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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_visualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_visualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Data visualization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_visualization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Data visualization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Data_visualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time-series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time-series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Time-series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Statistical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hierarchies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hierarchies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_infographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_infographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Comparison infographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_infographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Infographic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مخطط معلومات بياني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطط معلومات بياني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Инфографика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инфографика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infografia" title="Infografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Infografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_grafika" title="Informační grafika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Informační grafika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infografik" title="Infografik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Infografik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsgrafik" title="Informationsgrafik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Informationsgrafik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infograf%C3%ADa" title="Infografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Infografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infografia" title="Infografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Infografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اینفوگرافیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اینفوگرافیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphisme_d%27information_en_France" title="Graphisme d'information en France – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Graphisme d'information en France" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%8F%AC%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD" title="인포그래픽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인포그래픽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="सूचनाचित्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूचनाचित्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informacijska_grafika" title="Informacijska grafika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Informacijska grafika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infografik" title="Infografik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Infografik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infografica" title="Infografica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Infografica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אינפוגרפיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינפוגרפיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინფოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინფოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Инфографика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инфографика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infografika" title="Infografika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Infografika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Инфографика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инфографика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇൻഫോഗ്രാഫിക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇൻഫോഗ്രാഫിക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infografik" title="Infografik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Infografik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Инфографик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Инфографик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Infographic" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="インフォグラフィック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インフォグラフィック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonsgrafikk" title="Informasjonsgrafikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informasjonsgrafikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infografika" title="Infografika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Infografika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infografia" title="Infografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Infografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Инфографика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инфографика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiku_i_shtypit" title="Grafiku i shtypit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grafiku i shtypit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infografiikka" title="Infografiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Infografiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Infographic" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="இன்போ கிராபிக்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இன்போ கிராபிக்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="อินโฟกราฟิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินโฟกราฟิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">Data and information visualization</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Major dimensions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">Exploratory data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive data visualization">Interactive data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Inferential statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Data science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Important figures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wardley" title="Simon Wardley">Simon Wardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Albrecht" title="Kim Albrecht">Kim Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder" title="Alexander Osterwalder">Alexander Osterwalder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Hawkins_(climatologist)" title="Ed Hawkins (climatologist)">Ed Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bostock" title="Mike Bostock">Mike Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihab_Ilyas" title="Ihab Ilyas">Ihab Ilyas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Information graphic types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_chart" title="Line chart">Line chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">Bar chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_plot" title="Box plot">Box plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_chart" title="Pareto chart">Pareto chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">Pie chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_chart" title="Area chart">Area chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treemapping" title="Treemapping">Tree map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_chart" title="Bubble chart">Bubble chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Stripe graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_chart" title="Control