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<li id="toc-From_Mandate_to_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Mandate_to_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>From Mandate to Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Mandate_to_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>After the Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Occupation of Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_engagements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_engagements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other engagements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_engagements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modernisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Syrian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics_and_military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_and_military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Demographics and military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_and_military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_Departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_Departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Administrative Departments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_Departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Syrian Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Syrian Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Syrian Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Air_Defence_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Air_Defence_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Syrian Air Defence Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Air_Defence_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paramilitary_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paramilitary_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Paramilitary forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paramilitary_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women_in_the_Armed_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women_in_the_Armed_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Role of women in the Armed Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women_in_the_Armed_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons,_uniforms_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons,_uniforms_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Weapons, uniforms and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weapons,_uniforms_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Weapons, uniforms and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Weapons,_uniforms_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms_(1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms_(1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Uniforms (1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms_(1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rank_insignia_(1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rank_insignia_(1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rank insignia (1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rank_insignia_(1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Awards and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian Armed Forces</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القوات المسلحة السورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القوات المسلحة السورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuercies_Armaes_%C3%81rabes_Siries" title="Fuercies Armaes Árabes Siries – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fuercies Armaes Árabes Siries" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_Silahl%C4%B1_Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Suriya Silahlı Qüvvələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suriya Silahlı Qüvvələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="সিরিয়ার সশস্ত্র বাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিরিয়ার সশস্ত্র বাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-l%C4%AB-a_Kun-t%C5%ABi" title="Su-lī-a Kun-tūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-lī-a Kun-tūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Узброеныя сілы Сірыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Узброеныя сілы Сірыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Въоръжени сили на Сирия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въоръжени сили на Сирия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_Armades_Sirianes" title="Forces Armades Sirianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forces Armades Sirianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrsk%C3%A9_ozbrojen%C3%A9_s%C3%ADly" title="Syrské ozbrojené síly – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syrské ozbrojené síly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriens_v%C3%A6bnede_styrker" title="Syriens væbnede styrker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syriens væbnede styrker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streitkr%C3%A4fte_Syriens" title="Streitkräfte Syriens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streitkräfte Syriens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Συριακές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συριακές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_%C3%81rabes_Sirias" title="Fuerzas Armadas Árabes Sirias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas Armadas Árabes Sirias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نیروهای مسلح سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروهای مسلح سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_arabes_syriennes" title="Forces armées arabes syriennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces armées arabes syriennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EA%B5%B0" title="시리아군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시리아군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սիրիայի զինված ուժեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրիայի զինված ուժեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_Suriah" title="Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_armate_siriane" title="Forze armate siriane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forze armate siriane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="הכוחות המזוינים של סוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכוחות המזוינים של סוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_of_Syria&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military of Syria</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Combined military forces of Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Syrian Arab Armed Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">القوات المسلحة العربية السورية </span>‎</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_Armed_Forces_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Syria_Armed_Forces_Emblem.svg/220px-Syria_Armed_Forces_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Syria_Armed_Forces_Emblem.svg/330px-Syria_Armed_Forces_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Syria_Armed_Forces_Emblem.svg/440px-Syria_Armed_Forces_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="259" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Coat of arms of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وطن، شرف، إخلاص</span></span><br /><i>Watan, Sharaf, Ikhlas</i><br />("Homeland, Honor, Sincerity")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1946<span class="noprint">; 78 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1946</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current form</th><td class="infobox-data">1971<span class="noprint">; 53 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1971</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Navy">Syrian Arab Navy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Air Force">Syrian Arab Air Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Air Defense Force">Syrian Arab Air Defense Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hay%27at_al-Arkan" title="Hay'at al-Arkan">Hay'at al-Arkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Square" title="Umayyad Square">Umayyad Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">Commander-in-chief</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mushir" title="Mushir">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence (Syria)">Minister of Defence</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Syria%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Syria%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Syria%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Syria%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Syria%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Syria%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Ali Mahmoud Abbas">Ali Mahmoud Abbas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_the_General_Staff_%28Syria%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_the_General_Staff_%28Syria%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_the_General_Staff_%28Syria%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_the_General_Staff_%28Syria%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_the_General_Staff_%28Syria%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_the_General_Staff_%28Syria%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">Gen.</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Karim_Mahmoud_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Karim Mahmoud Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Abdul Karim Mahmoud Ibrahim</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">170,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">Reserve personnel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">NDF</a>+LDF)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Expenditure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$1.8 billion (2019)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Percent of GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.5% (2020)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Scientific_Studies_and_Research_Center" title="Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center">Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center</a> (CERS)<sup id="cite_ref-isr1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isr1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gertz96_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gertz96-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Établissement Industriel de la Défense (EID)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Syrian Defense Laboratories (SDL)<sup id="cite_ref-Sdl1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sdl1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Syria" title="Military history of Syria">Military history of Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Syria" title="Military ranks of Syria">Military ranks of Syria</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Syrian Arab Armed Forces</b> (<b>SAAF</b>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القوات المسلحة العربية السورية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah</i></span>) are the <a href="/wiki/Military_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Military forces">military forces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a>. They consist of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Syrian Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">Syrian Air Defense Force</a>, and paramilitary forces, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution of Syria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President of Syria</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a> of the Armed Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Defense (Syria)">Minister of Defense</a> holds the position of Deputy Commander-in-chief of the Army and Armed Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military is a conscripted force; males serve in the military at age 18, but they are exempted from service if they do not have a brother who can take care of their parents. Since the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, the enlisted members of the Syrian military have dropped by over half from a pre-civil war figure of 325,000 to 150,000 soldiers in the army in December 2014 due to casualties, <a href="/wiki/Desertions" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertions">desertions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Draft_dodging" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft dodging">draft dodging</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SCMP2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reaching between 178,000 and 220,000 soldiers in the army,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to 80,000 to 100,000 irregular forces. By 2023, the number of active soldiers in the Syrian military increased to 170,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_Balance_2023-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2023, the number of active paramilitary and reserve forces in the Syrian military may have decreased by as much as 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_Balance_2023-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Mandate_to_Independence">From Mandate to Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From Mandate to Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate">French Mandate</a> volunteer force, which would later become the Syrian army, was established in 1923 with the threat of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Syrian Arab nationalism</a> in mind. Although the unit's officers were originally all French, it was, in effect, the first indigenous modern Syrian army. In 1925 this force was expanded and designated the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Special Troops of the Levant</a> (Troupes Spéciales du Levant). In 1941, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Army of the Levant participated in a futile resistance to the British and <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> invasion that ousted the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> from Syria during the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">Syria–Lebanon Campaign</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> takeover, the army came under the control of the Free French and was designated the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Levantine Forces</a> (Troupes du Levant).