CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Xiao'erjing - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f6d720f9-d516-47f0-95cb-a4130965a731","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Xiao'erjing","wgTitle":"Xiao'erjing","wgCurRevisionId":1258461878,"wgRevisionId":1258461878,"wgArticleId":2642990,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","Articles containing Dungan-language text","Lang and lang-xx template errors","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages with plain IPA","Writing systems of China","Arabic alphabets","Transcription of Chinese"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Xiao'erjing","wgRelevantArticleId":2642990,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q849187", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/1200px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/800px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/640px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Xiao'erjing - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Xiao_erjing rootpage-Xiao_erjing skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Xiao%27erjing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Xiao%27erjing" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Xiao%27erjing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Xiao%27erjing" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initials_and_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials_and_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Initials and consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials_and_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Additional consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finals_and_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finals_and_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Finals and vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finals_and_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondences_with_pinyin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondences_with_pinyin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Correspondences with pinyin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondences_with_pinyin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Example-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Example subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_1_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_1_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_1_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Fatiha_(الفَاتِحَةِ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Fatiha_(الفَاتِحَةِ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Al-Fatiha (الفَاتِحَةِ)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Fatiha_(الفَاتِحَةِ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_Links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_Links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External Links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_Links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xiao'erjing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كتابة عربية صينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتابة عربية صينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%E2%80%99erjing" title="Xiao’erjing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xiao’erjing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xiao'erjing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شیائو جینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیائو جینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xiao'erjing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EC%98%A4%EC%96%BC%EC%A7%95" title="샤오얼징 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤오얼징" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="श्याओ'अरजिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्याओ'अरजिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xiao'erjing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xiao'erjing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Xiao%27erjing" title="Aksara Xiao'erjing – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Xiao'erjing" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩინურის არაბული ტრანსკრიფცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინურის არაბული ტრანსკრიფცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сяоэрцзин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сяоэрцзин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsziaoercsing" title="Hsziaoercsing – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hsziaoercsing" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86" title="شياورجن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شياورجن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Xiao'erjing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xiao'erjing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%90%E7%B5%8C" title="小児経 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="小児経" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%E2%80%99erjing" title="Xiao’erjing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xiao’erjing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شیاورجنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیاورجنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%E2%80%99erjing" title="Xiao’erjing – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Xiao’erjing" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сяоэрцзин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сяоэрцзин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xiao'erjing" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อักษรเสี่ยวเอ๋อร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรเสี่ยวเอ๋อร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Xiao'erjing" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Xiao'erjing" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شیاورجنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شیاورجنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%83u_nhi_kinh" title="Tiểu nhi kinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiểu nhi kinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%84%BF%E7%BB%8F" title="小儿经 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="小儿经" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q849187#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Xiao%27erjing" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Xiao%27erjing" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Xiao%27erjing" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&oldid=1258461878" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Xiao%27erjing&id=1258461878&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXiao%2527erjing"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXiao%2527erjing"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Xiao%27erjing&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xiaojing_alphabet" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q849187" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing system for Chinese in the Perso-Arabic script</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Children's script" redirects here. For the television writing award, see <a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Television:_Children%27s_Script" title="Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Children's Script">Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Children's Script</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Xiao'erjing</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiao-Er-Jin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Xiao-Er-Jin.jpg/300px-Xiao-Er-Jin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Xiao-Er-Jin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="123" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Chinese–Arabic–Xiao'erjing dictionary</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">小兒經</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">小儿经</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl"><sup id="cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobieroj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیَوْعَرݣ‌ٍْ</span>‎</span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">children's script</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Xiǎo'érjīng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕjàʊ.ǎɚ.tɕíŋ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">other Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl"><sup id="cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobieroj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیَوْعَرݣ‌ٍْ</span>‎</span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Щёрҗин</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Xiaojing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">小經</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">小经</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">minor script</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Xiǎojīng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Xiaojing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">消經</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">消经</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl"><sup id="cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobieroj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیَوْݣ‌ٍْ</span>‎</span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">revised script</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Xiāojīng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">other Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl"><sup id="cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobieroj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیَوْݣ‌ٍْ</span>‎</span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Transliteration of Chinese">Transliteration of Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Mandarin">Modern Standard Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Spelling conventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Wade" title="Simplified Wade">Simplified Wade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Mandarin_transcription_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Standard Mandarin transcription systems">Comparison chart</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Late imperial Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morrison_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morrison romanization (page does not exist)">Morrison romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legge_romanization" title="Legge romanization">Legge romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuanese dialect">Sichuanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Pinyin" title="Sichuanese Pinyin">Sichuanese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuanxua_Ladinxua_Xin_Wenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz">Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">General Wu</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization of Wu Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese_romanisation" title="Wenzhounese romanisation">Wenzhounese romanization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Hong Kong Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Government_Cantonese_Romanization" title="Macau Government Cantonese Romanization">Macau Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Wempe" title="Meyer–Wempe">Meyer–Wempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(phonetic_symbols)" title="S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)">S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(romanisation)" title="S. L. Wong (romanisation)">S. L. Wong (romanization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Romanization_(Cantonese)" title="Standard Romanization (Cantonese)">Standard Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett%E2%80%93Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnett–Chao">Barnett–Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Cantonese_romanization_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Cantonese romanization systems"> <i>Comparison chart</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">Modern Literal Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phofsit_Daibuun" title="Phofsit Daibuun">Phofsit Daibuun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Hokkien_writing_systems" title="Comparison of Hokkien writing systems">Comparison chart</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Fuzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanized_Shaowu" title="Romanized Shaowu">Romanized Shaowu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang-Du</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagfa_Pinyim" title="Hagfa Pinyim">Hagfa Pinyim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Yi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang–Yi dialects">Chang–Yi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Diasystem" title="Diasystem">Polylectal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">General Chinese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Romanized_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Romanized General Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other transliterations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Character-based_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Character-based General Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">Transcription into Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By place</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Romanization in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">Romanization in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">Romanization in Taiwan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template talk:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1223039320">.mw-parser-output .abchis-body{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .abchis-title{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></i></span> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></i></span> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></i></span> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a></i></span> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th c. BCE</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(<span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1601</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"><span class="anchor" id="tp-abchistory-phx"></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></i></span> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 940</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal; padding-left:28px;">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism_templates" title="Category:Islamism templates">series</a> on</span><br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Xi%27an" title="Great Mosque of Xi'an"><img alt="Top of the Great Mosque of Xi'an" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/210px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/315px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/420px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Song_dynasty" title="Islam during the Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Rebellions and revolts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahriyya_revolt" title="Jahriyya revolt">Jahriyya revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion <span style="font-size:85%;">(1856–1873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">First Dungan Revolt <span style="font-size:85%;">(1862–1877)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Second Dungan Revolt <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895–1896)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Post-dynastic China</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)" title="Islam in China (1912–present)">1912–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja" title="Afaq Khoja">Afaq Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Wenxiu" title="Du Wenxiu">Du Wenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Dahai" title="Hu Dahai">Hu Dahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasim_Tuet" title="Kasim Tuet">Kasim Tuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(scholar)" title="Liu Zhi (scholar)">Liu Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Gui_(general)" title="Ma Gui (general)">Ma Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hualong" title="Ma Hualong">Ma Hualong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Ma Laichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Mingxin" title="Ma Mingxin">Ma Mingxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wanfu" title="Ma Wanfu">Ma Wanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yize" title="Ma Yize">Ma Yize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhu" title="Ma Zhu">Ma Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Shams al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_fei-erh" title="Su fei-erh">Su fei-erh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheidie%27erding" title="Yeheidie'erding">Yeheidie'erding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ma_Dexin" title="Yusuf Ma Dexin">Yusuf Ma Dexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Daiyu" title="Wang Daiyu">Wang Daiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chengzhi" title="Zhang Chengzhi">Zhang Chengzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Uyghur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kitab" title="Han Kitab">Han Kitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_China" title="List of mosques in China">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhuan" title="Menhuan">Sufi orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_China" title="Islamic Association of China">Islamic Association of China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Cities</li><li>Regions</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sichuan" title="Islam in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Xunhua Salar Autonomous County">Xunhua</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_China" title="Ahmadiyya in China">Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_people" title="Dongxiang people">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #21643d;padding-top:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #21643d;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_China" title="Template talk:Islam in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book-in-Xiaoerjing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Book-in-Xiaoerjing.png/220px-Book-in-Xiaoerjing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Book-in-Xiaoerjing.png/330px-Book-in-Xiaoerjing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Book-in-Xiaoerjing.png/440px-Book-in-Xiaoerjing.png 2x" data-file-width="2690" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>A book on law in Arabic, with a parallel Chinese translation in the Xiao'erjing script, published in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> in 1899. The page on the left side shows the book information in Arabic. The page on the right has mixed lines of Arabic—marked by a continuous black line on top—and their Chinese translation in Xiao'erjing script, that follow the Arabic original on the same line.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Questions_and_Answers_on_the_Faith_in_Islam_-_Muhammad_Musa_Abdul_Haq_-_Pgs_76-77.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Questions_and_Answers_on_the_Faith_in_Islam_-_Muhammad_Musa_Abdul_Haq_-_Pgs_76-77.jpg/220px-Questions_and_Answers_on_the_Faith_in_Islam_-_Muhammad_Musa_Abdul_Haq_-_Pgs_76-77.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Questions_and_Answers_on_the_Faith_in_Islam_-_Muhammad_Musa_Abdul_Haq_-_Pgs_76-77.jpg/330px-Questions_and_Answers_on_the_Faith_in_Islam_-_Muhammad_Musa_Abdul_Haq_-_Pgs_76-77.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Questions_and_Answers_on_the_Faith_in_Islam_-_Muhammad_Musa_Abdul_Haq_-_Pgs_76-77.jpg/440px-Questions_and_Answers_on_the_Faith_in_Islam_-_Muhammad_Musa_Abdul_Haq_-_Pgs_76-77.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Pages from a Book titled "Questions and Answers on the Faith in Islam", Published in <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a>, which includes a Xiao'erjing–Hanji transliteration chart, as well a paragraph that includes Arabic loanwords</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Xiao'erjing</b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">children's script</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), often shortened to <b>Xiaojing</b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">minor script</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, the 'original script'<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic script</a>), is a <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongyuan Mandarin">Zhongyuan Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern Mandarin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used on occasion by many <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic minorities</a> who adhere to <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a>—mostly the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>, but also the <a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_people" title="Dongxiang people">Dongxiang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a>—and formerly by their <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a> descendants in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Orthographic reforms introduced the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> to the Dungan language, which continue to be used today. </p><p>Xiao'erjing is written from right to left, like other Perso-Arabic writing systems. </p><p>Xiao'erjing is unusual among Arabic script-based writing systems in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly notated with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">diacritics</a>, making it an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>. Some other Arabic-based writing systems in China, such as the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic alphabet</a>, use letters and not diacritics to mark short vowels. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xiao'erjing does not have a single, standard name. In <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, as well as also <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">northeastern</a> provinces, the script is referred to as <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo'érjīng</i></span>, which when shortened becomes <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎojīng</i></span> or <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Xiāojīng</i></span> (the latter <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Xiāo</i></span> has the meaning of "to review" in the aforementioned regions). In <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">northwestern</a> provinces, the script is referred to as <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo'érjǐn</i></span>. The Dongxiang people refer to it as the "Dongxiang script" or the "Huihui script"; The Salar refer to it as the "Salar script"; The Dungan of Central Asia used a variation of Xiao'erjing called the "Hui script", before being made to abandon the Arabic script for <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>. According to A. Kalimov, a famous Dungan linguist, the Dungan of the former Soviet Union called this script <span title="Dungan-language text"><span lang="dng-Cyrl">щёҗин</span></span> (<span title="Dungan-language text"><i lang="dng-Latn">şjoⱬin</i></span>, <span title="Dungan-language text"><span lang="dng-Hant">消經</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> China beginning in the mid-7th century, many Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> speaking people migrated into China. Centuries later, these peoples assimilated with the native <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> ethnicity of today. Many Chinese Muslim students attended <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. Because these students had a very basic understanding of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a> but would have a better command of the spoken tongue once assimilated, they started using the Arabic script for Chinese. This was often done by writing notes in Chinese to aid in the memorization of <a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">suras</a>. This method was also used to write Chinese translations of Arabic vocabulary learned in the madrasas. Thus, a system of writing the Chinese language with Arabic script gradually developed and standardized to some extent. Currently, the oldest known artifact showing signs of Xiao'erjing is a stone stele in the courtyard of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daxue_Xixiang_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daxue Xixiang Mosque (page does not exist)">Daxue Xixiang Mosque</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxue-Xixiang-Moschee" class="extiw" title="de:Daxue-Xixiang-Moschee">de</a>]</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>. The stele shows inscribed Qur'anic verses in Arabic as well as a short note of the names of the inscribers in Xiao'erjing. The stele was done in the year AH 740 in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> (between July 9, 1339, and June 26, 1340). Some old Xiao'erjing manuscripts (along with other rare texts including those from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>) are preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Oriental_Manuscripts_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences">Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xiao'erjing can be divided into two sets, the "Mosque system" and the "Daily system". The "Mosque system" is the system used by pupils and <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasahs</a>. It contains much Arabic and Persian religious lexicon, and no usage of Chinese characters. This system is relatively standardised, and could be considered a true <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>. The "Daily system" is the system used by the less educated for letters and correspondences on a personal level. Often simple Chinese characters are mixed in with the Arabic script, mostly discussing non-religious matters, and therewith relatively little Arabic and Persian loans. This practice can differ drastically from person to person. The system would be devised by the writer himself, with one's own understanding of the Arabic and Persian alphabets, mapped accordingly to one's own dialectal pronunciation. Often, only the letter's sender and the letter's receiver can understand completely what is written, while being very difficult for others to read. Unlike Hui Muslims in other areas of China, Muslims of the northwest provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu had no knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Kitab" title="Han Kitab">Han Kitab</a> or <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, they used Xiao'erjing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xiao'erjing was used to annotate foreign language Islamic documents (in languages like Persian) using the Chinese language.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xiao'erjing was used mostly by Muslims who could not read Chinese characters. It was imperfect due to various factors. The differing Chinese dialects would require multiple different depictions with Xiao'erjing. Xiao'erjing cannot display the <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> present in Chinese, syllable endings are indistinguishable, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an#Name" title="Xi'an">xi'an</a> and xian.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xiao'erjing was much simpler than Chinese characters for representing Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, the usage of Xiao'erjing is nearing extinction due to the growing Chinese economy and the improvement of Chinese character education in rural parts of the country. Chinese characters, along with pinyin, have since replaced Xiao'erjing. Since the mid-1980s, there has been much scholarly work done within and outside China concerning Xiao'erjing. On-location research has been conducted and the users of Xiao'erjing have been interviewed. Written and printed materials of Xiao'erjing were also collected by researchers, the ones at <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a> being the most comprehensive. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazuhiko_Machida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazuhiko Machida (page does not exist)">Kazuhiko Machida</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%BA%E7%94%B0%E5%92%8C%E5%BD%A6" class="extiw" title="ja:町田和彦">ja</a>]</span> is leading a project in Japan concerning Xiao'erjing.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books are printed in Xiao'erjing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Arabic language Qur'ans, Xiao'erjing annotations are used to help women read.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xiao'erjing is used to explain certain terms when used as annotations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xiao'erjing is also used to write Chinese language Qurans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VersteeghEid2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VersteeghEid2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Dachang_Hui_Autonomous_County" title="Dachang Hui Autonomous County">Dachang</a> Hui Imam, Ma Zhenwu, wrote a Qur'an translation into Chinese including Chinese characters and Xiao'erjing.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xiao'erjing has 31 letters, 4 of which are used to represent <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> sounds. The 31 letters consists of 28 letters borrowed from Arabic, 4 letters borrowed from Persian along with 2 modified letters and 1 extra letter unique to Xiao'erjing. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials_and_consonants">Initials and consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Initials and consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below table demonstrates the list of consonants, and cases in which two consonants represent the same initial, in the <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> order.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobieroj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ب <br /> B b </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">پ <br /> P p </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">م <br /> M m </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ف <br /> F f </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">د <br /> D d </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ت / ط <br /> T t </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ن <br /> N n </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ل <br /> L l </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ق <br /> G g </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ک <br /> K k </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ح / خ <br /> H h </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ݣ‌ (د)<sup>1</sup><br /> J j </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ک (ٿ)<sup>2</sup><br /> Q q </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ث<br />X x </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ج <br /> Zh zh </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">چ <br /> Ch ch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ش <br /> Sh sh </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ژ / ر <br />R r </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ز / ظ <br /> Z z </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ڞ <br /> C c </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">س / ص <br /> S s </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ی <br /> Y y </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">و <br /> W w </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ء / ا / ع <br /> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: </p> <ol><li><span class="nowrap">⟨د⟩</span> is more commonly used instead of <span class="nowrap">⟨ݣ‌⟩</span> in <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia</a> manuscripts to better closely match the local dialect's pronunciation.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ٿ⟩</span> is more commonly used instead of <span class="nowrap">⟨ک⟩</span> in Linxia manuscripts to better closely match the local dialect's pronunciation.</li></ol> <p>Below is the list of initials and consonants used in Xiao'erjing. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="1%"> </th> <th width="3%">Symbol </th> <th width="3%">Final–Medial–Initial </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a> </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </th> <th width="5%">Example </th> <th width="5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>1</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alif-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alif-individua.svg/30px-Alif-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alif-individua.svg/45px-Alif-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alif-individua.svg/60px-Alif-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ا) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alif-fina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alif-fina.svg/30px-Alif-fina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alif-fina.svg/45px-Alif-fina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alif-fina.svg/60px-Alif-fina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ـا) </td> <td align="center">/a/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄚ </td> <td align="center">a, a-, -a, -a- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æː~aː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَ</span>‎</span><br />(阿 <i>ā</i>) </td> <td align="center">Vowel sound </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>2</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Baa-individua.svg/30px-Baa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Baa-individua.svg/45px-Baa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Baa-individua.svg/60px-Baa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ب) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Baa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Baa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Baa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Baa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Baa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Baa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ببب) </td> <td align="center">/p/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄅ </td> <td align="center">b- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بَا</span>‎</span><br />(爸 <i>bà</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>3</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Paa-individua.svg/30px-Paa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Paa-individua.svg/45px-Paa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Paa-individua.svg/60px-Paa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(پ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Paa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Paa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Paa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(پپپ) </td> <td align="center">/pʰ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄆ </td> <td align="center">p- </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پُوَ</span>‎</span><br />(婆 <i>pó</i>) </td> <td align="center">Borrowed from Persian </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>4</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Taa-individua.svg/30px-Taa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Taa-individua.svg/45px-Taa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Taa-individua.svg/60px-Taa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ت) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Taa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Taa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Taa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Taa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Taa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Taa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(تتت) </td> <td align="center">/tʰ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄊ </td> <td align="center">t- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَا</span>‎</span><br />(塔 <i>tǎ</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ong, -uan, -ui, -un, -uo </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>5</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:THaa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/THaa-individua.svg/30px-THaa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/THaa-individua.svg/45px-THaa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/THaa-individua.svg/60px-THaa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ث) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:THaa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/THaa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-THaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/THaa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-THaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/THaa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-THaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ثثث) </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰ]</span>-, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄑ、ㄒ </td> <td align="center">x- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیَ</span>‎</span><br />(些 <i>xiē</i>) </td> <td align="center">Historically, manuscripts have also used س and ش </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>6</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiim-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jiim-individua.svg/30px-Jiim-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jiim-individua.svg/45px-Jiim-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jiim-individua.svg/60px-Jiim-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ج) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiim-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jiim-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Jiim-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jiim-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Jiim-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jiim-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Jiim-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ججج) </td> <td align="center">/ʈ͡ʂ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈ͡ʂ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɖ͡ʐ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄓ </td> <td align="center">zh- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جَ</span>‎</span><br />(这/這 <i>zhè</i>) </td> <td align="center">Sound change occurs when representing Chinese </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>7</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHaa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CHaa-individua.svg/30px-CHaa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CHaa-individua.svg/45px-CHaa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CHaa-individua.svg/60px-CHaa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(چ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHaa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CHaa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-CHaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CHaa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-CHaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CHaa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-CHaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(چچچ) </td> <td align="center">/ʈ͡ʂʰ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈ͡ʂʰ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄔ </td> <td align="center">ch- </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چَ</span>‎</span><br />(车/車 <i>chē</i>) </td> <td align="center">Borrowed from Persian </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>8</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HHaa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HHaa-individua.svg/30px-HHaa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HHaa-individua.svg/45px-HHaa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HHaa-individua.svg/60px-HHaa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ح) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HHaa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HHaa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-HHaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HHaa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-HHaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HHaa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-HHaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ححح) </td> <td align="center">/x/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄏ </td> <td align="center">h- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حَ</span>‎</span><br />(河 <i>hé</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used before syllable with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -e, -ei, -en, -eng </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>9</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KHaa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/KHaa-individua.svg/30px-KHaa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/KHaa-individua.svg/45px-KHaa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/KHaa-individua.svg/60px-KHaa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(خ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KHaa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/KHaa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-KHaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/KHaa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-KHaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/KHaa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-KHaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(خخخ) </td> <td align="center">/x/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄏ </td> <td align="center">h- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خُ</span>‎</span><br />(湖 <i>hú</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -e, -ei, -en, -eng </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>10</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daal-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Daal-individua.svg/30px-Daal-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Daal-individua.svg/45px-Daal-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Daal-individua.svg/60px-Daal-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(د) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daal-fina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Daal-fina.svg/30px-Daal-fina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Daal-fina.svg/45px-Daal-fina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Daal-fina.svg/60px-Daal-fina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(د) </td> <td align="center">/t/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>-; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄉ </td> <td align="center">d- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دٍ</span>‎</span><br />(钉/釘 <i>dīng</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used by some manuscripts to represent a few syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initial j-. More commonly "ݣ" was used </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><i><b>11</b></i> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Raa-individua.svg/30px-Raa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Raa-individua.svg/45px-Raa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Raa-individua.svg/60px-Raa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ر) </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raa-fina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Raa-fina.svg/30px-Raa-fina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Raa-fina.svg/45px-Raa-fina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Raa-fina.svg/60px-Raa-fina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ر) </td> <td align="center">/ɻ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʐ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄖ </td> <td align="center">r- </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">رٍ</span>‎</span><br />(仍 <i>réng</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -eng, -un, -uo </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ɻ/ -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄦ </td> <td align="center">-r </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عَر</span>‎</span><br />(二 <i>èr</i>) </td> <td align="center">Represents the rhotic final -r sound </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>12</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zai-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zai-individua.svg/30px-Zai-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zai-individua.svg/45px-Zai-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zai-individua.svg/60px-Zai-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ز) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zai-fina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Zai-fina.svg/30px-Zai-fina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Zai-fina.svg/45px-Zai-fina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Zai-fina.svg/60px-Zai-fina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ز) </td> <td align="center">/ʦ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄗ </td> <td align="center">z- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زَیْ</span>‎</span><br />(在 <i>zài</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ong, -ui, -un, -uo<br />"ذ" is used by some manuscripts instead </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>13</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jaa-individua.svg/30px-Jaa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jaa-individua.svg/45px-Jaa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jaa-individua.svg/60px-Jaa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ژ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaa-fina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jaa-fina.svg/30px-Jaa-fina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jaa-fina.svg/45px-Jaa-fina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jaa-fina.svg/60px-Jaa-fina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ژ) </td> <td align="center">/ɻ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʐ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄖ </td> <td align="center">r- </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژَ</span>‎</span><br />(热/熱 <i>rè</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -eng, -un, -uo </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>14</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siin-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Siin-individua.svg/30px-Siin-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Siin-individua.svg/45px-Siin-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Siin-individua.svg/60px-Siin-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(س) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siin-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Siin-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Siin-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Siin-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Siin-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Siin-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Siin-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(سسس) </td> <td align="center">/s/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>-, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄙ </td> <td align="center">s- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سْ‌ِ</span>‎</span><br />(四 <i>sì</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ua, -ui, -un, -uo.