chart">Control chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_chart" title="Run chart">Run chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-and-leaf_display" title="Stem-and-leaf display">Stem-and-leaf display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_multiple" title="Small multiple">Small multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkline" title="Sparkline">Sparkline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_plot" title="Mosaic plot">Marimekko chart</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Data_visualization" title="Template:Data visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Data_visualization" title="Template talk:Data visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data_visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Data visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Infographic</b> (a <a href="/wiki/Clipped_compound" title="Clipped compound">clipped compound</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Graphics" title="Graphics">graphics</a>") are graphic visual representations of information, <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> intended to present information quickly and clearly.<sup id="cite_ref-DN04_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can improve cognition by using graphics to enhance the human visual system's ability to see patterns and trends.<sup id="cite_ref-visualizationzoo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualizationzoo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar pursuits are <a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">information visualization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">data visualization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">statistical graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">information design</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">information architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infographics have evolved in recent years to be for <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a>, and thus are designed with fewer assumptions about the readers' knowledge base than other types of visualizations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotypes</a> are an early example of infographics conveying information quickly and easily to the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infographics have been around for many years and recently the increase of the number of easy-to-use, free tools have made the creation of infographics available to a large segment of the population. Social media sites such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> have also allowed for individual infographics to be spread among many people around the world. Infographics are widely used in the age of short <a href="/wiki/Attention_span" title="Attention span">attention span</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In newspapers, infographics are commonly used to show the weather, as well as maps, site plans, and graphs for summaries of data. Some books are almost entirely made up of information graphics, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Macaulay" title="David Macaulay">David Macaulay</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_Things_Work" title="The Way Things Work">The Way Things Work</a></i>. The Snapshots in <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> are also an example of simple infographics used to convey news and current events.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern maps, especially route maps for transit systems, use infographic techniques to integrate a variety of information, such as the conceptual layout of the transit network, transfer points, and local landmarks. Public transportation maps, such as those for the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Washington Metro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tube_map" title="Tube map">London Underground map</a>, are well-known infographics. Public places such as transit terminals usually have some sort of integrated "signage system" with standardized icons and stylized maps. </p><p>In his 1983 "landmark book" <i>The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a> defines "graphical displays" in the following passage: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Graphical displays should </p><ul><li>show the data</li> <li>induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology, graphic design, the technology of graphic production, or something else</li> <li>avoid distorting what the data has to say</li> <li>present many numbers in a small space</li> <li>make large data sets coherent</li> <li>encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data</li> <li>reveal the data at several levels of detail, from a broad overview to the fine structure</li> <li>serve a reasonably clear purpose: description, exploration, tabulation, or decoration</li> <li>be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set.</li></ul><p> Graphics <i>reveal</i> data. Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Information_visualization#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1626, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Scheiner" title="Christoph Scheiner">Christoph Scheiner</a> published the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosa_Ursina_sive_Sol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosa Ursina sive Sol (page does not exist)">Rosa Ursina sive Sol</a></i>, a book that revealed his research about the rotation of the sun. Infographics appeared in the form of <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustrations</a> demonstrating the Sun's rotation patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1786, <a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a>, an engineer and political economist, published the first data graphs in his book <i>The Commercial and Political Atlas</i>. To represent the economy of 18th century <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, Playfair used statistical graphs, <a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">bar charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_graph" title="Line graph">line graphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_chart" title="Area chart">area charts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Histograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Histograms">histograms</a>. In his work, <i>Statistical Breviary</i>, he is credited with introducing the first <a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">pie chart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1820, modern geography was established by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter">Carl Ritter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His maps included shared frames, agreed map legends, scales, repeatability, and fidelity. Such a map can be considered a "supersign" which combines sign systems—as defined by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>—consisting of symbols, icons, indexes as representations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples can be seen in the works of geographers Ritter and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nightingale-mortality.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nightingale-mortality.jpg/260px-Nightingale-mortality.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nightingale-mortality.jpg/390px-Nightingale-mortality.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nightingale-mortality.jpg/520px-Nightingale-mortality.