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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virgin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Virgin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Virgin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Virgin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Virgin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1972–1980:_Founding_of_Virgin_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972–1980:_Founding_of_Virgin_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1972–1980: Founding of Virgin Records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972–1980:_Founding_of_Virgin_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981–1987:_Package_holiday_industries,_compilation_albums,_and_Virgin_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981–1987:_Package_holiday_industries,_compilation_albums,_and_Virgin_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1981–1987: Package holiday industries, compilation albums, and Virgin Atlantic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981–1987:_Package_holiday_industries,_compilation_albums,_and_Virgin_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988–2000:_Telecoms_ventures,_railways,_and_worldwide_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988–2000:_Telecoms_ventures,_railways,_and_worldwide_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1988–2000: Telecoms ventures, railways, and worldwide impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988–2000:_Telecoms_ventures,_railways,_and_worldwide_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001–2007:_Entry_into_space_travel_and_Virgin_Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001–2007:_Entry_into_space_travel_and_Virgin_Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 2001–2007: Entry into space travel and Virgin Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001–2007:_Entry_into_space_travel_and_Virgin_Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008–2019:_Hotels,_healthcare_and_charitable_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008–2019:_Hotels,_healthcare_and_charitable_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 2008–2019: Hotels, healthcare and charitable influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008–2019:_Hotels,_healthcare_and_charitable_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020–present:_COVID-19_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020–present:_COVID-19_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 2020–present: COVID-19 difficulties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020–present:_COVID-19_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_business_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_business_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Failed business ventures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_business_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_record_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_record_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 World record attempts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_record_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television,_film_and_print" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television,_film_and_print"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Television, film and print </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television,_film_and_print-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Humanitarian initiatives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Humanitarian_initiatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Humanitarian initiatives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change_pledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_pledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Climate change pledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_pledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B_Team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B_Team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 B Team </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B_Team-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Honours and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_evasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_evasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Tax evasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_evasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audiobook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audiobook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Audiobook </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audiobook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Richard Branson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ريتشارد برانسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد برانسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="রিচার্ড ব্রানসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিচার্ড ব্রানসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Ричард Брансън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард Брансън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ρίτσαρντ Μπράνσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίτσαρντ Μπράνσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ریچارد برانسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد برانسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%9C%EC%8A%A8" title="리처드 브랜슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 브랜슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ռիչարդ Բրենսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիչարդ Բրենսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचर्ड ब्रैनसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिचर्ड ब्रैनसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Брэнсон, Ричард – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Брэнсон, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ריצ'רד ברנסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד ברנסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Брэнсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ричард Брэнсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Брэнсон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ричард Брэнсон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dards_Brensons" title="Ričards Brensons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ričards Brensons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BB" title="റിച്ചാർഡ് ബ്രാൻസൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിച്ചാർഡ് ബ്രാൻസൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ريتشارد برانسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد برانسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="リチャード・ブランソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・ブランソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਬ੍ਰੈਨਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਬ੍ਰੈਨਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Брэнсон, Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брэнсон, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="ڕیچارد برانسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیچارد برانسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Брансон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ричард Брансон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="றிச்சர்ட் பிரான்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="றிச்சர்ட் பிரான்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ริชาร์ด แบรนสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ริชาร์ด แบรนสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Річард Бренсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард Бренсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="رچرڈ برینسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رچرڈ برینسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Richard Branson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B0%E6%A3%AE" title="理查德·布兰森 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="理查德·布兰森" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E9%81%9C" title="李察·布蘭遜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="李察·布蘭遜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E6%A3%AE" title="理查德·布蘭森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理查德·布蘭森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British business magnate (born 1950)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bronson" title="Richard Bronson">Richard Bronson</a> or <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brandon" title="Richard Brandon">Richard Brandon</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Richard Branson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Branson_Addresses_the_Our_Ocean_Conference_2015_in_Valpara%C3%ADso_(21783214958)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Richard_Branson_Addresses_the_Our_Ocean_Conference_2015_in_Valpara%C3%ADso_%2821783214958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Richard_Branson_Addresses_the_Our_Ocean_Conference_2015_in_Valpara%C3%ADso_%2821783214958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Richard_Branson_Addresses_the_Our_Ocean_Conference_2015_in_Valpara%C3%ADso_%2821783214958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Richard_Branson_Addresses_the_Our_Ocean_Conference_2015_in_Valpara%C3%ADso_%2821783214958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Richard_Branson_Addresses_the_Our_Ocean_Conference_2015_in_Valpara%C3%ADso_%2821783214958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Richard_Branson_Addresses_the_Our_Ocean_Conference_2015_in_Valpara%C3%ADso_%2821783214958%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1077" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Branson in 2015</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Richard Charles Nicholas Branson</div> (1950-07-18) 18 July 1950 (age 74) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Business magnate</li><li>Author</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1966–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Kristen Tomassi</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1972; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1979)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Joan Templeman</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1989)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eve_Branson" title="Eve Branson">Eve Branson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._A._H._Branson" title="G. A. H. Branson">G. A. H. Branson</a> (grandfather)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Branson" title="Vanessa Branson">Vanessa Branson</a> (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Calthorpe" title="Isabella Calthorpe">Isabella Calthorpe</a> (daughter-in-law)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Branson_signature_SVG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Richard_Branson_signature_SVG.svg/150px-Richard_Branson_signature_SVG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Richard_Branson_signature_SVG.svg/225px-Richard_Branson_signature_SVG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Richard_Branson_signature_SVG.svg/300px-Richard_Branson_signature_SVG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="418" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (born 18 July 1950) is an English <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">business magnate</a> who co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin Group</a> in 1970, and as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit">[update]</a> controlled 5 companies remaining of once more than 400.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> Branson expressed his desire to become an entrepreneur at a young age. His first business venture, at the age of 16, was a magazine called Student. In 1970, he set up a mail-order record business. He opened a chain of record stores, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a>—later known as <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a>—in 1972. Branson's Virgin brand grew rapidly during the 1980s, as he started the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> airline and expanded the Virgin Records <a href="/wiki/Music_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Music label">music label</a>. In 1997, Branson founded the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Rail_Group" title="Virgin Rail Group">Virgin Rail Group</a> to bid for <a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_franchising_in_Great_Britain" title="Passenger rail franchising in Great Britain">passenger rail franchises</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">privatisation of British Rail</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains" title="Virgin Trains">Virgin Trains</a> brand operated the <a href="/wiki/InterCity_West_Coast" title="InterCity West Coast">InterCity West Coast</a> franchise from 1997 to 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_CrossCountry" title="Virgin CrossCountry">InterCity CrossCountry</a> franchise from 1997 to 2007, and the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains_East_Coast" title="Virgin Trains East Coast">InterCity East Coast</a> franchise from 2015 to 2018. In 2004, he founded spaceflight corporation <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a>, based at <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Mojave Air and Space Port">Mojave Air and Space Port</a> in California, noted for the <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a> <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> designed for <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a>. In March 2000, Branson was <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">knighted</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> for "services to entrepreneurship".<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> Due to his work in retail, music, and transport, his taste for adventure, and for his humanitarian work, he has become a prominent global figure.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> In 2007, he was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">Time 100 Most Influential People in the World</a> list. In June 2023, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> listed Branson's estimated net worth at US$3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FSB-6">[5]</a> On 11 July 2021, Branson travelled as a passenger onboard <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_22" title="Virgin Galactic Unity 22">Virgin Galactic Unity 22</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">edge of space</a>, a suborbital test flight for his spaceflight company Virgin Galactic.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBC-8">[7]</a> The mission lasted approximately one hour, reaching a peak altitude of 53.5 miles (86.1 km). At 70, Branson became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">third oldest person</a> to fly to space.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Richard Charles Nicholas Branson was born on 18 July 1950<a href="#cite_note-whoswho2-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Greenwich" title="Royal Borough of Greenwich">Royal Borough of Greenwich</a>, London, the son of Edward James Branson (1918–2011), a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Eve_Branson" title="Eve Branson">Evette Huntley Branson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Flindt; 1924–2021), a former ballet dancer and air hostess.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-fdnr1-13">[12]</a> He has two younger sisters, Lindy and <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Branson" title="Vanessa Branson">Vanessa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SagaMar13-14">[13]</a> His grandfather, <a href="/wiki/G._A._H._Branson" title="G. A. H. Branson">Sir George Arthur Harwin Branson</a>, was a judge of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Councillor" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Councillor">Privy Councillor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Branson's great-great-great-grandfather, John Edward Branson, left England for <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1793; John Edward's father, Harry Wilkins Branson, later joined his son in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>. Starting from 1793, four generations of Branson's family lived in India, mostly at <a href="/wiki/Cuddalore" title="Cuddalore">Cuddalore</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. On the show <a href="/wiki/Finding_Your_Roots" title="Finding Your Roots">Finding Your Roots</a>, Branson was shown to have 3.9% South Asian (Indian) DNA, likely through intermarriage.<a href="#cite_note-fdnr1-13">[12]</a> Later, he stated that one of his great-great-great-grandmothers was an Indian named Ariya.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Branson was educated at <a href="/wiki/Scaitcliffe_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaitcliffe School">Scaitcliffe School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">prep school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, before briefly attending Cliff View House School in <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Timesep98-17">[16]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/Stowe_School" title="Stowe School">Stowe School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> until the age of sixteen.<a href="#cite_note-Timesep98-17">[16]</a> Branson has <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>, and had poor academic performance; on his last day at school, his headmaster, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drayson" title="Robert Drayson">Robert Drayson</a>, told him he would either end up in prison or become a millionaire.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timesep98-17">[16]</a> Branson has also talked openly about having <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Branson's parents were supportive of his endeavours from an early age.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> His mother was an entrepreneur; one of her most successful ventures was building and selling wooden tissue boxes and wastepaper bins.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In London, he started off <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a> from 1967 to 1968.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Branson is an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> He said in a 2011 interview with CNN's <a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Piers Morgan</a> that he believes in <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and the importance of humanitarian efforts but not in the existence of God. "I would love to believe," he said. "It's very comforting to believe".<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_business_career">Early business career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early business career">edit</a>]</div> After failed attempts to grow and sell both <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budgerigar" title="Budgerigar">budgerigars</a>, Branson launched a magazine named Student in 1966 with <a href="/wiki/Nik_Powell" title="Nik Powell">Nik Powell</a>. The first issue of Student appeared in January 1968, and a year later, Branson's net worth was estimated at £50,000. The office for the venture was situated in the crypt of St. John's Church, off <a href="/wiki/Bayswater_Road" title="Bayswater Road">Bayswater Road</a>, in London.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Though not initially as successful as he hoped, the magazine later became a vital component of the mail-order record business Branson started from the same church he used for Student. Branson used the magazine to advertise popular albums, driving his record sales.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> He interviewed several prominent personalities of the late 1960s for the magazine including <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Branson2011-28">[27]</a> Branson took over full direction of Student after successfully lying to Powell that the workers at the magazine opposed Powell's plans to turn the magazine into a cooperative.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> His business sold records for considerably less than the "High Street" outlets, especially the chain <a href="/wiki/WHSmith" title="WHSmith">WHSmith</a>. Branson once said, "There is no point in starting your own business unless you do it out of a sense of frustration."<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> At the time, many products were sold under restrictive marketing agreements that limited discounting, despite efforts in the 1950s and 1960s to limit <a href="/wiki/Retail_price_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail price maintenance">retail price maintenance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[note 1]</a> Branson eventually started a record shop in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. In 1971, he was questioned in connection with the selling of records declared export stock. The matter was never brought before a court because Branson agreed to repay any unpaid <a href="/wiki/Purchase_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchase tax">purchase tax</a> of 33% and a £70,000 fine. His parents re-mortgaged the family home to help pay the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Branson2011-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virgin">Virgin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Virgin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Richard_Branson%27s_business_ventures" title="Timeline of Richard Branson's business ventures">Timeline of Richard Branson's business ventures</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972–1980:_Founding_of_Virgin_Records">1972–1980: Founding of Virgin Records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1972–1980: Founding of Virgin Records">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Manor_Studios_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Manor_Studios_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Manor_Studios_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Manor_Studios_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Manor_Studios_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Manor_Studios_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_Manor_Studios_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="2901" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Manor_Studio" title="The Manor Studio">The Manor Studio</a>, Richard Branson's recording studio in the <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a> at the village of <a href="/wiki/Shipton-on-Cherwell" title="Shipton-on-Cherwell">Shipton-on-Cherwell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></figcaption></figure> In 1972, using money earned from his record store, Branson launched the record label <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nik_Powell" title="Nik Powell">Nik Powell</a>. The name "Virgin" was suggested by one of Branson's early employees because they were all new at business.