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987190_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987190-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French Mandate authorities maintained a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> to police Syria's vast rural areas. This paramilitary force was used to combat criminals and political foes of the Mandate government. As with the Levantine Special Troops, French officers held the top posts, but as <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Syria)" title="Evacuation Day (Syria)">Syrian independence</a> approached, the ranks below major were gradually filled by Syrian officers who had graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Homs_Military_Academy" title="Homs Military Academy">Homs Military Academy</a>, which had been established by the French during the 1930s. In 1938 the Troupes Spéciales numbered around 10,000 men and 306 officers (of whom 88 were French, mainly in the higher ranks). A majority of the Syrian troops were of rural background and minority ethnic origin, mainly <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>. By the end of 1945 the army numbered about 5,000 and the gendarmerie some 3,500. In April 1946 the last French officers were forced to leave Syria due to sustained resistance offensives; the Levantine Forces then became the regular armed forces of the newly independent state and grew rapidly to about 12,000 by the time of the 1948 Arab−Israeli War, the first of four Arab−Israeli wars involving Syria between 1948 and 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Second_World_War">After the Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After the Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Syrian Armed Forces fought in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> (against Israel) and were involved in a number of <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coups</a>. Between 1948 and 1967 a series of coups destroyed the stability of the government and any remaining professionalism within the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1949 the chief of staff, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im" title="Husni al-Za'im">Husni al-Za'im</a>, installed himself as president. Two more military dictators followed by December 1949. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakli</a> then held power until deposed in the <a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 Syrian coup d'etat">1954 Syrian coup d'etat</a>. Further coups followed, each attended by a purge of the officer corps to remove supporters of the losers from the force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack2002457–458_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack2002457–458-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963 the Military Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Regional Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> spent most of its time planning to take power through a conventional military coup. From the very beginning the Military Committee knew it had to capture <a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">al-Kiswah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatana" title="Qatana">Qatana</a>—two military camps—seize control of the 70th Armored Brigade at al-Kiswah, the Military Academy in the city of Homs and the Damascus radio station. While the conspirators of the Military Committee were all young, their aim was not out of reach; the sitting regime had been slowly disintegrating and the traditional elite had lost effective political power over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199072_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199072-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small group of military officers, including <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>, seized control in the <a href="/wiki/8th_of_March_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="8th of March Revolution">March 1963 Syrian coup d'etat</a>. Following the coup, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a> discharged many ranking Sunni officers, thereby, <a href="/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Stratfor</a> says, "providing openings for hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> to fill top-tier military positions during the 1963–1965 period on the grounds of being opposed to Arab unity. This measure tipped the balance in favor of Alawite officers who staged a coup in 1966 and for the first time placed Damascus in the hands of the Alawites."<sup id="cite_ref-Bhalla_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhalla-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armed Forces were involved in the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> (against Israel). Since 1967 most of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> territory of southwestern Syria has been under Israeli occupation. They then fought in the late 1960s <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (against Israel) and the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan#Syrian_intervention_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Black September in Jordan">Black September</a> invasion of Jordan. </p><p>When Hafez al-Assad came to power in 1971, the army began to modernize and change. In the first 10 years of Assad's rule, the army increased by 162%, and by 264% by 2000. At one point, 70% of the country's GDP went only to the army. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> of 1973 the Syrian Army launched an attack to seize the Golan Heights that was only narrowly repulsed by two vastly outnumbered Israeli brigades. Since 1973 the <a href="/wiki/Cease-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-fire">cease-fire</a> line has been respected by both sides, with very few incidents until the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syria was invited into Lebanon by that country's president in 1976, to intervene on the side of the Lebanese government against <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> guerilla and Lebanese Christian forces. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Deterrent_Force" title="Arab Deterrent Force">Arab Deterrent Force</a> originally consisted of a Syrian core, up to 25,000 troops, with participation by some other <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> states totaling only around 5,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1978, after the Arab League had extended the mandate of the Arab Deterrent Force, the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanese</a>, the Saudis and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> announced intentions to withdraw troops from Lebanon, extending their stay into the early months of 1979 at the Lebanese governments request.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Libyan troops were essentially abandoned and had to find their own way home (if at all), and the ADF thereby became a purely Syrian force (which did include the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Army">Palestinian Liberation Army</a> (PLA)).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year after <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> invaded and occupied <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>, the Lebanese government failed to extend the ADF's mandate, thereby effectively ending its existence, although not the Syrian or Israeli military presence in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the Syrian presence became known as the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_of_Lebanon">Occupation of Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Occupation of Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></div> <p>Syrian forces, still technically known as the Arab Deterrent Force, lingered in Lebanon throughout the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese civil war">Lebanese civil war</a> (1975–90). Eventually the Syrians brought most of the nation under their control as part of a power struggle with Israel, which had occupied areas of southern Lebanon in 1978. In 1985, Israel began to withdraw from Lebanon, as a result of domestic opposition in Israel and international pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of this withdrawal, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Camps" title="War of the Camps">War of the Camps</a> broke out, with Syria fighting their former Palestinian allies. Following the end of the Lebanese civil war in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a> continued until they themselves were also forced out by widespread public protest and international pressure. About 20,000 Syrian soldiers were deployed in Lebanon until 27 April 2005, when the last of Syria's troops left the country.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian forces have been accused of involvement in the murder of <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_al-Hariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafiq al-Hariri">Rafiq al-Hariri</a>, as well as continued meddling in Lebanese affairs, and an international investigation into the Hariri killing and several subsequent bomb attacks has been launched by the UN. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_engagements">Other engagements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other engagements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Engagements since 1979 have included the Muslim Brotherhood insurgency (1979–82), notably including the <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">Hama massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a> (against Israel) and the dispatch of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="9th Armoured Division (Syria)">9th Armored Division</a> to Saudi Arabia in 1990–91, ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> against Iraq. The 9th Armored Division served as the Arab Joint Forces Command North reserve and saw little action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarzkopf1993467–469_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarzkopf1993467–469-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria's force numbered ~20,000 in strength (the sixth-largest contingent) and its involvement was justified domestically as an effort to defend Saudi Arabia. Syria's initial involvement in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Shield">Operation Desert Shield</a> also rolled into the Allied <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>, as Syrian forces did participate in helping dislodge and drive Iraqi forces out of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>. Total losses sustained were two dead and one wounded. There were indications the Syrian government had been prepared to double its force to 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernisation">Modernisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modernisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria_relations#Arms_contracts" title="Russia–Syria relations">Russia–Syria relations § Arms contracts</a></div> <p>In recent years Syria has relied on Russian arms purchases to obtain modern weapons. Purchases have included anti-tank and air defense systems. In early September 2008 the Syrian government ordered <a href="/wiki/MiG-29SMT" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29SMT">MiG-29SMT</a> fighters,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pantsir-S1" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantsir-S1">Pantsir S1E air-defence systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/9K720_Iskander" title="9K720 Iskander">Iskander tactical missile systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-130" title="Yakovlev Yak-130">Yak-130</a> aircraft, and two <a href="/wiki/Amur_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur class">Amur-1650</a> submarines from Russia. Russia's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lavrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lavrov">Sergei Lavrov</a> asserted that the sale wouldn't upset the balance of power in the Middle East and were "in line with . . . international law." </p><p>Russia aims to turn the <a href="/wiki/Russian_naval_base_in_Tartus" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian naval base in Tartus">Russian naval base in Tartus</a> into a permanent base. Israel and the US oppose further arms sales to Syria due to fears that the weapons could fall under the control of Iran or <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> fighters in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syrian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg/220px-Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg/330px-Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg/440px-Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>A Syrian soldier manning a checkpoint near Damascus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the violence against the people by the Syrian Army and the detention of a great number of people, some soldiers from different religions and sects (Sunni, Shia, Druze and Christian) defected in protest at orders to kill protesters in April 2011<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. By 2014, the number of defecting officers had reached approximately 170,000, from different ranks. They formed the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> on 29 July 2011 (interview with Riad Al-Asaad - the founder and leader of the Free Syrian Army), and at the beginning of the conflict they depended on light weapons. The arming of the Free Syrian Army began in mid-2012. </p><p>In March 2012 the Syrian government issued new travel restrictions for military-aged males. Under the new restrictions, reported by <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Syria">local Syrian news outlets</a>, all males between 18–42 were banned from traveling outside the country.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a late June 2012 interview given by the FSA's <i><a href="/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat" title="Asharq Al-Awsat">Asharq Al-Awsat</a></i> he claimed <a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a> said that about 20–30 Syrian officers defected to Turkey each day.