<br />Historically, manuscripts have also used this letter for Hanyu Pinyin initial x- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>15</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SHiin-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SHiin-individua.svg/30px-SHiin-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SHiin-individua.svg/45px-SHiin-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SHiin-individua.svg/60px-SHiin-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ش) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SHiin-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SHiin-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-SHiin-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SHiin-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-SHiin-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SHiin-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-SHiin-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ششش) </td> <td align="center">/ʂ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ]</span>-, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄕ </td> <td align="center">sh- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شِ</span>‎</span><br />(是 <i>shì</i>) </td> <td align="center">Historically, manuscripts have also used this letter for Hanyu Pinyin initial x- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>16</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SSaad-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/SSaad-individua.svg/30px-SSaad-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/SSaad-individua.svg/45px-SSaad-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/SSaad-individua.svg/60px-SSaad-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ص) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SSaad-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SSaad-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-SSaad-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SSaad-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-SSaad-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SSaad-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-SSaad-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(صصص) </td> <td align="center">/s/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄙ </td> <td align="center">s- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˠ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">صُوِ</span>‎</span><br />(岁/歲 <i>suì</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ua, -ui, -un, -uo </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>17</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Caa-individua.svg/30px-Caa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Caa-individua.svg/45px-Caa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Caa-individua.svg/60px-Caa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ڞ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Caa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Caa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Caa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Caa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Caa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Caa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ڞڞڞ) </td> <td align="center">/ʦʰ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡sʰ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄘ </td> <td align="center">c- </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞَ</span>‎</span><br />(册/冊 <i>cè</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>18</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TTaa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/TTaa-individua.svg/30px-TTaa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/TTaa-individua.svg/45px-TTaa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/TTaa-individua.svg/60px-TTaa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ط) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TTaa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TTaa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-TTaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TTaa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-TTaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TTaa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-TTaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ططط) </td> <td align="center">/t/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>-; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄉ </td> <td align="center">t- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˠ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">طٌ</span>‎</span><br />(吞 <i>tūn</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ong, -uan, -ui, -un, -uo </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>19</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZZaa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ZZaa-individua.svg/30px-ZZaa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ZZaa-individua.svg/45px-ZZaa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ZZaa-individua.svg/60px-ZZaa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ظ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZZaa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ZZaa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-ZZaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ZZaa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-ZZaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ZZaa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-ZZaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ظظظ) </td> <td align="center">/ʦ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄗ </td> <td align="center">z- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ðˤ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ðˠ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظُوَ</span>‎</span><br />(作 <i>zuò</i>) </td> <td align="center">Sound change occurs when representing Chinese. Used before syllable with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ong, -ui, -un, -uo </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>20</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ain-individua.svg/30px-Ain-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ain-individua.svg/45px-Ain-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ain-individua.svg/60px-Ain-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ع) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ain-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Ain-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ain-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Ain-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ain-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Ain-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ععع) </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄜ, ㄦ, ㄛ, ㄡ </td> <td align="center">e, er, o, ou </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عَ</span>‎</span><br />(恶/惡 <i>è</i>) </td> <td align="center">A vowel when representing Chinese, but considered a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> when representing Arabic and Persian loans </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>21</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Faa-individua.svg/30px-Faa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Faa-individua.svg/45px-Faa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Faa-individua.svg/60px-Faa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ف) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Faa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Faa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Faa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Faa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Faa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Faa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ففف) </td> <td align="center">/f/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄈ </td> <td align="center">f- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فِ</span>‎</span><br />(废/廢 <i>fèi</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>22</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qaaf-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Qaaf-individua.svg/30px-Qaaf-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Qaaf-individua.svg/45px-Qaaf-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Qaaf-individua.svg/60px-Qaaf-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ق) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qaaf-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Qaaf-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Qaaf-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Qaaf-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Qaaf-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Qaaf-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Qaaf-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ققق) </td> <td align="center">/k/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄍ </td> <td align="center">g- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ~ɢ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قْ</span>‎</span><br />(个/個 <i>ge</i>) </td> <td align="center">Sound change occurs when representing Chinese </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><i><b>23</b></i> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kahah-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kahah-individua.svg/30px-Kahah-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kahah-individua.svg/45px-Kahah-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kahah-individua.svg/60px-Kahah-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ک) </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kahah-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kahah-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Kahah-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kahah-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Kahah-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kahah-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Kahah-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ککک) </td> <td align="center">/kʰ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄎ </td> <td align="center">k- </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">none </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کْ</span>‎</span><br />(可 <i>kě</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄑ </td> <td align="center">q- </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیٌ</span>‎</span><br />(穷/窮 <i>qióng</i>) </td> <td align="center">Historically, in <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia</a> manuscripts, <b>ٿ</b> is more commonly used to represent Hanyu Pinyin initial q-, to more closely match the local dialect's pronunciation<sup id="cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobieroj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>24</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NGaa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NGaa-individua.svg/30px-NGaa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NGaa-individua.svg/45px-NGaa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NGaa-individua.svg/60px-NGaa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ݣ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NGaa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NGaa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-NGaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NGaa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-NGaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NGaa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-NGaa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ݣݣݣ) </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄐ </td> <td align="center">j- </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڭِیُوَ</span>‎</span><br />(脚/腳 <i>jiǎo</i>) </td> <td align="center">Used in most manuscripts to represent "j-". Some manuscripts drop the three dots and simply use "ک"<sup id="cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobieroj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>25</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laam-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Laam-individua.svg/30px-Laam-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Laam-individua.svg/45px-Laam-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Laam-individua.svg/60px-Laam-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ل) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laam-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Laam-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Laam-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Laam-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Laam-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Laam-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Laam-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(للل) </td> <td align="center">/l/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄌ </td> <td align="center">l- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِ</span>‎</span><br />(里 <i>lǐ</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>26</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miim-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Miim-individua.svg/30px-Miim-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Miim-individua.svg/45px-Miim-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Miim-individua.svg/60px-Miim-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(م) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miim-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Miim-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Miim-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Miim-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Miim-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Miim-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Miim-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ممم) </td> <td align="center">/m/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄇ </td> <td align="center">m- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مِ</span>‎</span><br />(秘 <i>mì</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>27</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuun-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nuun-individua.svg/30px-Nuun-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nuun-individua.svg/45px-Nuun-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nuun-individua.svg/60px-Nuun-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ن) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuun-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nuun-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Nuun-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nuun-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Nuun-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nuun-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Nuun-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ننن) </td> <td align="center">/n/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄋ </td> <td align="center">n- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِ</span>‎</span><br />(你 <i>nǐ</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>28</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waau-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Waau-individua.svg/30px-Waau-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Waau-individua.svg/45px-Waau-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Waau-individua.svg/60px-Waau-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(و) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waau-fina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Waau-fina.svg/30px-Waau-fina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Waau-fina.svg/45px-Waau-fina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Waau-fina.svg/60px-Waau-fina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(و) </td> <td align="center">/u/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨ </td> <td align="center">wu, wa, wai, wang, wan, wei, wen, weng, wo, u-, -u, -u- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ow]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وُ</span>‎</span><br />(无/無 <i>wú</i>) </td> <td align="center">Vowel sound </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>29</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaa-Persa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Yaa-Persa-individua.svg/30px-Yaa-Persa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Yaa-Persa-individua.svg/45px-Yaa-Persa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Yaa-Persa-individua.svg/60px-Yaa-Persa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ی) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaa-Persa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yaa-Persa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Yaa-Persa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yaa-Persa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Yaa-Persa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yaa-Persa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Yaa-Persa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ییی) </td> <td align="center">/i/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧ </td> <td align="center">yi, i-, -i, -i- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æː~ɑː]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یَا</span>‎</span><br />(呀 <i>ya</i>) </td> <td align="center">Borrowed from Persian and a vowel sound. <small>(See <a href="/wiki/Yodh#Perso-Arabic_ye" title="Yodh">Perso-Arabic <i>ye</i></a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>30</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamzah-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hamzah-individua.svg/30px-Hamzah-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hamzah-individua.svg/45px-Hamzah-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hamzah-individua.svg/60px-Hamzah-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ء) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamzah-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hamzah-individua.svg/30px-Hamzah-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hamzah-individua.svg/45px-Hamzah-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hamzah-individua.svg/60px-Hamzah-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ء) </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩ </td> <td align="center">yi, yin, yun </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ءٌ</span>‎</span><br />(孕 <i>yùn</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_consonants">Additional consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonants in this list are either lesser used alternatives used in regional varieties of Xiao'erjing, or they are common Arabic or Persian letters that are exclusively used for writing loan words in Xiao'erjing texts. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="1%"> </th> <th width="3%">Symbol </th> <th width="3%">Final–Medial–Initial </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a><br />pronunciation </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a><br />pronunciation </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><br />pronunciation </th> <th width="5%">Example </th> <th width="5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>1</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahah-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tahah-individua.svg/30px-Tahah-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tahah-individua.svg/45px-Tahah-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tahah-individua.svg/60px-Tahah-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ٿ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahah-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tahah-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Tahah-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tahah-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Tahah-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tahah-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Tahah-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ٿٿٿ) </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰ]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄑ </td> <td align="center">q- </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٿِیٌ</span>‎</span><br />(穷/窮 <i>qióng</i>) </td> <td align="center">Unique Xiao'erjing letter. Historically, in <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia</a> manuscripts, this letter instead of <b>ک</b> was used to represent Hanyu Pinyin initial q-, to more closely match the local dialect's pronunciation<sup id="cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobieroj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>2</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DHaal-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/DHaal-individua.svg/30px-DHaal-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/DHaal-individua.svg/45px-DHaal-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/DHaal-individua.svg/60px-DHaal-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ذ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DHaal-fina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DHaal-fina.svg/30px-DHaal-fina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DHaal-fina.svg/45px-DHaal-fina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DHaal-fina.svg/60px-DHaal-fina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ذ) </td> <td align="center">/ʦ/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄗ </td> <td align="center">z- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ذَیْ</span>‎</span><br />(在 <i>zài</i>) </td> <td align="center">Some manuscripts use this letter instead of <b>ز</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>3</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DDaad-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DDaad-individua.svg/30px-DDaad-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DDaad-individua.svg/45px-DDaad-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DDaad-individua.svg/60px-DDaad-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ض) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DDaad-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DDaad-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-DDaad-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DDaad-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-DDaad-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DDaad-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-DDaad-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ضضض) </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dˤ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">الْضَّاد</span>‎</span><br />(letter <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">ḍād</a>) </td> <td align="center">Only used with Arabic loans </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>4</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHain-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GHain-individua.svg/30px-GHain-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GHain-individua.svg/45px-GHain-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GHain-individua.svg/60px-GHain-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(غ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHain-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/GHain-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-GHain-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/GHain-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-GHain-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/GHain-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-GHain-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(غغغ) </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ~ɢ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غَبْن</span>‎</span><br />(criminal fraud) </td> <td align="center">Only used with Arabic loans </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>5</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaaf-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gaaf-individua.svg/30px-Gaaf-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gaaf-individua.svg/45px-Gaaf-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gaaf-individua.svg/60px-Gaaf-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(گ) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaaf-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gaaf-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Gaaf-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gaaf-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Gaaf-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gaaf-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Gaaf-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(گگگ) </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center">ㄍ </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">گنج</span>‎</span><br />(treasure) </td> <td align="center">Borrowed from Persian and only used with Persian loans </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>6</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haa-individua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Haa-individua.svg/30px-Haa-individua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Haa-individua.svg/45px-Haa-individua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Haa-individua.svg/60px-Haa-individua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ه) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haa-finamezakomenca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Haa-finamezakomenca.svg/100px-Haa-finamezakomenca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Haa-finamezakomenca.svg/150px-Haa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Haa-finamezakomenca.svg/200px-Haa-finamezakomenca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />(ههه) </td> <td align="center">/x/ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>- </td> <td align="center">ㄏ </td> <td align="center">h- </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">الهواء </span>‎</span><br />(air) </td> <td align="center">Only used with Persian and Arabic loans </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finals_and_vowels">Finals and vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Finals and vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is the list of final and vowel endings in each syllable representing each <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a> in Xiao'erjing.