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-33">[31]</a> Branson bought a country estate north of <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> in which he installed a residential recording studio, <a href="/wiki/The_Manor_Studio" title="The Manor Studio">The Manor Studio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> He leased studio time to fledgling artists, including multi-instrumentalist <a href="/wiki/Mike_Oldfield" title="Mike Oldfield">Mike Oldfield</a>, whose debut album <a href="/wiki/Tubular_Bells" title="Tubular Bells">Tubular Bells</a> (1973) was the first release for Virgin Records and became a chart-topping best-seller.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Virgin signed controversial bands such as the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>, which other companies were reluctant to sign. Virgin Records would go on to sign other artists including the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/XTC" title="XTC">XTC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan_(band)" title="Japan (band)">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Winwood" title="Steve Winwood">Steve Winwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paula_Abdul" title="Paula Abdul">Paula Abdul</a>, and to become the world's largest independent record label.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[34]</a> It also won praise for exposing the public to such lesser known avant-garde music as <a href="/wiki/Faust_(band)" title="Faust (band)">Faust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Can_(band)" title="Can (band)">Can</a>. Virgin Records also introduced <a href="/wiki/Culture_Club" title="Culture Club">Culture Club</a> to the music world. Branson's net worth was estimated at £5 million by 1979, and a year later, Virgin Records went international.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981–1987:_Package_holiday_industries,_compilation_albums,_and_Virgin_Atlantic">1981–1987: Package holiday industries, compilation albums, and Virgin Atlantic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1981–1987: Package holiday industries, compilation albums, and Virgin Atlantic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Atlantic_A340-600_(G-VWEB)_arrives_London_Heathrow_7Jun2015_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Virgin_Atlantic_A340-600_%28G-VWEB%29_arrives_London_Heathrow_7Jun2015_arp.jpg/220px-Virgin_Atlantic_A340-600_%28G-VWEB%29_arrives_London_Heathrow_7Jun2015_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Virgin_Atlantic_A340-600_%28G-VWEB%29_arrives_London_Heathrow_7Jun2015_arp.jpg/330px-Virgin_Atlantic_A340-600_%28G-VWEB%29_arrives_London_Heathrow_7Jun2015_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Virgin_Atlantic_A340-600_%28G-VWEB%29_arrives_London_Heathrow_7Jun2015_arp.jpg/440px-Virgin_Atlantic_A340-600_%28G-VWEB%29_arrives_London_Heathrow_7Jun2015_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5147" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a> approaching <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow</a> in June 2015</figcaption></figure> Branson's first successful entry into the <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> industry was during a trip to Puerto Rico. His flight was cancelled, so he decided to charter his own plane the rest of the way and offered a ride to the rest of the stranded passengers for a small fee to cover the cost.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> In 1982, Virgin purchased the gay bar <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(nightclub)" title="Heaven (nightclub)">Heaven</a>. In 1991, in a consortium with <a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">David Frost</a>, Branson made an unsuccessful bid for three <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> franchises under the <a href="/wiki/CPV-TV" title="CPV-TV">CPV-TV</a> name. The early 1980s also saw his only attempt as a producer—on the novelty record "<a href="/wiki/Baa,_Baa,_Black_Sheep" title="Baa, Baa, Black Sheep">Baa, Baa, Black Sheep</a>", by The Singing Sheep in association with Doug McLean and Grace McDonald, on which he was credited as "Jeff Mutton". The track consisted of samples of animal noises recorded at his aunt Claire Hoares' farm in Norfolk, set to a drum-machine-produced track and reached number 42 in the UK charts in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music!" title="Now That's What I Call Music!">Now That's What I Call Music!</a> emerged from Virgin Records offices as a unique compilation series, distinct in its originality. Collaborating with <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, Peter Jamieson orchestrated the partnership on Richard Branson's boat, leading to the concise and impactful title "Now That's What I Call Music!," inspired by a <a href="/wiki/Danish_Bacon" title="Danish Bacon">Danish Bacon</a> poster<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> gifted to Simon Draper. Richard Branson's introduction to the antique shop owned by Joan Templeman,<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[38]</a> played a pivotal role in his growing fascination with old signs and advertisements, ultimately shaping the collection.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Branson formed <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> and Virgin Cargo in 1984. He formed <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Holidays">Virgin Holidays</a> in 1985. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1988–2000:_Telecoms_ventures,_railways,_and_worldwide_impact">1988–2000: Telecoms ventures, railways, and worldwide impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1988–2000: Telecoms ventures, railways, and worldwide impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichfield_Trent_Valley_railway_station_MMB_05_390XXX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lichfield_Trent_Valley_railway_station_MMB_05_390XXX.jpg/220px-Lichfield_Trent_Valley_railway_station_MMB_05_390XXX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lichfield_Trent_Valley_railway_station_MMB_05_390XXX.jpg/330px-Lichfield_Trent_Valley_railway_station_MMB_05_390XXX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lichfield_Trent_Valley_railway_station_MMB_05_390XXX.jpg/440px-Lichfield_Trent_Valley_railway_station_MMB_05_390XXX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3795" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains_West_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Trains West Coast">Virgin Trains West Coast</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_390" title="British Rail Class 390">Class 390 Pendolino</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Trent_Valley_railway_station" title="Lichfield Trent Valley railway station">Lichfield</a> in August 2011</figcaption></figure> In 1992, to keep his airline company afloat, Branson sold the Virgin label to EMI for £500 million.<a href="#cite_note-bbcprofile-42">[40]</a> Branson said that he wept when the sale was completed because the record business had been the very start of the Virgin empire. He created <a href="/wiki/V2_Records" title="V2 Records">V2 Records</a> in 1996 to re-enter the music business, owning 5% himself.<a href="#cite_note-solarnav-43">[41]</a> Virgin also acquired European <a href="/wiki/Short-haul" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-haul">short-haul</a> airline Euro Belgian Airlines and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Express" title="Virgin Express">Virgin Express</a>. In 1997, Branson took what many saw as being one of his riskier business exploits by entering into the railway business during the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">privatisation of British Rail</a> in the late 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Rail_Group" title="Virgin Rail Group">Virgin Rail Group</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_CrossCountry" title="Virgin CrossCountry">InterCity CrossCountry</a> and <a href="/wiki/InterCity_West_Coast" title="InterCity West Coast">InterCity West Coast</a> franchises, beginning operations in January and March 1997 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Both franchises were scheduled to run for 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> A series of disputes in the early 1990s caused tension between Virgin Atlantic and <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>, which viewed Virgin as an emerging competitor. Virgin subsequently accused British Airways of poaching its passengers, <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacking</a> its computers, and leaking stories to the press that portrayed Virgin negatively. After the so-called campaign of <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Tricks_(British_Airways_scandal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty Tricks (British Airways scandal)">"dirty tricks"</a>, British Airways settled the case, giving £500,000 to Branson, a further £110,000 to his airline, and had to pay legal fees of up to £3 million. Branson distributed his compensation (the so-called "BA bonus") among his staff.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Branson launched <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile" title="Virgin Mobile">Virgin Mobile</a> in 1999, and airline <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Australia" title="Virgin Australia">Virgin Blue</a> in Australia in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001–2007:_Entry_into_space_travel_and_Virgin_Media">2001–2007: Entry into space travel and Virgin Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2001–2007: Entry into space travel and Virgin Media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Branson_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Richard_Branson_2001.jpg/170px-Richard_Branson_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Richard_Branson_2001.jpg/255px-Richard_Branson_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Richard_Branson_2001.jpg/340px-Richard_Branson_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Branson in 2001</figcaption></figure> On 25 September 2004, Branson announced the signing of a deal under which a new <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a> company, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a>, will license the technology behind <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a>—funded by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a> and designed by aeronautical engineer <a href="/wiki/Burt_Rutan" title="Burt Rutan">Burt Rutan</a>—to take paying passengers into <a href="/wiki/Suborbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital">suborbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>. Virgin Galactic plans to make flights available to the public with tickets priced at US$200,000 using the <a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites_White_Knight_Two" title="Scaled Composites White Knight Two">Scaled Composites White Knight Two</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sn20131111-50">[48]</a> The spacecraft, <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a>, is manufactured by <a href="/wiki/The_Spaceship_Company" title="The Spaceship Company">The Spaceship Company</a>, which was founded by Branson and Rutan and is now solely owned by Virgin Galactic. In 2013, Branson said that he planned to take his two children, 31-year-old Holly and 28-year-old Sam, on a trip to outer space when they ride the SpaceShipTwo rocket plane on its first public flight, then planned for 2014.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> As part of his promotion of the firm, Branson has added a variation of the Virgin Galactic livery to his personal business jet, the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_900EX" class="mw-redirect" title="Dassault Falcon 900EX">Dassault Falcon 900EX</a> "Galactic Girl" (G-GALX).<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> He was ninth in <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List" title="Sunday Times Rich List">The Sunday Times Rich List 2006</a> of the wealthiest people or families in the UK, worth slightly more than £3 billion. Branson wrote in his autobiography of the decision to start an airline. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">My interest in life comes from setting myself huge, apparently unachievable challenges and trying to rise above them ... from the perspective of wanting to live life to the full, I felt that I had to attempt it.</blockquote> In 2006, through a merger with <a href="/wiki/SN_Brussels_Airlines" title="SN Brussels Airlines">SN Brussels Airlines</a>, Virgin Airlines formed <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airlines" title="Brussels Airlines">Brussels Airlines</a>, while retaining its separate listing.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> It also started a national airline based in Nigeria, called <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Nigeria">Virgin Nigeria</a>, which ceased operations in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Another airline, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_America" title="Virgin America">Virgin America</a>, began flying out of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco International Airport</a> in August 2007.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Branson's next venture with the Virgin group was <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Fuels">Virgin Fuels</a>, which was set up to respond to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and exploit the recent spike in fuel costs by offering a revolutionary, cheaper fuel for automobiles and, in the near future, aircraft. Branson has stated that he was formerly a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">global warming sceptic</a> and was influenced in his decision by a breakfast meeting with <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> On 21 September 2006, Branson pledged to invest the profits of Virgin Atlantic and Virgin Trains in research for environmentally-friendly fuels. The investment is estimated to be worth $3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> On 4 July 2006, Branson sold his <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile" title="Virgin Mobile">Virgin Mobile</a> company to UK cable TV, broadband, and telephone company NTL:Telewest for £900 million. A new company was launched with much fanfare and publicity on 8 February 2007, under the name <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media" title="Virgin Media">Virgin Media</a>. The decision to merge his Virgin Media Company with NTL was made in order to integrate compatible areas of the two businesses. Whilst Branson had owned three-quarters of Virgin Mobile, he would now get paid £8.5 million per annum for the use of the Virgin brand name. He does not own any part of Virgin Media.<a href="#cite_note-Perry-61">[59]</a> In 2006, Branson formed <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Comics">Virgin Comics</a> and Virgin Animation, an entertainment company focused on creating new stories and characters for a global audience. The company was founded with author <a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a>, filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur" title="Shekhar Kapur">Shekhar Kapur</a>, and entrepreneurs <a href="/wiki/Sharad_Devarajan" title="Sharad Devarajan">Sharad Devarajan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gotham_Chopra" title="Gotham Chopra">Gotham Chopra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Branson also launched the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Health_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Health Bank">Virgin Health Bank</a> on 1 February 2007, offering parents-to-be the opportunity to store their baby's <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a> blood <a href="/wiki/Stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cells">stem cells</a> in private and public stem-cell banks. In June 2006, a tip-off from Virgin Atlantic led both UK and US competition authorities to investigate price-fixing attempts between Virgin Atlantic and British Airways. In August 2007, British Airways was fined £271 million over the allegations. Virgin Atlantic was given immunity for tipping off the authorities and received no fine—a controversial decision the Office of Fair Trading defended as being in the public interest.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberto_Hazan_and_Richard_Branson_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Alberto_Hazan_and_Richard_Branson_2007.jpg/220px-Alberto_Hazan_and_Richard_Branson_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Alberto_Hazan_and_Richard_Branson_2007.jpg/330px-Alberto_Hazan_and_Richard_Branson_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Alberto_Hazan_and_Richard_Branson_2007.jpg/440px-Alberto_Hazan_and_Richard_Branson_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Branson with Alberto Hazan in June 2007 helping launch <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Italia" title="Virgin Radio Italia">Virgin Radio Italia</a></figcaption></figure> On 9 February 2007, Branson announced the setting up of a new global science and technology prize—The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Earth_Challenge" title="Virgin Earth Challenge">Virgin Earth Challenge</a>—in the belief that history has shown that prizes of this nature encourage technological advancements for the good of mankind. The Virgin Earth Challenge was to award $25 million to the individual or group who are able to demonstrate a commercially viable design that will result in the net removal of anthropogenic, atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> each year for at least ten years without countervailing harmful effects. This removal must have long-term effects and contribute materially to the stability of the Earth's climate. Branson also announced that he would be joined in the adjudication of the prize by a panel of five judges, all world authorities in their respective fields: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Crispin_Tickell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Crispin Tickell">Sir Crispin Tickell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_E._Hansen" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Hansen">James E. Hansen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a>. In July 2007, Branson purchased his Australian home, <a href="/wiki/Makepeace_Island" title="Makepeace Island">Makepeace Island</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Noosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Noosa">Noosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> In August 2007, Branson announced that he had bought a 20-per cent stake in Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/AirAsia_X" title="AirAsia X">AirAsia X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> On 13 October 2007, Branson's Virgin Group sought to add <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rock" title="Northern Rock">Northern Rock</a> to its empire after submitting an offer that would result in Branson personally owning 30% of the company and changing the company's name from Northern Rock to <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Money_(brand)" title="Virgin Money (brand)">Virgin Money</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> ran a campaign against his bid; <a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Vince Cable</a>, financial spokesperson for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, suggested in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> that Branson's criminal conviction for tax evasion might be felt by some as a good enough reason not to trust him with public money.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> In September 2023, Branson declared his decision against injecting additional funds into Virgin Galactic, his space travel company experiencing financial losses. He highlighted that his business empire no longer possesses extensive financial resources, indicating constraints on further investment.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008–2019:_Hotels,_healthcare_and_charitable_influence">2008–2019: Hotels, healthcare and charitable influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2008–2019: Hotels, healthcare and charitable influence">edit</a>]</div> On 9 January 2008, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Care" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Care">Virgin Healthcare</a> announced that it would open a chain of health care clinics that would offer conventional medical care alongside homeopathic and complementary therapies, a development that was welcomed by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bradshaw" title="Ben Bradshaw">Ben Bradshaw</a>, the UK's health minister.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Plans where GPs could be paid for referring <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) patients to private Virgin services were abandoned in June 2008. The BMA warned the plan would "damage clinical objectivity", there would be a financial incentive for GPs to push patients toward the Virgin services at the centre.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Plans to take over an NHS Practice in <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> were abandoned in late September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardBransonBoardVAOCApr09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/RichardBransonBoardVAOCApr09.jpg/220px-RichardBransonBoardVAOCApr09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/RichardBransonBoardVAOCApr09.jpg/330px-RichardBransonBoardVAOCApr09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/RichardBransonBoardVAOCApr09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Branson in April 2009 at the launch of Virgin America in <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County, California</a></figcaption></figure> In February 2009, Branson's Virgin organization was reported as bidding to buy the former <a href="/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One" title="Honda in Formula One">Honda Formula One</a> team. Branson later stated an interest in <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>, but claimed that, before the Virgin brand became involved with Honda or any other team, Formula One would have to develop a more economically efficient and environmentally responsible image. At the start of the <a href="/wiki/2009_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="2009 Formula One World Championship">2009 Formula One season</a> on 28 March, it was announced that Virgin would be sponsoring the new <a href="/wiki/Brawn_GP" title="Brawn GP">Brawn GP</a> team,<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> with discussions also under way about introducing a less "dirty" fuel in the medium term.