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6996" data-file-height="3826" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polar_area_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar area diagram">Polar area diagram</a> by <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> illustrating causes of mortality during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1857)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1857, English nurse <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> used information graphics to persuade <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> to improve conditions in military hospitals. The principal one she used was the Coxcomb chart, a combination of stacked bar and pie charts, depicting the number and causes of deaths during each month of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minard.png/260px-Minard.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minard.png/390px-Minard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minard.png/520px-Minard.png 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Minard's</a> information graphic of <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Napoleon</a>'s invasion of Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>1861 saw the release of an influential information graphic on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s disastrous <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">march on Moscow</a>. The graphic's creator, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a>, captured four different changing variables that contributed to Napoleon's downfall in a single <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-dimensional">two-dimensional</a> image: the army's direction as they traveled, the location the troops passed through, the size of the army as troops died from hunger and wounds, and the freezing temperatures they experienced. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> introduced the term "graph" in 1878 in the scientific magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> and published a set of diagrams showing the relationship between chemical bonds and mathematical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were also some of the first mathematical graphs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Georgia_Negro_-_Occupations_of_Negroes_and_whites_in_Georgia.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Georgia_Negro_-_Occupations_of_Negroes_and_whites_in_Georgia.tif/lossy-page1-220px-The_Georgia_Negro_-_Occupations_of_Negroes_and_whites_in_Georgia.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Georgia_Negro_-_Occupations_of_Negroes_and_whites_in_Georgia.tif/lossy-page1-330px-The_Georgia_Negro_-_Occupations_of_Negroes_and_whites_in_Georgia.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Georgia_Negro_-_Occupations_of_Negroes_and_whites_in_Georgia.tif/lossy-page1-440px-The_Georgia_Negro_-_Occupations_of_Negroes_and_whites_in_Georgia.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption>Circle graph shows percentage of African Americans and whites in various occupations.</figcaption></figure><p>In 1900, the African-American historian, sociologist, writer, and Black rights activist, <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">W.E.B. Du Bois</a> presented data visualizations at the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">Exposition Universelle (1900)</a></span></span> in Paris, France. In addition to curating 500 photographs of the lives of Black Americans, Du Bois and his Atlanta University team of students and scholars created 60 handmade data visualizations <sup id="cite_ref-Battle-Baptiste_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle-Baptiste-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to document the ways Black Americans were being denied access to education, housing, employment, and household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a> developed an aesthetic approach to art that focused on communicating information.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Arntz" title="Gerd Arntz">Gerd Arntz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Alma" title="Peter Alma">Peter Alma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Tschinkel" title="Augustin Tschinkel">Augustin Tschinkel</a>, all participants in this movement were recruited by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Gesellschafts-_und_Wirtschaftsmuseum" title="Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum">Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum</a>, where they developed the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Method">Vienna Method</a> from 1926 to 1934. Here simple images were used to represent data in a structured way. Following the victory of <a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrofascism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a>, the team moved to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> where they continued their work rebranding it <a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotypes</a> (International System of Typographic Picture Education). The method was also applied by <a href="/wiki/IZOSTAT" title="IZOSTAT">IZOSTAT</a> (ИЗОСТАТ) in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>In 1942 <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Isou" title="Isidore Isou">Isidore Isou</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Lettrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lettrist">Lettrist</a> manifesto, a document covering art, culture, poetry, film, and political theory. The included works also called <a href="/wiki/Metagraphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Metagraphics">metagraphics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypergraphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergraphics">hypergraphics</a>, are a synthesis of writing and visual art. </p><p>In 1958 <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Stephen Toulmin</a> proposed a graphical argument model, called The Toulmin Model of Argumentation. The diagram contained six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments and was considered Toulmin's most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric, communication, and computer science. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation became influential in argumentation theory and its applications. </p><p>In 1972 and 1973, respectively, the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> spacecraft included on their vessels the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Plaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Plaque">Pioneer Plaques</a>, a pair of gold-anodized aluminum plaques, each featuring a pictorial message. The pictorial messages included nude male and female figures as well as symbols that were intended to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The images were designed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a> and were unique in that their graphical meanings were to be understandable to extraterrestrial beings, who would have no conception of human language. </p><p>A pioneer in data visualization, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a>, wrote a series of books – <i>Visual Explanations</i>, <i>The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</i>, and <i>Envisioning Information</i> – on the subject of information graphics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referred to by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> as the "<a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Vinci">da Vinci</a> of Data", Tufte began to give day-long lectures and workshops on the subject of infographics starting in 1993. As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Tufte still gives these lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Tufte, good data visualizations represent every data point accurately and enable a viewer to see trends and patterns in the data. Tufte's contribution to the field of data visualization and infographics is considered immense, and his design principles can be seen in many websites, magazines, and newspapers today.