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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outcomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emblem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emblem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Emblem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emblem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9" title="السنة الدولية للمرأة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السنة الدولية للمرأة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationales_Jahr_der_Frau" title="Internationales Jahr der Frau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationales Jahr der Frau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1o_Internacional_de_la_Mujer" title="Año Internacional de la Mujer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Año Internacional de la Mujer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_internationale_de_la_femme" title="Année internationale de la femme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Année internationale de la femme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano_Internacional_das_Mulleres" title="Ano Internacional das Mulleres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ano Internacional das Mulleres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Կանանց միջազգային տարի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանանց միջազգային տարի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af%E1%BB%8D_%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_nwany%E1%BB%8B_Mba_Nile" title="Afọ Ụmụ nwanyị Mba Nile – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Afọ Ụmụ nwanyị Mba Nile" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwaka_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Wanawake" title="Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Wanawake – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Wanawake" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Меѓународна година на жените – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународна година на жените" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaal_Jaar_van_de_Vrouw" title="Internationaal Jaar van de Vrouw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationaal Jaar van de Vrouw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%A9%A6%E4%BA%BA%E5%B9%B4" title="国際婦人年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際婦人年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNs_internasjonale_kvinne%C3%A5r" title="FNs internasjonale kvinneår – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FNs internasjonale kvinneår" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_xotin-qizlar_yili" title="Xalqaro xotin-qizlar yili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro xotin-qizlar yili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anul_Interna%C8%9Bional_al_Femeii" title="Anul Internațional al Femeii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anul Internațional al Femeii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Међународна година жена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународна година жена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_godina_%C5%BEena" title="Međunarodna godina žena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međunarodna godina žena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationella_kvinno%C3%A5ret" title="Internationella kvinnoåret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationella kvinnoåret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="அனைத்துலக மகளிர் ஆண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனைத்துலக மகளிர் ஆண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14626962#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Name given to 1975 by the United Nations</div> <p><b>International Women's Year</b> (<b>IWY</b>) was the name given to 1975 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Since that year March 8 has been celebrated as <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Decade_for_Women" title="United Nations Decade for Women">United Nations Decade for Women</a>, from 1976 to 1985, was also established.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-choike1453_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choike1453-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After years of work by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="United Nations Commission on the Status of Women">United Nations Commission on the Status of Women</a> (CSW) to adopt a declaration to eliminate discrimination against women, in 1965, CSW began working in earnest to obtain passage of a declaration to secure women's human rights. Collating responses covering education, employment, inheritance, penal reform, and other issues, from government actors, NGO representatives and UN staff, CSW delegates drafted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women</a> (DEDAW), which was passed by the General Assembly on 7 November 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1999891–892_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1999891–892-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once support had been garnered for the declaration, the next step was to prepare it to become a <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Convention</a>. Though there were delays, by 1972, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a>, eliminating discrimination in education for any institution receiving federal funding, hope that passage could be secured surged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1999893–894_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1999893–894-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, members of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">Women's International Democratic Federation</a> (WIDF) had long been pressing for an international women's year and conference to address women's inequality. As WIDF was designated as an observer and not a member of the CSW, they could not propose the event directly but drafted a proposal. Persuading the <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> delegate of CSW to present their proposal, it was seconded by Finland. In turn, CSW approved the proposal and submitted it to the General Assembly, which proclaimed 1975 as International Women's Year on 18 December 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013201_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013201-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date was significant because it would take place on the thirtieth anniversary of the creation of the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Background_of_the_Conference"1976123_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Background_of_the_Conference"1976123-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But there were problems with the conference. Initially, Soviet women rejected the call for a conference and <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibustered</a> the negotiations, preferring to host their own conference in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> that would not be subject to the UN structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhodsee20105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodsee20105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedan1998441_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedan1998441-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> politics, the United States then proposed that the conference not be limited to women, but should be gender-neutral, because an all-woman conference would not be taken seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeltsch197443_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeltsch197443-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> agreed to host the conference, and CSW set about the tasks to prepare the "machinery" necessary to secure passage of CEDAW.