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> After the end of the season and the subsequent purchase of Brawn GP by <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>, Branson invested in an 80% buyout of Manor Grand Prix,<a href="#cite_note-F1News-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> with the team being renamed <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Racing" title="Virgin Racing">Virgin Racing</a>. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Hotels" title="Virgin Hotels">Virgin Hotels</a> was launched under the Virgin Group. In February 2018, Branson announced the first Virgin hotel in the UK would open in Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Branson and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Fernandes" title="Tony Fernandes">Tony Fernandes</a>, owner of <a href="/wiki/Air_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Asia">Air Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotus_F1_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus F1 Racing">Lotus F1 Racing</a>, had a bet for the <a href="/wiki/2010_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="2010 Formula One World Championship">2010 F1 season</a> where the losing team's boss should work on the winner's airline during a charity flight dressed as a stewardess. Fernandes escaped as the bet winner, as Lotus Racing ended tenth in the championship, while Virgin Racing ended twelfth and last. Branson kept his word after losing the bet, as he served his duty as a stewardess on an <a href="/wiki/Air_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Asia">Air Asia</a> flight between <a href="/wiki/Perth_Airport" title="Perth Airport">Perth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport" title="Kuala Lumpur International Airport">Kuala Lumpur</a> on 12 May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5.3.10RichardBransonByDavidShankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/5.3.10RichardBransonByDavidShankbone.jpg/170px-5.3.10RichardBransonByDavidShankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/5.3.10RichardBransonByDavidShankbone.jpg/255px-5.3.10RichardBransonByDavidShankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/5.3.10RichardBransonByDavidShankbone.jpg/340px-5.3.10RichardBransonByDavidShankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>Branson at the <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time 100 Gala</a> in May 2010. Known for his informal dress code,<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> this was a rare occasion he didn't wear an open shirt.</figcaption></figure> In 2010, Branson became patron of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bennett_Cup_in_ballooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning">Gordon Bennett</a> 2010 gas balloon race, which has 16 hydrogen balloons flying across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In April 2012, Virgin Care commenced a five-year contract for provision of a range of health services which had previously been under the aegis of NHS Surrey, the local primary care trust.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> By March 2015, Virgin Care was in charge of more than 230 services nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> In July 2012, Branson announced plans to build an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_space_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital space launch">orbital space launch</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_launch_to_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Air launch to orbit">system</a>, designated <a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc20120711-82">[80]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">commercial</a> customers have already contracted for launches and two companies are developing standardised <a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">satellite buses</a> optimised to the design of LauncherOne, in expectation of business opportunities created by the new smallsat launcher.<a href="#cite_note-nsj20120711-83">[81]</a> In August 2012, when re-tendered the <a href="/wiki/InterCity_West_Coast" title="InterCity West Coast">InterCity West Coast</a> franchise was awarded to <a href="/wiki/FirstGroup" title="FirstGroup">FirstGroup</a> after a competitive tender process overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a>. Branson had expressed his concerns about the tender process and questioned the validity of the business plan submitted by FirstGroup. When Virgin Rail lost the contract, Branson said he was convinced the civil servants had "got their maths wrong". In October, after an investigation into the bidding process, the deal was scrapped. The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Transport Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">Patrick McLoughlin</a> announced there were "significant technical flaws" in the process and mistakes had been made by transport staff. Virgin Rail continued to operate the West Coast line until 7 December 2019, when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast" title="Avanti West Coast">Avanti West Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> In September 2014, Branson announced his investment in drone company <a href="/wiki/3D_Robotics" title="3D Robotics">3D Robotics</a> stating, "It's amazing to see what a little flying object with a <a href="/wiki/GoPro" title="GoPro">GoPro</a> attached can do. Before they came along the alternative was an expensive helicopter and crew. I'm really excited about the potential 3D Robotics sees in drones. They can do a lot of good in the world, and I hope this affordable technology will give many more people the chance to see our beautiful planet from such a powerful perspective."<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> In 2014, Branson launched the "Foodpreneur" food and drink-focused start-up competition. Winners were provided with mentorship from Branson, legal support, and brand counseling.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The 2014 winners included Proper Beans, Killer Tomato, Sweetpea Pantry and Sweet Virtues. In 2015, the competition expanded to the Virgin StartUp's Foodpreneur Festival. The 2015 winners were given the opportunity to pitch <a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target Corporation</a> buyers. The 2015 winners included Pip & Nut, Double Dutch Drinks, Harry Bromptons, Cauli Rice and Mallow and Marsh.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In March 2015, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains_East_Coast" title="Virgin Trains East Coast">Virgin Trains East Coast</a> commenced operating the InterCity East Coast franchise; the company was a joint venture between Stagecoach (90%) and Virgin Group (10%).<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Due to the line performing below VTEC's expectations, it was announced in May 2018 that the contract would be terminated early by the government. VTEC ceased operating on 23 June 2018 and operations passed to a government-owned operator, <a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In November 2015, Branson announced the addition of Moskito Island to the Virgin Limited Edition portfolio. This resort, The Branson Estate on Moskito Island, offers 11 bedrooms for 22 guests.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MMRichardBranson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MMRichardBranson.jpg/200px-MMRichardBranson.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MMRichardBranson.jpg/300px-MMRichardBranson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MMRichardBranson.jpg/400px-MMRichardBranson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>Branson and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>'s President <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a>, 22 January 2016</figcaption></figure> In 2017, Virgin Group invested in <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop_One" title="Hyperloop One">Hyperloop One</a>, developing a strategic partnership between the two. Branson joined the board of directors,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> and in December 2017, became its chairman.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The announced winner of the 2017 Virgin StartUp's Foodpreneur prize was <a href="/wiki/The_Snaffling_Pig_Co" title="The Snaffling Pig Co">The Snaffling Pig Co</a>., which won a six-week rental space at Intu Lakeside, the retail center with the highest foot traffic in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In October 2017, Branson appeared on the Season 9 Premiere of <a href="/wiki/Shark_Tank" title="Shark Tank">Shark Tank</a> as a guest investor,<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> where he invested in Locker Board,<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> a sustainable line of <a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">skateboards</a> invented by 11-year-old, Carson Kropfl.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Branson told the young business man that he reminded him of himself.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Branson became the richest Shark to have appeared on the show.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> In April 2018, Branson announced the acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> based <a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe" title="Hard Rock Cafe">Hard Rock Casino-Hotel</a> with plans to re-brand the property under his <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Hotels" title="Virgin Hotels">Virgin Hotels</a> business.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Hotels_Las_Vegas" title="Virgin Hotels Las Vegas">Virgin Hotels Las Vegas</a> opened on 25 March 2021. In May 2018, it was announced that he would become a partner in a private equity fund that will be co-managed by Metric Capital. The fund will seek out consumer goods firms to invest in.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In September 2018, Branson took part in his fourth Virgin Strive Challenge, where he and a core team travelled more than 2,000 km from <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> to the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> entirely under human and sail power. It was a gruelling month-long challenge where they hiked, biked and kayaked across Europe and had a near-miss on Mont Blanc when a rockfall rained down on them as they crossed the perilous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Couloir_(Mont_Blanc)" title="Grand Couloir (Mont Blanc)">Gouter Couloir</a>. They raised more than £1m for Holly and Sam Branson's charity Big Change, which supports young people.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> In February 2019, Branson helped organise an international benefit concert, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Aid_Live" title="Venezuela Aid Live">Venezuela Aid Live</a>, to bring worldwide attention to the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">humanitarian crisis</a> and raise funds for humanitarian aid. The concert took place on 22 February in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a>, Colombia, on the <a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_border" title="Colombia–Venezuela border">Venezuelan border</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020–present:_COVID-19_difficulties">2020–present: COVID-19 difficulties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2020–present: COVID-19 difficulties">edit</a>]</div> In March 2020, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> which saw a dramatic decline in international air travel of around 60% globally,<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Branson and Virgin attracted criticism by asking staff to take eight weeks' unpaid leave.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> In response to the global pandemic, Branson put his luxury <a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(British_Virgin_Islands)" title="Necker Island (British Virgin Islands)">Necker Island</a> up as collateral for a commercial loan to save <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> from going bust.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Branson said: "Over the five decades I have been in business, this is the most challenging time we have ever faced... From a business perspective, the damage to many is unprecedented and the length of the disruption remains worryingly unknown."<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> On 5 May 2020, it was announced that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the airline would lay off 3000 staff, reduce the fleet size to 35 by the summer of 2022, retire the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">Boeing 747-400s</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> and would not resume operations from Gatwick following the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> On 11 July 2021, Richard Branson took a flight with <a href="/wiki/Beth_Moses" title="Beth Moses">Beth Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirisha_Bandla" title="Sirisha Bandla">Sirisha Bandla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Bennett_(astronaut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin Bennett (astronaut)">Colin Bennett</a> and reached edge of <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> (86 kilometers or 53 miles) on a Virgin Galactic spacecraft called <a href="/wiki/VSS_Unity" title="VSS Unity">VSS Unity</a>. This made him the first billionaire founder of a space company to travel to the edge of space.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failed_business_ventures">Failed business ventures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Failed business ventures">edit</a>]</div> Branson has been involved in a number of failed business ventures, such as <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Cola" title="Virgin Cola">Virgin Cola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Cars" title="Virgin Cars">Virgin Cars</a>, Virgin Publishing, Virgin Clothing and Virgin Brides.<a href="#cite_note-Bower2017-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> However, Branson holds an optimistic view of failure. He has written: "I suppose the secret to bouncing back is not only to be unafraid of failures but to use them as motivational and learning tools... There's nothing wrong with making mistakes as long as you don't make the same ones over and over again."<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_record_attempts">World record attempts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World record attempts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Atlantic_Flyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Virgin_Atlantic_Flyer.jpg/220px-Virgin_Atlantic_Flyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Virgin_Atlantic_Flyer.jpg/330px-Virgin_Atlantic_Flyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Virgin_Atlantic_Flyer.jpg/440px-Virgin_Atlantic_Flyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The capsule from the Virgin Atlantic Flyer balloon on display at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duxford" title="Duxford">Duxford</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balloon_crash_Hawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Balloon_crash_Hawaii.jpg/220px-Balloon_crash_Hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Balloon_crash_Hawaii.jpg/330px-Balloon_crash_Hawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Balloon_crash_Hawaii.jpg/440px-Balloon_crash_Hawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A 1998 attempt at an around-the-world balloon flight by Branson, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fossett" title="Steve Fossett">Steve Fossett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Per_Lindstrand" title="Per Lindstrand">Per Lindstrand</a> ends in the Pacific Ocean on 25 December 1998.</figcaption></figure> Branson made several world record-breaking attempts after 1985, when in the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">Blue Riband</a> he attempted the fastest Atlantic Ocean crossing by <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a>. His first attempt in the Virgin Atlantic Challenger led to the boat capsizing in British waters and a rescue by Royal Navy helicopter, which received wide media coverage. Some newspapers called for Branson to reimburse the government for the rescue cost. In 1986, in his Virgin Atlantic Challenger II, he beat the record by two hours with sailing expert Daniel McCarthy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-114">[112]</a> A year later his <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a> Virgin Atlantic Flyer crossed the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> In January 1991, Branson crossed the Pacific from Japan to <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Canada">Arctic Canada</a>, 6,700 miles (10,800 km), in a balloon of 2,600,000 cubic feet (74,000 m3). This broke the record, with a speed of 145 miles per hour (233 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> Between 1995 and 1998, Branson, <a href="/wiki/Per_Lindstrand" title="Per Lindstrand">Per Lindstrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dzhanibekov" title="Vladimir Dzhanibekov">Vladimir Dzhanibekov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Newman_(aviator)" title="Larry Newman (aviator)">Larry Newman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fossett" title="Steve Fossett">Steve Fossett</a> made attempts to circumnavigate the globe by balloon. In late 1998, they made a record-breaking flight from Morocco to Hawaii but were unable to complete a global flight before <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Piccard" title="Bertrand Piccard">Bertrand Piccard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Jones_(aeronaut)" title="Brian Jones (aeronaut)">Brian Jones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Breitling_Orbiter_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Breitling Orbiter 3">Breitling Orbiter 3</a> in March 1999. In March 2004, Branson set a record by travelling from <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_Aquada" title="Gibbs Aquada">Gibbs Aquada</a> in 1 hour, 40 minutes and 6 seconds, the fastest crossing of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">amphibious vehicle</a>. The previous record of six hours was set by two Frenchmen.<a href="#cite_note-Rick-117">[115]</a> The cast of <a href="/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_series)" title="Top Gear (2002 TV series)">Top Gear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson" title="Jeremy Clarkson">Jeremy Clarkson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_May" title="James May">James May</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hammond" title="Richard Hammond">Richard Hammond</a>, attempted to break this record in 2007 with an amphibious vehicle which they had constructed and, while successfully crossing the channel, did not break Branson's record. After being intercepted by the Coast Guard and asked what their intentions were, Clarkson remarked "...our intentions are to go across the Channel faster than 'Beardy' Branson!". The Coast Guard wished them 'Good luck and Bon Voyage'.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> In September 2008, Branson and his children made an unsuccessful attempt at an eastbound record crossing of the Atlantic Ocean under sail in the 99-foot (30 m) <a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloop</a> Virgin Money.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> The boat, also known as Speedboat, is owned by <a href="/wiki/NYYC" class="mw-redirect" title="NYYC">NYYC</a> member Alex Jackson, who was a co-skipper on this passage, with Branson and Mike Sanderson. After two days, four hours, winds of <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_scale" title="Beaufort scale">force</a> 7 to 9 (strong gale), and seas of 40 feet (12 m), a 'monster wave' destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">spinnaker</a>, washed a ten-man life raft overboard and severely ripped the mainsail. The sloop eventually continued to <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St. George's, Bermuda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television,_film_and_print">Television, film and print</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Television, film and print">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETalk2008-Sir_Richard_Branson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/ETalk2008-Sir_Richard_Branson.jpg/170px-ETalk2008-Sir_Richard_Branson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/ETalk2008-Sir_Richard_Branson.jpg/255px-ETalk2008-Sir_Richard_Branson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/ETalk2008-Sir_Richard_Branson.jpg/340px-ETalk2008-Sir_Richard_Branson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Branson at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="2008 Toronto International Film Festival">2008 Toronto International Film Festival</a></figcaption></figure> Branson has guest starred, usually playing himself, on several television shows, including <a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baywatch" title="Baywatch">Baywatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_a_Feather_(TV_series)" title="Birds of a Feather (TV series)">Birds of a Feather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Only_Fools_and_Horses" title="Only Fools and Horses">Only Fools and Horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Day_Today" title="The Day Today">The Day Today</a>, a special episode of the comedy <a href="/wiki/Goodness_Gracious_Me_(BBC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodness Gracious Me (BBC)">Goodness Gracious Me</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripping_Over" title="Tripping Over">Tripping Over</a>. Branson made several appearances during the 1990s on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Saturday morning show <a href="/wiki/Live_%26_Kicking" title="Live & Kicking">Live & Kicking</a>, where he was referred to as 'the pickle man' by comedy act <a href="/wiki/Trev_and_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trev and Simon">Trev and Simon</a> (in reference to <a href="/wiki/Branston_Pickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Branston Pickle">Branston Pickle</a>).