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 July 2012 the Syrian Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawoud Rajha">Dawoud Rajha</a>, former defense minister <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani" title="Hasan Turkmani">Hasan Turkmani</a> and the president's brother-in-law Gen. <a href="/wiki/Assef_Shawkat" title="Assef Shawkat">Assef Shawkat</a> were killed in a <a href="/wiki/July_2012_Damascus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2012 Damascus bombing">bomb attack</a> in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph9408321_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph9408321-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Hisham_Bekhityar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham Bekhityar">Hisham Bekhityar</a> and Head of the 4th Army Division Maher Al Assad—brother of President Assad—were also injured in the explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict in Syria">conflict in Syria</a>, human rights groups say that the majority of abuses have been committed by the Syrian government's forces, and UN investigations have concluded that the government's abuses are the greatest in both gravity and scale.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The branches of the Syrian Armed Forces that have committed war crimes include at least the Syrian Arab Army,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian Arab Air Force<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Syrian Military Intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_arch_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_arch-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Syrian authorities deny these accusations<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and claim that irregular armed groups with foreign support<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are behind the atrocities, including Al Qaeda linked Insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The numbers in the Syrian armed forces have reduced considerably during the Civil War, although estimates vary. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> </p> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Syrian Armed Forces size during the Civil War<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Year </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Army personnel</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Air Force personnel</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Total: Army + Air Force </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2011 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:20em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">220,000</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:20em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">100,000</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:19.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">320,000</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">110,000</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:12.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">63,000</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">173,000</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Russian sources give higher estimates. In 2011, 300,000 reserves were reported in addition to regular forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Gazeta.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazeta.ru">Gazeta.ru</a> reported that the regular army had reduced from 325,000 to 150,000 due to "mortality, desertions and deviations", but that this was supplemented by 60,000 Republican Guards and 50,000 Kurdish militias.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Life_(news_agency,_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life (news agency, Russia)">LifeNews</a> still reported the same figures.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite shrinking by nearly half from the 2011 beginning of the civil war by 2014, the Armed Forces have become much more flexible and capable, especially in anti-guerilla warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Adapts_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adapts-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <i>modus operandi</i> switched from traditional Soviet-modeled conventional military forces into a force of smaller groups fighting in close-quarters guerrilla combat with an increasing role for junior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Adapts_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adapts-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a> Charts estimated that the Syrian military had lost 111 warplanes since the beginning of the civil war, including reconnaissance and attack drones. The Syrians lost most of their warplanes during the first four years of the war, with losses significantly decreasing after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Russian intervention</a> into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Statista_Infographics_2018_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statista_Infographics_2018-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_and_military_service">Demographics and military service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics and military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0718-Syria-Defectors-reemerge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/0718-Syria-Defectors-reemerge.jpg/300px-0718-Syria-Defectors-reemerge.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/0718-Syria-Defectors-reemerge.jpg/450px-0718-Syria-Defectors-reemerge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/0718-Syria-Defectors-reemerge.jpg/600px-0718-Syria-Defectors-reemerge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> (centre) alongside Syrian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Defense (Syria)">Defence Minister</a> General <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Tlass" title="Mustafa Tlass">Mustafa Tlass</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Military Chief of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani" title="Hasan Turkmani">Hasan Turkmani</a> (left), both Ba'athist leaders. Military-Ba'ath party nexus constructed by <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> constitute the backbone of <a href="/wiki/Assad_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad government">Assad government</a>'s support base.</figcaption></figure> <p>With its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, the Syrian military consists of air, ground and naval forces. Active personnel were estimated as 295,000 in 2011, with an additional 314,000 reserves. Paramilitary forces were estimated at 108,000 in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2011330_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2011330-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters2011_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the declining size of the armed forces over time include<sup id="cite_ref-SCMP2014_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 141,400 as of June 2019. <span style="font-size:85%;">(50% shrinkage according to sources)</span><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-casualties_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2023, the number of active soldiers in the Syrian military increased to 170,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_Balance_2023-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2023, the number of active paramilitary and reserve forces in the Syrian military decreased up to 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_Balance_2023-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the majority of the Syrian military were <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, but most of the military leadership were <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhalla_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhalla-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters2011_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alawites made up 12% of the pre-war Syrian population, but 70% of the career soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhalla_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhalla-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-State_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar imbalance is seen in the officer corps, where some 80% of the officers are Alawites. The military's most elite divisions, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Syria)" title="Republican Guard (Syria)">Republican Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/4th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="4th Armoured Division (Syria)">4th Armored Division</a>, which are commanded by <a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad's brother Maher</a>, are exclusively Alawite. Most of Syria's 300,000 conscripts in 2011 were Sunni.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhalla_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhalla-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters2011_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the start of the Syrian Civil War, the obligatory military service period was being decreased over time. In 2005, it was reduced from two and a half years to two years, in 2008 to 21 months and in 2011 to a year and a half.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Syrian Civil War the Syrian government has implemented a retention system for those in compulsory service (conscript retention into service after the specified period has passed) and enacted new regulations, with citizens who have completed mandatory conscription being called up for reserve duty.<sup id="cite_ref-SCMP2014_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2020, with the Syrian government regaining control over a large portion of Syrian territory, the General Staff of the Army and Armed Forces issued several demobilization decisions from service (retention and reserve) in batches.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soldiers of the Syrian Armed Forces are divided into two main categories:<sup id="cite_ref-2021Report_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Report-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Volunteers</b> are those who join its ranks voluntarily after they reach eighteen years of age, of all ranks, specializations, and both sexes. They are promoted according to the internal regulations and receive a salary and compensation in return.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>The assigned</b>, where males are called (exclusively) to serve in the army when they reach the age of eighteen and until they reach the age of forty-two, but they are exempted from service as long as they are single to their mothers, or do not have another brother capable of taking care of their parents or have an obstacle, a health condition prevents them from performing the service.</li></ul> <p>There are also civilian employees and reserves in the ranks of the armed forces who are called to serve in times of war and emergencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_Departments">Administrative Departments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administrative Departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">General Staff of the Army and Armed Forces</a><sup id="cite_ref-2021Report_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Report-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Military Intelligence Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">Air Force Intelligence Directorate</a></li> <li>Army and Armed Forces Operations Authority<sup id="cite_ref-GrWat11_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrWat11-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Artillery and Missile Forces<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Electronic Warfare Forces<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Special Operations Forces Command<sup id="cite_ref-GrWat11_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrWat11-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Military Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-2021Report_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Report-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Political Guidance Department<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Military Judicial Directorate<sup id="cite_ref-2021Report_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Report-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Military Engineering Directorate<sup id="cite_ref-2021Report_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Report-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>General Recruitment Directorate<sup id="cite_ref-2021Report_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Report-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Manpower Directorate<sup id="cite_ref-2021Report_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Report-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Army">Syrian Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syrian Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG/220px-Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG/330px-Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG/440px-Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>A Syrian soldier aims a <a href="/wiki/Type_56" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 56">Type 56</a> assault rifle from his position in a foxhole during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield_(Gulf_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Shield (Gulf War)">Operation Desert Shield</a>. The soldier is wearing a Soviet-made Model ShMS nuclear-biological-chemical warfare mask.