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobieroj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suutarinen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suutarinen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="1%"> </th> <th width="3%">Script </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a><br />pronunciation </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> </th> <th width="5%">Example </th> <th width="5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>1</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlifFatHHah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlifFatHHah.svg/60px-AlifFatHHah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlifFatHHah.svg/90px-AlifFatHHah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlifFatHHah.svg/120px-AlifFatHHah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄚ </td> <td align="center">a </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَ</span>‎</span><br />(阿 <i>ā</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>2</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FatHHahAlif-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FatHHahAlif-malplena.svg/60px-FatHHahAlif-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FatHHahAlif-malplena.svg/90px-FatHHahAlif-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FatHHahAlif-malplena.svg/120px-FatHHahAlif-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄚ </td> <td align="center">-a </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دَا</span>‎</span><br />(大 <i>dà</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>3</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlifFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AlifFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg/60px-AlifFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AlifFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg/90px-AlifFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AlifFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg/120px-AlifFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɪ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄞ </td> <td align="center">ai </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَیْ</span>‎</span><br />(爱/愛 <i>ài</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>4</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg/60px-FatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg/90px-FatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg/120px-FatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɪ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄞ </td> <td align="center">-ai </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">كَیْ</span>‎</span><br />(凯/凱 <i>kǎi</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>5</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlifFatHHatan-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AlifFatHHatan-malplena.png/36px-AlifFatHHatan-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AlifFatHHatan-malplena.png/55px-AlifFatHHatan-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AlifFatHHatan-malplena.png/73px-AlifFatHHatan-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="78" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[an]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄢ </td> <td align="center">an </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اً</span>‎</span><br />(安 <i>ān</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>6</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/FatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg/60px-FatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/FatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg/90px-FatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/FatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg/120px-FatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[an]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄢ </td> <td align="center">-an </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دًا</span>‎</span><br />(但 <i>dàn</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>7</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlifFatHHahNuunSukuun-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AlifFatHHahNuunSukuun-malplena.png/36px-AlifFatHHahNuunSukuun-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AlifFatHHahNuunSukuun-malplena.png/53px-AlifFatHHahNuunSukuun-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AlifFatHHahNuunSukuun-malplena.png/71px-AlifFatHHahNuunSukuun-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="76" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄤ </td> <td align="center">ang </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَنْ</span>‎</span><br />(昂 <i>áng</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>8</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/68px-FatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/101px-FatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/FatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="66" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄤ </td> <td align="center">-ang </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قَانْ</span>‎</span><br />(刚/剛 <i>gāng</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>9</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlifFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AlifFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg/60px-AlifFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AlifFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg/90px-AlifFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AlifFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg/120px-AlifFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aʊ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄠ </td> <td align="center">ao </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَوْ</span>‎</span><br />(奥/奧 <i>ào</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>10</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/FatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg/60px-FatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/FatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg/90px-FatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/FatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg/120px-FatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aʊ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄠ </td> <td align="center">-ao </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قَوْ</span>‎</span><br />(高 <i>gāo</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>11</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AinFatHHah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/AinFatHHah.svg/60px-AinFatHHah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/AinFatHHah.svg/90px-AinFatHHah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/AinFatHHah.svg/120px-AinFatHHah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄜ </td> <td align="center">e </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عَ</span>‎</span><br />(恶/惡 <i>è</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><i><b>12</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukuun-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sukuun-malplena.svg/60px-Sukuun-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sukuun-malplena.svg/90px-Sukuun-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sukuun-malplena.svg/120px-Sukuun-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">ㄜ </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-e </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دْ</span>‎</span><br />(德 <i>dé</i>) </td> <td align="center">For Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, g-, k, t- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FatHHah-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FatHHah-malplena.svg/60px-FatHHah-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FatHHah-malplena.svg/90px-FatHHah-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FatHHah-malplena.svg/120px-FatHHah-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞَ</span>‎</span><br />(册/冊 <i>cè</i>) </td> <td align="center">For other Hanyu Pinyin initials </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>13</b></i> </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɪ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄟ </td> <td align="center">ei </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center">Rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="3"><i><b>14</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg/60px-DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg/90px-DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg/120px-DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɪ]</span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3">ㄟ </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3">-ei </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُوِ</span>‎</span><br />(玫 <i>méi</i>） </td> <td align="center">For Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, l-, m-, n-, p- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasrah-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kasrah-malplena.svg/60px-Kasrah-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kasrah-malplena.svg/90px-Kasrah-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kasrah-malplena.svg/120px-Kasrah-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فِ</span>‎</span><br />(飞/飛 <i>fēi</i>） </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">For other Hanyu Pinyin initials<br />Arabic diacritic ﹾ is added to letters that don't connect to the following letter, so that the confusion of reading two characters as one syllable can be avoided </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SukuunKasrah-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SukuunKasrah-malplena.png/33px-SukuunKasrah-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SukuunKasrah-malplena.png/50px-SukuunKasrah-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/SukuunKasrah-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="66" data-file-height="71" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِْ</span>‎</span><br />(得 <i>děi</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>15</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AinKasratan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AinKasratan.svg/60px-AinKasratan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AinKasratan.svg/90px-AinKasratan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AinKasratan.svg/120px-AinKasratan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ən]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄣ </td> <td align="center">en </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عٍ</span>‎</span><br />(恩 <i>ēn</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><i><b>16</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dammatan-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/60px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/90px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/120px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ən]</span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">ㄣ </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-en </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مٌ</span>‎</span><br />(们/們 <i>mén</i>) </td> <td align="center">For Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, f-, m-, n-, p- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasratan-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/60px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/90px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/120px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قٍ</span>‎</span><br />(根 <i>gēn</i>) </td> <td align="center">For other Hanyu Pinyin initials </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>17</b></i> </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄥ </td> <td align="center">eng </td> <td align="center">none </td> <td align="center">Rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><i><b>18</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasratan-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/60px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/90px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/120px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">ㄥ </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-eng </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">رٍ</span>‎</span><br />(仍 <i>réng</i>) </td> <td align="center">Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial r- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg/60px-SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg/90px-SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg/120px-SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قْ‌ٍ</span>‎</span><br />(更 <i>gèng</i>) </td> <td align="center">For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>19</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AinFatHHahRaa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AinFatHHahRaa.svg/60px-AinFatHHahRaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AinFatHHahRaa.svg/90px-AinFatHHahRaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AinFatHHahRaa.svg/120px-AinFatHHahRaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑɻ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄦ </td> <td align="center">er </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عَر</span>‎</span><br />(儿/兒 <i>er</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>20</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raa-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Raa-malplena.svg/60px-Raa-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Raa-malplena.svg/90px-Raa-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Raa-malplena.svg/120px-Raa-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄦ </td> <td align="center">-r </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِر</span>‎</span><br />(粒<small>儿</small>/粒<small>兒</small> <i>lìr</i>) </td> <td align="center">Represents the rhotic final -r sound </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>21</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HamzahKasrah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HamzahKasrah.svg/60px-HamzahKasrah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HamzahKasrah.svg/90px-HamzahKasrah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HamzahKasrah.svg/120px-HamzahKasrah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧ </td> <td align="center">yi </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ءِ</span>‎</span><br />(意 <i>yì</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><i><b>22</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SukuunKasrah-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SukuunKasrah-malplena.png/33px-SukuunKasrah-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SukuunKasrah-malplena.png/50px-SukuunKasrah-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/SukuunKasrah-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="66" data-file-height="71" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> / -[ɯ] / -[ɨ] </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">ㄧ </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-i </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سْ‌ِ</span>‎</span><br />(四 <i>sì</i>) </td> <td align="center">Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial s- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasrah-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kasrah-malplena.svg/60px-Kasrah-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kasrah-malplena.svg/90px-Kasrah-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kasrah-malplena.svg/120px-Kasrah-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِ</span>‎</span><br />(其 <i>qí</i>) </td> <td align="center">For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>23</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaFatHHahAlif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/YaaFatHHahAlif.svg/60px-YaaFatHHahAlif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/YaaFatHHahAlif.svg/90px-YaaFatHHahAlif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/YaaFatHHahAlif.svg/120px-YaaFatHHahAlif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɑ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄚ </td> <td align="center">ya </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یَا</span>‎</span><br />(呀 <i>ya</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>24</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahYaaFatHHahAlif.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KasrahYaaFatHHahAlif.png/49px-KasrahYaaFatHHahAlif.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KasrahYaaFatHHahAlif.png/73px-KasrahYaaFatHHahAlif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KasrahYaaFatHHahAlif.png/98px-KasrahYaaFatHHahAlif.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="76" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɑ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄚ </td> <td align="center">-ia </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیَا</span>‎</span><br />(家 <i>jiā</i>) </td> <td align="center">Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, j-, q-, x-, l- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>25</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaFatHHatanAlif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/YaaFatHHatanAlif.svg/60px-YaaFatHHatanAlif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/YaaFatHHatanAlif.svg/90px-YaaFatHHatanAlif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/YaaFatHHatanAlif.svg/120px-YaaFatHHatanAlif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɛn]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄢ </td> <td align="center">yan </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یًا</span>‎</span><br />(严/嚴 <i>yán</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>26</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahYaaFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KasrahYaaFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg/60px-KasrahYaaFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KasrahYaaFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg/90px-KasrahYaaFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KasrahYaaFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg/120px-KasrahYaaFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɛn]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄢ </td> <td align="center">-ian </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیًا</span>‎</span><br />(练/練 <i>liàn</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>27</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/YaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/58px-YaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="58" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/YaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/87px-YaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/YaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/116px-YaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɑŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄤ </td> <td align="center">yang </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یَانْ</span>‎</span><br />(羊 <i>yáng</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>28</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahYaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/KasrahYaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/58px-KasrahYaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="58" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/KasrahYaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/87px-KasrahYaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/KasrahYaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/116px-KasrahYaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɑŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄤ </td> <td align="center">-iang </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیَانْ</span>‎</span><br />(良 <i>liáng</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>29</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/YaaFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg/60px-YaaFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/YaaFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg/90px-YaaFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/YaaFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg/120px-YaaFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iaʊ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄠ </td> <td align="center">yao </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یَوْ</span>‎</span><br />(要 <i>yào</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>30</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahYaaFatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KasrahYaaFatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg/60px-KasrahYaaFatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KasrahYaaFatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg/90px-KasrahYaaFatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KasrahYaaFatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg/120px-KasrahYaaFatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iaʊ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄠ </td> <td align="center">-iao </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیَوْ</span>‎</span><br />(教 <i>jiào</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>31</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaFatHHah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YaaFatHHah.png/40px-YaaFatHHah.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YaaFatHHah.png/60px-YaaFatHHah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YaaFatHHah.png/80px-YaaFatHHah.