<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Branson also appears in a cameo early in <a href="/wiki/XTC" title="XTC">XTC</a>'s "Generals and Majors" video. He was also the star of a reality television show on <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> called <a href="/wiki/The_Rebel_Billionaire:_Branson%27s_Quest_for_the_Best" title="The Rebel Billionaire: Branson's Quest for the Best">The Rebel Billionaire: Branson's Quest for the Best</a> (2004), in which sixteen contestants were tested for their entrepreneurship and sense of adventure and only lasted one season.<a href="#cite_note-Bower2017-111">[109]</a> His high public profile often leaves him open as a figure of satire—the <a href="/wiki/2000_AD_(comics)" title="2000 AD (comics)">2000 AD</a> series <a href="/wiki/Zenith_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenith (comic)">Zenith</a> features a parody of Branson as a <a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">supervillain</a>, as the comic's publisher and favoured distributor and the Virgin group were in competition at the time. He is also caricatured in <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Monty_Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love" title="Monty Can't Buy Me Love">Monty Can't Buy Me Love</a>" as the tycoon Arthur Fortune, as the ballooning <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">megalomaniac</a> Richard Chutney (a pun on Branson, as in <a href="/wiki/Branston_Pickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Branston Pickle">Branston Pickle</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Believe_Nothing" title="Believe Nothing">Believe Nothing</a>, and voiced himself in "<a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Guide_(The_Simpsons)" title="The Princess Guide (The Simpsons)">The Princess Guide</a>". The character Grandson Richard 39 in <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>'s Wings is modelled on Branson. He has a <a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">cameo appearance</a> in several films: <a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_in_80_Days_(2004_film)" title="Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)">Around the World in 80 Days</a> (2004), where he played a hot-air balloon operator, and <a href="/wiki/Superman_Returns" title="Superman Returns">Superman Returns</a> (2006), where he was credited as a 'Shuttle Engineer' and appeared alongside his son, Sam, with a <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a>-style commercial suborbital shuttle at the centre of his storyline. He also has a cameo in the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> film <a href="/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)" title="Casino Royale (2006 film)">Casino Royale</a> (2006). Here, he is seen as a passenger going through <a href="/wiki/Miami_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Airport">Miami Airport</a> security check-in and being frisked – several Virgin Atlantic planes appear soon after. British Airways edited out Branson's cameo in their in-flight screening of the movie.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> He makes a number of brief and disjointed appearances in the documentary <a href="/wiki/Derek_and_Clive_Get_the_Horn" title="Derek and Clive Get the Horn">Derek and Clive Get the Horn</a> (1979), which follows the exploits of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> recording their final comedy album. Branson and his mother were also featured in the documentary film Lemonade Stories. On the TV series <a href="/wiki/Rove_(TV_series)" title="Rove (TV series)">Rove Live</a> in early 2006, <a href="/wiki/Rove_McManus" title="Rove McManus">Rove McManus</a> and Sir Richard pushed each other into a swimming pool fully clothed live on TV during a "Live at your house" episode. Branson is a <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a> fan and named his new spaceship <a href="/wiki/VSS_Enterprise" title="VSS Enterprise">VSS Enterprise</a> in honour of the Star Trek spaceships, and in 2006, reportedly offered actor <a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a> a ride on the inaugural space launch of Virgin Galactic. In an interview in <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, published on 10 August 2009, Shatner claimed that Branson approached him asking how much he would pay for a ride on the spaceship. In response, Shatner asked "how much would you pay me to do it?" In August 2007, Branson announced on <a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a> that he had named a new aircraft Air Colbert. He later doused political satirist and talk show host <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> with water from his mug. Branson subsequently took a retaliatory splash from Colbert. The interview quickly ended, with both laughing<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> as shown on the episode aired on <a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a> on 22 August 2007. The interview was promoted on The Report as the Colbert-Branson Interview Trainwreck. Branson then made a cameo appearance in <a href="/wiki/The_Soup" title="The Soup">The Soup</a>, playing an intern working under <a href="/wiki/Joel_McHale" title="Joel McHale">Joel McHale</a> who had been warned against getting into water fights with Stephen Colbert, and being subsequently fired. In March 2008, he launched <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile" title="Virgin Mobile">Virgin Mobile</a> in India; during that period, he made a cameo appearance in <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film <a href="/wiki/London_Dreams" title="London Dreams">London Dreams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> In July 2010, Branson narrated Australian sailor <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Watson" title="Jessica Watson">Jessica Watson</a>'s documentary about her solo sailing trip around the world. In April 2011, Branson appeared on <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>'s Mainsail with <a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Together they re-enacted a famous scene from the 1997 film <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a> for the cameras.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] On 17 August 2011, he was featured in the premiere episode of <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>'s first long-form original production entitled, <a href="/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life_(2011_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Day in the Life (2011 TV series)">A Day in the Life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSADITL-127">[125]</a> At the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Pride_of_Britain_Awards" title="Pride of Britain Awards">Pride of Britain Awards</a> on <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> on 30 October, Branson, along with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cowell" title="Simon Cowell">Simon Cowell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a>, recited <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/If%E2%80%94" title="If—">If—</a>" in tribute to the 2012 British <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a> athletes.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> In 1998, Branson released his autobiography, titled <a href="/wiki/Losing_My_Virginity" title="Losing My Virginity">Losing My Virginity</a>, an international best-seller.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Branson was deeply saddened by the disappearance of fellow adventurer <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fossett" title="Steve Fossett">Steve Fossett</a> in September 2007; the following month he wrote an article for <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a>, titled "My Friend, Steve Fossett".<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanitarian_initiatives">Humanitarian initiatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Humanitarian initiatives">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1990s, Branson and musician <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a> discussed with <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> their idea of a small group of leaders working to solve difficult global conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-prelders-131">[129]</a> On 18 July 2007, in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa, Mandela announced the formation of a new group, <a href="/wiki/The_Elders_(organization)" title="The Elders (organization)">The Elders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> served as Chair of The Elders and <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a> as deputy chair. The Elders is funded by a group of donors, including Branson and Gabriel. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICMEC_Board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ICMEC_Board.jpg/300px-ICMEC_Board.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ICMEC_Board.jpg/450px-ICMEC_Board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ICMEC_Board.jpg/600px-ICMEC_Board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Richard Branson with his mother Eve, and the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children" title="International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children">International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children</a>, April 2014</figcaption></figure> In 1999, Branson became a founding sponsor of the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children" title="International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children">International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children</a> ("ICMEC"), the goal of which is to help find missing children, and to stop the exploitation of children, as his mother Eve became a founding member of ICMEC's board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Through the Carbon War Room, founded in 2009, the entrepreneur sought solutions for global warming and the energy crisis. "We all have a part to play, but I believe entrepreneurs will have a really significant role to play in bringing investment and commercial skills to help develop the new technologies needed to grow a post-carbon economy", he said in his interview with <a href="/wiki/Vision_(magazine)" title="Vision (magazine)">Vision</a>. Through Carbon War Room initiative he has focused efforts on finding sustainable alternatives for three industry sectors: shipping, energy efficiency and aviation and renewable jet fuels.<a href="#cite_note-vision.ae-134">[132]</a> He also launched Virgin Startup, an official delivery partner for the UK's Start Up Loans programme. Through this new organisation, he provided loans to entrepreneurs between the ages of 18 and 30 UK-wide. A pilot of the scheme, which ran over 11 months, injected £600,000 into 100 businesses.<a href="#cite_note-vision.ae-134">[132]</a> Branson's other work in South Africa includes the <a href="/wiki/Branson_School_of_Entrepreneurship" title="Branson School of Entrepreneurship">Branson School of Entrepreneurship</a>, set up in 2005 as a partnership between <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Unite" title="Virgin Unite">Virgin Unite</a>, the non-profit foundation of Virgin, and entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Taddy_Blecher" title="Taddy Blecher">Taddy Blecher</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/CIDA_City_Campus" title="CIDA City Campus">CIDA City Campus</a>, a university in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>. The school aims to improve economic growth in South Africa by supporting start-ups and micro-enterprises with skills, mentors, services, networks and finance arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2009-136">[134]</a> Fundraising activity to support the school is achieved by <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_Fast_Track_100" title="Sunday Times Fast Track 100">The Sunday Times Fast Track 100</a>, sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin Group</a>, at its yearly event, where places to join Richard Branson on trips to South Africa to provide coaching and mentoring to students are auctioned to attendees. In 2009, Jason Luckhurst and Boyd Kershaw of Practicus, Martin Ainscough of the Ainscough Group and Matthew Riley of Daisy Communications helped raise £150,000 through the auction.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> In March 2008, Branson hosted an environmental gathering at his private island, <a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(British_Virgin_Islands)" title="Necker Island (British Virgin Islands)">Necker Island</a>, in the Caribbean with several entrepreneurs, celebrities, and world leaders. They discussed global warming-related problems, hoping that the meeting would be a precursor to future discussions regarding similar problems. Former British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> of Google were in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> On 8 May 2009, Branson took over <a href="/wiki/Mia_Farrow" title="Mia Farrow">Mia Farrow</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> for three days in protest of the Sudanese government expulsion of aid groups from the <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In 2010, he and the Nduna Foundation (founded by <a href="/wiki/Amy_Robbins_(philanthropist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amy Robbins (philanthropist)">Amy Robbins</a>), and Humanity United (an organization backed by Pam Omidyar, the wife of <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Omidyar" title="Pierre Omidyar">Pierre Omidyar</a>) founded Enterprise Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Branson_UN_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richard_Branson_UN_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development_2012.jpg/170px-Richard_Branson_UN_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richard_Branson_UN_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development_2012.jpg/255px-Richard_Branson_UN_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richard_Branson_UN_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development_2012.jpg/340px-Richard_Branson_UN_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Branson at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> Branson is a signatory of <a href="/wiki/Global_Zero_(campaign)" title="Global Zero (campaign)">Global Zero</a> campaign, a non-profit international initiative for the elimination of all nuclear weapons worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Since its launch in Paris in December 2008,<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Global Zero has grown to 300 leaders, including current and former heads of state, national security officials and military commanders, and 400,000 citizens worldwide; developed a practical step-by-step plan to eliminate nuclear weapons; launched an international student campaign with 75 campus chapters in eight countries; and produced a documentary film, <a href="/wiki/Countdown_to_Zero" title="Countdown to Zero">Countdown to Zero</a>, in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bender" title="Lawrence Bender">Lawrence Bender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Participant_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Participant Media">Participant Media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Since 2010, Branson has served as a Commissioner on the <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Commission_for_Digital_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Commission for Digital Development">Broadband Commission for Digital Development</a>, a UN initiative which promotes universal access to broadband services.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> In 2011, Branson served on the <a href="/wiki/Global_Commission_on_Drug_Policy" title="Global Commission on Drug Policy">Global Commission on Drug Policy</a> with former political and cultural leaders of Latin America and elsewhere, "in a bid to boost the effort to achieve more humane and rational drug laws."<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> In December 2013, Branson urged companies to boycott <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> because of its "anti-homosexuality bill". Branson stated that it would be "against my conscience to support this country...governments must realize that people should be able to love whoever they want."<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> In 2014, Branson joined forces with <a href="/wiki/African_Wildlife_Foundation" title="African Wildlife Foundation">African Wildlife Foundation</a> and partner WildAid for the "Say No" Campaign, an initiative to bring public awareness to the issues of wildlife poaching and trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Branson is an opponent of the death penalty, stating: "the death penalty is always cruel, barbaric and inhumane. It has no place in the world."<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In 2015, Branson released a letter in support of American inmate <a href="/wiki/Richard_Glossip" title="Richard Glossip">Richard Glossip</a> on the day he was due to be executed,<a href="#cite_note-death_penalty-149">[147]</a> and in 2021 Branson was among the public figures who called on <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> to halt the execution of <a href="/wiki/Nagaenthran_K._Dharmalingam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam">Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysian</a> drug trafficker who was convicted and sentenced to Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">death row</a> for heroin trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> After Nagaenthran was executed by hanging at Changi Prison, Branson expressed disappointment in Singapore for its "relentless machinery of death" since it left "no room for decency, dignity, compassion, or mercy".<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> In October 2022, the Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs invited Branson to Singapore for a live televised debate on Singapore's approach towards drugs and the death penalty with <a href="/wiki/K_Shanmugam" class="mw-redirect" title="K Shanmugam">K Shanmugam</a>, Singapore's Minister for Home Affairs and Law.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Branson rejected the offer.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> In 2023, Branson once again spoke up against Singapore's stance of capital punishment when he protested against the upcoming execution of <a href="/wiki/Tangaraju_Suppiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangaraju Suppiah">Tangaraju Suppiah</a>, a 46-year-old Singaporean who was found guilty of trafficking 1 kg of marijuana and scheduled to hang on 26 April 2023, and Branson claimed that Tangaraju was "innocent" of the crime he was convicted for.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saridewi_Djamani" title="Execution of Saridewi Djamani">execution of Saridewi Djamani</a> on 28 July 2023, Branson also appealed for mercy on Saridewi's behalf; Saridewi was the first female offender to be executed in Singapore, 19 years after the hanging of <a href="/wiki/Yen_May_Woen" title="Yen May Woen">Yen May Woen</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> In October 2018, Branson spoke out for <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a>, a Saudi journalist who was killed by Saudi authorities in the Saudi consulate in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey by suspending his advisory role from <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>'s biggest Red Sea tourism project. He issued a statement saying, "The disappearance of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, if proved true, would clearly change the ability of any of us in the West to do business with the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Government">Saudi Government</a>."<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> On 1 December 2020 <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Orbit" title="Virgin Orbit">Virgin Orbit</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Patti_Grace_Smith" title="Patti Grace Smith">The Patti Grace Smith</a> Fellowship, designed to offer paid work experience and mentorship in the <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> industry for 'extraordinary Black students.'<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> On 10 April 2023 Richard Branson became an ambassador for the <a href="/wiki/United24" title="United24">United24</a> fundraising platform.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Іn connection with these events Virgin Unite announced program of evacuations of children with cancer to the world's leading clinics, in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Tabletochki_Charity_Foundation" title="Tabletochki Charity Foundation">Tabletochki</a> foundation.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_pledge">Climate change pledge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate change pledge">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Sir_Richard_Branson_for_a_Discussion_on_Climate_Change_in_Davos_(24413230022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Sir_Richard_Branson_for_a_Discussion_on_Climate_Change_in_Davos_%2824413230022%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Sir_Richard_Branson_for_a_Discussion_on_Climate_Change_in_Davos_%2824413230022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Sir_Richard_Branson_for_a_Discussion_on_Climate_Change_in_Davos_%2824413230022%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Sir_Richard_Branson_for_a_Discussion_on_Climate_Change_in_Davos_%2824413230022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Sir_Richard_Branson_for_a_Discussion_on_Climate_Change_in_Davos_%2824413230022%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Sir_Richard_Branson_for_a_Discussion_on_Climate_Change_in_Davos_%2824413230022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4507" data-file-height="3005" /></a><figcaption>Branson discusses climate change with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> in 2016.