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987 Joshua Sinai of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> (SAA) was the dominant military service, and as such controlled the senior-most posts in the armed forces and had the most manpower, approximately 80% of the combined services. In 1987 Joshua Sinai wrote that the major development in structural organization was the establishment of an additional divisional framework based on the <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> and the organization of ground formations into three corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> estimated army regulars or professionals at 220,000, with an additional 280,000 reserves. That figure was unchanged in the 2011 edition of the <i>Military Balance</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2011330_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2011330-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the 2013 edition, in the midst of the war, the IISS estimated that army strength was 110,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2018, analysts estimated the SAA to have just 100,000 combat-ready troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2015 and 2018, the Syrian military under the supervision of Ministry of Defense underwent major structural changes, with the cooperation of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isr1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isr1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reform reflected a broader trend of consolidation within the Army. Part of this included the recruitment and mass integration of reconciled rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2018, the Syrian military renewed its fortification and the annual training to prepare for war against <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, while at the same time trying to increase its strategic independence.<sup id="cite_ref-isr1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isr1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government">Syrian government</a> invested major sums in rebuilding the Syrian military through force buildup and reorganization measures, including with new personnel appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-isr1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isr1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2019, the Army's formations included three army corps (the <a href="/wiki/1st_Corps_(Syria)" title="1st Corps (Syria)">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Corps_(Syria)" title="2nd Corps (Syria)">2nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Corps_(Syria)" title="3rd Corps (Syria)">3rd</a>), one assault corps (<a href="/wiki/5th_Assault_Corps_(Syria)" title="5th Assault Corps (Syria)">5th</a>), eight armored divisions, five mechanized divisions, two semi-autonomous reserve divisions, three armored/airborne special forces divisions and seven <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Forces_(Syria)" title="Border Guard Forces (Syria)">border guard</a> regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-mei3_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mei3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolution of the command structure, training and military system continued.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reports since the beginning of the war clarified the organisation of the army. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/14th_Special_Forces_Division" title="14th Special Forces Division">14th Special Forces Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/15th_Special_Forces_Division" title="15th Special Forces Division">15th Special Forces Division</a> was identified by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Special Forces units formed during the war included <a href="/wiki/25th_Special_Mission_Forces_Division" title="25th Special Mission Forces Division">25th Special Mission Forces Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, new regular army units such as <a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(Syria)" title="2nd Armored Division (Syria)">2nd Armored Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/6th_Armored_Division_(Syria)" title="6th Armored Division (Syria)">6th Armored Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/8th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="8th Armoured Division (Syria)">8th Armored Division</a>, were created by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-mei3_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mei3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Units reporting to the Chief of Staff are <a href="/wiki/4th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="4th Armoured Division (Syria)">4th Armored Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Syria)" title="Republican Guard (Syria)">Republican Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_Special_Mission_Forces_Division" title="25th Special Mission Forces Division">25th Special Mission Forces Division</a>. The 4th Armored Division became one of the Syrian government's most trusted security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Growing_Role_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Growing_Role-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2023, the number of active soldiers in the Syrian Arab Army increased to 130,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2024, Major General <a href="/wiki/Suhayl_al-Hasan" title="Suhayl al-Hasan">Suhayl al-Hasan</a> was named as commander of the Special Operations Forces (SOF) of the Syrian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2024, the first phase of training began to build and form new SOF units in the SAA.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main aim is to create <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">specialized military units</a> comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Forces_(Russia)" title="Special Operations Forces (Russia)">Special Operations Forces</a> (SSO) in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Air_Force">Syrian Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syrian Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Air Force">Syrian Arab Air Force</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Air Force">Syrian Arab Air Force</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">aviation</a> branch of the Syrian Armed Forces. It was established in 1948 and saw combat in 1948, 1967, 1973 and in 1982 against Israel. It has seen combat against militant groups on Syrian soil from 2011 to 2012, during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>. Presently there are at least 15 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_Air_Force_bases" title="List of Syrian Air Force bases">Syrian air force bases</a> throughout the country. In 2011, Russian sources reported 40,000 personnel in the Air Force,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while Reuters reported 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters2011_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 the Air Force was reportedly estimated at 15,000 strong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2022369_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022369-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Navy">Syrian Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Syrian Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Syrian Navy</a></div> <p>In 1950 the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Syrian Navy</a> was established following the procurement of a few naval craft from France. The initial personnel consisted of soldiers who had been sent to French academies of naval training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987237_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987237-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985 the Navy consisted of approximately 4,000 regular and 2,500 reserve officers and men. The navy is under the army's Latakia regional command. The fleet was based in the ports of Latakia, Baniyas, Minat al Bayda and Tartus. Among the 41 vessel fleet were two frigates, 22 missile attack craft (including ten advanced <a href="/wiki/OSA-II" class="mw-redirect" title="OSA-II">Osa II</a> missile boats), three old submarines, two submarine chasers, four mine warfare vessels, eight gunboats, six patrol craft, four missile corvettes (on order), three landing craft (on order), one torpedo recovery vessel and, as part of its coastal defense system, Sepal shore-based, anti-ship missiles with a range of 300 km. In 2011, the Navy was estimated have 5,000 personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters2011_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 it was estimated at 4,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2022370_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022370-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Air_Defence_Force">Syrian Air Defence Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Syrian Air Defence Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">Syrian Air Defense Force</a></div> <p>In 1986, according to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>, the Air Defence Command, within the Army Command but also composed of Air Force personnel, numbered approximately 60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987 units included 20 air defense brigades (with approximately 95 SAM batteries) and two air defense regiments. The Air Defence Command had command access to interceptor aircraft and radar facilities. Air defenses included SA-5 long-range SAM batteries around Damascus and Aleppo, with additional SA-6 and SA-8 mobile SAM units deployed along Syria's side of the Lebanese border and in eastern Lebanon. </p><p>At some later point in time, the Air Defence Command was upgraded into a separate Syrian Air Defense Force.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, it was reported as 21,000 strong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2022371_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022371-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paramilitary_forces">Paramilitary forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Paramilitary forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#Syrian_government_and_allies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War">List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War § Syrian government and allies</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Companies_(Syria)" title="Defense Companies (Syria)">Defense Companies</a> – since merged into the Syrian Arab Army as the 4th Armoured division and the Republican Guard as well as the 14th Airborne Division comprising five Special Forces regiments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_Companies_(Syria)" title="Struggle Companies (Syria)">Struggle Companies</a> – dissolved.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a> – a Palestinian Auxiliary, ostensibly returned to Palestine Authority control.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Syria)" title="Republican Guard (Syria)">Republican Guard</a> – since merged into the army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a> – a part-time volunteer reserve component of the military.</li> <li>Local Defence Forces<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baqir_Brigade" title="Baqir Brigade">Baqir Brigade</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions_of_Hussein" title="Lions of Hussein">Lions of Hussein</a></li> <li>313th Regiment<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qamr-bani_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qamr-bani-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tribes of <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> Regiment</li> <li>Shuhada Nubl wa al-Zahraa Regiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Safira" title="As-Safira">As-Safira</a> Regiment</li> <li>Special Assigments Battalion<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayrab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayrab">Nayrab</a> Special Forces Battalion</li> <li>Qamr Bani Hashim Battalion<sup id="cite_ref-qamr-bani_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qamr-bani-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women_in_the_Armed_Forces">Role of women in the Armed Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Role of women in the Armed Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_women_guards_wage_sniper_war_at_Jobar,_near_Damascus,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Syrian_women_guards_wage_sniper_war_at_Jobar%2C_near_Damascus%2C_2015.jpg/250px-Syrian_women_guards_wage_sniper_war_at_Jobar%2C_near_Damascus%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Syrian_women_guards_wage_sniper_war_at_Jobar%2C_near_Damascus%2C_2015.jpg/375px-Syrian_women_guards_wage_sniper_war_at_Jobar%2C_near_Damascus%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Syrian_women_guards_wage_sniper_war_at_Jobar%2C_near_Damascus%2C_2015.jpg/500px-Syrian_women_guards_wage_sniper_war_at_Jobar%2C_near_Damascus%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Female Syrian soldiers with an <a href="/wiki/MTs-116M" title="MTs-116M">MTs-116M</a> rifle in <a href="/wiki/Jobar" title="Jobar">Jobar</a>, December 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> progressed and casualties mounted, more and more positions were opened to women. The National Defense Force allows female volunteers into its ranks, mainly in securing checkpoints. In 2013, the Republican Guard also formed a female section, an all-female tank battalion of 800 strong, nicknamed "Lionesses of Defense", fighting within the limits of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons,_uniforms_and_awards"><span id="Weapons.2C_uniforms_and_awards"></span>Weapons, uniforms and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Weapons, uniforms and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the Syrian Army">Equipment of the Syrian Army</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons">Weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_guard.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Syrian_guard.JPEG/170px-Syrian_guard.JPEG" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Syrian_guard.JPEG/255px-Syrian_guard.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Syrian_guard.JPEG/340px-Syrian_guard.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2840" /></a><figcaption>A Syrian <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military policeman</a> standing guard as his unit prepares for the arrival of a visiting dignitary during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> — long the principal source of training, material, and credit for the Syrian forces – may have slowed Syria's ability to acquire modern military equipment. It has an arsenal of surface-to-surface missiles. In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Scud_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud C">Scud-C</a> missiles with a 500-kilometer range were procured from <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scud_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud D">Scud-D</a>, with a range of up to 700 kilometers, is allegedly being developed by Syria with the help of North Korea and Iran, according to Eyal Zisser.