in Android Studio" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Gemini in Android Studio </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/build/gradle-build-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Android Gradle Plugin" track-name="android gradle plugin" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Gradle Plugin" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Gradle Plugin </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/tools" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: SDK tools" track-name="sdk tools" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: SDK tools" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > SDK tools </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/preview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Preview" track-name="preview" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Preview" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Preview </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/distribute" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Google Play" track-name="google play" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Play" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Play </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/community" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Community" track-name="community" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Community" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Community </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Studio" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Studio </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>What's new in Android Studio</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/releases" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/releases" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/releases" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Android Studio Ladybug Feature Drop release notes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/releases/emulator" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/releases/emulator" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/releases/emulator" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Android Emulator release notes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/releases/past-releases" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/releases/past-releases" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/releases/past-releases" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Past Android Studio releases</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get started with Android Studio</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/intro" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/intro" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/install" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/install" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/install" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Install Android Studio</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/intro/new-ui" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/intro/new-ui" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/intro/new-ui" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>New UI in Android Studio</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get to know the UI</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/intro/user-interface" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/intro/user-interface" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/intro/user-interface" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/intro/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/intro/accessibility" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/intro/accessibility" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Accessibility features</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/intro/keyboard-shortcuts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/intro/keyboard-shortcuts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/intro/keyboard-shortcuts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Keyboard shortcuts</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/workflow" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/workflow" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/workflow" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Workflow basics</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage your project</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/create-project" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/create-project" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/create-project" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create a project</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/intro/migrate" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/intro/migrate" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/intro/migrate" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate to Android Studio</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/version-control" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/version-control" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/version-control" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Version control basics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/intro/studio-config" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/intro/studio-config" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/intro/studio-config" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure the IDE</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/intro/update" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/intro/update" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/intro/update" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Update the IDE and tools</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/app-bundle/dynamic-delivery" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/app-bundle/dynamic-delivery" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/app-bundle/dynamic-delivery" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>About Play Feature Delivery</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add C and C++ code</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/add-native-code" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/add-native-code" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/add-native-code" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/install-ndk" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/install-ndk" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/install-ndk" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Install NDK and CMake</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/configure-agp-ndk" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/configure-agp-ndk" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/configure-agp-ndk" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure the NDK for AGP</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/configure-cmake" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/configure-cmake" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/configure-cmake" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure CMake</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/gradle-external-native-builds" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/gradle-external-native-builds" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/gradle-external-native-builds" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Link Gradle</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/android-library" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/android-library" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/android-library" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create an Android library</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/continuous-integration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/continuous-integration" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/continuous-integration" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up continuous integration</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Write your code</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Write your code quicker and more efficiently</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Work with templates</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/templates" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/templates" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/templates" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add code from a template</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/sample-code" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/sample-code" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/sample-code" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Find sample code</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/create-java-class" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/create-java-class" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/create-java-class" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create a Java class or type</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/projects/add-app-module" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/projects/add-app-module" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/projects/add-app-module" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add a module for a new device</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/java8-support" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/java8-support" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/java8-support" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use Java 8 language features</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/java8-support-table" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/java8-support-table" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/java8-support-table" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Java 8 language support table</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/add-resources" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/add-resources" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/add-resources" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add app resources</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use tools to develop UI</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-external"><a href="/jetpack/compose/tooling/previews" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /jetpack/compose/tooling/previews" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/jetpack/compose/tooling/previews" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Develop a layout with Compose</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="external" data-title="External" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/layout-editor" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/layout-editor" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/layout-editor" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Develop a layout with Views</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/motion-editor" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/motion-editor" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/motion-editor" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create animations</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/resource-manager" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/resource-manager" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/resource-manager" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage UI resources</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/vector-asset-studio" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/vector-asset-studio" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/vector-asset-studio" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add multi-density vector graphics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/create-app-icons" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/create-app-icons" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/create-app-icons" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create app icons</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/draw9patch" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/draw9patch" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/draw9patch" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create resizable bitmaps (9-patch)</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/convert-webp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/convert-webp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/convert-webp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create WebP images</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/translations-editor" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/translations-editor" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/translations-editor" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Localize the UI</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/app-link-indexing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/app-link-indexing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/app-link-indexing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add Android app links</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/firebase" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/firebase" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/firebase" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Connect to Firebase</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/lint" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/lint" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/lint" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Improve your code with lint checks</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/annotations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/annotations" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/annotations" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Improve code inspection with annotations</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/write/tool-attributes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/write/tool-attributes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/write/tool-attributes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Tools attributes reference</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Run and debug your app</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Run your app on virtual devices</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/managing-avds" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/managing-avds" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/managing-avds" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage virtual devices</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Run your app with Android Emulator</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/resizable-emulator" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/resizable-emulator" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/resizable-emulator" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Test on multiple screen sizes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-take-screenshots" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-take-screenshots" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-take-screenshots" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Take screenshots</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-record-screen" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-record-screen" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-record-screen" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Record the screen</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-use-camera" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-use-camera" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-use-camera" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use the camera</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-launch-separate-window" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-launch-separate-window" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-launch-separate-window" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Launch in a separate window</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-launch-without-app" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-launch-without-app" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-launch-without-app" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Launch without running an app</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-install-add-files" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-install-add-files" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-install-add-files" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Install and add files</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-wifi" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-wifi" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-wifi" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use WiFi</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use advanced Android Emulator features</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-extended-controls" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-extended-controls" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-extended-controls" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use extended controls</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-snapshots" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-snapshots" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-snapshots" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use snapshots</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-commandline" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-commandline" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-commandline" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use the emulator from the command line</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-console" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-console" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-console" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Send console commands</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-networking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-networking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-networking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up networking</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-acceleration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-acceleration" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-acceleration" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure hardware acceleration</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-comparison" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-comparison" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-comparison" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Emulator feature comparison</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/emulator-troubleshooting" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/emulator-troubleshooting" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/emulator-troubleshooting" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot emulator</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/android-device-streaming" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/android-device-streaming" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/android-device-streaming" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Android Device Streaming</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Run your app on a local device</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/device" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/device" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/device" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get started</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/oem-usb" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/oem-usb" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/oem-usb" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Install OEM USB drivers</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/win-usb" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/win-usb" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/win-usb" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get the Google USB driver</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Debug your code</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get started debugging your code</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/dev-options" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/dev-options" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/dev-options" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure developer options</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/logcat" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/logcat" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/logcat" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Write and view logs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Analyze and address crash issues</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/stacktraces" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/stacktraces" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/stacktraces" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Analyze a stack trace</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/app-quality-insights" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/app-quality-insights" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/app-quality-insights" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Analyze Crashlytics and Vitals reports</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/layout-inspector" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/layout-inspector" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/layout-inspector" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Debug your layout</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/universal-problems-panel" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/universal-problems-panel" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/universal-problems-panel" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>View design issues</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/network-profiler" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/network-profiler" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/network-profiler" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Inspect network traffic</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/inspect/database" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/inspect/database" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/inspect/database" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Debug your database</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/inspect/task" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/inspect/task" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/inspect/task" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Debug your WorkManager Workers</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/device-file-explorer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/device-file-explorer" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/device-file-explorer" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>View on-device files</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/apk-debugger" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/apk-debugger" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/apk-debugger" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Debug pre-built APKs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/am-screenshot" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/am-screenshot" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/am-screenshot" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Take a screenshot</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/am-video" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/am-video" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/am-video" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Record a video</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/bug-report" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/bug-report" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/bug-report" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Capture and read bug reports</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/debug/apk-analyzer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/debug/apk-analyzer" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/debug/apk-analyzer" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Analyze your APK or AAB</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/run/rundebugconfig" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/run/rundebugconfig" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/run/rundebugconfig" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Customize run/debug configurations</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Test your code</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/test" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/test" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/test" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Choose a testing method</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/test/test-in-android-studio" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/test/test-in-android-studio" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/test/test-in-android-studio" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Test in Android Studio</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/test/gradle-managed-devices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/test/gradle-managed-devices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/test/gradle-managed-devices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Test with Gradle Managed Devices</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/test/espresso-api" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/test/espresso-api" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/test/espresso-api" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Test against screen changes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/test/command-line" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/test/command-line" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/test/command-line" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Test from the command line</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/test/advanced-test-setup" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/test/advanced-test-setup" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/test/advanced-test-setup" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up advanced test configurations</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use specialized testing tools</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/test/other-testing-tools/espresso-test-recorder" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/test/other-testing-tools/espresso-test-recorder" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/test/other-testing-tools/espresso-test-recorder" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create UI tests</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/test/other-testing-tools/app-crawler" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/test/other-testing-tools/app-crawler" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/test/other-testing-tools/app-crawler" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up automatic testing of your code</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/test/other-testing-tools/monkey" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/test/other-testing-tools/monkey" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/test/other-testing-tools/monkey" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Stress-test your code with user events</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Inspect performance issues</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Record a system trace</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/cpu-profiler" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/cpu-profiler" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/cpu-profiler" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/inspect-traces" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/inspect-traces" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/inspect-traces" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Inspect traces</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/jank-detection" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/jank-detection" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/jank-detection" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Detect UI jank</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/power-profiler" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/power-profiler" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/power-profiler" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Inspect power usage</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/generate-trace-logs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/generate-trace-logs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/generate-trace-logs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Generate