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedan1998441_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedan1998441-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helvi_Sipil%C3%A4" title="Helvi Sipilä">Helvi Sipilä</a>, was selected as the Assistant Secretary-General for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs and placed in charge of organizing events for the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1999893–894_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1999893–894-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International">International</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico_City">Mexico City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mexico City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_on_Women,_1975" title="World Conference on Women, 1975">UN World Conference on Women</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> from 19 June to 2 July.<sup id="cite_ref-choike1453_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choike1453-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1975 conference led to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/World_Plan_of_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="World Plan of Action">World Plan of Action</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Mexico_on_the_Equality_of_Women_and_Their_Contribution_to_Development_and_Peace" title="Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace">Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhodsee20106_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodsee20106-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It led to the establishment of monitoring mechanisms such as, <a href="/wiki/International_Research_and_Training_Institute_for_the_Advancement_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women">International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women</a> (INSTRAW) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Fund_for_Women" title="United Nations Development Fund for Women">United Nations Development Fund for Women</a> (UNIFEM) and set in motion plans for follow-up conferences, the first of which would be held in 1980 in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>. It established the period of 1975 to 1985 as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Decade_for_Women" title="United Nations Decade for Women">UN Decade for Women</a>, to enable progress and failures to be evaluated and resulted in urging that the <a href="/wiki/CEDAW" class="mw-redirect" title="CEDAW">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)</a> be quickly ratified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietilä200743_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietilä200743-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Background_of_the_Conference"1976155_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Background_of_the_Conference"1976155-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1985 third conference in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, not only closed the decade of women but set a series of member state schedules for removal of legislated gender discrimination in national laws by the year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-dowie_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowie-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1975 Mexico City Conference was attended by over a thousand delegates. Prominent attendees included <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anne_Reid" title="Elizabeth Anne Reid">Elizabeth Reid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Whitlam" title="Margaret Whitlam">Margaret Whitlam</a> of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-naa-fs237_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naa-fs237-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>International Women's Year Tribune</i> was also organized by the conference committee and attended by 4,000 women in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-choike1453_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choike1453-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Berlin">East Berlin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: East Berlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The World Congress of Women was held in East Berlin as a part of IWY soon after the Mexico City event. It idealized women's equality as the "true embodiment of the socialist conception of human rights".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonert201468–69_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonert201468–69-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Working Group on Equal Rights, composed of experts on government and law from the <a href="/wiki/East_German_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="East German Academy of Sciences">East German Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist United Party Central Committee</a> rejected the notion that women's rights should fall under a separate area designated by gender, but instead should be governed by the United Nations Human Right's position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonert201479_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonert201479-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> was one of the key guests at the conference, as was <a href="/wiki/Hortensia_Bussi_de_Allende" class="mw-redirect" title="Hortensia Bussi de Allende">Hortensia Bussi de Allende</a>, former <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Chile" title="First Lady of Chile">First Lady of Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonert201481_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonert201481-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state-sponsored program advocated women's solidarity in the national struggles to free women from oppression based on class, race and gender through state socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonert201483–85_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonert201483–85-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brussels">Brussels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brussels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Tribunal_on_the_Crimes_Against_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Tribunal on the Crimes Against Women (page does not exist)">International Tribunal on the Crimes Against Women</a> was planned as an event for IWY but was not held until 4 to 8 March 1976 in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium. Limited by funding strictures, the conference hosted 2000 women from forty countries. Speakers addressed economic exploitation and violence against women in its many forms. The most significant development to come out of the conference was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Feminist_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Feminist Network (page does not exist)">International Feminist Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunch2012214_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunch2012214-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zionism_controversy">Zionism controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zionism controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1975 conference was also notable for passing the first "<a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> is racism" resolution passed at any UN-sponsored forum, thus preparing the way for <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379</a> in 1975 the following November.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A statement equating Zionism with racism was also included in an annex to a report to be considered at the final conference of the United Nations Decade for Women in 1985 in Nairobi, Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as stated in <i>It Takes a Dream: The Story of Hadassah</i> (1997), by Marlin Levin, "<a href="/wiki/Bernice_Tannenbaum" title="Bernice Tannenbaum">Bernice</a> [Tannenbaum] asked [President Ronald] Reagan to publicly repudiate the U.N. resolution. He agreed and promised that the U.S. delegation would walk out of Nairobi if the Zionism-equals-racism resolution was included in the final conference declaration."