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syria received significant financial aid from Persian Gulf Arab states as a result of its participation in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>, with a sizable portion of these funds earmarked for <a href="/wiki/Military_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="Military spending">military spending</a>. In 2005, Russia forgave Syria of three-fourths, or about $9.8 billion, of its $13.4 billion <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet-era</a> debt. Russia wrote off the debt to renew arms sales with Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalSecurity-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Russia–Syria relations">arms contracts with Russia</a>, Syria's main arms supplier, were worth at least $4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amos_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amos-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAST_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAST-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria has conducted research and produced <a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniforms_(1987)"><span id="Uniforms_.281987.29"></span>Uniforms (1987)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uniforms (1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/200px-A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/300px-A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/400px-A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>Syrian honor guard stands at attention during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Shield">Operation Desert Shield</a>. The soldier is armed with an <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> assault rifle.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987, according to a <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Study" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Country Study">Library of Congress Country Study</a> on Syria, service uniforms for Syrian military officers generally followed the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> style, although army combat clothing followed the older British model. Each uniform had two coats: a long one for dress and a short jacket for informal wear. Army officer uniforms were khaki in summer, olive in winter. Certain Army and Air Defense personnel (i.e., commandos and paratroops) may have worn camouflage uniforms. Air force officers had two uniforms for each season: a khaki and a light gray for summer and a dark blue and a light gray in winter. Naval officers wore white in summer and navy blue in winter while lower ranks wear the traditional bell bottoms and white blouse. The uniform for naval chief petty officers was a buttoned jacket, similar to that worn by American chief petty officers. Officers had a variety of headgear, including a service cap, garrison cap, and beret (linen in summer and wool in winter). The color of the beret varied by season and according to the officer's unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987264-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syrian Commando and Paratroop uniforms consist of <a href="/wiki/Lizard_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Lizard pattern">lizard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Woodland_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodland pattern">woodland-patterned</a> camouflage fatigues along with combat boots, helmets and bulletproof vests. Headgear consisted of a red or orange beret. The Syrian military provides <a href="/wiki/NBC_suit" title="NBC suit">NBC uniforms</a> to soldiers to remain effective in an environment affected by biological or chemical agents. This uniform consisted of a Russian-made Model ShMS-41 mask similar to those made in the Desert Storm conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman1993_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman1993-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous models of the ShMS used a hose, while the improved "ShmS-41" used a canister-style <a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to assess how well equipped the Syrian Arab Army is. Although hundreds of hours of videos showing dead and captured Syrian soldiers filmed by rebels have been uploaded to social media, none show this equipment having been carried by or issued to frontline soldiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rank_insignia_(1987)"><span id="Rank_insignia_.281987.29"></span>Rank insignia (1987)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rank insignia (1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Syria" title="Military ranks of Syria">Military ranks of Syria</a></div> <p>In 1987, according to a Library of Congress Country Study on Syria, the rank insignia of Syrian commissioned officers were identical for both the army and air force. These were gold on a bright green shoulder board for the army and gold on a bright blue board for the air force. Officer ranks were standard, although the highest is the equivalent of lieutenant general, a rank held in 1986 only by the commander in chief and the minister of defence. Navy officer rank insignia were gold stripes worn on the lower sleeve. The highest-ranking officer in Syria's navy is the equivalent of lieutenant general. Army and air force rank for warrant officers were indicated by gold stars on an olive green shield worn on the upper left arm. Lower noncommissioned ranks were indicated by upright and inverted chevrons worn on the upper left arm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987264-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some twenty-five orders and medals were authorized, generally only senior officers and warrant officers wear medal ribbons. The following were some important Syrian awards: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Umayyad">Order of Umayyad</a>, Medal of Military Honor, the War Medal, Medal for Courage, Yarmuk Medal, Wounded in Action Medal, and Medal of <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">8 March 1963</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987264-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War">List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#Syrian_armed_and_security_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war#Syrian armed and security forces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.sy"><i>Syria: A Country Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.sy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/syria-update-fall-al-qusayr">"SYRIA UPDATE: THE FALL OF AL-QUSAYR"</a>. Institute for the Study of War. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610052521/http://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/syria-update-fall-al-qusayr">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SYRIA+UPDATE%3A+THE+FALL+OF+AL-QUSAYR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funderstandingwar.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fsyria-update-fall-al-qusayr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewhatandthewhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/assad.jpg">"Bashal al-Assad in uniform with rank of Marshal"</a>. <i>thewhatandthewhy.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009214701/http://www.thewhatandthewhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/assad.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thewhatandthewhy.com&rft.atitle=Bashal+al-Assad+in+uniform+with+rank+of+Marshal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewhatandthewhy.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F09%2Fassad.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIISS2023">IISS 2023</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isr1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isr1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isr1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isr1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isr1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden_Kaduri,_Yehoshua_Kalisky,_Tal_Avraham2023" class="citation web cs1">Eden Kaduri, Yehoshua Kalisky, Tal Avraham (6 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inss.org.il/publication/syrian-army-2023/">"Rebuilding the Syrian Military: The Threat to Israel"</a>. INSS Tel Aviv University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rebuilding+the+Syrian+Military%3A+The+Threat+to+Israel&rft.pub=INSS+Tel+Aviv+University&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft.au=Eden+Kaduri%2C+Yehoshua+Kalisky%2C+Tal+Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inss.org.il%2Fpublication%2Fsyrian-army-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gertz96-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gertz96_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGertz1996" class="citation news cs1">Gertz, Bill (23 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-56834721">"CIA Suspects Chinese Firm of Syria Missile Aid"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=CIA+Suspects+Chinese+Firm+of+Syria+Missile+Aid&rft.date=1996-07-23&rft.aulast=Gertz&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-56834721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conflictarm.com/guide/identifying-materiel-manufactured-in-the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-dprk/">"IDENTIFYING MATERIEL MANUFACTURED IN THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (DPRK)"</a>. <i>Conflict Armament Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Armament+Research&rft.atitle=IDENTIFYING+MATERIEL+MANUFACTURED+IN+THE+DEMOCRATIC+PEOPLE%27S+REPUBLIC+OF+KOREA+%28DPRK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conflictarm.com%2Fguide%2Fidentifying-materiel-manufactured-in-the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-dprk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.specialeurasia.com/2023/08/08/iran-syria-defence-industry/">"Exploring Iran's Role in Syrian Defence Industry and its Geopolitical Ramifications"</a>. <i>Special Eurasia</i>. 8 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Eurasia&rft.atitle=Exploring+Iran%27s+Role+in+Syrian+Defence+Industry+and+its+Geopolitical+Ramifications&rft.date=2023-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.specialeurasia.com%2F2023%2F08%2F08%2Firan-syria-defence-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sdl1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sdl1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/DimasqS/status/1808082726945206772?t=atCX90Yhok8vY1VLsJtvYg&s=19">A Syrian-produced North Korean Type 68 rifle on sale in Yemen. We can notice the Syrian Defense Laboratories logo stamped on it, which we have seen in the past across Syria. (h/t @FighterXwar_ar).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trade-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php">"Trade Registers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229003804/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+Registers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.sipri.org%2Farmstrade%2Fpage%2Ftrade_register.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2015/12/21/war-gains-bulgarian-arms-add-fuel-to-middle-east-conflicts-12-16-2015/">"War Gains: Bulgarian Arms Add Fuel to Middle East Conflicts"</a>. 21 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+Gains%3A+Bulgarian+Arms+Add+Fuel+to+Middle+East+Conflicts&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2015%2F12%2F21%2Fwar-gains-bulgarian-arms-add-fuel-to-middle-east-conflicts-12-16-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamtimes.org/en/news/835949/chinese-air-defense-system-spotted-in-syria-russian-media">"Chinese Air Defense System Spotted in Syria: Russian Media"</a>. <i>Islam Times</i>. 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+Air+Defense+System+Spotted+in+Syria%3A+Russian+Media&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamtimes.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F835949%2Fchinese-air-defense-system-spotted-in-syria-russian-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armamentresearch.com/analysing-the-online-arms-trade-in-opposition-controlled-syria-july-2021-update/">"Analysing the Online Arms Trade in Opposition-controlled Syria: July 2021 update"</a>. 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysing+the+Online+Arms+Trade+in+Opposition-controlled+Syria%3A+July+2021+update&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmamentresearch.com%2Fanalysing-the-online-arms-trade-in-opposition-controlled-syria-july-2021-update%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305071852/https://www.refworld.org/docid/5100f02a2.html">"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012"</a>. <i>refworld</i>. 26 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/5100f02a2.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=refworld&rft.atitle=Syrian+Arab+Republic%3A+Constitution%2C+2012&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F5100f02a2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pministry.gov.sy/default.aspx?id=16919">"عنوان السيرة الذاتية للعماد علي عبد الله أيوب نائب رئيس مجلس الوزراء- وزير الدفاع"</a> (in Arabic). pministry.gov.sy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8+%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-+%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9&rft.pub=pministry.gov.sy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpministry.gov.sy%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fid%3D16919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCMP2014-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP2014_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP2014_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP2014_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1670515/syria-increasing-efforts-build-military-after-substantial-loses">"Syria increasing efforts to build up military after substantial losses"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 29 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230104413/http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1670515/syria-increasing-efforts-build-military-after-substantial-loses">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Syria+increasing+efforts+to+build+up+military+after+substantial+losses&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F1670515%2Fsyria-increasing-efforts-build-military-after-substantial-loses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Lebanon)" title="The Daily Star (Lebanon)">Daily Star</a> 23 September 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Military_Balance_2023-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hackett,_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2023" class="citation book cs1">James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies, ed. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1372013483"><i>The Military Balance 2023</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-40022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-40022-6"><bdi>978-1-003-40022-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1372013483">1372013483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2023&rft.place=London&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1372013483&rft.isbn=978-1-003-40022-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1372013483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521150013/https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=Syria">"Syria Military Strength"</a>. www.globalfirepower.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=syria">the original</a> on 21 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+Military+Strength&rft.pub=www.globalfirepower.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalfirepower.com%2Fcountry-military-strength-detail.asp%3Fcountry_id%3Dsyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987190-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987190_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinai1987">Sinai 1987</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinai1987">Sinai 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack2002-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack2002_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollack2002">Pollack 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack2002457–458-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack2002457–458_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollack2002">Pollack 2002</a>, p. 457–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199072-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199072_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeale1990">Seale 1990</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhalla-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhalla_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhalla_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhalla_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhalla_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhalla2011" class="citation web cs1">Bhalla, Reva (5 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20110504-making-sense-syrian-crisis?elq=2ef73758a9434404bd465acd3490d5fe#ixzz1LTPFUuuw">"Making Sense of the Syrian Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Stratfor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009214700/https://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20110504-making-sense-syrian-crisis?elq=2ef73758a9434404bd465acd3490d5fe#ixzz1LTPFUuuw">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+the+Syrian+Crisis&rft.pub=Stratfor&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft.aulast=Bhalla&rft.aufirst=Reva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratfor.com%2Fweekly%2F20110504-making-sense-syrian-crisis%3Felq%3D2ef73758a9434404bd465acd3490d5fe%23ixzz1LTPFUuuw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/03/israel-deploys-artillery-after-golan-blast-2014318173434341989.html">"Israel bombs Syria's Golan after blast"</a>. Al Jazeera English<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+bombs+Syria%27s+Golan+after+blast&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F03%2Fisrael-deploys-artillery-after-golan-blast-2014318173434341989.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Deitch2017" class="citation news cs1">Ian Deitch (17 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrian-missiles-fired-israeli-jets-struck-syria-050954013.html">"Syria fires missiles at Israeli jets after airstrikes"</a>. Yahoo! News. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+fires+missiles+at+Israeli+jets+after+airstrikes&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.au=Ian+Deitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fsyrian-missiles-fired-israeli-jets-struck-syria-050954013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisburd1997" class="citation book cs1">Weisburd, Arthur (1997). <i>Use of force: the practice of states since World War II</i>. Penn State Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271016801" title="Special:BookSources/9780271016801"><bdi>9780271016801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Use+of+force%3A+the+practice+of+states+since+World+War+II&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780271016801&rft.aulast=Weisburd&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376"><i>The Current legal regulation of the use of force</i></a>. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 195–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6"><bdi>90-247-3247-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376">12663376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Current+legal+regulation+of+the+use+of+force&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=195-197&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12663376&rft.isbn=90-247-3247-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12663376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Eric V. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4329721">"Will Syria Have to Withdraw from Lebanon?"</a>. <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 72–93, 76. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4329721">4329721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Will+Syria+Have+to+Withdraw+from+Lebanon%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-93%2C+76&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4329721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Eric+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4329721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376"><i>The Current legal regulation of the use of force</i></a>. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 196–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6"><bdi>90-247-3247-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376">12663376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Current+legal+regulation+of+the+use+of+force&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=196-197&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12663376&rft.isbn=90-247-3247-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12663376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376"><i>The Current legal regulation of the use of force</i></a>. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 192–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6"><bdi>90-247-3247-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376">12663376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Current+legal+regulation+of+the+use+of+force&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=192-197&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12663376&rft.isbn=90-247-3247-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12663376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376"><i>The Current legal regulation of the use of force</i></a>. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 198–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6"><bdi>90-247-3247-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376">12663376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Current+legal+regulation+of+the+use+of+force&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=198-201&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12663376&rft.isbn=90-247-3247-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12663376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1985" class="citation news cs1">Friedman, Thomas (26 May 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/26/weekinreview/legacy-of-war-israel-makes-a-bitter-deal-new-battle-jolts-lebanon.html">"LEGACY OF WAR; ISRAEL MAKES A BITTER DEAL, NEW BATTLE JOLTS LEBANON"</a>. <i>NY Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Times&rft.atitle=LEGACY+OF+WAR%3B+ISRAEL+MAKES+A+BITTER+DEAL%2C+NEW+BATTLE+JOLTS+LEBANON&rft.date=1985-05-26&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F05%2F26%2Fweekinreview%2Flegacy-of-war-israel-makes-a-bitter-deal-new-battle-jolts-lebanon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/05/syria.lebanon">"Assad announces Lebanon troop withdrawal"</a>. www.theguardian.com. 5 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Torture+Archipelago%3A+Arbitrary+Arrests%2C+Torture+and+Enforced+Disappearances+in+Syria%27s+Underground+Prisons+since+March+2011&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fsyria0712webwcover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/07/world/meast/syria-unrest/">"Al-Assad denies responsibility for Syria crackdown"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Obama+authorizes+secret+U.S.+support+for+Syrian+rebels&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-syria-obama-order-idUSBRE8701OK20120801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/22/saudi-arabia-syria-rebel-army">"Saudi Arabia plans to fund Syria rebel army"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 22 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161218142454/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/22/saudi-arabia-syria-rebel-army">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+plans+to+fund+Syria+rebel+army&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fjun%2F22%2Fsaudi-arabia-syria-rebel-army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/19/al-qaida-linked-group-accused-torture-syria-amnesty">"Al-Qaida-linked group accused of torture in areas of Syria it controls"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 18 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722203723/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/19/al-qaida-linked-group-accused-torture-syria-amnesty">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Al-Qaida-linked+group+accused+of+torture+in+areas+of+Syria+it+controls&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fdec%2F19%2Fal-qaida-linked-group-accused-torture-syria-amnesty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvia" class="citation news cs1">Sylvia, Westall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-19/271153-assads-army-stretched-but-still-seen-strong.ashx#axzz3E5YPzKAf">"Assad's army stretched but still seen strong"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140922220210/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-19/271153-assads-army-stretched-but-still-seen-strong.ashx#axzz3E5YPzKAf">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.Ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazeta.ru%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F09%2F30_a_7788269.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifenews.ru/news/162802">"LifeNews изучил состояние сирийской армии на момент введения ВКС РФ"</a>. <i>Life.ru</i>. 1 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127191935/http://lifenews.ru/news/162802">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life.ru&rft.atitle=LifeNews+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%A1+%D0%A0%D0%A4&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flifenews.ru%2Fnews%2F162802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adapts-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adapts_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adapts_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-22/274895-syria-army-adapts-to-guerrilla-war.ashx">"Syria army adapts to guerrilla war"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 22 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022063346/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-22/274895-syria-army-adapts-to-guerrilla-war.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Syria+army+adapts+to+guerrilla+war&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FOct-22%2F274895-syria-army-adapts-to-guerrilla-war.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statista_Infographics_2018-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statista_Infographics_2018_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/chart/15492/estimated-number-of-aircraft-shot-down-or-destroyed-in-accidents-in-syria/">"Infographic: Aircraft Lost During The Syrian Civil War"</a>. <i>Statista Infographics</i>. 18 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202612/https://www.statista.com/chart/15492/estimated-number-of-aircraft-shot-down-or-destroyed-in-accidents-in-syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE72S19O20110406">the original</a> on 1 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+military%3A+what+does+Assad+have%3F&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FlibyaNews%2FidAFLDE72S19O20110406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-19/271153-assads-army-stretched-but-still-seen-strong.ashx">"Assad's army stretched but still seen strong"</a>. <i>The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708051719/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-19/271153-assads-army-stretched-but-still-seen-strong.ashx#axzz3E5YPzKAf">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star+Newspaper+%E2%80%93+Lebanon&rft.atitle=Assad%27s+army+stretched+but+still+seen+strong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FSep-19%2F271153-assads-army-stretched-but-still-seen-strong.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-casualties_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=132296">"More casualties raise to 512 including 130 children, the number of citizens who have been killed since the start of the fiercest escalation"</a>. June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+casualties+raise+to+512+including+130+children%2C+the+number+of+citizens+who+have+been+killed+since+the+start+of+the+fiercest+escalation&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D132296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-State-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-State_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm">"Background Note: Syria"</a>. US State Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121022641/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Syria&rft.pub=US+State+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3580.