trace logs</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/capture-heap-dump" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/capture-heap-dump" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/capture-heap-dump" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Capture a heap dump</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/sample-callstack" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/sample-callstack" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/sample-callstack" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Sample the callstack</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/record-java-kotlin-allocations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/record-java-kotlin-allocations" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/record-java-kotlin-allocations" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Record Java/Kotlin allocations</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/record-java-kotlin-methods" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/record-java-kotlin-methods" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/record-java-kotlin-methods" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Record Java/Kotlin methods</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/record-native-allocations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/record-native-allocations" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/record-native-allocations" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Record native allocations</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/inspect-app-live" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/inspect-app-live" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/inspect-app-live" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Inspect your app live</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/apk-profiler" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/apk-profiler" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/apk-profiler" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Inspect pre-built APKs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/standalone-profiler" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/standalone-profiler" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/standalone-profiler" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Run the standalone profiler</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/build-run-manually" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/build-run-manually" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/build-run-manually" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build and run a profileable app manually</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Chart glossary</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/chart-glossary/call-chart" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/chart-glossary/call-chart" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/chart-glossary/call-chart" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Call chart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/chart-glossary/events-table" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/chart-glossary/events-table" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/chart-glossary/events-table" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Events table</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/chart-glossary/flame-chart" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/chart-glossary/flame-chart" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/chart-glossary/flame-chart" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Flame chart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/chart-glossary/process-memory" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/chart-glossary/process-memory" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/chart-glossary/process-memory" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Process memory (RSS)</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/profile/chart-glossary/top-bottom-charts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/profile/chart-glossary/top-bottom-charts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/profile/chart-glossary/top-bottom-charts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Top down and bottom up charts</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Publish your app</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/publish" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/publish" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/publish" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/publish/preparing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/publish/preparing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/publish/preparing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Prepare for release</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/publish/versioning" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/publish/versioning" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/publish/versioning" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Version your app</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/publish/app-signing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/publish/app-signing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/publish/app-signing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Sign your app</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/publish/upload-bundle" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/publish/upload-bundle" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/publish/upload-bundle" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Upload your app</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/troubleshoot" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/troubleshoot" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/troubleshoot" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/known-issues" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/known-issues" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/known-issues" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Known issues</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/studio/report-bugs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /studio/report-bugs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/studio/report-bugs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Report a bug</span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Essentials" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Gemini in Android Studio </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/gemini-in-android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn more" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn more </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Get Android Studio" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get Android Studio </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get started </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Hello world" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Hello world </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/courses" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Training courses" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Training courses </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started/codelabs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Tutorials" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tutorials </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/ui/compose/adopt" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Compose for teams" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Compose for teams </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/kotlin" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Kotlin for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Kotlin for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Monetization with Play ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Monetization with Play ↗️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Extend by device </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/adaptive-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Adaptive apps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Adaptive apps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/xr" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android XR" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android XR </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/cars" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android for Cars" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android for Cars </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/chrome-os" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: ChromeOS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > ChromeOS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build by category </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/games" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Games" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Games </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Camera & media" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Camera & media </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/social-and-messaging" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Social & messaging" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Social & messaging </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Health & fitness" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Health & fitness </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/productivity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Productivity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Productivity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/work/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Enterprise apps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Enterprise apps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get the latest </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/latest-updates" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Latest updates" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Latest updates </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/latest-updates/experimental" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Experimental updates" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Experimental updates </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/preview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Studio preview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Studio preview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/versions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Jetpack & Compose libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Jetpack & Compose libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/wearables/versions/4" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS preview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS preview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy Sandbox" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy Sandbox </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Design & Plan" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > UI Design </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Design for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Design for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/mobile" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Mobile" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Mobile </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/large-screens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Adaptive UI" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Adaptive UI </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/xr" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android XR" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android XR </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/widget" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Widgets" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Widgets </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Architecture </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/architecture/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Introduction" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Introduction </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/libraries/view-binding" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Navigation" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Navigation </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/modularization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Modularization" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Modularization </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/testing/fundamentals" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Testing" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Testing </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Quality </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/core-value" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Core value" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core value </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/user-experience" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: User experience" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > User experience </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Accessibility" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Accessibility </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/technical" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Technical quality" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Technical quality </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/privacy-and-security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Security" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/privacy-and-security/about" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/permissions/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Permissions" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Permissions </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Identity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Identity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/security/fraud-prevention" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Fraud prevention" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Fraud prevention </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build for Billions </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/build-for-billions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: About new markets" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > About new markets </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/androidgo" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android (Go edition)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android (Go edition) </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Develop" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build AI experiences </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Get started" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get started </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core areas </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/samples" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Samples" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Samples </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/ui" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: User interfaces" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > User interfaces </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/background-work" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Background work" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Background work </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Data and files" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Data and files </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/connectivity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Connectivity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Connectivity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop#core-areas" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: All core areas ⤵️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > All core areas ⤵️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tools and workflow </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/write" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Write and debug code" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Write and debug code </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/build/gradle-build-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Build projects" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build projects </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/testing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Test your app" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Test your app </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/performance/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Performance" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Performance </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/tools" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Command-line tools" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Command-line tools </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/reference/tools/gradle-api" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Gradle plugin API" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Gradle plugin API </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Device tech </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/large-screens/get-started-with-large-screens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Adaptive UI" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Adaptive UI </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/wearables" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/xr" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android XR" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android XR </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness/guides" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Health" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Health </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/cars" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android for Cars" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android for Cars </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop#devices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: All devices ⤵️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > All devices ⤵️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Libraries </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/reference/packages" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android platform" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android platform </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/explorer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Jetpack libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Jetpack libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/releases/compose" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Compose libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Compose libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/android/reference/packages" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Play services ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Play services ↗️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/sdks" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Play SDK index ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Play SDK index ↗️ </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </devsite-book-nav> <section id="gc-wrapper"> <main role="main" id="main-content" class="devsite-main-content" has-book-nav has-sidebar > <div class="devsite-sidebar"> <div class="devsite-sidebar-content"> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" role="navigation" aria-label="On this page" depth="2" scrollbars ></devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-sidebar class="nocontent devsite-nav"> </devsite-recommendations-sidebar> </div> </div> <devsite-content> <article class="devsite-article"> <div class="devsite-article-meta nocontent" role="navigation"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Android Developers" > Android Developers </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="2" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="2" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Develop </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="3" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="Android Studio" > Android Studio </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/intro" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="4" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="4" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Android Studio editor </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Sign your app </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-dropdown class="nocontent"></devsite-recommendations-dropdown> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p>Android requires that all APKs be digitally signed with a certificate before they are installed on a device or updated. When releasing using <a href="/guide/app-bundle">Android App Bundles</a>, you need to sign your app bundle with an upload key before uploading it to the Play Console, and Play App Signing takes care of the rest. For apps distributing using APKs on the Play Store or on other stores, you must manually sign your APKs for upload.</p> <p>This page guides you through some important concepts related to app signing and security, how to sign your app for release to Google Play using Android Studio, and how to configure Play App Signing.</p> <p>The following is a high-level overview of the steps you might need to take to sign and publish a new app to Google Play:</p> <ol> <li><a href="#generate-key">Generate an upload key and keystore</a></li> <li><a href="#sign_release">Sign your app with your upload key</a></li> <li><a href="#enroll">Configure Play App Signing</a></li> <li><a href="/studio/publish/upload-bundle">Upload your app to Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/7159011">Prepare & roll out release of your app</a></li> </ol> <p>If instead your app is already published to the Google Play Store with an existing app signing key, or you would like to choose the app signing key for a new app instead of having Google generate it, follow these steps:</p> <ol> <li><a href="#sign_release">Sign your app</a> with your app’s <em>signing key</em>.</li> <li><a href="#enroll_existing">Upload your app’s signing key</a> to Play App Signing.</li> <li>(Recommended) <a href="#generate-key">Generate and register an upload certificate</a> for future updates to your app</li> <li><a href="/studio/publish/upload-bundle">Upload your app to Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/7159011">Prepare & roll out release of your app</a></li> </ol> <p>This page also explores how to manage your own keys for when uploading your app to other app stores. If you do not use Android Studio or would rather sign your app from the command line, learn about how to use <a href="/studio/command-line/apksigner"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">apksigner</code></a>.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> If you are building a Wear OS app, the process for signing the app can differ from the process described on this page. See the information about <a href="/training/wearables/apps/packaging">packaging and publishing Wear OS apps</a>.</span></aside> <h2 id="app-signing-google-play" data-text="Play App Signing" tabindex="-1">Play App Signing</h2> <p>With Play App Signing, Google manages and protects your app's signing key for you and uses it to sign your APKs for distribution. And, because app bundles defer building and signing APKs to the Google Play Store, you need to configure Play App Signing before you upload your app bundle. Doing so lets you benefit from the following:</p> <ul> <li>Use the Android App Bundle and support Google Play’s advanced delivery modes. The Android App Bundle makes your app much smaller, your releases simpler, and makes it possible to use feature modules and offer instant experiences.</li> <li>Increase the security of your signing key, and make it possible to use a separate upload key to sign the app bundle you upload to Google Play.</li> <li><p>Key upgrade lets you change your app signing key in case your existing one is compromised or if you need to migrate to a cryptographically stronger key</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> In order to ensure security, after you configure Play App Signing with either an auto-generated key, or a key that you supply, you cannot retrieve a copy of your app's signing key and Google may retain a backup copy of the key for disaster recovery purposes.</span></aside></li> </ul> <p>Play App Signing uses two keys: the <em>app signing key</em> and the <em>upload key</em>, which are described in further detail in the section about <a href="#certificates-keystores">Keys and keystores</a>. You keep the upload key and use it to sign your app for upload to the Google Play Store. Google uses the upload certificate to verify your identity, and signs your APK(s) with your app signing key for distribution as shown in figure 1. By using a separate upload key you can <a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/7384423#reset">request an upload key reset</a> if your key is ever lost or compromised.</p> <p>By comparison, for apps that have not opted in to Play App Signing, if you lose your app’s signing key, you lose the ability to update your app.</p> <aside class="special"><strong>Important:</strong><span> If you want to use the same signing key across multiple stores, make sure to provide your own signing key when you <a href="#enroll">configure Play App Signing</a>, instead of having Google generate one for you.</span></aside> <p><img src="/static/studio/images/publish/appsigning_googleplayappsigningdiagram_2x.png" alt="" width="734" style="margin-top:15px"> <p class="img-caption"> <b>Figure 1</b>. Signing an app with Play App Signing </p></p> <p>Your keys are stored on the same infrastructure that Google uses to store its own keys, where they are protected by Google’s Key Management Service. You can learn more about Google’s technical infrastructure by reading the <a href="https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/security_whitepapers_march2018.pdf">Google Cloud Security Whitepapers</a>.</p> <p>When you use Play App Signing, if you lose your upload key, or if it is compromised, you can request an upload key reset in the Play Console. Because your app signing key is secured by Google, you can continue to upload new versions of your app as updates to the original app, even if you change upload keys. To learn more, read <a href="#reset_upload_key">Reset a lost or compromised private upload key</a>.</p> <p>The next section describes some important terms and concepts related to app signing and security. If you’d rather skip ahead and learn how to prepare your app for upload to the Google Play Store, go to <a href="#sign-apk">Sign your app for release</a>.</p> <h3 id="certificates-keystores" data-text="Keystores, keys, and certificates" tabindex="-1">Keystores, keys, and certificates</h3> <p>Java Keystores (.jks or .keystore) are binary files that serve as repositories of certificates and private keys.</p> <p>A <strong>public key certificate</strong> (<code translate="no" dir="ltr">.der</code> or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.pem</code> files), also known as a digital certificate or an identity certificate, contains the public key of a public/private key pair, as well as some other metadata identifying the owner (for example, name and location) who holds the corresponding private key.</p> <p>The following are the different types of keys you should understand:</p> <ul> <li><strong>App signing key:</strong> The key that is used to sign APKs that are installed on a user's device. As part of Android’s secure update model, the signing key never changes during the lifetime of your app. The app signing key is private and must be kept secret. You can, however, share the certificate that is generated using your app signing key.</li> <li><p><strong>Upload key:</strong> The key you use to sign the app bundle or APK before you upload it for <a href="#app-signing-google-play">app signing with Google Play</a>. You must keep the upload key secret. However, you can share the certificate that is generated using your upload key. You may generate an upload key in one of the following ways:</p> <ul> <li>If you choose for Google to generate the app signing key for you when you opt in, then the key you use to <a href="#sign-apk">sign your app for release</a> is designated as your upload key.</li> <li>If you provide the app signing key to Google when opting in your new or existing app, then you have the option to generate a new upload key during or after opting in for increased security.</li> <li>If you do not generate a new upload key, you continue to use your app signing key as your upload key to sign each release.