<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tannenbaum also convinced the United States Senate to condemn the conference resolution and demand its withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also personally flew to Kenya with a draft of the Senate resolution, where <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Reagan" title="Maureen Reagan">Maureen Reagan</a>, President Reagan's daughter and the head of the American delegation, repeated the president's promise to withdraw from the conference if the resolution was included in the final conference delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenya then brokered a compromise in which Zionism was omitted from the final conference report.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National">National</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A conference on 'Women and Politics' was held in September,<sup id="cite_ref-naa-fs237_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naa-fs237-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attended by 700 women.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The events of IWY in Canada as a whole raised awareness with Canadian women as well as the general public on a wide range of women's issues and accomplishments. It spurred the creation of the Ontario Women and the Law Association and the <a href="/wiki/Service,_Office_and_Retail_Workers%E2%80%99_Union_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Service, Office and Retail Workers’ Union of Canada">Service, Office and Retail Workers’ Union of Canada</a> (SORWUC) and offered funding for many to participate in educational and artistic endeavors aimed at presenting women's perspectives. One such effort was a petition to the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> which led to the creation of Studio D. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a> hosted a conference in September dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Nellie_McClung" title="Nellie McClung">Nellie McClung</a> and the reform issues which had been important to her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiersonCohen1993362_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiersonCohen1993362-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June a United Women's Convention was held in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Events in support of IWY were held throughout the United States by private organizations and NGOs, such as those held in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, 11–12 June 1977 and the <i><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Greater Cleveland</a> Congress</i>, October.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most significant US events, because it was funded by the US government, was held in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a> and though planned as an IWY event, did not take place until 1977. The <a href="/wiki/1977_National_Women%27s_Conference" title="1977 National Women's Conference">1977 National Women's Conference</a> included women from each state in the United States and developed a National Plan of Action, mirroring many of the points of the World Plan of Action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunch2012215_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunch2012215-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The then Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> had inaugurated National Women's Day and International Women's Year event jointly sponsored by 50 women's organizations at NDMC Indoor Stadium New Delhi in India on <a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Basant Panchami</a> Sunday February 16, 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3520" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3520">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3520</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Mexico_on_the_Equality_of_Women_and_Their_Contribution_to_Development_and_Peace" title="Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace">Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace</a></div> <p>As a result of the international focus on Women in 1975, a number of institutions were established: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Research_and_Training_Institute_for_the_Advancement_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women">International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women</a> (INSTRAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Fund_for_Women" title="United Nations Development Fund for Women">United Nations Development Fund for Women</a> (UNIFEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Studies_Resource_Centre" title="Women's Studies Resource Centre">Women's Studies Resource Centre</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> during July.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emblem">Emblem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Emblem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IWY also launched the "dove" emblem used by the IWY, CEDAW, and UNIFIL. A stylized dove intersected by a female symbol and an equal sign, the emblem was donated by then 27-year-old New York City advertising company graphic designer Valerie Pettis. It remains the official symbol of <a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is used in <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> celebrations to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-dowie_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowie-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Women's Conference">National Women's Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Equality_Architecture_Reform" title="Gender Equality Architecture Reform">Gender Equality Architecture Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGO_CSW/NY" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO CSW/NY">NGO CSW/NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3010" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3010">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1325" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_Research_and_Training_Institute_for_the_Advancement_of_Women" title="United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women">United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Fund_for_Women" title="United Nations Development Fund for Women">United Nations Development Fund for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGM:_prevention_of_violence_against_women_and_girls" title="EGM: prevention of violence against women and girls">EGM: prevention of violence against women and girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Implementation_Plan_to_End_Violence_against_Women_and_Girls" title="Global Implementation Plan to End Violence against Women and Girls">Global Implementation Plan to End Violence against Women and Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDAW" class="mw-redirect" title="CEDAW">CEDAW</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/events/womensday/2010/history.shtml">"International Women's Day"</a>. <i>UN.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN.org&rft.atitle=International+Women%27s+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fwomensday%2F2010%2Fhistory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-choike1453-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-choike1453_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-choike1453_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-choike1453_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choike.org/nuevo_eng/informes/1453.html">"1st World Conference on Women, Mexico 1975"</a>. <i>Choike, <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Third World Institute">Third World Institute</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Choike%2C+Third+World+Institute&rft.atitle=1st+World+Conference+on+Women%2C+Mexico+1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choike.org%2Fnuevo_eng%2Finformes%2F1453.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1999891–892-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1999891–892_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser1999">Fraser 1999</a>, pp. 891–892.