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The infographics created by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sullivan_(designer)" title="Peter Sullivan (designer)">Peter Sullivan</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s were some of the key factors in encouraging newspapers to use more infographics. Sullivan is also one of the few authors who have written about information graphics in newspapers. Likewise, the staff artists at USA Today, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> newspaper that debuted in 1982, established the goal of using graphics to make information easier to comprehend. However, the paper has received criticism for oversimplifying news stories and for creating infographics that some find emphasizes entertainment over content and data. Tufte coined the term <a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">chartjunk</a> to refer to graphics that are visually appealing to the point of losing the information contained within them. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a> becoming ubiquitous in computing in the 21st century, data visualizations have been applied to commonly used computer systems, including <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic Information System">Geographic Information Systems</a> (GIS). </p><p>Closely related to the field of information graphics is <a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">information design</a>, which is the creation of infographics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the year 2000, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a>-based animations on the Internet had made use of many key practices in creating infographics in order to create a variety of products and games. </p><p>Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> began to incorporate infographics into the viewers' experiences in the early 2000s. One example of infographics usage in television and in pop culture is the 2002 music video by the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> musicians of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6yksopp" title="Röyksopp">Röyksopp</a>, for their song "<a href="/wiki/Remind_Me_(R%C3%B6yksopp_song)" title="Remind Me (Röyksopp song)">Remind Me</a>." The video was composed entirely of animated infographics.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 2004, a television commercial for the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> nuclear technology company <a href="/wiki/Areva" title="Areva">Areva</a> used animated infographics as an advertising tactic. Both of these videos and the attention they received have conveyed to other fields the potential value of using information graphics to describe complex information efficiently. </p><p>With the rise of alternatives to Adobe Flash, such as <a href="/wiki/HTML_5" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML 5">HTML 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS3" class="mw-redirect" title="CSS3">CSS3</a>, infographics are now created in a variety of media with a number of software tools.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The field of <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> has also incorporated and applied information graphics to news stories. For stories that intend to include text, images, and graphics, the system called the <a href="/wiki/Maestro_concept" title="Maestro concept">maestro concept</a> allows entire newsrooms to collaborate and organize a story to successfully incorporate all components. Across many newsrooms, this teamwork-integrated system is applied to improve <a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">time management</a>. The maestro system is designed to improve the presentation of stories for busy readers of media. Many news-based websites have also used interactive information graphics in which the user can extract information on a subject as they explore the graphic. </p><p>Many businesses use infographics as a medium for communicating with and attracting potential customers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information graphics are a form of <a href="/wiki/Content_marketing" title="Content marketing">content marketing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Venture_Harbour_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venture_Harbour-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have become a tool for internet marketers and companies to create content that others will link to, thus possibly boosting a company's reputation and online presence.<sup id="cite_ref-Distilled_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distilled-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious denominations have also started using infographics. For example, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> has made numerous infographics to help people learn about their faith, missionaries, temples, lay ministry, and family history efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infographics are finding a home in the classroom as well. Courses that teach students to create their own infographics using a variety of tools may encourage engagement in the classroom and may lead to a better understanding of the concepts they are mapping onto the graphics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the popularity of social media, infographics have become popular, often as static images or simple web interfaces, covering any number of topics. Such infographics are often shared between users of <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>. The hashtag #infographic was tweeted 56,765 times in March 2012 and at its peak 3,365 times in a span of 24 hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gartner_Hype_Cycle_for_Emerging_Technologies.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gartner_Hype_Cycle_for_Emerging_Technologies.gif/220px-Gartner_Hype_Cycle_for_Emerging_Technologies.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gartner_Hype_Cycle_for_Emerging_Technologies.gif/330px-Gartner_Hype_Cycle_for_Emerging_Technologies.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gartner_Hype_Cycle_for_Emerging_Technologies.gif/440px-Gartner_Hype_Cycle_for_Emerging_Technologies.gif 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>A chart attempting to depict business expectations about emerging technologies as of July 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The three parts of all infographics are the visual, the content, and the knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref18_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref18-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visual consists of colors and graphics. There are two different types of graphics – theme, and reference. These graphics are included in all infographics and represent the underlying visual representation of the data. Reference graphics are generally icons that can be used to point to certain data, although they are not always found in infographics. Statistics and facts usually serve as the content for infographics and can be obtained from any number of sources, including census data and news reports. One of the most important aspects of infographics is that they contain some sort of insight into the data that they are presenting – this is the knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref18_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref18-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infographics are effective because of their visual element. Humans receive input from all five of their <a href="/wiki/Senses" class="mw-redirect" title="Senses">senses</a> (sight, touch, hearing, smell, taste), but they receive significantly more information from vision than any of the other four.