</li> </ul> <p class="note"> <b>Tip:</b> To keep your keys secure, it’s a good idea to make sure your app signing key and upload key are different. </p></li> </ul> <h3 id="api-providers" data-text="Working with API providers" tabindex="-1">Working with API providers</h3> <p>You can download the certificate for the app signing key and your upload key from the <strong>Release > Setup > App signing</strong> page in the <a href="https://play.google.com/console/">Play Console</a>. This is used to register public key(s) with API providers; it's intended to be shared, as it does not contain your private key.</p> <p>A <strong>certificate fingerprint</strong> is a short and unique representation of a certificate that is often requested by API providers alongside the package name to register an app to use their service. The MD5, SHA-1 and SHA-256 fingerprints of the upload and app signing certificates can be found on the app signing page of the Play Console. Other fingerprints can also be computed by downloading the original certificate (<code translate="no" dir="ltr">.der</code>) from the same page.</p> <h2 id="debug-mode" data-text="Sign your debug build" tabindex="-1">Sign your debug build</h2> <p>When running or debugging your project from the IDE, Android Studio automatically signs your app with a debug certificate generated by the Android SDK tools. The first time you run or debug your project in Android Studio, the IDE automatically creates the debug keystore and certificate in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">$HOME/.android/debug.keystore</code>, and sets the keystore and key passwords.</p> <aside class="tip"> <b>Tip:</b> Your project's debug keystore may not be located in the default location. To confirm the location of your project's keystore in Android Studio 2024.2.1: <ol> <li>Open the Gradle Tool Window.</li> <li>Select your proiect.</li> <li>Expand the Gradle settings tree starting from <b>app</b> ( <b>app</b> > <b>tasks</b> > <b>android</b> ).</li> <li>Under <b>android</b>, select <b>signingReport</b>.<br> <img alt="Screenshot of expanded project Gradle configuration tree" src="/static/studio/images/projects/project-gradle-configuration.png"> </li> <li>The Signing Report appears in the lower panel. Look for the line that starts with <b>Store</b>. This tells you the location of the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">debug.keystore</code> file. </li> </ol> </aside> <p>Because the debug certificate is created by the build tools and is insecure by design, most app stores (including the Google Play Store) do not accept apps signed with a debug certificate for publishing.</p> <p>Android Studio automatically stores your debug signing information in a signing configuration so you do not have to enter it every time you debug. A signing configuration is an object consisting of all of the necessary information to sign your app, including the keystore location, keystore password, key name, and key password.</p> <p>For more information about how to build and run apps for debugging, see <a href="/tools/building/building-studio">Build and Run Your App</a>.</p> <h3 id="expdebug" data-text="Expiry of the debug certificate" tabindex="-1">Expiry of the debug certificate</h3> <p>The self-signed certificate used to sign your app for debugging has an expiration date of 30 years from its creation date. When the certificate expires, you get a build error.</p> <p>To fix this problem, simply delete the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">debug.keystore</code> file stored in one of the following locations:</p> <ul> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">~/.android/</code> on OS X and Linux</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">C:\Documents and Settings\<var translate="no">user</var>\.android\</code> on Windows XP </li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">C:\Users\<var translate="no">user</var>\.android\</code> on Windows Vista and Windows 7, 8, and 10 </li> </ul> <p>The next time you build <em>and run</em> a debug version of your app, Android Studio regenerates a new keystore and debug key.</p> <h2 id="sign-apk" data-text="Sign your app for release to Google Play" tabindex="-1">Sign your app for release to Google Play</h2> <p>When you are ready to publish your app, you need to sign your app and upload it to an app store, such as Google Play. When publishing your app to Google Play for the first time, you must also configure Play App Signing. Play App Signing is optional for apps created before August 2021. This section shows you how to properly sign your app for release and configure Play App Signing.</p> <h3 id="generate-key" data-text="Generate an upload key and keystore" tabindex="-1">Generate an upload key and keystore</h3> <p>If you don't already have an upload key, which is useful when configuring Play App Signing, you can generate one using Android Studio as follows:</p> <ol> <li>In the menu bar, click <strong>Build > Generate Signed Bundle/APK</strong>.</li> <li>In the <strong>Generate Signed Bundle or APK</strong> dialog, select <strong>Android App Bundle</strong> or <strong>APK</strong> and click <strong>Next</strong>.</li> <li>Below the field for <strong>Key store path</strong>, click <strong>Create new</strong>.</li> <li><p>On the <strong>New Key Store</strong> window, provide the following information for your keystore and key, as shown in figure 2.</p> <div class="attempt-right" width="524px"> <img src="/static/studio/images/publish/keystore-wizard_2x.png" alt="" width="522"> <p class="img-caption"> <b>Figure 2.</b> Create a new upload key and keystore in Android Studio. </p> </div></li> <li><p><strong>Keystore</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Key store path:</strong> Select the location where your keystore should be created. Also, a file name should be added to the end of the location path with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.jks</code> extension.</li> <li><strong>Password:</strong> Create and confirm a secure password for your keystore.</li> </ul></li> <li><p><strong>Key</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Alias:</strong> Enter an identifying name for your key.</li> <li><strong>Password:</strong> Create and confirm a secure password for your key. This should be the same as your keystore password. (Please refer to the <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/known-issues#ki-key-keystore-warning">known issue</a> for more information)</li> <li><strong>Validity (years):</strong> Set the length of time in years that your key will be valid. Your key should be valid for at least 25 years, so you can sign app updates with the same key through the lifespan of your app.</li> <li><strong>Certificate:</strong> Enter some information about yourself for your certificate. This information is not displayed in your app, but is included in your certificate as part of the APK.</li> </ul></li> <li><p>Once you complete the form, click <strong>OK</strong>.</p></li> <li><p>If you would like to build and sign your app with your upload key, continue to the section about how to <a href="#sign_release">Sign your app with your upload key</a>. If you only want to generate the key and keystore, click <strong>Cancel</strong>.</p></li> </ol> <h3 id="sign_release" data-text="Sign your app with your key" tabindex="-1">Sign your app with your key</h3> <p>If you already have an upload key, use it to sign your app. If instead your app is already signed and published to the Google Play store with an existing app signing key, use it to sign your app. You can later <a href="#register_upload_key">generate and register a separate upload key</a> with Google Play to sign and upload subsequent updates to your app.</p> <p>To sign your app using Android Studio, follow these steps:</p> <ol> <li>If you don’t currently have the <strong>Generate Signed Bundle or APK</strong> dialog open, click <strong>Build > Generate Signed Bundle/APK</strong>.</li> <li>In the <strong>Generate Signed Bundle or APK</strong> dialog, select either <strong>Android App Bundle</strong> or <strong>APK</strong> and click <strong>Next</strong>.</li> <li>Select a module from the drop down.</li> <li><p>Specify the path to your keystore, the alias for your key, and enter the passwords for both. If you haven't yet prepared your upload keystore and key, first <a href="#generate-key">Generate an upload key and keystore</a> and then return to complete this step.</p> <p><img src="/static/studio/images/publish/generate-signed-apk-wizard_2x.png" alt="" width="705" style="margin-top:15px"> <p class="img-caption"> <b>Figure 3</b>. Sign your app with your upload key. </p></p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> For increased security, Google Play is introducing a new process to upload signing keys, and the option <strong>Export encrypted key</strong> in Android Studio is being deprecated. If you're signing an app with an existing app signing key, and you'd like to opt your app in to Play App Signing, see <a href="#enroll_existing">Opt in an existing app</a> for the process to encrypt and export your signing key.</span></aside></li> <li><p>Click <strong>Next</strong>.</p></li> <li><p>In the next window (shown in figure 4), select a destination folder for your signed app, select the build type, choose the product flavor(s) if applicable.</p></li> <li><p>If you are building and signing an APK, you need to select which <strong>Signature Versions</strong> you want your app to support. To learn more, read about <a href="https://source.android.com/security/apksigning">app signing schemes</a></p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> Google Play supports <a href="https://source.android.com/security/apksigning/v3">APK Signature Scheme v3</a> for APKs that aren't already published with an existing <a href="/studio/command-line/apksigner#usage-rotate">signing certificate lineage</a>.</span></aside></li> <li><p>Click <strong>Create</strong>.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> If your project uses product flavors, you can select multiple product flavors while holding down the <strong>Control</strong> key on Windows/Linux, or the <strong>Command</strong> key on Mac OSX. Android Studio will generate a separate APK or app bundle for each product flavor you select.</span></aside></li> </ol> <div class="attempt-right" width="360px"> <img src="/static/studio/images/publish/generate_signed_bundle_popup-2x.png" alt="" width="358"> <p class="img-caption"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Click the link in the popup to analyze or locate your app bundle. </p> </div> <p>After Android Studio finishes building your signed app, you can either <strong>locate</strong> or <strong>analyze</strong> your app by clicking on the appropriate option in the pop-up notification, as shown in figure 5.</p> <p>Now you’re ready to opt your app in to Play App Signing and upload your app for release. If you’re new to the app publishing process, you may want to read the <a href="/distribute/best-practices/launch">Launch overview</a>. Otherwise, continue to the page about how to <a href="/studio/publish/upload-bundle">Upload your app to the Play Console</a>.</p> <h2 id="enroll" data-text="Using Play App Signing" tabindex="-1">Using Play App Signing</h2> <p>As described earlier in this page, configuring <a href="#app-signing-google-play">Play App Signing</a> is required to sign your app for distribution through Google Play (except for apps created before August 2021, which may continue distributing self-signed APKs). The steps you need to take depend on whether your app has not yet been published to Google Play, or your app is already signed and was published before August 2021 using an existing app signing key.</p> <h3 id="enroll_new" data-text="Configure a new app" tabindex="-1">Configure a new app</h3> <p>To configure signing for an app that has not yet been published to Google Play, proceed as follows:</p> <ol> <li>If you haven’t already done so, <a href="#generate-key">generate an upload key</a> and <a href="#sign_release">sign your app</a> with that upload key.</li> <li>Sign in to your <a href="https://play.google.com/console/">Play Console</a>.</li> <li>Follow the steps to <a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/7159011">prepare & roll out your release</a> to create a new release.</li> <li>After you choose a release track, configure app signing under the <strong>App signing</strong> section as follows: <ul> <li>To have Google Play generate an app signing key for you and use it to sign your app, you don't have to do anything. The key you use to sign your first release becomes your upload key, and you should use it to sign future releases.</li> <li>To use the same key as another app on your developer account, select <strong>Change app signing key > Use the same key as another app in this account</strong>, select an app, and then click <strong>Continue</strong>.</li> <li>To provide your own signing key for Google to use when signing your app, select <strong>Change app signing key</strong> and select one of the <strong>Export and upload</strong> options that lets you securely upload a private key and its public certificate.</li> </ul></li> </ol> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> If you haven't already accepted the <a href="https://play.google.com/about/play-app-signing-terms.html">Terms of Service</a>, you are required to review the terms and select <strong>Accept</strong> to continue.</span></aside> <p>In the section called <strong>App Bundles</strong>, click <strong>Browse files</strong> to locate and upload the app you signed using your upload key. For more information about releasing your app, refer to <a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/7159011">prepare & roll out your release</a>. When you release your app after configuring Play App Signing, Google Play generates (unless you upload an existing key) and manages your app’s signing key for you. Simply sign subsequent updates to your app using your app’s upload key before uploading it to Google Play.</p> <p>If you need to create a new upload key for you app, go to the section about how to <a href="#reset_upload_key">Reset a lost or compromised private upload key</a>.</p> <h3 id="enroll_existing" data-text="Opt in an existing app" tabindex="-1">Opt in an existing app</h3> <p>If you’re updating an app that’s already published to Google Play using an existing app signing key, you can opt in to Play App Signing as follows:</p> <ol> <li>Sign in to your <a href="https://play.google.com/console/">Play Console</a> and navigate to your app.</li> <li>On the left menu, click <strong>Release > Setup > App signing</strong>.</li> <li>If applicable, review the Terms of Service and select <strong>Accept</strong>.</li> <li>Select one of the options that best describes the signing key you want to upload to Google Play and follow the instructions that are shown. For example, if you are using a Java Keystore for your signing key, select <strong>Upload a new app signing key from Java Keystore</strong> and follow the instructions to download and run the PEPK tool, and upload the generated file with your encrypted key.