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɛ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄝ </td> <td align="center">ye </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یِ</span>‎</span><br />(耶 <i>yē</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>32</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahYaaHamzah-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/KasrahYaaHamzah-malplena.svg/60px-KasrahYaaHamzah-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/KasrahYaaHamzah-malplena.svg/90px-KasrahYaaHamzah-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/KasrahYaaHamzah-malplena.svg/120px-KasrahYaaHamzah-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɛ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄝ </td> <td align="center">-ie </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیَ</span>‎</span><br />(解 <i>jiě</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>33</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HamzahKasratan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HamzahKasratan.svg/60px-HamzahKasratan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HamzahKasratan.svg/90px-HamzahKasratan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HamzahKasratan.svg/120px-HamzahKasratan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[in]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄣ </td> <td align="center">yin </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ءٍ</span>‎</span><br />(因 <i>yīn</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>34</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasratan-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/60px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/90px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/120px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[in]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄣ </td> <td align="center">-in </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کٍ</span>‎</span><br />(勤 <i>qín</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>35</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaSukuunKasratan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/YaaSukuunKasratan.svg/60px-YaaSukuunKasratan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/YaaSukuunKasratan.svg/90px-YaaSukuunKasratan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/YaaSukuunKasratan.svg/120px-YaaSukuunKasratan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄥ </td> <td align="center">ying </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یْ‌ٍ</span>‎</span><br />(应/應 <i>yīng</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="3"><i><b>36</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasratan-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/60px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/90px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kasratan-malplena.svg/120px-Kasratan-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3">ㄧㄥ </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3">-ing </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تٍ</span>‎</span><br />(圢 <i>tǐng</i>) </td> <td align="center">After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, t- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg/60px-SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg/90px-SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg/120px-SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣْ‌ٍ</span>‎</span><br />(汫 <i>jǐng</i>) </td> <td align="center">After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahYaaKasratanHamzah-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KasrahYaaKasratanHamzah-malplena.png/67px-KasrahYaaKasratanHamzah-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KasrahYaaKasratanHamzah-malplena.png/100px-KasrahYaaKasratanHamzah-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KasrahYaaKasratanHamzah-malplena.png/133px-KasrahYaaKasratanHamzah-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پِیٍٔ</span>‎</span><br />(平 <i>píng</i>) </td> <td align="center">After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, p-, m-, n-, l- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>37</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaDammatan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/YaaDammatan.svg/60px-YaaDammatan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/YaaDammatan.svg/90px-YaaDammatan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/YaaDammatan.svg/120px-YaaDammatan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yʊŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩㄥ </td> <td align="center">yong </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یٌ</span>‎</span><br />(用 <i>yòng</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>38</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SukuunKasrahWaau-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SukuunKasrahWaau-malplena.svg/60px-SukuunKasrahWaau-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SukuunKasrahWaau-malplena.svg/90px-SukuunKasrahWaau-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SukuunKasrahWaau-malplena.svg/120px-SukuunKasrahWaau-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>or <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SukuunWaau-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SukuunWaau-malplena.svg/60px-SukuunWaau-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SukuunWaau-malplena.svg/90px-SukuunWaau-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SukuunWaau-malplena.svg/120px-SukuunWaau-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yʊŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩㄥ </td> <td align="center">-iong </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیٌ</span>‎</span><br />(穷/窮 <i>qióng</i>) </td> <td align="center">Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>39</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaKasrahWaauSukuun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/YaaKasrahWaauSukuun.svg/60px-YaaKasrahWaauSukuun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/YaaKasrahWaauSukuun.svg/90px-YaaKasrahWaauSukuun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/YaaKasrahWaauSukuun.svg/120px-YaaKasrahWaauSukuun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="120" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iəʊ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɤʊ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄡ </td> <td align="center">you </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یِوْ</span>‎</span><br />(有 <i>yǒu</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>40</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauSukuun-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/KasrahYaaDammahWaauSukuun-malplena.png/54px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauSukuun-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/KasrahYaaDammahWaauSukuun-malplena.png/82px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauSukuun-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/KasrahYaaDammahWaauSukuun-malplena.png/109px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauSukuun-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iəʊ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɤʊ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄧㄡ </td> <td align="center">-iu </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِیُوْ</span>‎</span><br />(牛 <i>niú</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>41</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AinKasrahWaau.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AinKasrahWaau.png/54px-AinKasrahWaau.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AinKasrahWaau.png/82px-AinKasrahWaau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AinKasrahWaau.png/109px-AinKasrahWaau.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄛ </td> <td align="center">o </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عِو</span>‎</span><br />(哦 <i>ó</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><i><b>42</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dammatan-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/60px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/90px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/120px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">ㄨㄥ </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-ong </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سٌ</span>‎</span><br />(讼/訟 <i>sòng</i>) </td> <td align="center">Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial s-, r- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SukuunWaau-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SukuunWaau-malplena.svg/60px-SukuunWaau-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SukuunWaau-malplena.svg/90px-SukuunWaau-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SukuunWaau-malplena.svg/120px-SukuunWaau-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خْو</span>‎</span><br />(宏 <i>hóng</i>) </td> <td align="center">For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>43</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AinKasrahWaauSukuun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/AinKasrahWaauSukuun.svg/60px-AinKasrahWaauSukuun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/AinKasrahWaauSukuun.svg/90px-AinKasrahWaauSukuun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/AinKasrahWaauSukuun.svg/120px-AinKasrahWaauSukuun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əʊ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤʊ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄡ </td> <td align="center">ou </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عِوْ</span>‎</span><br />(偶 <i>ǒu</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>44</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/KasrahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg/60px-KasrahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/KasrahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg/90px-KasrahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/KasrahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg/120px-KasrahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əʊ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤʊ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄡ </td> <td align="center">-ou </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">كِوْ</span>‎</span><br />(口 <i>kǒu</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>45</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaauDammah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WaauDammah.png/54px-WaauDammah.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WaauDammah.png/82px-WaauDammah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WaauDammah.png/109px-WaauDammah.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨ </td> <td align="center">wu </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وُ</span>‎</span><br />(无/無 <i>wú</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><i><b>46</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dammah-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dammah-malplena.svg/60px-Dammah-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dammah-malplena.svg/90px-Dammah-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dammah-malplena.svg/120px-Dammah-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">ㄨ </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">-u </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کُ</span>‎</span><br />(苦 <i>kǔ</i>) </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">Arabic letter و is added to letters that don't connect to the following letter, so that the confusion of reading two characters as one syllable can be avoided </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DammahWaau-malplena_(Not_Connected).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DammahWaau-malplena_%28Not_Connected%29.png/54px-DammahWaau-malplena_%28Not_Connected%29.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DammahWaau-malplena_%28Not_Connected%29.png/82px-DammahWaau-malplena_%28Not_Connected%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DammahWaau-malplena_%28Not_Connected%29.png/109px-DammahWaau-malplena_%28Not_Connected%29.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زُو</span>‎</span><br />(足 <i>zú</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>47</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaauFatHHahAlif.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/WaauFatHHahAlif.png/54px-WaauFatHHahAlif.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/WaauFatHHahAlif.png/82px-WaauFatHHahAlif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/WaauFatHHahAlif.png/109px-WaauFatHHahAlif.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uɑ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄚ </td> <td align="center">wa </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وَا</span>‎</span><br />(娃 <i>wá</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>48</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DammahWaauFatHHahAlif-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DammahWaauFatHHahAlif-malplena.png/54px-DammahWaauFatHHahAlif-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DammahWaauFatHHahAlif-malplena.png/82px-DammahWaauFatHHahAlif-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DammahWaauFatHHahAlif-malplena.png/109px-DammahWaauFatHHahAlif-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uɑ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄚ </td> <td align="center">-ua </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قُوَا</span>‎</span><br />(刮 <i>guā</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>49</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaauFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/WaauFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg/60px-WaauFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/WaauFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg/90px-WaauFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/WaauFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg/120px-WaauFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uaɪ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄞ </td> <td align="center">wai </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وَیْ</span>‎</span><br />(歪 <i>wāi</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>50</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DammahWaauFatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/DammahWaauFatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg/60px-DammahWaauFatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/DammahWaauFatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg/90px-DammahWaauFatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/DammahWaauFatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg/120px-DammahWaauFatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uaɪ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄞ </td> <td align="center">-uai </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">كُوَیْ</span>‎</span><br />(块/塊 <i>kuài</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>51</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaauFatHHatanAlif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/WaauFatHHatanAlif.svg/60px-WaauFatHHatanAlif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/WaauFatHHatanAlif.svg/90px-WaauFatHHatanAlif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/WaauFatHHatanAlif.svg/120px-WaauFatHHatanAlif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uan]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wan]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄢ </td> <td align="center">wan </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وًا</span>‎</span><br />(万/萬 <i>wàn</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>52</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/DammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg/60px-DammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/DammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg/90px-DammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/DammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg/120px-DammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uan]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄢ </td> <td align="center">-uan </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">كُوًا</span>‎</span><br />(宽/寬 <i>kuān</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>53</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/WaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun.png/62px-WaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun.png" decoding="async" width="62" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/WaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun.png/93px-WaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/WaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun.png/124px-WaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uɑŋ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɑŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄤ </td> <td align="center">wang </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وَانْ</span>‎</span><br />(忘 <i>wàng</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>54</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DammahWaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/DammahWaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/75px-DammahWaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/DammahWaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/113px-DammahWaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/DammahWaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png/150px-DammahWaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="97" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uɑŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄤ </td> <td align="center">-uang </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کُوَانْ</span>‎</span><br />(况/況 <i>kuàng</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>55</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaauKasrah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WaauKasrah.svg/60px-WaauKasrah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WaauKasrah.svg/90px-WaauKasrah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WaauKasrah.svg/120px-WaauKasrah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ueɪ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄟ </td> <td align="center">wei </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وِ</span>‎</span><br />(为/為 <i>wèi</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>56</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg/60px-DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg/90px-DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg/120px-DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ueɪ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄟ </td> <td align="center">-ui </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خُوِ</span>‎</span><br />(回 <i>huí</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>57</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaauDammatan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WaauDammatan.svg/60px-WaauDammatan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WaauDammatan.svg/90px-WaauDammatan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WaauDammatan.svg/120px-WaauDammatan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uən]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wən]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄣ </td> <td align="center">wen </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وٌ</span>‎</span><br />(问/問 <i>wèn</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>58</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dammatan-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/60px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/90px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/120px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uən]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄣ </td> <td align="center">-un </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کٌ</span>‎</span><br />(困 <i>kùn</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>59</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaauSukuunKasratan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/WaauSukuunKasratan.png/45px-WaauSukuunKasratan.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/WaauSukuunKasratan.png/67px-WaauSukuunKasratan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/WaauSukuunKasratan.png/89px-WaauSukuunKasratan.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="97" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uɤŋ]</span>|<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɤŋ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄥ </td> <td align="center">weng </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وٍْ</span>‎</span><br />(翁 <i>wēng</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>60</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaauFatHHah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WaauFatHHah.svg/60px-WaauFatHHah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WaauFatHHah.svg/90px-WaauFatHHah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WaauFatHHah.svg/120px-WaauFatHHah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uə]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄨㄛ </td> <td align="center">wo </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وَ</span>‎</span><br />(我 <i>wǒ</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><i><b>61</b></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.svg/60px-DammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.svg/90px-DammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.svg/120px-DammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uə]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">ㄨㄛ </td> <td align="center">-uo </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قُوَ</span>‎</span><br />(国/國 <i>guó</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-o </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بُوَ</span>‎</span><br />(拨/撥 <i>bō</i>) </td> <td align="center">Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, p-, m-, f- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>62</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaDammahWaauKasrah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YaaDammahWaauKasrah.png/45px-YaaDammahWaauKasrah.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YaaDammahWaauKasrah.png/67px-YaaDammahWaauKasrah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YaaDammahWaauKasrah.png/89px-YaaDammahWaauKasrah.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="97" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩ </td> <td align="center">yu </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یُوِ</span>‎</span><br />(与/與 <i>yǔ</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>63</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauKasrah-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/KasrahYaaDammahWaauKasrah-malplena.png/47px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauKasrah-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/KasrahYaaDammahWaauKasrah-malplena.png/70px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauKasrah-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/KasrahYaaDammahWaauKasrah-malplena.png/93px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauKasrah-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="104" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩ </td> <td align="center">-ü, -u </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِیُوِ</span>‎</span><br />(女 <i>nǚ</i>) </td> <td align="center">Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l-, n- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>64</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/YaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif.svg/60px-YaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/YaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif.svg/90px-YaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/YaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif.svg/120px-YaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yɛn]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩㄢ </td> <td align="center">yuan </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یُوًا</span>‎</span><br />(源 <i>yuán</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>65</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.png/55px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.png/82px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.png/109px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="104" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yɛn]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩㄢ </td> <td align="center">-uan </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیُوًا</span>‎</span><br />(捐 <i>juān</i>) </td> <td align="center">Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>66</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaaDammahWaauFatHHah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/YaaDammahWaauFatHHah.png/37px-YaaDammahWaauFatHHah.