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty percent of the human brain is dedicated to visual functions, and images are processed faster than text. The brain processes pictures all at once, but processes text in a linear fashion, meaning it takes much longer to obtain information from text.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entire business processes or industry sectors can be made relevant to a new audience through a guidance design technique that leads the eye. The page may link to a complete report, but the infographic primes the reader making the subject-matter more accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online trends, such as the increasingly short attention span of Internet users, has also contributed to the increasing popularity and effectiveness of infographics. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When designing the visual aspect of an infographic, a number of considerations must be made to optimize the effectiveness of the visualization. The six components of visual encoding are spatial, marks, connection, enclosure, retinal properties, and <a href="/wiki/Temporal_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal encoding">temporal encoding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these can be utilized in its own way to represent relationships between different types of data. However, studies have shown that spatial position is the most effective way to represent numerical data and leads to the fastest and easiest understanding by viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-visualizationzoo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualizationzoo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the designers often spatially represent the most important relationship being depicted in an infographic. </p><p>There are also three basic provisions of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> that need to be assessed when designing an infographic – appeal, comprehension, and retention.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref20_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref20-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Appeal" is the idea that communication needs to engage its audience. Comprehension implies that the viewer should be able to easily understand the information that is presented to them. And finally, "retention" means that the viewer should remember the data presented by the infographic. The order of importance of these provisions depends on the purpose of the infographic. If the infographic is meant to convey information in an unbiased way, such as in the domains of academia or science, comprehension should be considered first, then retention, and finally, appeal. However, if the infographic is being used for commercial purposes, then appeal becomes most important, followed by retention and comprehension. When infographics are being used for editorial purposes, such as in a newspaper, the appeal is again most important but is followed first by comprehension and then retention.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref20_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref20-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the appeal and the retention can in practice be put together with the aid of a comprehensible layout design. Recently, as an attempt to study the effect of the layout of an infographic on the comprehension of the viewers, a new Neural Network-based cognitive load estimation method was applied on different types of common layouts for the infographic design.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the varieties of factors listed above are taken into consideration when designing infographics, they can be a highly efficient and effective way to convey large amounts of information in a visual manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_visualization">Data visualization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Data visualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></div> <p>Data visualizations are often used in infographics and may make up the entire infographic. There are many types of visualizations that can be used to represent the same set of data. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the appropriate visualization for the data set and infographic by taking into consideration graphical features such as position, size, shape, and color. There are primarily five types of visualization categories – <a href="/wiki/Time-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-series">time-series</a> data, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_distributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical distributions">statistical distributions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps">maps</a>, hierarchies, and networking.<sup id="cite_ref-visualizationzoo_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualizationzoo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time-series">Time-series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Time-series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Processor_families_in_TOP500_supercomputers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Processor_families_in_TOP500_supercomputers.svg/220px-Processor_families_in_TOP500_supercomputers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Processor_families_in_TOP500_supercomputers.svg/330px-Processor_families_in_TOP500_supercomputers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Processor_families_in_TOP500_supercomputers.svg/440px-Processor_families_in_TOP500_supercomputers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>A stacked graph showing the changing distribution of processor families in <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> supercomputers since 1996</figcaption></figure> <p>Time-series data is one of the most common forms of <a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">data visualization</a>. It documents sets of values over time. Examples of graphics in this category include index charts, stacked graphs, <a href="/wiki/Small_multiple" title="Small multiple">small multiples</a>, and horizon graphs. Index charts are ideal to use when raw values are less important than relative changes. It is an interactive <a href="/wiki/Line_chart" title="Line chart">line chart</a> that shows percentage changes for a collection of time-series data based on a selected index point. For example, stock investors could use this because they are less concerned with the specific price and more concerned with the rate of growth. Stacked graphs are area charts that are stacked on top of each other, and depict aggregate patterns. They allow viewers to see overall patterns and individual patterns. However, they do not support negative numbers and make it difficult to accurately interpret trends. An alternative to stacked graphs is small multiples. Instead of stacking each area chart, each series is individually shown so the overall trends of each sector are more easily interpreted. Horizon graphs are a space efficient method to increase the data density of a time-series while preserving resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-visualizationzoo_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualizationzoo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistical">Statistical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Statistical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iris_Petal_Length_Histogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Iris_Petal_Length_Histogram.svg/220px-Iris_Petal_Length_Histogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Iris_Petal_Length_Histogram.svg/330px-Iris_Petal_Length_Histogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Iris_Petal_Length_Histogram.svg/440px-Iris_Petal_Length_Histogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">histogram</a> graph showing the numerical distribution of petal lengths(cm) recorded from <a href="/wiki/Iris_flower_data_set" title="Iris flower data set">Iris flower data set</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Statistical distributions reveal trends based on how numbers are distributed. Common examples include histograms and <a href="/wiki/Box-and-whisker_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Box-and-whisker plot">box-and-whisker plots</a>, which convey statistical features such as <a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Outliers">outliers</a>. In addition to these common infographics, alternatives include <a href="/wiki/Stem-and-leaf_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-and-leaf plot">stem-and-leaf plots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q%E2%80%93Q_plot" title="Q–Q plot">Q–Q plots</a>, scatter plot matrices (SPLOM) and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_coordinates" title="Parallel coordinates">parallel coordinates</a>. For assessing a collection of numbers and focusing on <a href="/wiki/Frequency_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency distribution">frequency distribution</a>, stem-and-leaf plots can be helpful. The numbers are binned based on the first significant digit, and within each stack binned again based on the second significant digit. On the other hand, Q–Q plots compare two <a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">probability distributions</a> by graphing <a href="/wiki/Quantiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantiles">quantiles</a> against each other. This allows the viewer to see if the plot values are similar and if the two are linearly related. SPLOM is a technique that represents the relationships among multiple variables. It uses multiple <a href="/wiki/Scatter_plots" class="mw-redirect" title="Scatter plots">scatter plots</a> to represent a pairwise relation among variables. Another statistical distribution approach to visualize multivariate data is parallel coordinates. Rather than graphing every pair of variables in two dimensions, the data is repeatedly plotted on a parallel axis, and corresponding points are then connected with a line. The advantage of parallel coordinates is that they are relatively compact, allowing many variables to be shown simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-visualizationzoo_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualizationzoo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_2008_electoral_cartogram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Final_2008_electoral_cartogram.png/220px-Final_2008_electoral_cartogram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Final_2008_electoral_cartogram.png/330px-Final_2008_electoral_cartogram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Final_2008_electoral_cartogram.png/440px-Final_2008_electoral_cartogram.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">cartogram</a> showing the final electoral results of the 2008 US presidential election</figcaption></figure> <p>Maps are a natural way to represent <a href="/wiki/Geographical_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical data">geographical data</a>. Time and space can be depicted through the use of <a href="/wiki/Flow_map" title="Flow map">flow maps</a>. Line strokes are used with various widths and colors to help encode information. Choropleth maps, which encode data through color and geographical region, are also commonly used. Graduated symbol maps are another method to represent geographical data. They are an alternative to choropleth map and use symbols, such as <a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">pie charts</a> for each area, over a map. This map allows for more dimensions to be represented using various shapes, sizes, and colors. <a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartograms</a>, on the other hand, completely distort the shape of a region and directly encode a data variable. Instead of using a geographic map, regions are redrawn proportionally to the data. For example, each region can be represented by a circle and the size/color is directly proportional to other information, such as population size.<sup id="cite_ref-visualizationzoo_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualizationzoo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchies">Hierarchies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hierarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulated_CO2_Emissions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cumulated_CO2_Emissions.jpg/220px-Cumulated_CO2_Emissions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cumulated_CO2_Emissions.jpg/330px-Cumulated_CO2_Emissions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cumulated_CO2_Emissions.jpg/440px-Cumulated_CO2_Emissions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Infographic with a title and colour groupings labelled</figcaption></figure> <p>Many data sets, such as spatial entities of countries or common structures for governments, can be organized into natural hierarchies. Node-link diagrams, adjacency diagrams, and enclosure diagrams are all types of infographics that effectively communicate hierarchical data. Node-link diagrams are a popular method due to the tidy and space-efficient results. A node-link diagram is similar to a tree, where each node branches off into multiple sub-sections. An alternative is adjacency diagrams, which is a space-filling variant of the node-link diagram. Instead of drawing a link between hierarchies, nodes are drawn as solid areas with sub-sections inside of each section. This method allows for size to be easily represented than in the node-link diagrams. Enclosure diagrams are also a space-filling visualization method. However, they use containment rather than adjacency to represent the hierarchy. Similar to the adjacency diagram, the size of the node is easily represented in this model.<sup id="cite_ref-visualizationzoo_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualizationzoo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networks">Networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farey_diagram_horizontal_arc_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Farey_diagram_horizontal_arc_5.png/220px-Farey_diagram_horizontal_arc_5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Farey_diagram_horizontal_arc_5.png/330px-Farey_diagram_horizontal_arc_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Farey_diagram_horizontal_arc_5.png/440px-Farey_diagram_horizontal_arc_5.png 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arc_diagram" title="Arc diagram">Arc diagram</a> representing the mathematical Farey sequence</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png/220px-Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png/330px-Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png/440px-Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">social network</a> visualization<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Network visualization explores relationships, such as friendships and cliques. Three common types are force-directed layout, arc diagrams, and matrix view. Force-directed layouts are a common and intuitive approach to network layout. In this system, nodes are similar to charged particles, which repel each other. Links are used to pull related nodes together. Arc diagrams are one-dimensional layouts of nodes with circular arcs linking each node. When used properly, with good order in nodes, cliques and bridges are easily identified in this layout. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematicians">mathematicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer scientists">computer scientists</a> more often use matrix views. Each value has an (x,y) value in the matrix that corresponds to a node. By using color and saturation instead of text, values associated with the links can be perceived rapidly. While this method makes it hard to view the path of the nodes, there are no line crossings, which in a large and highly connected network can quickly become too cluttered.<sup id="cite_ref-visualizationzoo_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualizationzoo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While all of these visualizations can be effectively used on their own, many modern infographics combine multiple types into one graphic, along with other features, such as <a href="/wiki/Illustrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrations">illustrations</a> and text. Some modern infographics do not even contain data visualization, and instead are simply a colorful and succinct ways to present knowledge. Fifty-three percent of the 30 most-viewed infographics on the infographic sharing site <a href="/wiki/Visual.ly" title="Visual.ly">visual.ly</a> did not contain actual data.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_infographics">Comparison infographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comparison infographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Infographic" title="Special:EditPage/Infographic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Comparison infographics are a type of <a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">visual representation</a> that focuses on comparing and contrasting different elements, such as products, services, options, or features. These infographics are designed to help viewers make informed decisions by presenting information in a clear and concise manner. Comparison infographics can be highly effective in simplifying complex data and highlighting key differences between multiple items. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infographics can be created by hand using simple everyday tools such as <a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">graph paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pencils" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencils">pencils</a>, markers, and <a href="/wiki/Rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers">rulers</a>. However, today they are more often created using <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a>, which is often both faster and easier. They can be created with general illustration software. </p><p>Diagrams can be manually created and drawn using software, which can be downloaded for the desktop or used online. Templates can be used to get users started on their diagrams. Additionally, the software allows users to collaborate on diagrams in real time over the Internet. </p><p>There are also numerous tools to create very specific types of visualizations, such as creating a visualization based on embedded data in the photos on a user's <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>. Users can create an infographic of their resume or a "picture of their digital life."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_picture_is_worth_a_thousand_words" title="A picture is worth a thousand words">A picture is worth a thousand words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_map" title="Argument map">Argument map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charts" class="mw-redirect" title="Charts">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashboards_(management_information_systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashboards (management information systems)">Digital dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Presentation_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Presentation Architecture">Data Presentation Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edugraphic" title="Edugraphic">Edugraphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_image_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic image development">Graphic image development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_information_graphics_software" title="List of information graphics software">List of information graphics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype (picture language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visualization (graphic)">Visualization (graphic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Illustrated" title="News Illustrated">News Illustrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_Concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Maestro Concept">Maestro Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DN04-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DN04_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doug Newsom and Jim Haynes (2004). <i>Public Relations Writing: Form and Style</i>. p.236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmiciklas2012" class="citation book cs1">Smiciklas, Mark (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lkf5DKSWoJsC"><i>The Power of Infographics: Using Pictures to Communicate and Connect with Your Audiences</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechEngage&rft.atitle=Infographics%3B+a+form+of+visual+content&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Jazib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechengage.com%2Finfographics-a-form-of-visual-content%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfographic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lkf5DKSWoJsC">"The Power of Infographics: Using Pictures to Communicate and Connect with your audience"</a>. 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Graphics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9613921-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9613921-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9613921-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Envisioning+Information&rft.pub=Graphics+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9613921-1-6&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenvisioninginfor00tuft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfographic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufte2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Tufte, Edward R.</a> (2001) [1st Pub. 1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft"><i>The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</i></a> (2nd ed.). Graphics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9613921-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9613921-4-7"><bdi>978-0-9613921-4-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visual+Display+of+Quantitative+Information&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Graphics+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9613921-4-7&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisualdisplayofq00tuft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfographic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufte1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Tufte, Edward R.