</li> <li>Click <strong>Enroll</strong>.</li> </ol> <p>You should now see a page with the details of your app’s signing and upload certificates. Google Play now signs your app with your existing key when deploying it to users. However, one of the most important benefits to Play App Signing is the ability to separate the key you use to sign the artifact you upload to Google Play from the key that Google Play uses to sign your app for distribution to users. So, consider following the steps in the next section to generate and register a separate upload key.</p> <h4 id="register_upload_key" data-text="Generate and register an upload certificate" tabindex="-1">Generate and register an upload certificate</h4> <p>When you're publishing an app that is not signed by an upload key, the Google Play Console provides the option to register one for future updates to the app. Although this is an optional step, it’s recommended that you publish your app with a key that’s separate from the one Google Play uses to distribute your app to users. That way, Google keeps your signing key secure, and you have the option to <a href="#reset_upload_key">reset a lost or compromised private upload key</a>. This section describes how to create an upload key, generate an upload certificate from it, and register that certificate with Google Play for future updates of your app.</p> <p>The following describes the situations in which you see the option to register an upload certificate in the Play Console:</p> <ul> <li>When you publish a new app that’s signed with a signing key and opt it in to Play App Signing.</li> <li>When you are about to publish an existing app that’s already opted in to Play App Signing, but it is signed using its signing key.</li> </ul> <p>If you are not publishing an update to an existing app that’s already opted in to Play App Signing, and you’d like to register an upload certificate, complete the steps below and continue on to the section about how to <a href="#reset_upload_key">reset a lost or compromised private upload key</a>.</p> <p>If you haven’t already done so, <a href="#generate-key">generate an upload key and keystore</a>.</p> <p>After you create your upload key and keystore, you need to generate a public certificate from your upload key using <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/tools/unix/keytool.html"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">keytool</code></a>, with the following command:</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> $ keytool -export -rfc -keystore <var translate="no">your-upload-keystore.jks</var> -alias <var translate="no">upload-alias</var> -file <var translate="no">output_upload_certificate.pem</var> </pre></devsite-code> <p>Now that you have your upload certificate, register it with Google when prompted in the Play Console or <a href="#reset_upload_key">when resetting your upload key</a>.</p> <h4 id="upgrade_key" data-text="Upgrade your app signing key" tabindex="-1">Upgrade your app signing key</h4> <p>In some circumstances, you might want to change your app's signing key. For example, because you want a cryptographically stronger key or your signing key has been compromised. However, because users can only update your app if the update is signed with the same signing key, it's difficult to change the signing key for an app that's already published.</p> <p>If you publish your app to Google Play, you can upgrade the signing key for your published app through the Play Console—your new key is used to sign installs and app updates on Android 13 and higher, while your older app signing key is used to sign updates for users on earlier versions of Android.</p> <p>To learn more, read <a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/7384423#Upgrade">Upgrade your app signing key</a>.</p> <h3 id="reset_upload_key" data-text="Reset a lost or compromised private upload key" tabindex="-1">Reset a lost or compromised private upload key</h3> <p>If you lost your private upload key or your private key has been compromised, you can create a new one and <a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/7384423#reset">request an upload key reset</a> in the Play console.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> Resetting your upload key will not affect the app signing key that Google Play uses to re-sign APKs before delivering to users.</span></aside> <h3 id="sign-auto" data-text="Configure the build process to automatically sign your app" tabindex="-1">Configure the build process to automatically sign your app</h3> <p>In Android Studio, you can configure your project to sign the release version of your app automatically during the build process by creating a signing configuration and assigning it to your release build type. A signing configuration consists of a keystore location, keystore password, key alias, and key password. To create a signing configuration and assign it to your release build type using Android Studio, complete the following steps:</p> <ol> <li>In the <b>Project</b> window, right click on your app and click <b>Open Module Settings</b>. </li> <li>On the <b>Project Structure</b> window, under <b>Modules</b> in the left panel, click the module you would like to sign. </li> <li>Click the <b>Signing</b> tab, then click <b>Add</b> <img class="inline-icon" src="/static/studio/images/publish/add-signing-config_2-1_2x.png">. </li> <li> <p> Select your keystore file, enter a name for this signing configuration (as you may create more than one), and enter the required information. </p> <img src="/static/studio/images/publish/project-structure-signing_2-1_2x.png" alt= "" width="820" style="margin-top:15px"> <p class="img-caption"> <b>Figure 7</b>. The window for creating a new signing configuration. </p> </li> <li>Click the <b>Build Types</b> tab. </li> <li>Click the <b>release</b> build. </li> <li> <p> Under <b>Signing Config</b>, select the signing configuration you just created. </p> <img src="/static/studio/images/publish/project-structure-build-types_2-1_2x.png" alt="" width="819" style="margin-top:15px"> <p class="img-caption"> <b>Figure 8</b>. Select a signing configuration in Android Studio. </p> </li> <li>Click <b>OK</b>. </li> </ol> <p>Now every time you build your release build type by selecting an option under <strong>Build > Build Bundle(s) / APK(s)</strong> in Android Studio, the IDE will sign your app automatically, using the signing configuration you specified. You can find your signed APK or app bundle in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build/outputs/</code> directory inside the project directory for the module you are building.</p> <p> When you create a signing configuration, your signing information is included in plain text in your Gradle build files. If you are working in a team or sharing your code publicly, you should keep your signing information secure by removing it from the build files and storing it separately. You can read more about how to remove your signing information from your build files in <a href="#secure-shared-keystore">Remove Signing Information from Your Build Files</a>. For more about keeping your signing information secure, see <a href="#secure_key">Keep your key secure</a>, below. </p> <h3 id="sign-flavors" data-text=" Sign each product flavor differently " tabindex="-1"> Sign each product flavor differently </h3> <p> If your app uses product flavors and you would like to sign each flavor differently, you can create additional signing configurations and assign them by flavor: </p> <ol> <li>In the <b>Project</b> window, right click on your app and click <b>Open Module Settings</b>. </li> <li>On the <b>Project Structure</b> window, under <b>Modules</b> in the left panel, click the module you would like to sign. </li> <li>Click the <b>Signing</b> tab, then click <b>Add</b> <img class="inline-icon" src="/static/studio/images/publish/add-signing-config_2-1_2x.png">. </li> <li> <p> Select your keystore file, enter a name for this signing configuration (as you may create more than one), and enter the required information. </p> <img src="/static/studio/images/publish/project-structure-signing_2-1_2x.png" alt= "" width="820" style="margin-top:15px"> <p class="img-caption"> <b>Figure 10</b>. The window for creating a new signing configuration. </p> </li> <li>Repeat steps 3 and 4 as necessary until you have created all your signing configurations. </li> <li>Click the <b>Flavors</b> tab. </li> <li>Click the flavor you would like to configure, then select the appropriate signing configuration from the <b>Signing Config</b> dropdown menu. <img src="/static/studio/images/publish/project-structure-flavors_2-1_2x.png" alt="" width="816" style="margin-top:15px"> <p class="img-caption"> <b>Figure 11</b>. Configure signing settings by product flavor. </p> <p> Repeat to configure any additional product flavors. </p> </li> <li>Click <b>OK</b>. </li> </ol> <p> You can also specify your signing settings in Gradle configuration files. For more information, see <a href="/studio/build/build-variants#signing">Configuring Signing Settings</a>. </p> <h2 id="signing_report" data-text="Run a signing report" tabindex="-1">Run a signing report</h2> <p>To get signing information for each of your app's variants, run the Gradle <code translate="no" dir="ltr">signingReport</code> task in Android Studio:</p> <ol> <li>Select <strong>View > Tool Windows > Gradle</strong> to open the Gradle tool window</li> <li>Select <strong>YourApp > Tasks > android > signingReport</strong> to run the report</li> </ol> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> If you don't see <code translate="no" dir="ltr">signingReport</code> in the list of Gradle tasks, open the Android Studio settings dialog by selecting <strong>File > Settings</strong> (<strong>Android Studio > Settings</strong> on macOS), select <strong>Experimental</strong>, then under the Gradle heading, clear any checkboxes that limit the types of tasks included in the Gradle task list.</span></aside> <h2 id="opt-out" data-text="Manage your own signing key" tabindex="-1">Manage your own signing key</h2> <p>If you choose not to opt in to Play App Signing (only for apps created before August 2021), you can manage your own app signing key and keystore. Keep in mind, <strong>you are responsible for securing the key and the keystore</strong>. Additionally, your app will not be able to support Android App Bundles, Play Feature Delivery and Play Asset Delivery.</p> <p>When you are ready to create your own key and keystore, make sure you first choose a strong password for your keystore and a separate strong password for each private key stored in the keystore. You must keep your keystore in a safe and secure place. If you lose access to your app signing key or your key is compromised, Google cannot retrieve the app signing key for you, and you will not be able to release new versions of your app to users as updates to the original app. For more information, see <a href="#secure_key">Keep your key secure</a>, below.</p> <p>If you manage your own app signing key and keystore, when you sign your APK, you will sign it locally using your app signing key and upload the signed APK directly to the Google Play Store for distribution as shown in figure 12.</p> <p><img src="/static/studio/images/publish/appsigning_selfmanagediagram_2x.png" alt="" width="734" style="margin-top:15px"> <p class="img-caption"> <b>Figure 12</b>. Signing an app when you manage your own app signing key </p></p> <p>When you use <a href="/studio/publish/app-signing#google-play-app-signing">Play App Signing</a>, Google keeps your signing key safe, and ensures your apps are correctly signed and able to receive updates throughout their lifespans. However, if you decide to manage your app signing key yourself, there are a few considerations you should keep in mind.</p> <h2 id="considerations" data-text="Signing considerations" tabindex="-1">Signing considerations</h2> <p>You should sign your app with the same certificate throughout its expected lifespan. There are several reasons why you should do so:</p> <ul> <li><strong>App upgrade:</strong> When the system is installing an update to an app, it compares the certificate(s) in the new version with those in the existing version. The system allows the update if the certificates match. If you sign the new version with a different certificate, you must assign a different package name to the app—in this case, the user installs the new version as a completely new app.</li> <li><strong>App modularity:</strong> Android allows APKs signed by the same certificate to run in the same process, if the apps so request, so that the system treats them as a single app. In this way you can deploy your app in modules, and users can update each of the modules independently.</li> <li><strong>Code/data sharing through permissions:</strong> Android provides signature-based permissions enforcement, so that an app can expose functionality to another app that is signed with a specified certificate. By signing multiple APKs with the same certificate and using signature-based permissions checks, your apps can share code and data in a secure manner.</li> </ul> <p>If you plan to support upgrades for an app, ensure that your app signing key has a validity period that exceeds the expected lifespan of that app. A validity period of 25 years or more is recommended. When your key's validity period expires, users will no longer be able to seamlessly upgrade to new versions of your app.</p> <p>If you plan to publish your apps on Google Play, the key you use to sign your app must have a validity period ending after 22 October 2033. Google Play enforces this requirement to ensure that users can seamlessly upgrade apps when new versions are available.</p> <h3 id="secure_key" data-text="Keep your key secure" tabindex="-1">Keep your key secure</h3> <p>If you choose to manage and secure your app signing key and keystore yourself (instead of opting in to <a href="#app-signing-google-play">Play App Signing</a>), securing your app signing key is of critical importance, both to you and to the user. If you allow someone to use your key, or if you leave your keystore and passwords in an unsecured location such that a third-party could find and use them, your authoring identity and the trust of the user are compromised.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> If you use Play App Signing, your app signing key is kept secure using Google's infrastructure. You should still keep your upload key secure as described below. If your upload key is compromised, you can <a href="#reset_upload_key">request an upload key reset</a> in the Play Console.</span></aside> <p>If a third party should manage to take your app signing key without your knowledge or permission, that person could sign and distribute apps that maliciously replace your authentic apps or corrupt them. Such a person could also sign and distribute apps under your identity that attack other apps or the system itself, or corrupt or steal user data.