</figcaption></figure> In 2006, Branson made a high-profile pledge to invest $3 billion toward addressing <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> over the course of the following decade.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> However, author and activist <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> has criticised Branson for contributing "well under $300 million" as of 2014, far below the originally stated goal.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Additionally, Klein says Virgin airlines' <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> increased considerably in the years following his pledge.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="B_Team">B Team</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: B Team">edit</a>]</div> Branson is the co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/The_B_Team" title="The B Team">B Team</a>, a global nonprofit organization that was founded in 2013 by a group of business leaders who are committed to using their influence to drive positive change and promote sustainable business practice. The B Team has several focus areas, including climate action, human rights, and responsible tax practices. The organisation also advocates for gender equality and diversity and inclusion in the workplace, recognizing that these issues are critical to achieving sustainable business practices.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s, Branson was briefly given the post of "litter Tsar" by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>—charged with "keeping Britain tidy".<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> During the BBC Coverage of the <a href="/wiki/1997_UK_General_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 UK General Election">1997 UK General Election</a>, Branson was interviewed at the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> celebrations at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> In 2005, he declared that there were only negligible differences between the two main parties on economic matters.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> He was suggested as a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> before the <a href="/wiki/2000_London_mayoral_election" title="2000 London mayoral election">first 2000 election</a>, with polls indicating he would be a viable candidate, but he did not express interest.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> In March 2015, Branson said that almost all drug use should be decriminalised in the UK, following <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">the example of Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Branson supported continuing British membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and was opposed to the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> On 28 June 2016, interviewed for ITV's <a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_Britain_(2014_TV_programme)" title="Good Morning Britain (2014 TV programme)">Good Morning Britain</a>, he said that his company had lost a third of its value as a result of the referendum result and that a planned venture, employing more than 3,000 people, which he had announced before the referendum, had been shelved. He gave his backing for a <a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">second referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Branson endorsed Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in the run-up for the <a href="/wiki/2016_US_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 US presidential election">2016 US presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Branson openly criticised the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a> marred by allegations of <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings">extrajudicial killings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> In September 2016, he, along with former <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Louise_Arbour" title="Louise Arbour">Louise Arbour</a> and former Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a>, wrote a letter to then-<a href="/wiki/Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine">Philippine</a> president <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> calling on his government to halt the killings and develop <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidence-based policies">evidence-based policies</a> to address the Philippines' drug situation.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> After expressing his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> for crimes such as drug trafficking, in October 2022, Branson was invited by Singapore's government to participate in a live television debate regarding this country's approach to drugs and the death penalty. However, Branson declined this invitation, stating that such debates often focus on the personalities rather than the issue itself.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honours and awards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_Tussaud_-_London_(2326697247).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Madame_Tussaud_-_London_%282326697247%29.jpg/170px-Madame_Tussaud_-_London_%282326697247%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Madame_Tussaud_-_London_%282326697247%29.jpg/255px-Madame_Tussaud_-_London_%282326697247%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Madame_Tussaud_-_London_%282326697247%29.jpg/340px-Madame_Tussaud_-_London_%282326697247%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Waxwork of Branson at <a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 1992, Branson received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a></li> <li>In 1993, Branson was awarded an honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Technology" title="Doctor of Technology">Doctor of Technology</a> from <a href="/wiki/Loughborough_University" title="Loughborough University">Loughborough University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/2000_New_Year_Honours" title="2000 New Year Honours">New Years Honours list</a> dated 30 December 1999, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> signified her intention to confer the honour of <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> on him for his "services to entrepreneurship".<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a></li> <li>He was knighted by <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> on 30 March 2000 at an investiture in <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a></li> <li>Also in 2000, Branson received the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Jannus_Award" title="Tony Jannus Award">Tony Jannus Award</a> for his accomplishments in commercial air transportation.</li> <li>In 2000, Branson was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_%26_Space_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Air & Space Hall of Fame">International Air & Space Hall of Fame</a> at the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="San Diego Air & Space Museum">San Diego Air & Space Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></li> <li>Branson appears at No. 85 on the 2002 list of <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a> on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and voted for by the public. Branson was also ranked in 2007's <a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time magazine</a>'s list of the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 Most Influential People in The World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> On 7 December 2007, United Nations Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> presented Branson with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Correspondents_Association" title="United Nations Correspondents Association">United Nations Correspondents Association</a> Citizen of the World Award for his support for environmental and humanitarian causes.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></li> <li>On 24 January 2011, Branson was awarded the German Media Prize (organised by "<a href="/wiki/Media_Control_Charts" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Control Charts">Media Control Charts</a>"), previously handed to former US president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>.</li> <li>On 14 November 2011, Branson was awarded the ISTA Prize by the International Space Transport Association in The Hague for his pioneering achievements in the development of suborbital transport systems with "Virgin Galactic".<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a></li> <li>On 11 February 2012, Branson was honoured with the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences">National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences</a>' President's Merit Award for his contributions to the music industry.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></li> <li>On 2 June 2013, Branson received an honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Honoris_Causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Honoris Causa">Doctor Honoris Causa</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kaunas_Technology_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaunas Technology University">Kaunas Technology University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a></li> <li>On 15 May 2014, Branson received the 2014 Business for Peace Award, awarded annually by <a href="/wiki/The_Business_for_Peace_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Business for Peace Foundation">the Business for Peace Foundation</a> in Oslo, Norway.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a></li> <li>On 21 September 2014, Branson was recognized by <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> as the most admired business person over the last five decades.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a></li> <li>On 9 October 2014, Branson was named as the No. 1 LGBT ally by the OUTstanding organisation.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a></li> <li>On 29 October 2015, Branson was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 1 in the list of 100 Most Influential British Entrepreneurs.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a></li> <li>In October 2015, Branson received the International Crisis Group Chairman's Award at the United Nations Development Programme's in Pursuit of Peace Awards Dinner.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></li> <li>On 16 October 2018, Branson received a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> under the category of recording for co-founding <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Hollywood Chamber of Commerce">Hollywood Chamber of Commerce</a> placed his star at 6764 <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard" title="Hollywood Boulevard">Hollywood Boulevard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, United States.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tax_evasion">Tax evasion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tax evasion">edit</a>]</div> In 1971 Branson was convicted for tax evasion and was briefly jailed, for one night, having fraudulently obtained export documents for records to be sold on the domestic market to avoid paying <a href="/wiki/Purchase_Tax" title="Purchase Tax">Purchase Tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardianlv.com-200">[198]</a> Customs officials caught onto the scheme and executed a <a href="/wiki/Sting_operation" title="Sting operation">sting operation</a>, marking records bought for the international market with <a href="/wiki/Invisible_ink" title="Invisible ink">invisible ink</a> and subsequently buying them on the domestic market. Branson was advised of the sting by an anonymous tip-off and attempted to dispose of the evidence, but this was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-auto-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardianlv.com-200">[198]</a> Branson's business empire is owned by a complicated series of <a href="/wiki/Offshore_trust" title="Offshore trust">offshore trusts</a> and companies. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> stated that his wealth is calculated at £3 billion; if he were to retire to his Caribbean island and liquidate all of this, he would pay relatively little in tax.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Branson has been criticised for his business strategy, and has been accused of being a <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger#United_Kingdom" title="Carpetbagger">carpetbagger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Branson responded that he is living on Necker for health rather than tax reasons.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> In 2013, Branson described himself as a "tax exile", having saved millions in tax by ending his mainland British residency and living in the <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> This was echoed by the then <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer">Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, Labour's <a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">John McDonnell</a>, in 2016, amid calls for his knighthood to be revoked.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Branson married Kristen Tomassi in 1972 and divorced her in 1979. They had no children together. In 1976, Branson met Joan Templeman and later began a relationship with her. Three children were born during the course of the relationship: daughter Clare Sarah (b. 1979) who died only four days after birth; another daughter Holly (b. 1981) and a son Sam (b. 1985).<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> In 1989, Branson and Templeman married on <a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(British_Virgin_Islands)" title="Necker Island (British Virgin Islands)">Necker Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[38]</a> In 2017, Branson's Necker Island home was left uninhabitable after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> It was the second time the Necker Island home had been severely damaged, after the building caught fire when it was struck by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irene" title="Hurricane Irene">Hurricane Irene</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Branson's mother <a href="/wiki/Eve_Branson" title="Eve Branson">Eve</a> died from <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> complications in January 2021 at the age of 96. A celebration of her life was posted online by her son.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> In 2007, Branson was ordained as a minister by the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Life_Church_Monastery" title="Universal Life Church Monastery">Universal Life Church Monastery</a> to conduct an on-flight wedding as part of a marketing effort for domestic flights in the USA on <a href="/wiki/Virgin_America" title="Virgin America">Virgin America</a> airline.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> From 2013 to 2017, he served as President of the Old Stoic Society of <a href="/wiki/Stowe_School" title="Stowe School">Stowe School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> In November 2017, singer Antonia Jenae, a backing singer for <a href="/wiki/Joss_Stone" title="Joss Stone">Joss Stone</a>, claimed Branson sexually assaulted her at Necker Island by "putting his head between her cleavage and making boat engine noises", a practice that, when performed consensually, is known as <a href="/wiki/Motorboating_(sexual_act)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorboating (sexual act)">motorboating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-216">[214]</a> A spokesperson for Branson confirmed to <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a> newspaper that members of the band had been invited for a party on the island in 2010, but that he and friends and family in attendance had "no recollection" of the events and that "there would never have been any intention to offend or make anyone feel uncomfortable. Richard apologises if anyone felt that way."<a href="#cite_note-:2-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Branson is an experienced <a href="/wiki/Kitesurf" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitesurf">kitesurfer</a>, and set two world records in the sport. The first was as the oldest person to kitesurf across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Then in 2014 he broke the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Record">Guinness World Record</a> for most people riding a <a href="/wiki/Surfboard" title="Surfboard">surfboard</a> by kiting with three women attached to him, including professional kiteboarder Susi Mai and entrepreneur Alison Di Spaltro.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Also an avid cyclist, in August 2016 he was injured while riding his bicycle in the British Virgin Islands, resulting in torn ligaments and a <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">cracked cheek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influences">edit</a>]</div> Branson has stated in a number of interviews that he has been much influenced by non-fiction books. He most commonly mentions <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>'s autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_to_Freedom_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Walk to Freedom (book)">Long Walk to Freedom</a>, explaining that Mandela was "one of the most inspiring men I have ever met and had the honour to call my friend." Owing to his interest in humanitarian and ecological issues, Branson also lists <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>'s best-selling book, <a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth_(book)" title="An Inconvenient Truth (book)">An Inconvenient Truth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Gaia" title="The Revenge of Gaia">The Revenge of Gaia</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a> among his favourites. According to Branson's book, Screw It, Let's Do It: Lessons in Life, he is also a fan of <a href="/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang">Jung Chang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wild_Swans" title="Wild Swans">Wild Swans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_(Beevor_book)" title="Stalingrad (Beevor book)">Stalingrad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> In fiction, Branson has long admired the character <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> and in 2006, he founded <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Comics" title="Liquid Comics">Virgin Comics LLC</a>, stating that Virgin Comics will give "a whole generation of young, creative thinkers a voice".<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Losing My Virginity: How I've Survived, Had Fun, and Made a Fortune Doing Business My Way. National Geographic Books. 9 March 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1955-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1955-4"><bdi>978-0-7535-1955-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losing+My+Virginity%3A+How+I%27ve+Survived%2C+Had+Fun%2C+and+Made+a+Fortune+Doing+Business+My+Way&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-1955-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=moYGODR04iIC">Screw It, Let's Do It</a>. Virgin Books. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1149-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1149-7"><bdi>978-0-7535-1149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screw+It%2C+Let%27s+Do+It&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-1149-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmoYGODR04iIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c09k-5Tu6loC">Let's Not Screw It, Let's Just Do it: New Lessons for the Future</a>. Random House Australia. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7416-6688-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7416-6688-5"><bdi>978-1-7416-6688-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Not+Screw+It%2C+Let%27s+Just+Do+it%3A+New+Lessons+for+the+Future&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-7416-6688-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc09k-5Tu6loC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WkVy6_BIhNwC">Business Stripped Bare</a>. Virgin Books. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1503-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1503-7"><bdi>978-0-7535-1503-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Stripped+Bare&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-1503-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWkVy6_BIhNwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hB_6MgAACAAJ">Arctic Diary: Surviving on Thin Ice</a>. Virgin Books. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1536-5"><bdi>978-0-7535-1536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arctic+Diary%3A+Surviving+on+Thin+Ice&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-1536-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhB_6MgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E15L9Wnxxg4C">Reach for the Skies: Ballooning, Birdmen and Blasting into Space</a>. Virgin Books. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905264-91-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905264-91-9"><bdi>978-1-905264-91-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reach+for+the+Skies%3A+Ballooning%2C+Birdmen+and+Blasting+into+Space&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-905264-91-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE15L9Wnxxg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HO3iQwAACAAJ">Globalisation Laid Bare: Lessons in International Business</a>. Gibson Square Books. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90614-272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90614-272-8"><bdi>978-1-90614-272-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalisation+Laid+Bare%3A+Lessons+in+International+Business&rft.pub=Gibson+Square+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-90614-272-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHO3iQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xFbl2Y9Ha0C">Screw Business as Usual</a>. Portfolio/Penguin. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-434-1"><bdi>978-1-59184-434-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screw+Business+as+Usual&rft.pub=Portfolio%2FPenguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59184-434-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xFbl2Y9Ha0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bc15LsEzPbMC">Like a Virgin: Secrets They Won't Teach You at Business School</a>. Virgin Books. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75351-992-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75351-992-9"><bdi>978-0-75351-992-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+a+Virgin%3A+Secrets+They+Won%27t+Teach+You+at+Business+School&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-75351-992-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbc15LsEzPbMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jkp1AgAAQBAJ">The Virgin Way: How to Listen, Learn, Laugh and Lead</a>. Virgin Books. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90526-490-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90526-490-2"><bdi>978-1-90526-490-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgin+Way%3A+How+to+Listen%2C+Learn%2C+Laugh+and+Lead&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-90526-490-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkp1AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TcnDwAAQBAJ">Finding My Virginity</a>. Ebury Publishing. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75355-108-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75355-108-0"><bdi>978-0-75355-108-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+My+Virginity&rft.pub=Ebury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-75355-108-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TcnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Also published as: The Virgin Way: If It's Not Fun, It's Not Worth Doing<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> and The Virgin Way: Everything I Know About Leadership<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audiobook">Audiobook</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Audiobook">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Losing and Finding My Virginity: The Full Story. Virgin Digital. 4 April 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-6110-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-6110-2"><bdi>978-0-7535-6110-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losing+and+Finding+My+Virginity%3A+The+Full+Story&rft.pub=Virgin+Digital&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-6110-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> One child is deceased. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Another example was the <a href="/wiki/Net_Book_Agreement" title="Net Book Agreement">Net Book Agreement</a>, which limited the ability of book outlets, including discount book clubs, to offer deep discounts. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flixens.com/director/richard-charles-nicholas-branson">List of Companies related to Richard Branson</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828104000/http://www.flixens.com/director/richard-charles-nicholas-branson">Archived</a> 28 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303202728/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-home/article-23897620-londons-1000-most-influential-people-2010-tycoons-and-retailers.do">"London's 1000 most influential people 2010: Tycoons & Retailers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a>. 26 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-home/article-23897620-londons-1000-most-influential-people-2010-tycoons-and-retailers.do">the original</a> on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=London%27s+1000+most+influential+people+2010%3A+Tycoons+%26+Retailers&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fstandard-home%2Farticle-23897620-londons-1000-most-influential-people-2010-tycoons-and-retailers.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/space-trip-virgin-branson-live-b1882125.html">"Richard Branson successfully completes flight to space with Virgin Galactic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Richard+Branson+successfully+completes+flight+to+space+with+Virgin+Galactic&rft.date=2021-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Fspace-trip-virgin-branson-live-b1882125.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/virgin-galactic-launch-richard-branson-37fd721264b1421f8a1223ee5e5626e3">"Billionaire Richard Branson reaches space in his own ship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. 11 July 2021. 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Retrieved 23 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sir+Richard+Branson%27s+paradise+island&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnngo.com%2Fsydney%2Fvisit%2Frichard-bransons-paradise-island-rent-269659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThelwell2007" class="citation news cs1">Thelwell, Emma (10 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2813816/Virgin-Group-buys-AirAsia-X-stake.html">"Virgin Group buys AirAsia X stake"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519152533/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2813816/Virgin-Group-buys-AirAsia-X-stake.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Virgin+Group+buys+AirAsia+X+stake&rft.date=2007-08-10&rft.aulast=Thelwell&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fmarkets%2F2813816%2FVirgin-Group-buys-AirAsia-X-stake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeatherFinchWearden2007" class="citation news cs1">Teather, David; Finch, Julia; Wearden, Graeme (13 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.guardian.co.uk/news_/story/0,,2190411,00.html">"Branson dangles offer for Northern Rock"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119121420/http://money.guardian.co.uk/news_/story/0,,2190411,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Branson+dangles+offer+for+Northern+Rock&rft.date=2007-10-13&rft.aulast=Teather&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Finch%2C+Julia&rft.au=Wearden%2C+Graeme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.guardian.co.uk%2Fnews_%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2190411%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInman2007" class="citation news cs1">Inman, Phillip (12 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/dec/13/northernrock.creditcrunch">"Northern Rock bidder threatens to pull out unless takeover date set, Business"</a>. The Guardian. 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Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Northern+Rock+bidder+threatens+to+pull+out+unless+takeover+date+set%2C+Business&rft.date=2007-12-12&rft.aulast=Inman&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2007%2Fdec%2F13%2Fnorthernrock.creditcrunch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/9fbf47ef-cc9d-4f20-bbf9-24e2d11d4a83">"Richard Branson rules out further investment in Virgin Galactic"</a>. Financial Times. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Richard+Branson+rules+out+further+investment+in+Virgin+Galactic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F9fbf47ef-cc9d-4f20-bbf9-24e2d11d4a83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerTimmins2008" class="citation web cs1">Barker, Alex; Timmins, Nick (10 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7f5d8f32-bfa0-11dc-8052-0000779fd2ac.html">"Branson launches healthcare business"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718190945/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7f5d8f32-bfa0-11dc-8052-0000779fd2ac.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Branson+launches+healthcare+business&rft.date=2008-01-10&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Timmins%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F7f5d8f32-bfa0-11dc-8052-0000779fd2ac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthcarerepublic.com/news/829970">"Virgin amends its profit plans"</a>. / Healthcare Republic. 11 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116210526/http://www.healthcarerepublic.com/news/829970">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virgin+amends+its+profit+plans&rft.pub=%2F+Healthcare+Republic&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthcarerepublic.com%2Fnews%2F829970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nursinginpractice.com/default.asp?title=VirgindropsGPpracticeplans&page=article.display&article.id=13581">"Virgin drops GP practice plans"</a>. Nursing in Practice. 22 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615035946/http://www.nursinginpractice.com/default.asp?title=VirgindropsGPpracticeplans&page=article.display&article.id=13581">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virgin+drops+GP+practice+plans&rft.pub=Nursing+in+Practice&rft.date=2008-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nursinginpractice.com%2Fdefault.asp%3Ftitle%3DVirgindropsGPpracticeplans%26page%3Darticle.display%26article.id%3D13581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crash.net/f1/News/144459/1/bransons_virgin_group_to_sponsor_brawn_gp.html">Branson's Virgin Group to sponsor Brawn GP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712044915/http://www.crash.net/f1/News/144459/1/bransons_virgin_group_to_sponsor_brawn_gp.html">Archived</a> 12 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, www.crash.net </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bleacherreport.com/articles/146360-virgin-become-brawn-gps-title-sponsor">Virgin Become Brawn Gp's Title Sponsor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627141900/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/146360-virgin-become-brawn-gps-title-sponsor">Archived</a> 27 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bleacher Report </li> <li id="cite_note-F1News-74"><a href="#cite_ref-F1News_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090728053711/http://formula-1.updatesport.com/news/article/1244801351/formula_one/F1headlines/FIA-release-2010-entry-list/view.html">"UpdateF1 >> Formula 1 News > FIA release 2010 entry list"</a>. Formula-1.updatesport.com. 12 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://formula-1.updatesport.com/news/article/1244801351/formula_one/F1headlines/FIA-release-2010-entry-list/view.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UpdateF1+%3E%3E+Formula+1+News+%3E+FIA+release+2010+entry+list&rft.pub=Formula-1.updatesport.com&rft.date=2009-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fformula-1.updatesport.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F1244801351%2Fformula_one%2FF1headlines%2FFIA-release-2010-entry-list%2Fview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76653">"Virgin set for Manor GP move"</a>. Autosport. 3 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513202037/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76653">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autosport&rft.atitle=Virgin+set+for+Manor+GP+move&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autosport.com%2Fnews%2Freport.php%2Fid%2F76653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/richard-branson-chooses-edinburgh-for-first-uk-virgin-hotel-1-4679167">"Richard Branson chooses Edinburgh for first UK Virgin hotel"</a>. February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101302/https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/richard-branson-chooses-edinburgh-for-first-uk-virgin-hotel-1-4679167">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+Branson+chooses+Edinburgh+for+first+UK+Virgin+hotel&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Frichard-branson-chooses-edinburgh-for-first-uk-virgin-hotel-1-4679167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-22499827">Virgin's Sir Richard Branson turns stewardess after losing bet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045502/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-22499827">Archived</a> 20 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Language_Contact_and_Lexical_Enrichment_in_Israeli_Hebrew" title="Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew">Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403917232" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403917232">978-1403917232</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403938695" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403938695">978-1403938695</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412005718/https://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232">Archived</a> 12 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Richard Branson prefers jumpers to suits". p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101002183128/http://www.gordonbennett2010.com">"Welcome!, 54th Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett 2010 Official Site"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Richard+Branson%27s+Virgin+Galactic+to+launch+small+satellites&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-18801180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsj20120711-83"><a href="#cite_ref-nsj20120711_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newspacejournal.com/2012/07/11/virgin-galactic-relaunches-its-smallsat-launch-business/">"Virgin Galactic relaunches its smallsat launch business"</a>. NewSpace Journal. 12 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715235055/http://www.newspacejournal.com/2012/07/11/virgin-galactic-relaunches-its-smallsat-launch-business/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NewSpace+Journal&rft.atitle=Virgin+Galactic+relaunches+its+smallsat+launch+business&rft.date=2012-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspacejournal.com%2F2012%2F07%2F11%2Fvirgin-galactic-relaunches-its-smallsat-launch-business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19809717">"West Coast Main Line deal scrapped after contract flaws discovered"</a>. BBC News. 3 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064711/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19809717">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=West+Coast+Main+Line+deal+scrapped+after+contract+flaws+discovered&rft.date=2012-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-19809717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/richard-branson-invests-in-3d-robotics-2014-9">"Richard Branson Explains Why He Just Invested in Drones"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140919012437/http://www.businessinsider.com/richard-branson-invests-in-3d-robotics-2014-9">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Richard+Branson+Explains+Why+He+Just+Invested+in+Drones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frichard-branson-invests-in-3d-robotics-2014-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://startups.co.uk/winners-of-richard-bransons-foodpreneur-competition-announced/">"Winners of Richard Branson's "Foodpreneur" competition announced"</a>. 22 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075246/https://startups.co.uk/winners-of-richard-bransons-foodpreneur-competition-announced/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winners+of+Richard+Branson%27s+%22Foodpreneur%22+competition+announced&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstartups.co.uk%2Fwinners-of-richard-bransons-foodpreneur-competition-announced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virgin.com/entrepreneur/richard-branson-announces-2015-foodpreneur-festival-winners">"Virgin StartUp's Foodpreneur Festival whet the appetite of hundreds of food and drink entrepreneurs across the UK last Friday as the Festival brought them together for a series of insightful workshops and seminars from the industry's best and brightest"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075459/https://www.virgin.com/entrepreneur/richard-branson-announces-2015-foodpreneur-festival-winners">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virgin+StartUp%27s+Foodpreneur+Festival+whet+the+appetite+of+hundreds+of+food+and+drink+entrepreneurs+across+the+UK+last+Friday+as+the+Festival+brought+them+together+for+a+series+of+insightful+workshops+and+seminars+from+the+industry%27s+best+and+brightest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.virgin.com%2Fentrepreneur%2Frichard-branson-announces-2015-foodpreneur-festival-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-seats-more-services-and-new-trains-for-east-coast-passengers">"More seats, more services and new trains for East Coast passengers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205053949/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-seats-more-services-and-new-trains-for-east-coast-passengers">Archived</a> 5 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Department for Transport, 27 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-30222458">Stagecoach and Virgin win East Coast mainline rail franchise</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141128143803/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-30222458">Archived</a> 28 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News 27 November 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-44142258?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/c9edzkwe7xrt/stagecoach&link_location=live-reporting-story">"East Coast train line to be put into public control"</a>. BBC News. 12 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114150417/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-44142258?intlink_from_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftopics%2Fc9edzkwe7xrt%2Fstagecoach&link_location=live-reporting-story">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=East+Coast+train+line+to+be+put+into+public+control&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-44142258%3Fintlink_from_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftopics%2Fc9edzkwe7xrt%2Fstagecoach%26link_location%3Dlive-reporting-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLennan2015" class="citation web cs1">McLennan, Leah (16 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/best-of-travel/inside-richard-bransons-new-66000-a-night-luxury-island-hideaway/news-story/c2a9a1efd6633c2e63ea221de972e0c4">"Inside Richard Branson's new $66,000 a night luxury island hideaway"</a>. News.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117213406/http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/best-of-travel/inside-richard-bransons-new-66000-a-night-luxury-island-hideaway/news-story/c2a9a1efd6633c2e63ea221de972e0c4">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.com.au&rft.atitle=Inside+Richard+Branson%27s+new+%2466%2C000+a+night+luxury+island+hideaway&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft.aulast=McLennan&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ftravel%2Ftravel-ideas%2Fbest-of-travel%2Finside-richard-bransons-new-66000-a-night-luxury-island-hideaway%2Fnews-story%2Fc2a9a1efd6633c2e63ea221de972e0c4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2017/10/12/hyperloop-one-virgin-group-richard-branson/">"Hyperloop One Is Now 'Virgin Hyperloop One' Thanks to Richard Branson's Investment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>. 12 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013012601/http://fortune.com/2017/10/12/hyperloop-one-virgin-group-richard-branson/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Hyperloop+One+Is+Now+%27Virgin+Hyperloop+One%27+Thanks+to+Richard+Branson%27s+Investment&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2017%2F10%2F12%2Fhyperloop-one-virgin-group-richard-branson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hyperloop-one.com/blog/new-chairman-new-funding-new-speed-records">"New Chairman, New Funding, & New Speed Records"</a>. Hyperloop One. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051021/https://hyperloop-one.com/blog/new-chairman-new-funding-new-speed-records">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hyperloop+One&rft.atitle=New+Chairman%2C+New+Funding%2C+%26+New+Speed+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhyperloop-one.com%2Fblog%2Fnew-chairman-new-funding-new-speed-records&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virgin.com/entrepreneur/virgin-startup-reveals-virgin-foodpreneur-2017-winner">"Virgin StartUp and Intu have named The Snaffling Pig Co as the winners of Virgin Foodpreneur 2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075051/https://www.virgin.com/entrepreneur/virgin-startup-reveals-virgin-foodpreneur-2017-winner">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2018. 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Retrieved 6 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Being+a+shark+on+shark+day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.virgin.com%2Frichard-branson%2Fbeing-shark-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heavy.com/news/2017/10/locker-board-skateboards-shark-tank-products-episodes-new-season-premiere-9/">"Locker Board on 'Shark Tank': A Look Inside the Skateboard that Fits in a Locker"</a>. October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173830/https://heavy.com/news/2017/10/locker-board-skateboards-shark-tank-products-episodes-new-season-premiere-9/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Locker+Board+on+%27Shark+Tank%27%3A+A+Look+Inside+the+Skateboard+that+Fits+in+a+Locker&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheavy.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F10%2Flocker-board-skateboards-shark-tank-products-episodes-new-season-premiere-9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/302158">"How an Actual Elevator Pitch Led This 12-Year-Old Entrepreneur to Appear on Shark Tank and Partner With Richard Branson"</a>. 4 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173440/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/302158">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+an+Actual+Elevator+Pitch+Led+This+12-Year-Old+Entrepreneur+to+Appear+on+Shark+Tank+and+Partner+With+Richard+Branson&rft.date=2017-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.entrepreneur.com%2Farticle%2F302158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2017" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Jeremy (4 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/portable-skateboard-for-your-locker-on-shark-tank-locker_us_59d4df98e4b08c2a000ddd39">"Portable Skateboard for Your Locker on Shark Tank – Locker Board"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. 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Tell Me Nothing. 27 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812081333/http://tellmenothing.com/2017/03/27/shark-tank-net-worth-all-sharks/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tell+Me+Nothing&rft.atitle=Shark+Tank%3A+Net+Worth+of+All+Sharks+on+the+Show+Till+Date&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftellmenothing.com%2F2017%2F03%2F27%2Fshark-tank-net-worth-all-sharks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2018" class="citation news cs1">Lawson, Scott (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casinoreviews.co.uk/news/casino/business-mogul-richard-branson-buys-las-vegas-casino-hotel.html">"Business Mogul Richard Branson Buys Las Vegas Casino-Hotel"</a>. Online-Casinos.