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190742/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/xinhua/2011-03-20/content_2068776.html">"Syria reduces compulsory military service by three months"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>. 20 March 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Syria+reduces+compulsory+military+service+by+three+months&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fxinhua%2F2011-03-20%2Fcontent_2068776.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521201559/https://snacksyrian.com/Officially-the-Syrian-Army-Command-issues-decisions/">"Officially...the Syrian Army Command issues demobilization decisions and these are the details"</a>. <i>Snacksyrian.com</i> (in Arabic). 29 March 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snacksyrian.com/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA/">the original</a> on 21 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snacksyrian.com&rft.atitle=Officially...the+Syrian+Army+Command+issues+demobilization+decisions+and+these+are+the+details&rft.date=2020-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnacksyrian.com%2F%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%258B-%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D9%258A%25D8%25B4-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Report-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021Report_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Report_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Report_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Report_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Report_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Report_66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Report_66-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhsen_al-Mustafa2021" class="citation web cs1">Muhsen al-Mustafa (9 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muhsenalmustafa.com/the-chain-of-command-in-the-syrian-military">"Chain of Command in the Syrian Military: Formal and Informal Tracks"</a>. Omran Center for strategic studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chain+of+Command+in+the+Syrian+Military%3A+Formal+and+Informal+Tracks&rft.pub=Omran+Center+for+strategic+studies&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft.au=Muhsen+al-Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muhsenalmustafa.com%2Fthe-chain-of-command-in-the-syrian-military&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrWat11-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GrWat11_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrWat11_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Waters2024" class="citation web cs1">Gregory Waters (28 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1773484207874150489?t=5slPswKNFB9t_JIKnQ0f4g&s=19">"Lots of new senior appointments today: Mundhir Ibrahim replaces Ramadan as head of SAA Operations Authority (ex-head of 5th Corps & Idlib Sec Committee). Mohamed Saftly moves from 15th Div to command all Special Forces. Replaced by Suhail Fajr Hassan, fmr 67 Brig commander"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=Lots+of+new+senior+appointments+today%3A+Mundhir+Ibrahim+replaces+Ramadan+as+head+of+SAA+Operations+Authority+%28ex-head+of+5th+Corps+%26+Idlib+Sec+Committee%29.+Mohamed+Saftly+moves+from+15th+Div+to+command+all+Special+Forces.+Replaced+by+Suhail+Fajr+Hassan%2C+fmr+67+Brig+commander.&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft.au=Gregory+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FGregoryPWaters%2Fstatus%2F1773484207874150489%3Ft%3D5slPswKNFB9t_JIKnQ0f4g%26s%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyman_Al-Das2022" class="citation web cs1">Ayman Al-Das (27 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/AymanDas1/status/1530299919952662529?t=F6uM1CH5_fx52To1mGvQaQ&s=19">"The new appointments in the #Syrian_Army: Major general Mohsen Mahmoud Abbas as a head of Syrian Artillery and Missile forces. (From Harf al-Musaytirah, is a Syrian village in the #Qardaha_District)"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=The+new+appointments+in+the+%23Syrian_Army%3A+Major+general+Mohsen+Mahmoud+Abbas+as+a+head+of+Syrian+Artillery+and+Missile+forces.+%28From+Harf+al-Musaytirah%2C+is+a+Syrian+village+in+the+%23Qardaha_District%29&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft.au=Ayman+Al-Das&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FAymanDas1%2Fstatus%2F1530299919952662529%3Ft%3DF6uM1CH5_fx52To1mGvQaQ%26s%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyman_Al-Das2021" class="citation web cs1">Ayman Al-Das (30 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/AymanDas1/status/1410357019295502336?t=9gzyEmU7laaIyePZDyj2Sg&s=19">"Syria has appointed #Brigadier_General Fadi Jihad Khaddour (From Baniyas) as chief staff of electronic warfare"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=Syria+has+appointed+%23Brigadier_General+Fadi+Jihad+Khaddour+%28From+Baniyas%29+as+chief+staff+of+electronic+warfare.&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft.au=Ayman+Al-Das&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FAymanDas1%2Fstatus%2F1410357019295502336%3Ft%3D9gzyEmU7laaIyePZDyj2Sg%26s%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Waters2024" class="citation web cs1">Gregory Waters (12 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1778891021478436865?t=SvBXGvemN1nttMLQzslaiw&s=19">"Changes to Syria's special forces this week: Recently appointed Mohamad Saftly moved to command 30th SRG Division. Replaced as head of Special Forces by Suhail Hassan. Suhail replaced as head of 25th Div by former senior Tiger commander, current 30th Div commander Saleh Abdullah"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=Changes+to+Syria%27s+special+forces+this+week%3A+Recently+appointed+Mohamad+Saftly+moved+to+command+30th+SRG+Division.+Replaced+as+head+of+Special+Forces+by+Suhail+Hassan.+Suhail+replaced+as+head+of+25th+Div+by+former+senior+Tiger+commander%2C+current+30th+Div+commander+Saleh+Abdullah.&rft.date=2024-04-12&rft.au=Gregory+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FGregoryPWaters%2Fstatus%2F1778891021478436865%3Ft%3DSvBXGvemN1nttMLQzslaiw%26s%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyman_Al-Das2020" class="citation web cs1">Ayman Al-Das (24 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/AymanDas1/status/1275785194751090692?t=yLnE_iRu1Xh75GPqEsD3TQ&s=19">"New appointments in the #Syrian_Army, Major General Hassan Ali Suleiman (from #Safita) was appointed as director of political department. This department was established in 1970 to guide members of armed forces ideologically and to instill in them loyalty toward the regime"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=New+appointments+in+the+%23Syrian_Army%2C+Major+General+Hassan+Ali+Suleiman+%28from+%23Safita%29+was+appointed+as+director+of+political+department.+This+department+was+established+in+1970+to+guide+members+of+armed+forces+ideologically+and+to+instill+in+them+loyalty+toward+the+regime.&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.au=Ayman+Al-Das&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FAymanDas1%2Fstatus%2F1275785194751090692%3Ft%3DyLnE_iRu1Xh75GPqEsD3TQ%26s%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIISS2019">IISS 2019</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Waters2019" class="citation web cs1">Gregory Waters (18 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1151954943605002241?t=leL6a7ustleRz4TOOodUNg&s=19">"I noted 4 distinct phases of (attempted) rebuilding"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=I+noted+4+distinct+phases+of+%28attempted%29+rebuilding.&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft.au=Gregory+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FGregoryPWaters%2Fstatus%2F1151954943605002241%3Ft%3DleL6a7ustleRz4TOOodUNg%26s%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPesach_Malovany2018" class="citation web cs1">Pesach Malovany (14 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/35677">"The Syrian Phoenix is Arising"</a>. <i>Israel Defense</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Defense&rft.atitle=The+Syrian+Phoenix+is+Arising&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft.au=Pesach+Malovany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israeldefense.co.il%2Fen%2Fnode%2F35677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mei3-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mei3_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mei3_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Waters2019" class="citation web cs1">George Waters (18 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/lion-and-eagle-syrian-arab-armys-destruction-and-rebirth#pt9">"The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth"</a>. <i>Middle East Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Lion+and+The+Eagle%3A+The+Syrian+Arab+Army%27s+Destruction+and+Rebirth&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft.au=George+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Flion-and-eagle-syrian-arab-armys-destruction-and-rebirth%23pt9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarystrategymagazine.com/exclusives/the-syrian-civil-war-evolution-of-the-syrian-armys-way-of-war/">The Syrian Civil War – Evolution of the Syrian Army’s Way of War</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/node/103558/section/12">"By All Means Necessary!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 16 December 2011. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022111024/http://www.hrw.org/node/103558/section/12">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=By+All+Means+Necessary%21&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnode%2F103558%2Fsection%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2018" class="citation book cs1">Harris, William (2018). "Glossary". <i>Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190874872" title="Special:BookSources/9780190874872"><bdi>9780190874872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.btitle=Quicksilver+War%3A+Syria%2C+Iraq+and+the+Spiral+of+Conflict&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780190874872&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Growing_Role-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Growing_Role_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2018" class="citation web cs1">Waters, Gregory (21 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international-review.org/the-growing-role-of-reconciled-rebels-in-syria/">"The Growing Role of Reconciled Rebels in Syria"</a>. <i>International Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aymennjawad.org&rft.atitle=The+Local+Defence+Forces%3A+Regime+Auxiliary+Forces+in+Aleppo&rft.aulast=Al-Tamimi&rft.aufirst=Aymenn+Jawad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aymennjawad.org%2F18859%2Fthe-local-defence-forces-regime-auxiliary-forces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Tamimi2017" class="citation web cs1">Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (3 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aymennjawad.org/2017/05/administrative-decisions-on-local-defence-forces">"Administrative Decisions on Local Defence Forces Personnel: Translation & Analysis"</a>. <i>aymennjawad.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228062854/http://www.aymennjawad.org/2017/05/administrative-decisions-on-local-defence-forces">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Assad%27s+Lionesses%3A+the+female+last+line+in+the+battle+for+Syria&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft.au=Loveday+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fassad-s-lionesses-the-female-last-line-in-the-battle-for-syria-8462221.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v4/sub/MarketingPage?user_URL=https://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2FTPStory%2FLAC%2F20040928%2FCOSYRIA28%2FTPComment%2FTopStories&ord=2674524&brand=theglobeandmail&redirect_reason=2&denial_reasons=none&force_login=false">"Syria's embrace of WMD"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> by Eyal Zisser, <i>Globe and Mail</i>, 28 September 2004 (link leads only to abstract; purchase necessary for full article) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalSecurity-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2010" class="citation book cs1">Weitz, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VcdZ9s2IAwMC&q=russian+navy+syria+tartous&pg=PA30"><i>Global security watch—Russia: A reference handbook</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+security+watch%E2%80%94Russia%3A+A+reference+handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35434-2&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVcdZ9s2IAwMC%26q%3Drussian%2Bnavy%2Bsyria%2Btartous%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125105813/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php">"SIPRI Arms Transfers Database"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php">the original</a> on 25 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIPRI+Arms+Transfers+Database&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.sipri.org%2Farmstrade%2Fpage%2Fvalues.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amos-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amos_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2011" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Howard (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/news-analysis-russia-damages-image-in-arab-spring/442712.html">"News Analysis: Russia Damages Image in Arab Spring"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222175458/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/news-analysis-russia-damages-image-in-arab-spring/442712.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=News+Analysis%3A+Russia+Damages+Image+in+Arab+Spring&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2Fnews-analysis-russia-damages-image-in-arab-spring%2F442712.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAST-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAST_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cast.ru/files/2011/all-stats_eng_2011_05_12.pdf">"Russian defence industry and arms trade: facts and figures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. pp 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120172100/http://www.cast.ru/files/2011/all-stats_eng_2011_05_12.