</p> <p>Your private key is required for signing all future versions of your app. If you lose or misplace your key, you will not be able to publish updates to your existing app. You cannot regenerate a previously generated key.</p> <p>Your reputation as a developer entity depends on your securing your app signing key properly, at all times, until the key is expired. Here are some tips for keeping your key secure:</p> <ul> <li>Select strong passwords for the keystore and key.</li> <li>Do not give or lend anyone your private key, and do not let unauthorized persons know your keystore and key passwords.</li> <li>Keep the keystore file containing your private key in a safe, secure place.</li> </ul> <p>In general, if you follow common-sense precautions when generating, using, and storing your key, it will remain secure.</p> <h4 id="secure-shared-keystore" data-text="Remove signing information from your build files" tabindex="-1">Remove signing information from your build files</h4> <p> When you create a signing configuration, Android Studio adds your signing information in plain text to the module's <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build.gradle</code> files. If you are working with a team or open-sourcing your code, you should move this sensitive information out of the build files so it is not easily accessible to others. To do this, you should create a separate properties file to store secure information and refer to that file in your build files as follows: </p> <ol> <li>Create a signing configuration, and assign it to one or more build types. These instructions assume you have configured a single signing configuration for your release build type, as described in <a href="#sign-auto">Configure the build process to automatically sign your app</a>, above. </li> <li>Create a file named <code translate="no" dir="ltr">keystore.properties</code> in the root directory of your project. This file should contain your signing information, as follows: <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> storePassword=myStorePassword keyPassword=mykeyPassword keyAlias=myKeyAlias storeFile=myStoreFileLocation </pre></devsite-code> </li> <li>In your module's <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build.gradle</code> file, add code to load your <code translate="no" dir="ltr">keystore.properties</code> file before the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">android {}</code> block. <div> <div class="ds-selector-tabs"><section><h3 id="groovy" data-text="Groovy" tabindex="-1">Groovy</h3> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Groovy"><span class="devsite-syntax-o">...</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Create a variable called keystorePropertiesFile, and initialize it to your</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// keystore.properties file, in the rootProject folder.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-kt">def</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystorePropertiesFile</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">rootProject</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">.</span><span class="devsite-syntax-na">file</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">"keystore.properties"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Initialize a new Properties() object called keystoreProperties.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-kt">def</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">new</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">Properties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Load your keystore.properties file into the keystoreProperties object.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">.</span><span class="devsite-syntax-na">load</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">new</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">FileInputStream</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystorePropertiesFile</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">))</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">android</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">...</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </section><section><h3 id="kts" data-text="Kotlin" tabindex="-1">Kotlin</h3> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Kotlin"><span class="devsite-syntax-p">...</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-k">import</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nn">java.util.Properties</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-k">import</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nn">java.io.FileInputStream</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Create a variable called keystorePropertiesFile, and initialize it to your</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// keystore.properties file, in the rootProject folder.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-kd">val</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nv">keystorePropertiesFile</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">rootProject</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">.</span><span class="devsite-syntax-na">file</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"keystore.properties"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Initialize a new Properties() object called keystoreProperties.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-kd">val</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nv">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">Properties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Load your keystore.properties file into the keystoreProperties object.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">.</span><span class="devsite-syntax-na">load</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">FileInputStream</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystorePropertiesFile</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">))</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">android</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">...</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </section></div> </div> <p class="note"> <b>Note:</b> You could choose to store your <code translate="no" dir="ltr">keystore.properties</code> file in another location (for example, in the module folder rather than the root folder for the project, or on your build server if you are using a continuous integration tool). In that case, you should modify the code above to correctly initialize <code translate="no" dir="ltr">keystorePropertiesFile</code> using your actual <code translate="no" dir="ltr">keystore.properties</code> file's location. </p> </li> <li>You can refer to properties stored in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">keystoreProperties</code> using the syntax <code translate="no" dir="ltr">keystoreProperties['<var translate="no">propertyName</var>']</code>. Modify the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">signingConfigs</code> block of your module's <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build.gradle</code> file to reference the signing information stored in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">keystoreProperties</code> using this syntax. <div> <div class="ds-selector-tabs"><section><h3 id="groovy" data-text="Groovy" tabindex="-1">Groovy</h3> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Groovy"><span class="devsite-syntax-n">android</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">signingConfigs</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">config</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keyAlias</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'keyAlias'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keyPassword</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'keyPassword'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">storeFile</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">file</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'storeFile'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">])</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">storePassword</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'storePassword'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">...</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </section><section><h3 id="kts" data-text="Kotlin" tabindex="-1">Kotlin</h3> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Kotlin"><span class="devsite-syntax-n">android</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">signingConfigs</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">create</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"config"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keyAlias</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"keyAlias"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">as</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kt">String</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keyPassword</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"keyPassword"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">as</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kt">String</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">storeFile</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">file</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"storeFile"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">as</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kt">String</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">storePassword</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">keystoreProperties</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"storePassword"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">as</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kt">String</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">...</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </section></div> </div> </li> <li>Open the <b>Build Variants</b> tool window and ensure that the release build type is selected. </li> <li>Select an option under <b>Build > Build Bundle(s) / APK(s)</b> to build either an APK or app bundle of your release build. You should see the build output in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build/outputs/</code> directory for your module. </li> </ol> <p> Because your build files no longer contain sensitive information, you can now include them in source control or upload them to a shared codebase. Be sure to keep the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">keystore.properties</code> file secure. This may include removing it from your source control system. </p> <devsite-hats-survey class="nocontent" hats-id="VxqvKSur40kxBYCLVTd0SSGykbno" listnr-id="5207477"></devsite-hats-survey> </div> <devsite-recommendations display="in-page" hidden yield> </devsite-recommendations> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <devsite-recommendations id="recommendations-link" yield></devsite-recommendations> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the <a href="/license">Content License</a>. Java and OpenJDK are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.</p> <p>Last updated 2025-01-24 UTC.</p> </devsite-content-footer> <devsite-notification link="https://google.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_cRR9tonbkUQYb5Q?link=dac" link-text="Take survey" message="Please help us improve the Android Developer experience by taking a short survey." > </devsite-notification> <div class="devsite-content-data"> <template class="devsite-content-data-template"> [[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Missing the information I need","missingTheInformationINeed","thumb-down"],["Too complicated / too many steps","tooComplicatedTooManySteps","thumb-down"],["Out of date","outOfDate","thumb-down"],["Samples / code issue","samplesCodeIssue","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Last updated 2025-01-24 UTC."],[],[]] </template> </div> </devsite-content> </main> <devsite-footer-promos class="devsite-footer"> <nav class="devsite-footer-promos nocontent" aria-label="Promotions"> <ul class="devsite-footer-promos-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-promo"> <a href="//x.com/AndroidDev" class="devsite-footer-promo-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer X Promo" > <picture> <source class="devsite-dark-theme" srcset="https://developer.android.com/_static/android/images/logo-x_dt.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" loading="lazy" alt="X"> <img class="devsite-footer-promo-icon" src="/_static/android/images/logo-x.svg" loading="lazy" alt="X"> </picture> <span class="devsite-footer-promo-label"> X </span> </a> <div class="devsite-footer-promo-description">Follow @AndroidDev on X</div> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-promo"> <a href="//www.youtube.com/user/androiddevelopers" class="devsite-footer-promo-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer YouTube Promo" > <picture> <source class="devsite-dark-theme" srcset="https://developer.android.com/_static/android/images/logo-youtube_dt.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" loading="lazy" alt="YouTube"> <img class="devsite-footer-promo-icon" src="//www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/product/2x/youtube_48dp.png" loading="lazy" alt="YouTube"> </picture> <span class="devsite-footer-promo-label"> YouTube </span> </a> <div class="devsite-footer-promo-description">Check out Android Developers on YouTube</div> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-promo"> <a href="//www.linkedin.com/showcase/androiddev" class="devsite-footer-promo-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer LinkedIn Promo" > <picture> <source class="devsite-dark-theme" srcset="https://developer.android.com/_static/android/images/logo-linkedin_dt.