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/YaaDammahWaauFatHHah.png/56px-YaaDammahWaauFatHHah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/YaaDammahWaauFatHHah.png/74px-YaaDammahWaauFatHHah.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yɛ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩㄝ </td> <td align="center">yue </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یُوَ</span>‎</span><br />(约/約 <i>yuē</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>67</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.png/47px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.png/70px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.png/93px-KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="104" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yɛ]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩㄝ </td> <td align="center">-üe, -ue </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیُوَ</span>‎</span><br />(决/決 <i>jué</i>) </td> <td align="center">Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l-, n- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>68</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HamzahDammatan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/HamzahDammatan.svg/60px-HamzahDammatan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/HamzahDammatan.svg/90px-HamzahDammatan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/HamzahDammatan.svg/120px-HamzahDammatan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yn]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩㄣ </td> <td align="center">yun </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ءٌ</span>‎</span><br />(孕 <i>yùn</i>) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><b>69</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dammatan-malplena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/60px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/90px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dammatan-malplena.svg/120px-Dammatan-malplena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yn]</span> </td> <td align="center">ㄩㄣ </td> <td align="center">-un </td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کٌ</span>‎</span><br />(均 <i>jūn</i>) </td> <td align="center">Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Vowels in Arabic and Persian loans follow their respective orthographies, namely, only the long vowels are represented and the short vowels are omitted. Although the sukun (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukuun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sukuun.svg/30px-Sukuun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sukuun.svg/45px-Sukuun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sukuun.svg/60px-Sukuun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>) can be omitted when representing Arabic and Persian loans, it cannot be omitted when representing Chinese. The exception being that of oft-used monosyllabic words which can have the sukun omitted from writing. For example, when emphasised, "的" and "和" are written as (<span style="font-size:190%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِ</span>‎</span>) and (<span style="font-size:190%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حـَ</span>‎</span>); when unemphasised, they can be written with the sukuns as (<span style="font-size:190%; line-height:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دْ</span>‎</span>) and (<span style="font-size:190%; line-height:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حـْ</span>‎</span>), or without the sukuns as (<span style="font-size:190%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">د</span>‎</span>) and (<span style="font-size:190%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حـ</span>‎</span>).</li> <li>Similarly, the sukun can also sometimes represent the Chinese -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> final, as such (<span style="font-size:190%; line-height:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـنْ / نْ</span>‎</span>). This is sometimes replaced by the fatḥatan (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FatHHatan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FatHHatan.svg/30px-FatHHatan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FatHHatan.svg/45px-FatHHatan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FatHHatan.svg/60px-FatHHatan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>), the kasratan (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasratan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kasratan.svg/30px-Kasratan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kasratan.svg/45px-Kasratan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kasratan.svg/60px-Kasratan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>), or the dammatan (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dammatan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dammatan.svg/30px-Dammatan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dammatan.svg/45px-Dammatan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dammatan.svg/60px-Dammatan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>) in manuscripts.</li></ul> <p>In polysyllabic words, the final 'alif (<span style="font-size:190%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـا</span>‎</span>) that represents the long vowel -ā can be omitted and replaced by a fatḥah (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FatHHah.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fatḥah"><img alt="Fatḥah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/FatHHah.svg/30px-FatHHah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/FatHHah.svg/45px-FatHHah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/FatHHah.svg/60px-FatHHah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>) representing the short vowel -ă. </p> <ul><li>Xiao'erjing is similar to Hanyu Pinyin in the respect that words are written as one, while a space is inserted between words. A <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+200C</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&zwnj;</span>) shall be used for separation between different syllables within the same word. Unlike Persian or Arabic, syllables (each representing one Hanji character) are not continuously connected.</li> <li>When representing Chinese words, the shaddah sign represents a doubling of the entire syllable on which it rests. It has the same function as the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Iteration_mark" title="Iteration mark">iteration mark</a> "々".</li> <li>Arabic punctuation marks can be used with Xiao'erjing as can Chinese punctuation marks, they can also be mixed (Chinese pauses and periods with Arabic commas and quotation marks).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correspondences_with_pinyin">Correspondences with pinyin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Correspondences with pinyin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Correspondence chart between Pinyin and Xiao'erjing </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Organized alphabetically </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">A </th></tr> <tr> <td>a — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَ</span>‎</td> <td>ai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>an — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اً</span>‎</td> <td>ang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَنْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَوْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">B </th></tr> <tr> <td>ba — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بَا</span>‎</td> <td>bai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>ban — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بًا</span>‎</td> <td>bang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>bei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>ben — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بٌ</span>‎</td> <td>beng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بٍْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bi — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بِ</span>‎</td> <td>bian — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بِیًا</span>‎</td> <td>biao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بِیَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>bie — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بِیَ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bin — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بٍ</span>‎</td> <td>bing — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بِیٍٔ</span>‎</td> <td>bo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بُوَ</span>‎</td> <td>bu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بُ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">C </th></tr> <tr> <td>ca — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞَا</span>‎</td> <td>cai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>can — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞًا</span>‎</td> <td>cang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>cao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>ce — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞَ</span>‎</td> <td>cen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞٍ</span>‎</td> <td>ceng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞْ‌ٍ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ci — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞِ</span>‎</td> <td>cong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞْو</span>‎</td> <td>cou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>cu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞُ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>cuan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>cui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>cun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞٌ</span>‎</td> <td>cuo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڞُوَ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">CH </th></tr> <tr> <td>cha — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چَا</span>‎</td> <td>chai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>chan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چًا</span>‎</td> <td>chang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>chao —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>che — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چَ</span>‎</td> <td>chen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چٍ</span>‎</td> <td>cheng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چٍْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>chi — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چِ</span>‎</td> <td>chong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چْو</span>‎</td> <td>chou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>chu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چُ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>chuai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چُوَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>chuan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>chuang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چُوَانْ</span>‎</td> <td>chui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چُوِ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>chun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چٌ</span>‎</td> <td>chuo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چُوَ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">D </th></tr> <tr> <td>da — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دَا</span>‎</td> <td>dai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>dan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دًا</span>‎</td> <td>dang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>de — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دْ</span>‎</td> <td>dei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِْ</span>‎</td> <td>deng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دٍْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>di — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِ</span>‎</td> <td>dia — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِیَا</span>‎</td> <td>dian — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِیًا</span>‎</td> <td>diao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِیَوْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>die — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِیَ</span>‎</td> <td>ding — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دٍ</span>‎</td> <td>diu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِیُوْ</span>‎</td> <td>dong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دْو</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>du — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دُو</span>‎</td> <td>duan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>dui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دُوِ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دٌ</span>‎</td> <td>duo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دُوَ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">E </th></tr> <tr> <td>e — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عَ</span>‎</td> <td>er — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عَر</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">F </th></tr> <tr> <td>fa — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فَا</span>‎</td> <td>fan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فًا</span>‎</td> <td>fang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فَانْ</span>‎</td> <td>fei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فِ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فٌ</span>‎</td> <td>feng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فٍْ</span>‎</td> <td>fo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فُوَ</span>‎</td> <td>fou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فِوْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فُ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">G </th></tr> <tr> <td>ga — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قَا</span>‎</td> <td>gai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>gan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قًا</span>‎</td> <td>gang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>gao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>ge — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قْ</span>‎</td> <td>gei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قِ</span>‎</td> <td>gen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قٍ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>geng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قٍْ</span>‎</td> <td>gong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قْو</span>‎</td> <td>gou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>gu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قُ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>gua — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قُوَا</span>‎</td> <td>guai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قُوَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>guan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>guang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قُوَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>gui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>gun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قٌ</span>‎</td> <td>guo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قُوَ</span>‎</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">H </th></tr> <tr> <td>ha — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خَا</span>‎</td> <td>hai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>han — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خًا</span>‎</td> <td>hang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>hao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>he — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حَ</span>‎</td> <td>hei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حِ</span>‎</td> <td>hen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حٍ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>heng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حٍْ</span>‎</td> <td>hong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خْو</span>‎</td> <td>hou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>hu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خُ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>hua — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خُوَا</span>‎</td> <td>huai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خُوَیْ </span>‎</td> <td>huan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>huang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خُوَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>hui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>hun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خٌ</span>‎</td> <td>huo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خُوَ</span>‎</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">J </th></tr> <tr> <td>ji — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِ</span>‎</td> <td>jia — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیَا</span>‎</td> <td>jian — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیًا</span>‎</td> <td>jiang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>jiao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>jie — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیَ</span>‎</td> <td>jin — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣٍ</span>‎</td> <td>jing — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣٍْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>jiong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیٌ</span>‎</td> <td>jiu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیُوْ</span>‎</td> <td>ju — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>juan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیُوًا</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>jue — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣِیُوَ</span>‎</td> <td>jun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣٌ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">K </th></tr> <tr> <td>ka — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کَا</span>‎</td> <td>kai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>kan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کًا</span>‎</td> <td>kang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>kao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>ke — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کْ</span>‎</td> <td>ken — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کٍ</span>‎</td> <td>keng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کٍْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>kong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کْو</span>‎</td> <td>kou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>ku — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کُ</span>‎</td> <td>kua — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کُوَا</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>kuai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کُوَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>kuan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>kuang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کُوَانْ</span>‎</td> <td>kui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کُوِ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>kun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کٌ</span>‎</td> <td>kuo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کُوَ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">L </th></tr> <tr> <td>la — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لَا</span>‎</td> <td>lai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>lan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لًا</span>‎</td> <td>lang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>lao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>le — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لَ</span>‎</td> <td>lei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>leng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لٍْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>li — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِ</span>‎</td> <td>lia — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیَا</span>‎</td> <td>lian — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیًا</span>‎</td> <td>liang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>liao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>lie — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیَ</span>‎</td> <td>lin — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لٍ</span>‎</td> <td>ling — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیٍٔ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>liu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیُوْ</span>‎</td> <td>long — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لْو</span>‎</td> <td>lou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>lu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لُ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>lü — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>luan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>lüe — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیُوَ</span>‎</td> <td>lun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لٌ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>luo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لُوَ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">M </th></tr> <tr> <td>ma — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مَا</span>‎</td> <td>mai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>man — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مًا</span>‎</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مَانْ</span>‎</td> <td>mao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>me — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مَ</span>‎</td> <td>mei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُوِ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>men — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مٌ</span>‎</td> <td>meng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مٍْ</span>‎</td> <td>mi — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مِ</span>‎</td> <td>mian — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مِیًا</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>miao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مِیَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>mie — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مِیَ</span>‎</td> <td>min — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مٍ</span>‎</td> <td>ming — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مِیٍٔ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>miu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مِیُوْ</span>‎</td> <td>mo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُوَ</span>‎</td> <td>mou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>mu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">N </th></tr> <tr> <td>na — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نَا</span>‎</td> <td>nai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>nan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نًا</span>‎</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نَانْ</span>‎</td> <td>nao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>ne — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نَ</span>‎</td> <td>nei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نُوِ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>nen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نٌ</span>‎</td> <td>neng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نٍْ</span>‎</td> <td>ni — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِ</span>‎</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nian — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِیًا</span>‎</td> <td>niang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِیَانْ</span>‎</td> <td>niao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِیَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>nie — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِیَ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>nin — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نٍ</span>‎</td> <td>ning — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِیٍٔ</span>‎</td> <td>niu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِیُوْ</span>‎</td> <td>nong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نْو</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>nu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نُ</span>‎</td> <td>nü — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِیُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>nuan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>nüe — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نِیُوَ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>nuo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نُوَ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">O </th></tr> <tr> <td>o — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عِو</span>‎</td> <td>ou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عِوْ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">P </th></tr> <tr> <td>pa — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پَا</span>‎</td> <td>pai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>pan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پًا</span>‎</td> <td>pang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>pao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>pei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>pen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پٌ</span>‎</td> <td>peng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پٍْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>pi — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پِ</span>‎</td> <td>pian — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پِیًا</span>‎</td> <td>piao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پِیَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>pie — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پِیَ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>pin — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پٍ</span>‎</td> <td>ping — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پِیٍٔ</span>‎</td> <td>po — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پُوَ</span>‎</td> <td>pou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پِوْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>pu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پُ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Q </th></tr> <tr> <td>qi — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِ (ٿِ)</span>‎</td> <td>qia — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیَا (ٿِیَا)</span>‎</td> <td>qian — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیًا (ٿِیًا)</span>‎</td> <td>qiang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیَانْ (ٿِیَانْ)</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>qiao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیَوْ (ٿِیَوْ)</span>‎</td> <td>qie — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیَ (ٿِیَ)</span>‎</td> <td>qin — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٿٍ</span>‎</td> <td>qing — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کٍْ (ٿٍْ)</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>qiong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیٌ (ٿِیٌ)</span>‎</td> <td>qiu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیُوْ (ٿِیُوْ)</span>‎</td> <td>qu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیُوِ (ٿِیُوِ)</span>‎</td> <td>quan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیُوًا (ٿِیُوًا)</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>que — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیُوَ (ٿِیُوَ)</span>‎</td> <td>qun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کٌ (ٿٌ)</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">R </th></tr> <tr> <td>ran — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژًا</span>‎</td> <td>rang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژَانْ</span>‎</td> <td>rao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>re — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژَ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ren — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژٍ</span>‎</td> <td>reng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژٍْ</span>‎</td> <td>ri — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژِ</span>‎</td> <td>rong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژٌ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>rou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>ru — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژُو</span>‎</td> <td>ruan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>rui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژُوِ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>run — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژٌ</span>‎</td> <td>ruo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژُوَ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">S </th></tr> <tr> <td>sa — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَا</span>‎</td> <td>sai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>san — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سًا</span>‎</td> <td>sang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>se — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَ</span>‎</td> <td>sen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سٍ</span>‎</td> <td>seng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سٍْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>si — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سِْ</span>‎</td> <td>song — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سٌ</span>‎</td> <td>sou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>su — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سُ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>suan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">صُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>sui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">صُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>sun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">صٌ</span>‎</td> <td>suo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">صُوَ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">SH </th></tr> <tr> <td>sha — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شَا</span>‎</td> <td>shai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>shan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شًا</span>‎</td> <td>shang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>shao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>she — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شَ</span>‎</td> <td>shei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>shen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شٍ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sheng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شٍْ</span>‎</td> <td>shi — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شِ</span>‎</td> <td>shou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>shu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شُ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>shua — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شُوَا</span>‎</td> <td>shuai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شُوَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>shuan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>shuang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شُوَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>shui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>shun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شٌ</span>‎</td> <td>shuo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شُوَ</span>‎</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">T </th></tr> <tr> <td>ta — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَا</span>‎</td> <td>tai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>tan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تًا</span>‎</td> <td>tang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>te — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تْ</span>‎</td> <td>teng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تٍْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ti — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تِ</span>‎</td> <td>tian — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تِیًا</span>‎</td> <td>tiao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تِیَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>tie — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تِیَ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ting — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تٍ</span>‎</td> <td>tong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">طْو</span>‎</td> <td>tou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تِوْ</span>‎</td> <td>tu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تُ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tuan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">طُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>tui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">طُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>tun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">طٌ</span>‎</td> <td>tuo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">طُوَ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">W </th></tr> <tr> <td>wa — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وَا</span>‎</td> <td>wai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>wan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وًا</span>‎</td> <td>wang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>wei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وِ</span>‎</td> <td>wen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وٌ</span>‎</td> <td>weng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وٍْ</span>‎</td> <td>wo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وَ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>wu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وُ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">X </th></tr> <tr> <td>xi — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِ</span>‎</td> <td>xia — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیَا</span>‎</td> <td>xian — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیًا</span>‎</td> <td>xiang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>xiao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>xie — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیَ</span>‎</td> <td>xin — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثٍ</span>‎</td> <td>xing — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثٍْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>xiong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیٌ</span>‎</td> <td>xiu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیُوْ</span>‎</td> <td>xu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>xuan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیُوًا</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>xue — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیُوَ</span>‎</td> <td>xun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثٌ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Y </th></tr> <tr> <td>ya — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یَا</span>‎</td> <td>yan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یًا</span>‎</td> <td>yang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یَانْ</span>‎</td> <td>yao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یَوْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ye — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یَ</span>‎</td> <td>yi — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ءِ</span>‎</td> <td>yin — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ءٍ</span>‎</td> <td>ying — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یٍ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>yong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یٌ</span>‎</td> <td>you — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یُوْ </span>‎</td> <td>yu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>yuan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یُوًا</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>yue — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یُوَ</span>‎</td> <td>yun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ءٌ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Z </th></tr> <tr> <td>za — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زَا</span>‎</td> <td>zai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>zan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زًا</span>‎</td> <td>zang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>zao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>ze — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زَ</span>‎</td> <td>zei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زِْ</span>‎</td> <td>zen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زٍ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>zeng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زٍْ</span>‎</td> <td>zi — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زِ</span>‎</td> <td>zong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظْو</span>‎</td> <td>zou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زِوْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>zu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زُو</span>‎</td> <td>zuan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زُوًا</span>‎</td> <td>zui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>zun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظٌ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>zuo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظُوَ</span>‎</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">ZH </th></tr> <tr> <td>zha — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جَا</span>‎</td> <td>zhai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>zhan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جًا</span>‎</td> <td>zhang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جَانْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>zhao — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جَوْ</span>‎</td> <td>zhe — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جَ</span>‎</td> <td>zhei — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>zhen — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جٍ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>zheng — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جٍْ</span>‎</td> <td>zhi — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جِ</span>‎</td> <td>zhong — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جْو</span>‎</td> <td>zhou — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جِوْ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>zhu — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جُ</span>‎</td> <td>zhua — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جُوَا</span>‎</td> <td>zhuai — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جُوَیْ</span>‎</td> <td>zhuan — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جُوًا</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>zhuang — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جُوَانْ</span>‎</td> <td>zhui — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جُوِ</span>‎</td> <td>zhun — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جٌ</span>‎</td> <td>zhuo — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جُوَ</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_1_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights">Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Xiao'erjing, as well as simplified and traditional Chinese characters, pinyin, and English: </p> <dl><dt>Xiao'erjing</dt> <dd><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">«ژٍّ شْ‌ٍ عَر زِیُوْ، زَیْ ظٌ‌یًا حَ‌ کِیُوًالِ شَانْ‌ ءِلِیُوِ پِیٍٔ‌دٍْ. تَامٌ فُ‌یُوْ لِ‌ثٍْ حَ لِیَانْ‌ثٍ، بِیٍٔ یٍ ءِ ثِیٌ‌دِ قُوًاثِ دْ ݣ‌ٍْشٍ خُ‌ثِیَانْ دُوِدَیْ.»</span>‎</span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified characters</a></dt> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">「人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心，并应以兄弟关系的精神互相对待。」</span></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional characters</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">「人人生而自由，在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心，並應兄弟關係的精神互相對待。」</span></span> </p> <dl><dt>Correspondence between Chinese characters and Xiao'erjing</dt> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">「<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1163242311">.mw-parser-output .templateruby>rt{font-variant-east-asian:ruby;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .templateruby.large{font-size:250%}.mw-parser-output .templateruby.large>rt{font-size:50%}</style><ruby class="templateruby">人<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژٍ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">人<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژٍ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">生<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شْ‌ٍ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">而<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عَر</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">自<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زِ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">由<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یُوْ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">在<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زَیْ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">尊<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظٌ‌</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">严<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یًا</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">和<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حَ‌</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">权<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کِیُوًا</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">利<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">上<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شَانْ‌</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">一<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ءِ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">律<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیُوِ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">平<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پِیٍٔ‌</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">等<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دٍْ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">他<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَا</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">们<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مٌ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">赋<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فُ‌</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">有<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یُوْ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">理<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِ‌</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">性<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثٍْ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">和<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حَ‌</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">良<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لِیَانْ‌</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">心<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثٍ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">并<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بِیٍٔ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">应<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">یٍ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">以<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ءِ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">兄<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیٌ‌</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">弟<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دِ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">关<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قُوًا</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">系<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">的<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دْ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">精<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣ‌ٍْ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">神<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شٍ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">互<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خُ‌</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">相<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ثِیَانْ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">对<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دُوِ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">待<rp>(</rp><rt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دَیْ</span>‎</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>。」</span></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a></dt> <dd><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">"Rénrén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yílǜ píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdi guānxì de jīngshén hùxiāng duìdài."</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></dt> <dd>"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Fatiha_(الفَاتِحَةِ)"><span id="Al-Fatiha_.28.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.81.D9.8E.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.90.D8.AD.D9.8E.D8.A9.D9.90.29"></span>Al-Fatiha (الفَاتِحَةِ)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Al-Fatiha (الفَاتِحَةِ)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is the first sura (chapter) of the Quran, <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a>, its original Arabic text, English translation, as well as the Chinese translation in <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese characters</a> and in Xiao'erjing, as published (un-edited) in 1995 by Ma Zhenwu (马振武).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Xiao'erjing version of this sura, the author may have made minor choices about characters and pronounciations that may differ from what's shown in this article, and they may even have minor inconsistencies in the text itself. Furthermore, as is the tradition for Xiao'erjing texts, there are instances where Arabic or Persian loanwords are used and written directly, these are shown in bold. It's noteworthy to mention that in this document, the <a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">Hanzi</a> characters are written from right to left, following the flow of the Arabic text of the Quran and the Xiao'erjing translation. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English translation</th> <th>Simplified Characters</th> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>Xiao'erjing</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a> Arabic original </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><div class="poem"> <p>1. In the name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful!<br /> 2. [All] praise is [due] to Allāh, Lord of the worlds,<br /> 3. The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful,<br /> 4. Sovereign of the Day of Recompense!<br /> 5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help!<br /> 6-7. Guide us to the straight path, the path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have earned [Your] anger or of those who are astray. </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">1. 〈我〉凭着普慈〈今世的，独慈〉，后世的，主的尊名、〈起〉<br /> 2. 感赞调养普世界的.<br /> 3. 普慈的独慈的.<br /> 4. 执掌还报日子的主.<br /> 5. 我们唯独拜你,我们唯独求你相助.<br /> 6-7. 求你引领我们至端庄的路道那一些人的路道. 你在他们上施过恩的，一些不受怒恼的，与一些不迷路的.</span></span> </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">1. 