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1999893–894-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1999893–894_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1999893–894_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser1999">Fraser 1999</a>, pp. 893–894.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013201-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013201_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2013">Armstrong 2013</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Background_of_the_Conference"1976123-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Background_of_the_Conference"1976123_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Background_of_the_Conference"1976">"Background of the Conference" 1976</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodsee20105-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhodsee20105_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhodsee2010">Ghodsee 2010</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedan1998441-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedan1998441_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedan1998441_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedan1998">Friedan 1998</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeltsch197443-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeltsch197443_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeltsch1974">Teltsch 1974</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodsee20106-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhodsee20106_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhodsee2010">Ghodsee 2010</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietilä200743-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietilä200743_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPietilä2007">Pietilä 2007</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Background_of_the_Conference"1976155-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Background_of_the_Conference"1976155_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Background_of_the_Conference"1976">"Background of the Conference" 1976</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowie-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dowie_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dowie_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison Dowie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L5FAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9aQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2937,4035456">Dangers on the Road to Complete Emancipation</a>, <i>Glasgow Herald</i>, 22 October 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arvonne S. 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United Nations University Press, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-808-0973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-808-0973-2">978-92-808-0973-2</a>, pp. 252–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naa-fs237-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naa-fs237_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naa-fs237_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610130940/http://www.naa.gov.au/fsheets/fs237.html">"International Women's Year, 1975"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naa.gov.au/fSheets/fs237.html">the original</a> on June 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft.atitle=International+Women%27s+Year%2C+1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2FfSheets%2Ffs237.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlcott2017" class="citation book cs1">Olcott, Jocelyn (2017). <i>International Women's Year: The Greatest Consciousness-Raising Event in History</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1">the original</a> on 2012-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%2FRES%2F3379+%28XXX%29+of+10+November+1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102192342/http://jwa.org/exhibits/jsp/general.jsp?&imgfile=exhibits%2Fimages%2Fexhban7.gif&media_id=abamexic">"International Women's Year Conference in Mexico City, 1975"</a>. 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Resolution on Zionism, Dies at 101"</a>, 9 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarian_Sawer2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Sawer" title="Marian Sawer">Marian Sawer</a> (29 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605015318/http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/pubs/occa_lect/transcripts/290906/index.htm">"Red, White and Blue, What Do They Mean to You? The Significance of Political Colours"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/pubs/occa_lect/transcripts/290906/index.htm">the original</a> on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red%2C+White+and+Blue%2C+What+Do+They+Mean+to+You%3F+The+Significance+of+Political+Colours&rft.date=2006-09-29&rft.au=Marian+Sawer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FSenate%2Fpubs%2Focca_lect%2Ftranscripts%2F290906%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiersonCohen1993362-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiersonCohen1993362_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiersonCohen1993">Pierson & Cohen 1993</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928170942/http://www.democrit.net/IWY/Forum1975.htm">"Forum 1975"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forum+1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democrit.net%2FIWY%2FForum1975.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910031859/http://www.lib.uconn.edu/online/research/speclib/ASC/findaids/IWY/MSS19860003.html">"International Women's Year Conference Records"</a>. <i>Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialist+India+%28Volume+10%29&rft.atitle=P.+M.+inaugurates+women%27s+rally+%28Front+page%29%3B+P.+M.+inaugurates+women%27s+rally+%28Page+23%29&rft.date=1975-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnlOP5tT2CPMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=677">"Women's Movement page 6"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">SM</a> Memory, <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_South_Australia" title="State Library of South Australia">State Library of South Australia</a></i>. 4 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SM+Memory%2C+State+Library+of+South+Australia&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Movement+page+6&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samemory.sa.gov.au%2Fsite%2Fpage.cfm%3Fu%3D677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[tools.unifem.org/unifem_logos/UNIFEM-GraphicStandards.pdf Graphic Standards]. UNIFEM Headquarters, United Nations Secretariat document, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L5FAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9aQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2937,4035456&dq=valerie+pettis&hl=en">Dangers on the road to complete emancipation</a>. The Glasgow Herald. 22. October 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WG5kAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Vn0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3597,4972576&dq=valerie+pettis&hl=en">Dove Symbol for Women</a>. Associated Press, <i>The Calgary Herald</i>. 10 May 1974.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2013" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Elisabeth (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQIKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201"><i>Gender and Neoliberalism: The All India Democratic Women's Association and Globalization Politics</i></a>. New York City, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91142-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91142-5"><bdi>978-1-317-91142-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+All+India+Democratic+Women%27s+Association+and+Globalization+Politics&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-91142-5&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQIKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunch2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bunch, Charlotte (Winter 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/492530">"Opening Doors for Feminism: UN World Conferences on Women"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Women%27s_History" title="Journal of Women's History">Journal of Women's History</a></i>. <b>24</b> (4). 