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220536/https://www.casinoreviews.co.uk/news/casino/business-mogul-richard-branson-buys-las-vegas-casino-hotel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online-Casinos.com&rft.atitle=Business+Mogul+Richard+Branson+Buys+Las+Vegas+Casino-Hotel&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casinoreviews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcasino%2Fbusiness-mogul-richard-branson-buys-las-vegas-casino-hotel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43989709">"Richard Branson to launch investment fund"</a>. BBC News. 3 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503224334/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-43989709">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2018. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saturdaymornings.co.uk/bbccatalogueprog.shtml?show=livekicking&number=LCKW533F">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=on&rft.pub=Saturdaymornings.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saturdaymornings.co.uk%2Fbbccatalogueprog.shtml%3Fshow%3Dlivekicking%26number%3DLCKW533F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6579839.stm">"BA cuts Branson from Bond movie"</a>. BBC News. 21 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110142152/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6579839.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BA+cuts+Branson+from+Bond+movie&rft.date=2007-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F6579839.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comedycentral.com/motherload/index.jhtml?ml_video=91955">"Colbert Report – Richard Branson"</a>. Comedy Central. 26 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226002957/http://www.comedycentral.com/motherload/index.jhtml?ml_video=91955">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colbert+Report+%E2%80%93+Richard+Branson&rft.pub=Comedy+Central&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comedycentral.com%2Fmotherload%2Findex.jhtml%3Fml_video%3D91955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513211035/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20080304-2.html">"Neha Dhupia swept off her feet by Richard Branson : Bollywood News"</a>. ApunKaChoice.Com. 4 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20080304-2.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neha+Dhupia+swept+off+her+feet+by+Richard+Branson+%3A+Bollywood+News&rft.pub=ApunKaChoice.Com&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apunkachoice.com%2Fscoop%2Fbollywood%2F20080304-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/CNNI/Programs/main.sail">"Show Pages – MainSail"</a>. 31 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427092633/http://edition.cnn.com/CNNI/Programs/main.sail/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Show+Pages+%E2%80%93+MainSail&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FCNNI%2FPrograms%2Fmain.sail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheHyperbot12011" class="citation web cs1">TheHyperbot1 (22 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zf9W7w_9T1U">"Branson, Winslet – Titanic Scene"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130710001712/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zf9W7w_9T1U">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2013. 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Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Morgan+Spurlock+%27A+Day+in+the+Life%27%3A+Original+Series+Premieres+on+Hulu&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft.aulast=Emami&rft.aufirst=Gazelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F08%2F17%2Fmorgan-spurlock-a-day-in-the-life_n_929008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/britains-biggest-stars-record-iconic-poem-tribute-olympic-111750818.html">"Britain's biggest stars record iconic poem 'If' as tribute to Olympic heroes"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=My+Friend%2C+Steve+Fossett&rft.date=2007-10-10&rft.aulast=Branson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1670216%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prelders-131"><a href="#cite_ref-prelders_131-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.looktothestars.org/news/6353-help-free-the-children-with-richard-branson">Help Free The Children With Richard Branson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831220741/http://www.looktothestars.org/news/6353-help-free-the-children-with-richard-branson">Archived</a> 31 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, www.looktothestars.org </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029054446/http://www.icmec.org/missingkids/servlet/NewsEventServlet?LanguageCountry=en_X1&PageId=4888">"International Children's Organization Expands Global Reach With Four New Board Members"</a>. 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Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602080756/http://www.slate.com/articles/business/how_failure_breeds_success/2014/05/richard_branson_tax_fraud_how_a_youthful_indiscretion_helped_create_a_billionaire.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=A+Portrait+of+the+Billionaire+as+a+Young+Tax+Cheat&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft.aulast=Weissmann&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2Fhow_failure_breeds_success%2F2014%2F05%2Frichard_branson_tax_fraud_how_a_youthful_indiscretion_helped_create_a_billionaire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianlv.com-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardianlv.com_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianlv.com_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guardianlv.com/2014/05/richard-branson-from-tax-fraud-to-billionaire/">"Richard Branson : From Tax Fraud to Billionaire · Guardian Liberty Voice"</a>. 29 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072332/http://guardianlv.com/2014/05/richard-branson-from-tax-fraud-to-billionaire/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Branson+%3A+From+Tax+Fraud+to+Billionaire+%C2%B7+Guardian+Liberty+Voice&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguardianlv.com%2F2014%2F05%2Frichard-branson-from-tax-fraud-to-billionaire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sunday-times-rich-list-sir-richard-branson-net-worth-bnfsdrlkx">"The Sunday Times Rich List 2019: Sir Richard Branson net worth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>. 12 May 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730211811/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sunday-times-rich-list-sir-richard-branson-net-worth-bnfsdrlkx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=The+Sunday+Times+Rich+List+2019%3A+Sir+Richard+Branson+net+worth&rft.date=2019-05-12&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fsunday-times-rich-list-sir-richard-branson-net-worth-bnfsdrlkx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabortty2011" class="citation news cs1">Chakrabortty, Aditya (21 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/21/richard-branson-northern-rock">"Is Richard Branson all he's cracked up to be?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002172732/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/21/richard-branson-northern-rock">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+Richard+Branson+all+he%27s+cracked+up+to+be%3F&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft.aulast=Chakrabortty&rft.aufirst=Aditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fnov%2F21%2Frichard-branson-northern-rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> Branson's reply is here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/23/nonsense-virgin-success-dependent-on-state">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213002248/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/23/nonsense-virgin-success-dependent-on-state">Archived</a> 13 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabortty2013" class="citation web cs1">Chakrabortty, Aditya (24 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/24/richard-branson-defence-virgin-trains">"Don't be fooled by Richard Branson's defence of Virgin trains"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001061234/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/24/richard-branson-defence-virgin-trains">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Don%27t+be+fooled+by+Richard+Branson%27s+defence+of+Virgin+trains&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft.aulast=Chakrabortty&rft.aufirst=Aditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fjun%2F24%2Frichard-branson-defence-virgin-trains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> Branson's response is here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/20/virgin-trains-handouts-track">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213002543/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/20/virgin-trains-handouts-track">Archived</a> 13 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabortty2013" class="citation web cs1">Chakrabortty, Aditya (10 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/10/truth-richard-branson-virgin-rail-profits">"The truth about Richard Branson's Virgin Rail profits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823214900/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/10/truth-richard-branson-virgin-rail-profits">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+truth+about+Richard+Branson%27s+Virgin+Rail+profits&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft.aulast=Chakrabortty&rft.aufirst=Aditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fjun%2F10%2Ftruth-richard-branson-virgin-rail-profits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarside2013" class="citation news cs1">Garside, Juliette (13 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/oct/13/richard-branson-tax-exile-virgin">"Richard Branson denies being a tax exile"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+Branson+denies+being+a+tax+exile&rft.date=2013-10-13&rft.aulast=Garside&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2Foct%2F13%2Frichard-branson-tax-exile-virgin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGribben2013" class="citation web cs1">Gribben, Roland (13 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/10376341/Ive-been-a-tax-exile-for-seven-years-says-Branson.html">"I've been a tax exile for seven years, says Branson"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virgin.com&rft.atitle=Celebrating+my+mum%2C+Eve+Branson+%7C+Virgin&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft.aulast=Branson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirgin.com%2Fbranson-family%2Frichard-branson-blog%2Fcelebrating-my-mum-eve-branson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=0dfe492e-8f7f-4226-baaf-6543f54570fb">"If This Were Anyone Else, It Would All Be Very Strange"</a>. aero-news.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073436/http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=0dfe492e-8f7f-4226-baaf-6543f54570fb">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aero-news.net&rft.atitle=If+This+Were+Anyone+Else%2C+It+Would+All+Be+Very+Strange&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aero-news.net%2Findex.cfm%3Fdo%3Dmain.textpost%26id%3D0dfe492e-8f7f-4226-baaf-6543f54570fb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/old-stoics-have-birthday-teese-8881545.html">"Old Stoics have birthday Teese"</a>. London Evening Standard. 15 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023205705/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/old-stoics-have-birthday-teese-8881545.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Old+Stoics+have+birthday+Teese&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flondoners-diary%2Fold-stoics-have-birthday-teese-8881545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stowe.co.uk/school/old-stoics/about">"About"</a>. Stowe School – Old Stoics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904161228/https://www.stowe.co.uk/school/old-stoics/about">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stowe+School+%E2%80%93+Old+Stoics&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stowe.co.uk%2Fschool%2Fold-stoics%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawer2017" class="citation news cs1">Sawer, Patrick (25 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/25/sir-richard-branson-has-no-recollection-alleged-incident-necker/">"Sir Richard Branson has 'no recollection' of alleged incident at Necker Island"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092402/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/25/sir-richard-branson-has-no-recollection-alleged-incident-necker/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sir+Richard+Branson+has+%27no+recollection%27+of+alleged+incident+at+Necker+Island&rft.date=2017-11-25&rft.aulast=Sawer&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F11%2F25%2Fsir-richard-branson-has-no-recollection-alleged-incident-necker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/news/a843901/sir-richard-branson-joss-stone-antonia-jenae-alleges-assault/">"Richard Branson apologises after singer alleges assault"</a>. Digital Spy. 25 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210139/http://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/news/a843901/sir-richard-branson-joss-stone-antonia-jenae-alleges-assault/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Spy&rft.atitle=Richard+Branson+apologises+after+singer+alleges+assault&rft.date=2017-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalspy.com%2Fshowbiz%2Fnews%2Fa843901%2Fsir-richard-branson-joss-stone-antonia-jenae-alleges-assault%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-18664278">"Branson sets kitesurfing record"</a>. BBC News. 1 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517072247/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-18664278">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Branson+sets+kitesurfing+record&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-kent-18664278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/richard-branson-kite-surf-world-record-2014-10">"Branson: How 3 Bikini-Clad Women Helped Me Set Another Guinness World Record"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173537/http://www.businessinsider.com/richard-branson-kite-surf-world-record-2014-10">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Branson%3A+How+3+Bikini-Clad+Women+Helped+Me+Set+Another+Guinness+World+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frichard-branson-kite-surf-world-record-2014-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surfertoday.com/kiteboarding/richard-branson-goes-kiteboarding-with-girls-on-his-back">"Richard Branson goes kiteboarding with girls on his back"</a>. Surfertoday. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surfertoday&rft.atitle=Richard+Branson+goes+kiteboarding+with+girls+on+his+back&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surfertoday.com%2Fkiteboarding%2Frichard-branson-goes-kiteboarding-with-girls-on-his-back&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37198354">"Sir Richard Branson 'thought he would die in bike crash"</a>. BBC News. 26 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826161629/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37198354">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sir+Richard+Branson+%27thought+he+would+die+in+bike+crash&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-37198354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905035652/http://www.infloox.com/person?id=7bb9503d">"Richard Branson's reading influences"</a>. Infloox.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infloox.com/person?id=7bb9503d">the original</a> on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Branson%27s+reading+influences&rft.pub=Infloox.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infloox.com%2Fperson%3Fid%3D7bb9503d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranson2011" class="citation book cs1">Branson, Richard (2011) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8klTYCfVzEC&pg=PA105">Screw It, Let's Do It: Lessons in Life</a>. New York: Random House. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753547458" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753547458"><bdi>978-0753547458</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screw+It%2C+Let%27s+Do+It%3A+Lessons+in+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0753547458&rft.aulast=Branson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8klTYCfVzEC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranson2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Branson, Richard (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201015724/http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224902">"Richard Branson on How to Use Age to Your Advantage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur_(magazine)" title="Entrepreneur (magazine)">Entrepreneur</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224902">the original</a> on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneur&rft.atitle=Richard+Branson+on+How+to+Use+Age+to+Your+Advantage&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.aulast=Branson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.entrepreneur.com%2Farticle%2F224902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2006" class="citation news cs1">Gardner, Chris (5 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2006/scene/markets-festivals/branson-taking-a-passage-to-india-1117935558/">"Branson Taking a Passage to India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805102631/http://variety.com/2006/scene/markets-festivals/branson-taking-a-passage-to-india-1117935558/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Branson+Taking+a+Passage+to+India&rft.date=2006-01-05&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2006%2Fscene%2Fmarkets-festivals%2Fbranson-taking-a-passage-to-india-1117935558%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111162748/http://www.newsarama.com/virgincomics/virgincomics.htm">"Branson Enters Comics with Virgin Comics, Virgin Animation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsarama" title="Newsarama">Newsarama</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsarama.com/virgincomics/virgincomics.htm">the original</a> on 11 January 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsarama&rft.atitle=Branson+Enters+Comics+with+Virgin+Comics%2C+Virgin+Animation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsarama.com%2Fvirgincomics%2Fvirgincomics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Virgin Way: If It's Not Fun, It's Not Worth Doing. Portfolio. 20 October 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591847984" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591847984"><bdi>978-1591847984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgin+Way%3A+If+It%27s+Not+Fun%2C+It%27s+Not+Worth+Doing&rft.pub=Portfolio&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.isbn=978-1591847984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Virgin Way: Everything I Know About Leadership. Portfolio. 9 September 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591847373" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591847373"><bdi>978-1591847373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgin+Way%3A+Everything+I+Know+About+Leadership&rft.pub=Portfolio&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.isbn=978-1591847373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Branson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Branson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 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class="external text" href="https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/richard-branson-moskito-island">Branson's 2nd island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Digest" title="Architectural Digest">Architectural Digest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/richardbranson">Richard Branson</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194419#P2002" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virgin.com/richard-branson">Branson's blog</a> on virgin.