〈Wǒ〉 píng zhe pǔ cí 〈jīn shì de, dú cí〉, hòu shì de, zhǔ de zūn míng,〈qǐ〉<br /> 2. Gǎn zàn tiáo yǎng pǔ shì jiè de.<br /> 3. Pǔ cí de dú cí de.<br /> 4. Zhí zhǎng huán bào rì zǐ de zhǔ.<br /> 5. Wǒ men wéi dú bài nǐ, wǒ men wéi dú qiú nǐ xiāng zhù.<br /> 6-7. Qiú nǐ yǐn lǐng wǒ men zhì duān zhuāng de lù dào nà yī xiē rén de lù dào. nǐ zài tā men shàng shī guò ēn de, yī xiē bù shòu nù nǎo de, yǔ yī xiē bù mí lù de.</span></span> </p> </div> </td> <td dir="rtl"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl">١-<وَ> پِئٍ جَوْ پُو ژِ <ݣِئٍ شِ> دِ دُ ژِ <خْخُوشِ> دِ جُو دِ ظُوٌ مٍ <b>«اِبْتِدَاءُ»</b><br /> ٢-قًا زًا تِیَوْ یاۤنْ پُو شِ ݣِیَہ دِ<br /> ٣-پُو ژِ دِ دُ ژِ دِ<br /> ۴-جیِ جِاۤنْ خُوَنْ بَوْ <b>يَوْمَ</b> زِ دِ جُو<br /> ۵-وَ مٌ وِی دُ بَیْ نِہ، وَ مٌ وِی دُ کِیُو نِہ ثِیاۤنْ جُوُ.<br /> ۶-۷-کِیُو نِہ یِ لٍ وَ مٌ جِی دُوَن جُواَنْ دِ لُ دَوْ نَا یِ ثِیَہ <b>اُناس</b> دِ لُ دَوْ. نِہ زَ تَا مٌ شِاۤنْ شِ قُوَ عٍ دِ. یِ ثِیَہ بُو شِیُو نُو نَوْ دِ. ئِئِہ یِ ثِیَہ بُو مِ لُ دِ.</span></span> </p> </div> </td> <td dir="rtl"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar">١-بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ<br /> ٢-الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ<br /> ٣-الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ<br /> ٤-مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ<br /> ٥-إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ<br /> ٦-۷-اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ، صِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ</span></span> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_alphabets" title="Category:Arabic alphabets">Category:Arabic alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingtang_Jiaoyu" title="Jingtang Jiaoyu">Jingtang Jiaoyu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">本经</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">本經</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Běnjīng</span></i>, Xiao'erjing: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl">بٌ‌ݣْ‌ٍ</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a>: <span lang="dng">Бынҗин</span>, [Вьnⱬin] <span style="color:#d33">Error: [undefined] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: no text (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sobieroj-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobieroj_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sobieroj, Florian. (2019) "Standardisation in Manuscripts written in Sino-Arabic Scripts and xiaojing". Creating Standards: Interactions with Arabic script in 12 manuscript cultures, edited by Dmitry Bondarev, Alessandro Gori and Lameen Souag, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 177–216. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639063-008">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639063-008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&pg=PA154"><i>China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects</i></a>. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4"><bdi>0-7007-1026-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+community%3A+migration%2C+settlement+and+sects&rft.place=Richmond&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7007-1026-4&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBwuSpFiOFfYC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Yuen_Fung_Choy2008" class="citation book cs1">Howard Yuen Fung Choy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nk5R1KarC0oC&pg=PA92"><i>Remapping the past: fictions of history in Deng's China, 1979–1997</i></a>. Brill. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16704-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16704-9"><bdi>978-90-04-16704-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remapping+the+past%3A+fictions+of+history+in+Deng%27s+China%2C+1979%E2%80%931997&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16704-9&rft.au=Howard+Yuen+Fung+Choy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnk5R1KarC0oC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftar-i_Muṭālaʻāt-i_Siyāsī_va_Bayn_al-Milalī_(Iran)2000" class="citation book cs1">Daftar-i Muṭālaʻāt-i Siyāsī va Bayn al-Milalī (Iran) (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DzwuAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Iranian journal of international affairs, Volume 12</i></a>. Institute for Political and International Studies. p. 52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+journal+of+international+affairs%2C+Volume+12&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Institute+for+Political+and+International+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Daftar-i+Mu%E1%B9%AD%C4%81la%CA%BB%C4%81t-i+Siy%C4%81s%C4%AB+va+Bayn+al-Milal%C4%AB+%28Iran%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzwuAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre_for_the_Study_of_Religion_and_Communism2003" class="citation book cs1">Centre for the Study of Religion and Communism (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUsKAQAAMAAJ"><i>Religion in communist lands, Volume 31</i></a>. Centre for the Study of Religion and Communism. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+communist+lands%2C+Volume+31&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Centre+for+the+Study+of+Religion+and+Communism&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Centre+for+the+Study+of+Religion+and+Communism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUsKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTōkyō_Daigaku._Tōyō_Bunka_Kenkyūjo2006" class="citation book cs1">Tōkyō Daigaku. Tōyō Bunka Kenkyūjo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7T8MAQAAMAAJ&q=In+Shaanxi+and+Gansu,+other+areas+where+the+educational+network+also+flourished,+Muslim+intellectuals+tended+to+avoid+learning+classical+Chinese+and+since+they+did+not+actively+write+Han+Kitab,+the+specific+notation+of+xiao-er-jing"><i>International journal of Asian studies, Volumes 3–5</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 141<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+journal+of+Asian+studies%2C+Volumes+3%E2%80%935&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D+Daigaku.+T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D+Bunka+Kenky%C5%ABjo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7T8MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DIn%2BShaanxi%2Band%2BGansu%2C%2Bother%2Bareas%2Bwhere%2Bthe%2Beducational%2Bnetwork%2Balso%2Bflourished%2C%2BMuslim%2Bintellectuals%2Btended%2Bto%2Bavoid%2Blearning%2Bclassical%2BChinese%2Band%2Bsince%2Bthey%2Bdid%2Bnot%2Bactively%2Bwrite%2BHan%2BKitab%2C%2Bthe%2Bspecific%2Bnotation%2Bof%2Bxiao-er-jing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Roper1994" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Roper (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3CUsAQAAIAAJ&q=xiaoerjing"><i>World survey of Islamic manuscripts. 4. (Supplement; including indexes of languages, names and titles of collections of volumes I-IV), Volumes 1–4</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Furqan_Islamic_Heritage_Foundation" title="Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation">Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873992-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-873992-11-4"><bdi>1-873992-11-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+survey+of+Islamic+manuscripts.+4.+%28Supplement%3B+including+indexes+of+languages%2C+names+and+titles+of+collections+of+volumes+I-IV%29%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Al-Furqan+Islamic+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-873992-11-4&rft.au=Geoffrey+Roper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3CUsAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dxiaoerjing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Neaman_Lipman2004" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=chinese+arabic+alphabet+xiaoerjin&pg=PA51"><i>Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</i></a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6"><bdi>0-295-97644-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-97644-6&rft.au=Jonathan+Neaman+Lipman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90CN0vtxdY0C%26q%3Dchinese%2Barabic%2Balphabet%2Bxiaoerjin%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Roper1994" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Roper (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3CUsAQAAIAAJ&q=17+Use+of+Xiaoerjing+script+Some+Islamic+manuscripts,+particularly+those+where+parts+of+the+original+text+and+interpretations++To+transliterate+Chinese+into+Arabic+script+was+easier+than+writing+characters+for+some+Chinese+Muslims"><i>World survey of Islamic manuscripts. 4. (Supplement; including indexes of languages, names and titles of collections of volumes I-IV), Volumes 1–4</i></a>. Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873992-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-873992-11-4"><bdi>1-873992-11-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+survey+of+Islamic+manuscripts.+4.+%28Supplement%3B+including+indexes+of+languages%2C+names+and+titles+of+collections+of+volumes+I-IV%29%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Al-Furqan+Islamic+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-873992-11-4&rft.au=Geoffrey+Roper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3CUsAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D17%2BUse%2Bof%2BXiaoerjing%2Bscript%2BSome%2BIslamic%2Bmanuscripts%2C%2Bparticularly%2Bthose%2Bwhere%2Bparts%2Bof%2Bthe%2Boriginal%2Btext%2Band%2Binterpretations%2B%2BTo%2Btransliterate%2BChinese%2Binto%2BArabic%2Bscript%2Bwas%2Beasier%2Bthan%2Bwriting%2Bcharacters%2Bfor%2Bsome%2BChinese%2BMuslims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStéphane_A._Dudoignon2008" class="citation book cs1">Stéphane A. Dudoignon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfFtAAAAMAAJ&q=(Xiaoerjin+is+an+Arabic-Persian+alphabetic+transcription+of+the+Chinese+language+,+created+and+used+by+Chinese+Muslims,+who+were+often+illiterate+in+Chinese+%E2%80%94+see+on+this+matter+the+project+led+by+Machida+Kazuhiko,+in+Japan"><i>Central Eurasian Reader: a biennial journal of critical bibliography and epistemology of Central Eurasian Studies, Volume 1</i></a>. Schwarz. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87997-347-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87997-347-7"><bdi>978-3-87997-347-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Eurasian+Reader%3A+a+biennial+journal+of+critical+bibliography+and+epistemology+of+Central+Eurasian+Studies%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Schwarz&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-87997-347-7&rft.au=St%C3%A9phane+A.+Dudoignon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfFtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%28Xiaoerjin%2Bis%2Ban%2BArabic-Persian%2Balphabetic%2Btranscription%2Bof%2Bthe%2BChinese%2Blanguage%2B%2C%2Bcreated%2Band%2Bused%2Bby%2BChinese%2BMuslims%2C%2Bwho%2Bwere%2Boften%2Billiterate%2Bin%2BChinese%2B%25E2%2580%2594%2Bsee%2Bon%2Bthis%2Bmatter%2Bthe%2Bproject%2Bled%2Bby%2BMachida%2BKazuhiko%2C%2Bin%2BJapan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre_for_the_Study_of_Religion_and_Communism2003" class="citation book cs1">Centre for the Study of Religion and Communism (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUsKAQAAMAAJ&q=of+Chinese+in+its+various+regional+dialects.+Although+its+use+is+declining+in+today's+educational+environment,+books+in+xiaoerjin+continue+to+be+reprinted,+while+a+translation+of+the+Quran+into+Chinese+and"><i>Religion in communist lands, Volume 31</i></a>. Centre for the Study of Religion and Communism. p. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+communist+lands%2C+Volume+31&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Centre+for+the+Study+of+Religion+and+Communism&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Centre+for+the+Study+of+Religion+and+Communism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUsKAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dof%2BChinese%2Bin%2Bits%2Bvarious%2Bregional%2Bdialects.%2BAlthough%2Bits%2Buse%2Bis%2Bdeclining%2Bin%2Btoday%27s%2Beducational%2Benvironment%2C%2Bbooks%2Bin%2Bxiaoerjin%2Bcontinue%2Bto%2Bbe%2Breprinted%2C%2Bwhile%2Ba%2Btranslation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BQuran%2Binto%2BChinese%2Band&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuad_Joseph,_Afsaneh_Najmabadi2003" class="citation book cs1">Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rv0iAQAAIAAJ&q=Meanings+were+written+in+Xiaoerjin+under+every+line+in+the+women's+Qur'an).+With+the+passing+away+of+older+generations,+we+risk+losing+this+knowledge+forever.+A+number+of+women's+mosques+have+in+their+possession+prized+teaching"><i>Encyclopedia of women & Islamic cultures, Volume 1</i></a>. Brill. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13247-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13247-3"><bdi>90-04-13247-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+women+%26+Islamic+cultures%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-13247-3&rft.au=Suad+Joseph%2C+Afsaneh+Najmabadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drv0iAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DMeanings%2Bwere%2Bwritten%2Bin%2BXiaoerjin%2Bunder%2Bevery%2Bline%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bwomen%27s%2BQur%27an%29.%2BWith%2Bthe%2Bpassing%2Baway%2Bof%2Bolder%2Bgenerations%2C%2Bwe%2Brisk%2Blosing%2Bthis%2Bknowledge%2Bforever.%2BA%2Bnumber%2Bof%2Bwomen%27s%2Bmosques%2Bhave%2Bin%2Btheir%2Bpossession%2Bprized%2Bteaching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftar-i_Muṭālaʻāt-i_Siyāsī_va_Bayn_al-Milalī_(Iran)2000" class="citation book cs1">Daftar-i Muṭālaʻāt-i Siyāsī va Bayn al-Milalī (Iran) (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DzwuAQAAIAAJ&q=xiaoerjing"><i>The Iranian journal of international affairs, Volume 12</i></a>. Institute for Political and International Studies. p. 42<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+journal+of+international+affairs%2C+Volume+12&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Institute+for+Political+and+International+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Daftar-i+Mu%E1%B9%AD%C4%81la%CA%BB%C4%81t-i+Siy%C4%81s%C4%AB+va+Bayn+al-Milal%C4%AB+%28Iran%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzwuAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dxiaoerjing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqslAQAAIAAJ&q=Elle+est+en+net+recul+aujourd'hui+du+fait+de+la+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation+de+l'enseignement,+des+ouvrages+dans+cette+transcription+sont+toutefois+r%C3%A9imprim%C3%A9s,+et+une+traduction+du+Coran+en+chinois+et+en+xiaoerjin+a+vu+le+jour+en+1995+(28"><i>Archives de sciences sociales des religions, Volume 46, Issues 113–116</i></a>. Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 2001. p. 25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archives+de+sciences+sociales+des+religions%2C+Volume+46%2C+Issues+113%E2%80%93116&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Centre+national+de+la+recherche+scientifique.&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqslAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DElle%2Best%2Ben%2Bnet%2Brecul%2Baujourd%27hui%2Bdu%2Bfait%2Bde%2Bla%2Bg%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9ralisation%2Bde%2Bl%27enseignement%2C%2Bdes%2Bouvrages%2Bdans%2Bcette%2Btranscription%2Bsont%2Btoutefois%2Br%25C3%25A9imprim%25C3%25A9s%2C%2Bet%2Bune%2Btraduction%2Bdu%2BCoran%2Ben%2Bchinois%2Bet%2Ben%2Bxiaoerjin%2Ba%2Bvu%2Ble%2Bjour%2Ben%2B1995%2B%2828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VersteeghEid2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VersteeghEid2005_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKees_VersteeghMushira_Eid2005" class="citation book cs1">Kees Versteegh; Mushira Eid (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuNiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA381"><i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed</i></a>. Brill. pp. 381–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14473-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14473-6"><bdi>978-90-04-14473-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics%3A+A-Ed&rft.pages=381-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14473-6&rft.au=Kees+Versteegh&rft.au=Mushira+Eid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuNiAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut2006" class="citation journal cs1">Garnaut, Anthony (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/islamic-heritage-china">"The Islamic Heritage in China: A General Survey"</a>. <i>China Heritage Newsletter</i> (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Heritage+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+Heritage+in+China%3A+A+General+Survey&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2006-03&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimheritage.com%2Farticle%2Fislamic-heritage-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suutarinen-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suutarinen_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suutarinen, M. (2015). Arabic Script among China’s Muslims: A Dongxiang folk story. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 113, 197–208. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/store/article/view/51814">https://journal.fi/store/article/view/51814</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Quran (1995, December), The first 18 <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran" title="List of chapters in the Quran">sura</a></i> (The first half of the book, first 15 out of 30 <i><a href="/wiki/Juz%27" title="Juz'">portions</a></i>) - In original Arabic, as well as with Chinese translations, written in <a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">Hanzi</a> and in Xiao'erjing transliteration: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20241115_20241115_1438">archive.org/details/20241115_20241115_1438</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>A. Forke. Ein islamisches Tractat aus Turkistan // T’oung pao. Vol. VIII. 1907.</li> <li>O.I. Zavyalova. Sino-Islamic language contacts along the Great Silk Road: Chinese texts written in Arabic Script // Chinese Studies (《漢學研究》). Taipei: 1999. No. 1.</li> <li><i>Xiaojing Qur'an</i> (《小經古蘭》), Dongxiang County, Lingxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu, PRC, 1987.</li> <li><i>Huijiao Bizun (Xiaojing)</i> (《回教必遵（小經）》), Islam Book Publishers, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PRC, 1993, 154 pp., photocopied edition.</li> <li>Muhammad Musa Abdulihakim. <i>Islamic faith Q&A</i> (《伊斯兰信仰问答》) (2nd ed.). Beiguan Street Mosque, Xining, Qinghai, PRC, appendix contains a Xiao'erjing–Pinyin–Arabic comparison chart.</li> <li>Feng Zenglie. <i>Beginning Dissertation on Xiao'erjing: Introducing a phonetic writing system of the Arabic script adopted for Chinese</i> in <i>The Arab World</i> (《阿拉伯世界》) Issue #1. 1982.</li> <li>Chen Yuanlong. <i>The Xiaojing writing system of the Dongxiang ethnicity</i> in <i>China's Dongxiang ethnicity</i> (《中国东乡族》). People's Publishing House of Gansu. 1999.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachidaAndoKuroiwaSato" class="citation web cs1">Machida, Kazuhiko; Ando, Junichiro; Kuroiwa, Takashi; Sato, Minoru; Sugawara, Jun; Wang, Jianxin; Yoshizawa, Seiichiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~kmach/xiaoerjin/xiaoerjin-e.htm">"Corpus of "Xiao-Er-Jin" Script of Muslim Chinese: Collection and Digitalization"</a>. <i>Grammatological Informatics based on Corpora of Asian Scripts</i>. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grammatological+Informatics+based+on+Corpora+of+Asian+Scripts&rft.atitle=Corpus+of+%22Xiao-Er-Jin%22+Script+of+Muslim+Chinese%3A+Collection+and+Digitalization&rft.aulast=Machida&rft.aufirst=Kazuhiko&rft.au=Ando%2C+Junichiro&rft.au=Kuroiwa%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Sato%2C+Minoru&rft.au=Sugawara%2C+Jun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jianxin&rft.au=Yoshizawa%2C+Seiichiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.tufs.ac.jp%2F~kmach%2Fxiaoerjin%2Fxiaoerjin-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinoglot.com/2011/02/xiaoerjin/">"Xiao'erjin [sic] is not quite Pinyin"</a>. Sinoglot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xiao%27erjin+%5Bsic%5D+is+not+quite+Pinyin&rft.pub=Sinoglot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinoglot.com%2F2011%2F02%2Fxiaoerjin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span> — blog post about the decline of Xiao'erjing and problems surrounding its use</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transliterationtools.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiaoerjing-tool.html">"Xiao'erjing Conversion Tool"</a>. 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xiao%27erjing+Conversion+Tool&rft.date=2023-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransliterationtools.blogspot.com%2F2023%2F10%2Fxiaoerjing-tool.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiao%27erjing" class="Z3988"></span> — Chinese to Xiao'erjing online transcription tool.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_Links">External Links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External Links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Quran (1995, December), The first 18 <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran" title="List of chapters in the Quran">sura</a></i> (The first half of the book, first 15 out of 30 <i><a href="/wiki/Juz%27" title="Juz'">portions</a></i>) - In original Arabic, as well as with Chinese translations, written in <a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">Hanzi</a> and in Xiao'erjing transliteration: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20241115_20241115_1438">archive.org/details/20241115_20241115_1438</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" title="Category:Arabic script">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&oldid=1258461878">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&oldid=1258461878</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_of_China" title="Category:Writing systems of China">Writing systems of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_alphabets" title="Category:Arabic alphabets">Arabic alphabets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transcription_of_Chinese" title="Category:Transcription of Chinese">Transcription of Chinese</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dungan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dungan-language text">Articles containing Dungan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">Lang and lang-xx template errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 21:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-7m2pl","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.023","walltime":"2.355","ppvisitednodes":{"value":32638,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":597015,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":40081,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":426724,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1701.490 1 -total"," 18.00% 306.302 567 Template:Script/Arabic"," 13.46% 229.026 216 Template:IPA"," 13.25% 225.373 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 12.22% 207.888 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.46% 194.910 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.17% 172.971 14 Template:Cite_book"," 9.45% 160.824 609 Template:Ifsubst"," 9.11% 154.976 12 Template:Navbox"," 6.55% 111.469 1 Template:RCL"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.804","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18264110,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-xdwkn","timestamp":"20241127211207","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Xiao'erjing","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xiao%27erjing","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q849187","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q849187","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-08T21:29:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T21:39:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4b\/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg","headline":"Arabic-based script for writing Mandarin Chinese"}</script> </body> </html>