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+defence+industry+and+arms+trade%3A+facts+and+figures&rft.pub=Centre+for+Analysis+of+Strategies+and+Technologies.+pp+15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cast.ru%2Ffiles%2F2011%2Fall-stats_eng_2011_05_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2011" class="citation news cs1">Meyer, Henry (7 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-07/assad-ouster-bid-may-unleash-chaos-in-mideast-russia-says.html">"Assad Ouster Bid May Unleash 'Chaos in Mideast,' Russia Says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427145004/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-07/assad-ouster-bid-may-unleash-chaos-in-mideast-russia-says.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Assad+Ouster+Bid+May+Unleash+%27Chaos+in+Mideast%2C%27+Russia+Says&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-09-07%2Fassad-ouster-bid-may-unleash-chaos-in-mideast-russia-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/04/14/1050172532711.html">"Syria not next on list, says Britain"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 14 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418190419/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/04/14/1050172532711.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Syria+not+next+on+list%2C+says+Britain&rft.date=2003-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F04%2F14%2F1050172532711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987264-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinai1987">Sinai 1987</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rottman1993-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rottman1993_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Rottman1993" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Rottman (27 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfT5KsdYk4cC&pg=PA58"><i>Armies of the Gulf War</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-277-6"><bdi>978-1-85532-277-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422075655/http://books.google.com/books?id=nfT5KsdYk4cC&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Gulf+War&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1993-05-27&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-277-6&rft.au=Gordon+Rottman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfT5KsdYk4cC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQVYf1y_FDE"><span class="plainlinks">Soviet SCHMS Respirator</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTvyAMGenL4"><span class="plainlinks">My Russian SCHMS gas mask with hose</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2023" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2023). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2023 (Report). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032508955" title="Special:BookSources/9781032508955"><bdi>9781032508955</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222">0459-7222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2023&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=0459-7222&rft.isbn=9781032508955&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2022). "The Military Balance 2022". <i>The Military Balance</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-27900-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-27900-8"><bdi>978-1-032-27900-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222">0459-7222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Military+Balance&rft.atitle=The+Military+Balance+2022&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=0459-7222&rft.isbn=978-1-032-27900-8&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2019). "The Military Balance 2019". <i>The Military Balance</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F04597222.2018.1561033">10.1080/04597222.2018.1561033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-9022">1479-9022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219628874">219628874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Military+Balance&rft.atitle=The+Military+Balance+2019&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219628874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1479-9022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F04597222.2018.1561033&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2011). <i>The Military Balance 2011</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-606-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-606-8"><bdi>978-1-85743-606-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2011&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-606-8&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2010" class="citation book cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (2010). <i>The Military Balance 2010</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-557-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-557-3"><bdi>978-1-85743-557-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2010&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-557-3&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Pollack">Pollack, Kenneth</a> (2002). <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3733-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3733-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-3733-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabs+at+War%3A+Military+Effectiveness%2C+1948%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3733-9&rft.au=Pollack%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzkopf1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr">Schwarzkopf, H. Norman</a> (1993). <i>It Doesn't Take a Hero : The Autobiography of General H. Norman Schwarzkopf</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-56338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-56338-2"><bdi>978-0-553-56338-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Doesn%27t+Take+a+Hero+%3A+The+Autobiography+of+General+H.+Norman+Schwarzkopf&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-553-56338-2&rft.aulast=Schwarzkopf&rft.aufirst=H.+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeale1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Seale" title="Patrick Seale">Seale, Patrick</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal"><i>Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06976-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06976-3"><bdi>978-0-520-06976-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asad+of+Syria%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06976-3&rft.aulast=Seale&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasadofsyriastrug00seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinai1987" class="citation book cs1">Sinai, Joshua (1987). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/sy/syriacountrystud00coll_0/syriacountrystud00coll_0_djvu.txt"><i>A Country Study, Syria</i></a>. Federal Research Division, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%2C+Syria&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sinai&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fmaster%2Ffrd%2Ffrdcstdy%2Fsy%2Fsyriacountrystud00coll_0%2Fsyriacountrystud00coll_0_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZP7AQAAQBAJ"><i>Armed Forces in the Middle East: Politics and Strategy</i></a> edited by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Rubin" title="Barry Rubin">Barry Rubin</a> and Thomas A. Kearney. London and Portland, OR: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>, 2002. BESA studies in international security, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1368-9541">1368-9541</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714652555" title="Special:BookSources/0714652555">0714652555</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714682454" title="Special:BookSources/0714682454">0714682454</a>. Syria chapter by Eyal Zisser.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Center for Strategic and International Studies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050323_memilbaldefine%5B1%5D.pdf">Middle East Military Balance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029095517/https://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050323_memilbaldefine%5B1%5D.pdf">Archived</a> 29 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabdecision.org/inst_brows_3_5_3_1_3_7.htm.htm">Syria's Army and Armed Forces</a> profiles of people and institutions provided by the <i>Arab Decision</i> project</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607002502/http://www.armyrecognition.com/syrian_syria_conflict_revolution/analysis_of_the_syrian_army_air_force_and_air_defence_power_threats_in_case_of_no-fly_zone_1301125.html">Analysis of the syrian army air force and air defence threats in case of no-fly zone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1976DAMASC07071_b.html">Key Figures in Asad's Military Command</a> – command structure developments 1976</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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Navy">Syrian Navy</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">Syrian Air Defense Force</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Syria" title="Category:Law enforcement in Syria">Law enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Syria" title="Law enforcement in Syria">Law enforcement in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Interior 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Force Intelligence Directorate">Air Force Intelligence Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">General Intelligence Directorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_General_Intelligence_Branch_251" title="Syrian General Intelligence Branch 251">Internal Branch - 251</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Security_Directorate" title="Political Security Directorate">Political Security Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Military Intelligence Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Committees_(Syria)" title="Popular Committees (Syria)">Popular Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Syria and weapons of mass destruction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria_chemical_weapons_program" title="Syria chemical weapons program">Chemical</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syria_topics" title="Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syria_topics" title="Template talk:Syria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bilad al-Sham)</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/80px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/120px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/160px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Syria" title="Template:Borders of Syria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Political status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange <span style="font-size:85%;">(stock exchange)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Syria" title="Category:Society of Syria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Syria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouts_of_Syria" title="Scouts of Syria">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Syria" title="Squatting in Syria">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Syria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" title="Coat of arms of Syria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_films" title="List of Syrian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Syria" title="Mass media in Syria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Syria" title="Television in Syria">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Syria" title="Outline of Syria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syria" title="Category:Syria">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_Asia" title="Template:Military of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Military of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Militaries of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bhutan" title="Military of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Brunei Armed Forces">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Forces_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Forces of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Military_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Military Forces">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste_Defence_Force" title="Timor Leste Defence Force">Timor Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Turkmenistan" title="Armed Forces of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Uzbekistan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen Armed Forces">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Armed_Forces" title="Abkhazian Armed Forces">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Ossetia" title="Armed Forces of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Forces_Command" title="Security Forces Command">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies and other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_the_Arab_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_the_Arab_world" title="Template:Military of the Arab world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_the_Arab_world" title="Template talk:Military of the Arab world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_the_Arab_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of the Arab world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_the_Arab_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Militaries of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army" title="Algerian People's National Army">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_National_Development" title="Army of National Development">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Armed_Forces" title="Djibouti Armed Forces">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Armed_Forces" title="Kuwait Armed Forces">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Mauritania" title="Armed Forces of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Armed_Forces" title="Tunisian Armed Forces">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces" title="Yemeni Armed Forces">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous regional armed forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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