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Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 68–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0871-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0871-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-0871-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Whose+Utopia%3F+Gender%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Human+Rights+at+the+1975+World+Congress+of+Women+in+East+Berlin&rft.btitle=The+breakthrough+human+rights+in+the+1970s&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=68-85&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0871-9&rft.aulast=Donert&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtTqYAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1999" class="citation journal cs1">Fraser, Arvonne S. 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"Becoming Human: The Origins and Development of Women's Human Rights". <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Quarterly" title="Human Rights Quarterly">Human Rights Quarterly</a></i>. <b>21</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 853–906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhrq.1999.0050">10.1353/hrq.1999.0050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-0392">0275-0392</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/762751">762751</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143911777">143911777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Becoming+Human%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+Women%27s+Human+Rights&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=853-906&rft.date=1999-11&rft.issn=0275-0392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143911777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F762751%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhrq.1999.0050&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Arvonne+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedan1998" class="citation book cs1">Friedan, Betty (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iv4-Qy82BJ0C&pg=PA441"><i>It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-46885-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-46885-6"><bdi>978-0-674-46885-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Changed+My+Life%3A+Writings+on+the+Women%27s+Movement&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-46885-6&rft.aulast=Friedan&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Div4-Qy82BJ0C%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ghodsee, Kristen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/un_decade_reflections.pdf">"Revisiting the United Nations decade for women: Brief reflections on feminism, capitalism and Cold War politics in the early years of the international women's movement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Studies_International_Forum" title="Women's Studies International Forum">Women's Studies International Forum</a></i>. <b>33</b>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Wants+It+to+Be+More+Than+a+%27Ladies%27+Meeting%27&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1974-05-10&rft.aulast=Teltsch&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F05%2F10%2Farchives%2Fun-wants-it-to-be-more-than-a-ladies-meeting.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Background_of_the_Conference"1976" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508212343/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/otherconferences/Mexico/Mexico%20section%20IV%20-%20VIII.pdf">"Part II: Background of the Conference"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Report of the World Conference of the International Women's Year: Mexico City 19 June-2 July 1975 (Report). New York City, New York: United Nations. 1976. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/otherconferences/Mexico/Mexico%20section%20IV%20-%20VIII.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+World+Conference+of+the+International+Women%27s+Year%3A+Mexico+City+19+June-2+July+1975&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fwomenwatch%2Fdaw%2Fbeijing%2Fotherconferences%2FMexico%2FMexico%2520section%2520IV%2520-%2520VIII.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Women%27s+Year" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Year&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Women%27s_Year" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:International Women's Year">International Women's Year</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/">International Women's Day</a> feature on the UN Women Watch site</li> <li>Whitaker, Jennifer Seymour. (October 1975). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1975-10-01/women-world-report-mexico-city">Women of the World: Report From Mexico City</a>." <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. 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href="/wiki/International_observance" class="mw-redirect" title="International observance">International years</a> proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Refugee_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Refugee Year (page does not exist)">World Refugee</a> (1959-1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Health_and_Medical_Research_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Health and Medical Research Year (page does not exist)">Health and Medical Research</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Co-operation_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Co-operation Year (page does not exist)">Co-operation</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Rice_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Rice Year (page does not exist)">Rice (FAO)</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Tourist_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Tourist Year (page does not exist)">Tourist</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Human_Rights" title="International Year of Human Rights">Human Rights</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Education_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Education Year (page does not exist)">Education</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_for_Action_to_Combat_Racism_and_Racial_Prejudice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Prejudice (page does not exist)">Action to Combat Racism and Racial Prejudice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Book_Year" title="International Book Year">Book (UNESCO)</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Population_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Population Year (page does not exist)">World Population</a> (1974)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Anti-Apartheid_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Anti-Apartheid Year (page does not exist)">Anti-Apartheid</a> (1978-1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Child" title="International Year of the Child">The Child</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Disabled_Persons" title="International Year of Disabled Persons">Disabled Persons</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Mobilization_for_Sanctions_Against_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions Against South Africa (page does not exist)">Mobilization for Sanctions Against South Africa</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Communications_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Communications Year (page does not exist)">World Communications</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Youth_Year" title="International Youth Year">Youth</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_of_the_United_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Year of the United Nations (page does not exist)">United Nations</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Peace" title="International Year of Peace">Peace</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Shelter_for_the_Homeless" title="International Year of Shelter for the Homeless">Shelter for the