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/richard_branson">Richard Branson</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194419#P2611" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" 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Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #E4181E; color: white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Media</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_O2" title="Virgin Media O2">Virgin Media O2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media" title="Virgin Media">Virgin Media UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O2_(UK)" title="O2 (UK)">O2 UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Ireland" title="Virgin Media Ireland">Virgin Media Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Television_(Ireland)" title="Virgin Media Television (Ireland)">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile" title="Virgin Mobile">Virgin Mobile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_Chile" title="Virgin Mobile Chile">Chile</a></li> <li>Ireland</li> <li>Kuwait</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_Polska" title="Virgin Mobile Polska">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_Saudi_Arabia" title="Virgin Mobile Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Plus" title="Virgin Plus">Plus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #E4181E; color: white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio" title="Virgin Radio">Radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_UK" title="Virgin Radio UK">UK</a></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CJCH-FM" title="CJCH-FM">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJFM-FM" title="CJFM-FM">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKFM-FM" title="CKFM-FM">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFCA-FM" title="CFCA-FM">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIQM-FM" title="CIQM-FM">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDR-FM" title="CIDR-FM">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKMM-FM" title="CKMM-FM">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFMG-FM" title="CFMG-FM">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIBK-FM" title="CIBK-FM">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHSU-FM" title="CHSU-FM">Kelowna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFBT-FM" title="CFBT-FM">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHBE-FM" title="CHBE-FM">Victoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Italia" title="Virgin Radio Italia">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Dubai" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Radio Dubai">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Radio Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Lebanon" title="Virgin Radio Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Romania" title="Virgin Radio Romania">Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #E4181E; color: white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_America" title="Virgin America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Books" title="Virgin Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Brides" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Brides">Brides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Cars" title="Virgin Cars">Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Care" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Cinemas" title="Virgin Cinemas">Cinemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Comics" title="Liquid Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connect_Airways" title="Connect Airways">Connect Airways</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flybe_(1979-2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flybe (1979-2020)">Flybe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigerair_Australia" title="Tigerair Australia">Tigerair Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Digital" title="Virgin Digital">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Digital_Help" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Digital Help">Digital Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Drinks" title="Virgin Drinks">Drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Cola" title="Virgin Cola">Cola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Vodka" title="Virgin Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Electronics">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_EMI_Records" title="Virgin EMI Records">Virgin EMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Express" title="Virgin Express">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Festival_(Australia)" title="V Festival (Australia)">Festival (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Festival" title="V Festival">Festival (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Festival" title="Virgin Festival">Festival (North America)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Films" title="Virgin Films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Gaming">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Green_Fund" title="Virgin Green Fund">Green Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Health_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Health Bank">Health Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_(nightclub)" title="Heaven (nightclub)">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Hyperloop" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Interactive">Interactive</a></li> <li>Limobike</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Limousines" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Limousines">Limousines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic_Little_Red" title="Virgin Atlantic Little Red">Little Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores_UK" title="Virgin Megastores UK">Megastores (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_TV_Group" title="Living TV Group">Media Television (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mobile Australia"> Mobile (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_France" title="Virgin Mobile France">Mobile (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mobile India">Mobile (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_South_Africa" title="Virgin Mobile South Africa"> Mobile (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_(UK)" title="Virgin Mobile (UK)">Mobile (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_USA" title="Virgin Mobile USA">Mobile (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Money_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Money South Africa">Money (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Money_US" title="Virgin Money US">Money (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Music" title="Virgin Music">Virgin Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Nigeria" title="Air Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Orbit" title="Virgin Orbit">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnata_UK" title="Dnata UK">Plane Handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Play" title="Virgin Play">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Produced" title="Virgin Produced">Produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Virgin" title="Radio Free Virgin">Radio Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rock" title="Northern Rock">Northern Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C3%BCi_FM" title="Oüi FM">Oüi FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_Virgin_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="DS Virgin Racing">Racing (Electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Racing" title="Virgin Racing">Racing (F1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Radio Jakarta">Radio (Jakarta)</a></li> <li>Radio (Jordan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKQB-FM" title="CKQB-FM">Radio (Ottawa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Radio" title="Absolute Radio">Radio (UK)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Classic_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute Classic Rock">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Groove" title="Virgin Radio Groove">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Xtreme" title="Absolute Xtreme">Xtreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_2" title="Europe 2">Virgin Radio France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Samoa" title="Virgin Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Sun_Airlines" title="Virgin Sun Airlines">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trainline" title="Trainline">Trainline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains_(brand)" title="Virgin Trains (brand)">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_CrossCountry" title="Virgin CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains_East_Coast" title="Virgin Trains East Coast">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains_ExpressCoach" title="Virgin Trains ExpressCoach">ExpressCoach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains_(open_access_operator)" title="Virgin Trains (open access operator)">Open Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightline" title="Brightline">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains_West_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Trains West Coast">West Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_City_Direct" title="Travel City Direct">Travel City Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Vacations" title="Virgin Vacations">Vacations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Australia" title="V Australia">V Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_at_Home" title="Vie at Home">Vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin.net" title="Virgin.net">Virgin.net</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #E4181E; color: white;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Branson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Clarke-Willson" title="Stephen Clarke-Willson">Stephen Clarke-Willson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nik_Powell" title="Nik Powell">Nik Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Ridgway" title="Steve Ridgway">Steve Ridgway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #E4181E; color: white;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Tricks_(scandal)" title="Dirty Tricks (scandal)">"Dirty tricks" campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_My_Virginity" title="Losing My Virginity">Losing My Virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Richard_Branson%27s_business_ventures" title="Timeline of Richard Branson's business ventures">Timeline of Richard Branson's business ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Unite" title="Virgin Unite">Unite (charity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Earth_Challenge" title="Virgin Earth Challenge">Virgin Earth Challenge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #E4181E; color: white"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Virgin_Group" title="Category:Virgin Group">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virgin_Group" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Virgin Group">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virgin_Galactic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgin_Galactic" title="Template:Virgin Galactic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgin_Galactic" title="Template talk:Virgin Galactic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin_Galactic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin Galactic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virgin_Galactic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>Parent company: <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin Group</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Branson</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Colglazier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Colglazier (page does not exist)">Michael Colglazier</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Campagna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Campagna (page does not exist)">Jon Campagna</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Whitesides" title="George T. Whitesides">George T. Whitesides</a> (CSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Moses" title="Mike Moses">Mike Moses</a> (President)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julia Hunter (page does not exist)">Julia Hunter</a> (VP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mackay_(pilot)" title="David Mackay (pilot)">David Mackay</a> (chief pilot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Masucci" title="Michael Masucci">Michael Masucci</a> (test pilot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_P._Stucky" title="Mark P. Stucky">Mark P. Stucky</a> (test pilot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Sturckow" title="Frederick W. Sturckow">Frederick W. Sturckow</a> (test pilot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Moses" title="Beth Moses">Beth Moses</a> (trainer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicle classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RocketMotorTwo" title="RocketMotorTwo">RocketMotorTwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites_White_Knight_Two" title="Scaled Composites White Knight Two">White Knight Two</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NewtonOne" class="mw-redirect" title="NewtonOne">NewtonOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewtonTwo" class="mw-redirect" title="NewtonTwo">NewtonTwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewtonThree" class="mw-redirect" title="NewtonThree">NewtonThree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewtonFour" class="mw-redirect" title="NewtonFour">NewtonFour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SS2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSS_Enterprise" title="VSS Enterprise">VSS Enterprise</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSS_Unity" title="VSS Unity">VSS Unity</a></li></ul></li> <li>WK2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VMS_Eve" title="VMS Eve">VMS Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMS_Spirit_of_Steve_Fossett" class="mw-redirect" title="VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett">VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett</a></li></ul></li> <li>B747 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Girl_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic Girl (aircraft)">Cosmic Girl</a></li></ul></li> <li>SS3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSS_Imagine" title="VSS Imagine">VSS Imagine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VSS_Inspire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VSS Inspire (page does not exist)">VSS Inspire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaceports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport_America" title="Spaceport America">Spaceport America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport_Sweden" title="Spaceport Sweden">Spaceport Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RocketMotorTwo#Related_test_program_accident" title="RocketMotorTwo">2007 explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSS_Enterprise_crash" title="VSS Enterprise crash">2014 VSS Enterprise crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaceflight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>VSS Unity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSS_Unity_VP-03" title="VSS Unity VP-03">VP-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSS_Unity_VF-01" title="VSS Unity VF-01">VF-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_21" title="Virgin Galactic Unity 21">Unity 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_22" title="Virgin Galactic Unity 22">Unity 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_25" title="Virgin Galactic Unity 25">Unity 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_01" title="Galactic 01">Galactic 01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_02" title="Galactic 02">Galactic 02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_03" title="Galactic 03">Galactic 03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_04" title="Galactic 04">Galactic 04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_05" title="Galactic 05">Galactic 05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_06" title="Galactic 06">Galactic 06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_07" title="Galactic 07">Galactic 07</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Virgin Group <ul><li>Galactic Ventures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceship_Company" title="The Spaceship Company">The Spaceship Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Orbit" title="Virgin Orbit">Virgin Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOX_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="VOX Space">VOX Space</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites" title="Scaled Composites">Scaled Composites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Aerospace_Ventures" title="Mojave Aerospace Ventures">Mojave Aerospace Ventures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan Aerospace">Vulcan Aerospace</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">Commercial astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_aircraft" title="Composite aircraft">Composite aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_launch" title="Air launch">Air launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasite_aircraft" title="Parasite aircraft">Parasite aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_launch_to_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Air launch to orbit">Air launch to orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital launch vehicle">Orbital launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallsat">Smallsats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothership" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothership">Mothership aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Virgin_Galactic" title="Category:Virgin Galactic">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Spaceship_Company" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Spaceship_Company" title="Template:The Spaceship Company"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Spaceship_Company" title="Template talk:The Spaceship Company"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Spaceship_Company" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Spaceship Company"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Spaceship_Company" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceship_Company" title="The Spaceship Company">The Spaceship Company</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin Group</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites" title="Scaled Composites">Scaled Composites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Aerospace_Ventures" title="Mojave Aerospace Ventures">Mojave Aerospace Ventures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan Aerospace">Vulcan Aerospace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceShipOne_Nose.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SpaceShipOne hanging under White Knight"><img alt="SpaceShipOne hanging under White Knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/SpaceShipOne_Nose.jpg/200px-SpaceShipOne_Nose.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/SpaceShipOne_Nose.jpg/300px-SpaceShipOne_Nose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/SpaceShipOne_Nose.jpg/400px-SpaceShipOne_Nose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Branson</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Rutan" title="Burt Rutan">Burt Rutan</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Shane" title="Doug Shane">Doug Shane</a> (former president)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Siebold" title="Peter Siebold">Peter Siebold</a> (test pilot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Alsbury" title="Michael Alsbury">Michael Alsbury</a>† (test pilot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Binnie" title="Brian Binnie">Brian Binnie</a> (test pilot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Melvill" title="Mike Melvill">Mike Melvill</a> (test pilot)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_X_Prize" title="Ansari X Prize">Ansari X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites_Tier_One" title="Scaled Composites Tier One">Scaled Composites Tier One</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites_White_Knight" title="Scaled Composites White Knight">White Knight One</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs / ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSS_Enterprise" title="VSS Enterprise">VSS Enterprise</a>† <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSS_Enterprise_crash" title="VSS Enterprise crash">2014 crash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSS_Unity" title="VSS Unity">VSS Unity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites_White_Knight_Two" title="Scaled Composites White Knight Two">White Knight Two</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VMS_Eve" title="VMS Eve">VMS Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMS_Spirit_of_Steve_Fossett" class="mw-redirect" title="VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett">VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RocketMotorTwo" title="RocketMotorTwo">RocketMotorTwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipThree" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceShipThree">SpaceShipThree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Mojave Air and Space Port">Mojave Spaceport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suborbital_spaceplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natus_Vincere" title="Natus Vincere">NAVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Paisley" title="Brad Paisley">Brad Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Hazanavicius" title="Michel Hazanavicius">Michel Hazanavicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katheryn_Winnick" title="Katheryn Winnick">Katheryn Winnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Grylls" title="Bear Grylls">Bear Grylls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Branson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanna_Sakhno" title="Ivanna Sakhno">Ivanna Sakhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Zinchenko_(footballer)" title="Oleksandr Zinchenko (footballer)">Oleksandr 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/UNITED24_logo.svg/178px-UNITED24_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="40" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194419#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194419#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194419#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000111616407">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84074806">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/226384/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw94RbByFQBDtqQTRBF8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11886971X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87888343">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13335135v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13335135v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620419">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV219754">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an56747425">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525089&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4699560">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1308203">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p125097476">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99071074">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000046347&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=186152">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200004150">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810688363305606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007308501205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058522011006706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11763081?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6ea65dde-175f-4e33-999c-aa38cda7bf6a">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/aWeunNOfb">Deutsche Synchronkartei</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11886971X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035766476">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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