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" loading="lazy" alt="LinkedIn"> <img class="devsite-footer-promo-icon" src="/_static/android/images/logo-linkedin.svg" loading="lazy" alt="LinkedIn"> </picture> <span class="devsite-footer-promo-label"> LinkedIn </span> </a> <div class="devsite-footer-promo-description">Connect with the Android Developers community on LinkedIn</div> </li> </ul> </nav> </devsite-footer-promos> <devsite-footer-linkboxes class="devsite-footer"> <nav class="devsite-footer-linkboxes nocontent" aria-label="Footer links"> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkboxes-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">More Android</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.android.com" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Android </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.android.com/enterprise/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Android for Enterprise </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.android.com/security-center/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Security </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//source.android.com" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Source </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/news" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > News </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//android-developers.googleblog.com/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" > Blog </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" > Podcasts </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Discover</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/games" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Gaming </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/ml" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Machine Learning </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Health & Fitness </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/media" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Camera & Media </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/privacy" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Privacy </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/training/connectivity/5g" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" > 5G </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Android Devices</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/large-screens" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Large screens </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/wear" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Wear OS </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/chrome-os" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > ChromeOS devices </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/cars" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Android for cars </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/tv" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Android TV </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Releases</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/15" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Android 15 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/14" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Android 14 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/13" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Android 13 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/12" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Android 12 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/11" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Android 11 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/10" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" > Android 10 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/pie" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" > Pie </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Documentation and Downloads</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/studio/intro" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Android Studio guide </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/guide" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Developers guides </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/reference" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > API reference </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Download Studio </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/ndk" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Android NDK </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Support</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//issuetracker.google.com/issues/new?component=190923&template=841312" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Report platform bug </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//issuetracker.google.com/issues/new?component=192697" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Report documentation bug </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Google Play support </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="https://g.co/userresearch/androiddeveloperfooter" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Join research studies </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </devsite-footer-linkboxes> <devsite-footer-utility class="devsite-footer"> <div class="devsite-footer-utility nocontent"> <nav class="devsite-footer-sites" aria-label="Other Google Developers websites"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/" class="devsite-footer-sites-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Google Developers Link"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup-google-for-developers-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: none)" class="devsite-dark-theme" loading="lazy" alt="Google Developers"> <img class="devsite-footer-sites-logo" src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup-google-for-developers.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Google Developers"> </picture> </a> <ul class="devsite-footer-sites-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//developer.android.com" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Android Link" > Android </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//developer.chrome.com/home" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Chrome Link" > Chrome </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//firebase.google.com" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Firebase Link" > Firebase </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//cloud.google.com" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Google Cloud Platform Link" > Google Cloud Platform </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//developers.google.com/products/" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer All products Link" > All products </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="devsite-footer-utility-links" aria-label="Utility links"> <ul class="devsite-footer-utility-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//policies.google.com/privacy" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Privacy link" > Privacy </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/license" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer License link" > License </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/distribute/marketing-tools/brand-guidelines" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Brand guidelines link" > Brand guidelines </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item glue-cookie-notification-bar-control"> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="#" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Manage cookies link" aria-hidden="true" > Manage cookies </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item devsite-footer-utility-button"> <span class="devsite-footer-utility-description">Get news and tips by email</span> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/updates" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Subscribe link" > Subscribe </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="it" >Italiano</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pl" >Polski</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="vi" >Tiếng Việt</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="tr" >Türkçe</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ru" >Русский</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="he" >עברית</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ar" >العربيّة</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fa" >فارسی</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="hi" >हिंदी</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="bn" >বাংলা</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="th" >ภาษาไทย</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_tw" >中文 – 繁體</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> </nav> </div> </devsite-footer-utility> <devsite-panel></devsite-panel> </section></section> <devsite-sitemask></devsite-sitemask> <devsite-snackbar></devsite-snackbar> <devsite-tooltip ></devsite-tooltip> <devsite-heading-link></devsite-heading-link> <devsite-analytics> <script type="application/json" analytics>[]</script> <script type="application/json" tag-management>{"at": "True", "ga4": [{"id": "G-QFRN08RN6E", "purpose": 0}], "ga4p": [{"id": "G-QFRN08RN6E", "purpose": 0}], "gtm": [{"id": "GTM-KMSWPCJ", "purpose": 0}], "parameters": {"internalUser": "False", "language": {"machineTranslated": "False", "requested": "en", "served": "en"}, "pageType": "article", "projectName": "Android Studio", "signedIn": "False", "tenant": "android", "recommendations": {"sourcePage": "", "sourceType": 0, "sourceRank": 0, "sourceIdenticalDescriptions": 0, "sourceTitleWords": 0, "sourceDescriptionWords": 0, "experiment": ""}, "experiment": {"ids": ""}}}</script> </devsite-analytics> <devsite-badger></devsite-badger> <android-fully-clickable target=" .android-case-study .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-contained--primary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-contained--secondary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-contained--tertiary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-uncontained--primary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-uncontained--secondary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-uncontained--tertiary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-guide-cards .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-index .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-primary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-secondary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-secondary-small .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-tertiary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-tertiary-small .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-promo .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-quick-link, .android-samples .devsite-card-wrapper, .fully-clickable" watch=".android-samples, devsite-content"></android-fully-clickable> <script nonce="RER/PZBXPDWRPOJb3IVV86vK+S2M8I"> (function(d,e,v,s,i,t,E){d['GoogleDevelopersObject']=i; t=e.createElement(v);t.async=1;t.src=s;E=e.getElementsByTagName(v)[0]; E.parentNode.insertBefore(t,E);})(window, document, 'script', 'https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/js/app_loader.js', '[3,"en",null,"/js/devsite_app_module.js","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android","https://android-dot-devsite-v2-prod.appspot.com",null,null,["/_pwa/android/manifest.json","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/images/video-placeholder.svg","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/favicon.svg","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup.svg","https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500,600,700|Google+Sans+Text:400,400italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic|Roboto+Mono:400,500,700&display=swap"],1,null,[1,6,8,12,14,17,21,25,50,52,63,70,75,76,80,87,91,92,93,97,98,100,101,102,103,104,105,107,108,109,110,112,113,116,117,118,120,122,124,125,126,127,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,140,141,147,148,149,151,152,156,157,158,159,161,163,164,168,169,170,179,180,182,183,186,191,193,196],"AIzaSyAP-jjEJBzmIyKR4F-3XITp8yM9T1gEEI8","AIzaSyB6xiKGDR5O3Ak2okS4rLkauxGUG7XP0hg","developer.android.com","AIzaSyAQk0fBONSGUqCNznf6Krs82Ap1-NV6J4o","AIzaSyCCxcqdrZ_7QMeLCRY20bh_SXdAYqy70KY",null,null,null,["Cloud__enable_cloud_shell_fte_user_flow","Profiles__enable_profile_collections","Profiles__enable_recognition_badges","Profiles__require_profile_eligibility_for_signin","TpcFeatures__enable_unmirrored_page_left_nav","Profiles__enable_page_saving","CloudShell__cloud_shell_button","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_dark_theme","Profiles__enable_developer_profiles_callout","Profiles__enable_completequiz_endpoint","Search__enable_ai_eligibility_checks","BookNav__enable_tenant_cache_key","MiscFeatureFlags__developers_footer_dark_image","Profiles__enable_join_program_group_endpoint","Profiles__enable_release_notes_notifications","Experiments__reqs_query_experiments","Search__enable_dynamic_content_confidential_banner","Cloud__enable_cloudx_ping","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_view_transitions","CloudShell__cloud_code_overflow_menu","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_variable_operator","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_project_variables","Analytics__enable_clearcut_logging","Profiles__enable_public_developer_profiles","Profiles__enable_awarding_url","Search__enable_page_map","Concierge__enable_pushui","Search__enable_ai_search_summaries","EngEduTelemetry__enable_engedu_telemetry","Significatio__enable_by_tenant","MiscFeatureFlags__emergency_css","Profiles__enable_stripe_subscription_management","Cloud__enable_cloud_dlp_service","Cloud__enable_free_trial_server_call","Cloud__enable_llm_concierge_chat","Cloud__enable_cloud_facet_chat","TpcFeatures__enable_mirror_tenant_redirects","Cloud__enable_cloudx_experiment_ids","Profiles__enable_dashboard_curated_recommendations","Cloud__enable_legacy_calculator_redirect","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_firebase_utm","DevPro__enable_developer_subscriptions","DevPro__enable_cloud_innovators_plus","Search__enable_suggestions_from_borg","Cloud__enable_cloud_shell","Profiles__enable_complete_playlist_endpoint","Profiles__enable_completecodelab_endpoint","MiscFeatureFlags__developers_footer_image","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_explain_this_code"],null,null,"AIzaSyBLEMok-5suZ67qRPzx0qUtbnLmyT_kCVE","https://developerscontentserving-pa.googleapis.com","AIzaSyCM4QpTRSqP5qI4Dvjt4OAScIN8sOUlO-k","https://developerscontentsearch-pa.googleapis.com",2,4,null,"https://developerprofiles-pa.googleapis.com",[3,"android","Android Developers","developer.android.com",null,"android-dot-devsite-v2-prod.appspot.com",null,null,[null,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,null,null,[1],[1,null,null,[1,20],"/recommendations"],null,null,null,[1,null,1],[1,1,null,1,1]],null,[18,null,null,null,null,null,"/images/lockup.svg","/images/touchicon-180.png",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2,null,null,null,"/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg",[]],[],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[6,1,14,15,20,22,23,28,29,37,43],null,[[null,null,1],[1,1]],[[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["G-QFRN08RN6E"],null,null,[["G-QFRN08RN6E",1]]],null,null,null,null,1],null,[[1,1],[2,2]]],null,4,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"android.devsite.google"],null,"pk_live_5170syrHvgGVmSx9sBrnWtA5luvk9BwnVcvIi7HizpwauFG96WedXsuXh790rtij9AmGllqPtMLfhe2RSwD6Pn38V00uBCydV4m",1]') </script> <devsite-a11y-announce></devsite-a11y-announce> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Sign your app | Android Studio | Android Developers