Homeless</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Literacy_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Literacy Year (page does not exist)">Literacy</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Year" title="International Space Year">Space</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_for_the_World%27s_Indigenous_People" class="mw-redirect" title="International Year for the World's Indigenous People">World's Indigenous People</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Sport_and_the_Olympic_Ideal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Sport and the Olympic Ideal (page does not exist)">Sport and the Olympic Ideal</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Family" title="International Year of the Family">Family</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Year_of_Peoples%E2%80%99_Commemoration_of_the_Victims_of_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Year of Peoples’ Commemoration of the Victims of the Second World War (page does not exist)">Peoples’ Commemoration of the Victims of the Second World War</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Year_for_Tolerance" title="United Nations Year for Tolerance">Tolerance</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_for_the_Eradication_of_Poverty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year for the Eradication of Poverty (page does not exist)">Eradication of Poverty</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_the_Ocean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of the Ocean (page does not exist)">Ocean</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Older_Persons" title="International Year of Older Persons">Older Persons</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_for_the_Culture_of_Peace" title="International Year for the Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Thanksgiving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Thanksgiving (page does not exist)">Thanksgiving</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Mobilization_against_Racism,_Racial_Discrimination,_Xenophobia_and_Related_Intolerance" title="International Year of Mobilization against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance">Mobilization against Racism</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Volunteers" title="International Year of Volunteers">Volunteers</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Year_of_Dialogue_among_Civilizations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations (page does not exist)">Dialogue among Civilizations</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Ecotourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Ecotourism (page does not exist)">Ecotourism</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Mountains (page does not exist)">Mountains</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Year_for_Cultural_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Year for Cultural Heritage (page does not exist)">Cultural Heritage</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Freshwater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Freshwater (page does not exist)">Freshwater</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_of_Kyrgyz_Statehood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Year of Kyrgyz Statehood (page does not exist)">Kyrgyz Statehood</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Rice" title="International Year of Rice">Rice</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_to_Commemorate_the_Struggle_Against_Slavery_and_Its_Abolition" title="International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and Its Abolition">Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Year_of_Physics_2005" title="World Year of Physics 2005">Physics</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_for_Sport_and_Physical_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year for Sport and Physical Education (page does not exist)">Sport and Physical Education</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Microcredit" title="International Year of Microcredit">Microcredit</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Deserts_and_Desertification" title="International Year of Deserts and Desertification">Deserts and Desertification</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Dolphin" title="Year of the Dolphin">Dolphin (UNEP)</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">Polar</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Potato" title="International Year of the Potato">The Potato</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Sanitation" title="International Year of Sanitation">Sanitation</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Languages" title="International Year of Languages">Languages</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth" title="International Year of Planet Earth">Planet Earth</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_of_the_Gorilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Year of the Gorilla (page does not exist)">Gorilla</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Astronomy" title="International Year of Astronomy">Astronomy</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Human_Rights_Learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Human Rights Learning (page does not exist)">Human Rights Learning</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres" title="International Year of Natural Fibres">Natural Fibres</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Reconciliation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Reconciliation (page does not exist)">Reconciliation</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_the_Seafarer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of the Seafarer (page does not exist)">Seafarer</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Biodiversity" title="International Year of Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_for_the_Rapprochement_of_Cultures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures (page does not exist)">Rapprochement of Cultures</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Youth" title="International Year of Youth">Youth</a> (2010–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Forests" title="International Year of Forests">Forests</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Chemistry" title="International Year of Chemistry">Chemistry</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_for_People_of_African_Descent" title="International Year for People of African Descent">People of African Descent</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Sustainable_Energy_for_All&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Sustainable Energy for All (page does not exist)">Sustainable Energy for All</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Cooperatives_(2025)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Cooperatives (2025) (page does not exist)">Cooperatives</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Quinoa" class="mw-redirect" title="International Year of Quinoa">Quinoa</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Water_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Year of Water Cooperation">Water 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title="International Year of Light">Light</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Pulses" title="International Year of Pulses">Pulses</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Sustainable_Tourism_for_Development" title="International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development">Sustainable Tourism for Development</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_the_Periodic_Table_of_Chemical_Elements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (page does not exist)">Periodic Table of Chemical Elements</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Moderation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Moderation (page does not exist)">Moderation</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Indigenous_Languages" title="International Year of Indigenous Languages">Indigenous Languages</a> (2019)</li> <li><a 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