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualexplanatio00tuft"><i>Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative</i></a>. 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(2015). "Data visualization". <i>Communication Design Quarterly Review</i>. <b>3</b>: 7–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2721882.2721883">10.1145/2721882.2721883</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39594890">39594890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Design+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Data+visualization&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=7-11&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2721882.2721883&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39594890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aparicio&rft.aufirst=Manuela&rft.au=Costa%2C+Carlos+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfographic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Heiner Benking (1981–1988) Requisite inquiry and time-line: computer graphics-infographics <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://benking.de/infographics/">http://benking.de/infographics/</a> see there: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HeinerBenking/Papers/1775909/Moglichkeiten_und_Grenzen_der_Datenprasentation_durch_Computergrafik_im_Umweltbereich">Computer Graphics in the Environmental Sector – Possibilities and Limitations of Data-visualisation</a> this citation in chapter 3: technical possibilities and human potentials and capacities, "a picture is more than 10.000 words", and "10.000 miles equal 10.000 books".</li> <li>Sullivan, Peter. (1987) <i>Newspaper Graphics</i>. IFRA, Darmstadt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a> (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/Semiology_of_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiology of Graphics">Semiology of Graphics</a></i>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Translation by William Berg of <i>Semiologie Graphique</i>. Paris: Mouton/Gauthier-Villars, 1967.</li> <li>William S. Cleveland (1985). <i>The Elements of Graphing Data</i>. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-512-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-512-1">978-1-58465-512-1</a></li> <li>Heiner Benking (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benking.de/ceptualinstitute/education.htm">Visual Access Strategies for Multi-Dimensional Objects and Issues</a> / "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://benking.de/ceptualinstitute/12theses.htm">Our View of Life is too Flat</a>", WFSF, Turku, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-RGtwAACAAJ">FAW Report TR-93019</a></li> <li>William S. Cleveland (1993). <i>Visualizing Data</i>. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9634884-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9634884-0-4">978-0-9634884-0-4</a></li> <li>Sullivan, Peter. (1993) <i>Information Graphics in Colour</i>. IFRA, Darmstadt.</li> <li>John Emerson (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backspace.com/notes/2008/02/an-introduction-to-information-design.php">Visualizing Information for Advocacy: An Introduction to Information Design</a>. New York: OSI.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lewi" title="Paul Lewi">Paul Lewi</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datascope.be/sog.htm">"Speaking of Graphics"</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankins1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hankins, Thomas L. (1999). "Blood, Dirt, and Nomograms: A Particular History of Graphs". <i>Isis</i>. <b>90</b> (1): 50–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F384241">10.1086/384241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/237474">237474</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144376938">144376938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Blood%2C+Dirt%2C+and+Nomograms%3A+A+Particular+History+of+Graphs&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-80&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144376938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F237474%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F384241&rft.aulast=Hankins&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfographic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert L. Harris (1999). <i>Information Graphics: A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_K._Meyer" title="Eric K. Meyer">Eric K. Meyer</a> (1997). <i>Designing Infographics</i>. Hayden Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Tufte" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward R. Tufte">Edward R. Tufte</a> (1983). <i>The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</i>. Edition, Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Tufte" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward R. Tufte">Edward R. Tufte</a> (1990). <i>Envisioning Information</i>. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Tufte" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward R. Tufte">Edward R. Tufte</a> (1997). <i>Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative</i>. Cheshire,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Tufte" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward R. Tufte">Edward R. Tufte</a> (2006). <i>Beautiful Evidence. Cheshire</i>. CT: Graphics Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilder_Tukey" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilder Tukey">John Wilder Tukey</a> (1977). <i>Exploratory Data Analysis</i>. Addison-Wesley.</li> <li>Veszelszki, Ágnes (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8563903/Veszelszki_%C3%81gnes_2014_Information_Visualization_Infographics_from_a_Linguistic_Point_of_View_VL4">Information visualization: Infographics from a linguistic point of view.</a> In: Benedek, András − Nyíri, Kristóf (eds.): <i>The Power of the Image</i> Series Visual Learning, vol. 4. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 99−109.</li> <li>Sandra Rendgen, Julius Wiedemann (2012). <i>Information Graphics</i>. Taschen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-2879-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-2879-5">978-3-8365-2879-5</a></li> <li>Jason Lankow, Josh Ritchie, Ross Crooks (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columnfivemedia.com/book"><i>Infographics: The Power of Visual Storytelling</i></a>. Wiley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-31404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-31404-3">978-1-118-31404-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infographic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visualization" title="Template:Visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visualization" title="Template talk:Visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Perozzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Perozzo (page does not exist)">Luigi Perozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Mayr (page does not exist)">Georg von Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_Chau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo Chau (page does not exist)">Polo Chau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Krzywinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Krzywinski (page does not exist)">Martin Krzywinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845734#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="infografika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph761282&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="grafické informace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120593&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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