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Discoveries and applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discoveries_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mission_objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mission objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravity_map_and_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravity_map_and_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Gravity map and model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravity_map_and_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Findings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_mission_and_re-entry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_mission_and_re-entry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>End of mission and re-entry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_mission_and_re-entry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Payload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_and_propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_and_propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Power and propulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_and_propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GOCE</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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لدورة المحيطات والجاذبية الأرضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستكشف الحالة المستقرة لدورة المحيطات والجاذبية الأرضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Field_and_Steady-State_Ocean_Circulation_Explorer" title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_field_and_steady-state_ocean_circulation_explorer" title="Gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_field_and_steady-state_Ocean_Circulation_Explorer" title="Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%EC%9E%A5_%ED%83%90%EC%82%AC%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1" title="지구중력장 탐사위성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구중력장 탐사위성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="जीओसीई उपग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीओसीई उपग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Field_and_Steady-State_Ocean_Circulation_Explorer" title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Field_and_Steady-State_Ocean_Circulation_Explorer" title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="ഗോസ് കൃത്രിമ ഉപഗ്രഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗോസ് കൃത്രിമ ഉപഗ്രഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Field_and_Steady-State_Ocean_Circulation_Explorer" title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Field_and_Steady-State_Ocean_Circulation_Explorer" title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Field_and_Steady-State_Ocean_Circulation_Explorer" title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%93.%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%87_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜி.ஓ.சி.இ செயற்கைக் கோள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜி.ஓ.சி.இ செயற்கைக் கோள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GOCE" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%9C%BA%E5%92%8C%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%8E%AF%E6%B5%81%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" title="地球重力场和海洋环流探测卫星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地球重力场和海洋环流探测卫星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q258697#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">ESA satellite intended to map in the Earth's gravity field. Part of the Living Planet Programme</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/GOCE_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="GOCE (disambiguation)">GOCE (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GOCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/GOCE.jpg/285px-GOCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/65/GOCE.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="266" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's view of GOCE. Its sleek, aerodynamic design led it to be dubbed the 'Ferrari of space'<sup id="cite_ref-Esa.int_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esa.int-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Gravitational research</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-013A">2009-013A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258697#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">34602</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.esa.int/GOCE">http://www.esa.int/GOCE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Planned: 20 months <br /> Final: 4 years, 7 months, 3 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a><br /><a href="/wiki/EADS_Astrium" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS Astrium">EADS Astrium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">1,077 kg (2,374 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data">872 kg (1,922 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">5.3 m × 2.3 m (17.4 ft × 7.5 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">1,600 watts</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 2009, 14:21<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2009-03-17UTC14:21</span>)</span> UTC<sup id="cite_ref-goceLaunch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goceLaunch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rockot" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockot">Rockot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Briz-KM" class="mw-redirect" title="Briz-KM">Briz-KM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eurockot_Launch_Services" title="Eurockot Launch Services">Eurockot Launch Services</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Orbital decay</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Declared</th><td class="infobox-data">21 October 2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">2013-10-22</span>)</span> UTC<sup id="cite_ref-esa20131021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20131021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 2013, 22:42 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-esoc.lastpass_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esoc.lastpass-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decay date</th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 2013, 00:16 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-esoc.interface_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esoc.interface-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous</a><sup id="cite_ref-insights_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insights-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">254.9 km (158.4 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-insights_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insights-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">254.9 km (158.4 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-insights_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insights-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">96.7 degrees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 2010<sup id="cite_ref-insights_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insights-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Transponders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Band</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">2 GHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bandwidth</th><td class="infobox-data">up to <span class="nowrap">1.2 Mbit/s</span> download<br />up to <span class="nowrap">4 kbit/s</span> upload</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:95%"><span style="font-size:105%;">Instruments</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">EGG</th><td class="infobox-data">Electrostatic Gravity Gradiometer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">SSTI</th><td class="infobox-data">Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking Instrument</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">LRR</th><td class="infobox-data">Laser Retroreflector</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goce_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="GOCE mission insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Goce_logo.png/160px-Goce_logo.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/Goce_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="222" /></a></span><br />Insignia for the <i>GOCE</i> mission <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><i><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a></i> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer</b> (<b>GOCE</b>) was the first of <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">heavy satellites</a> intended to map in unprecedented detail the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's gravity field">Earth's gravity field</a>. The spacecraft's primary instrumentation was a highly sensitive gravity <a href="/wiki/Gravity_gradiometry" title="Gravity gradiometry">gradiometer</a> consisting of three pairs of <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a> which measured gravitational gradients along three <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> axes. </p><p>Launched on 17 March 2009, GOCE mapped the deep structure of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> and probed hazardous volcanic regions. It brought new insight into ocean behaviour; this in particular, was a major driver for the mission. By combining the gravity data with information about <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea surface height">sea surface height</a> gathered by other satellite altimeters, scientists were able to track the direction and speed of <a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">geostrophic ocean currents</a>. The low orbit and high accuracy of the system greatly improved the known accuracy and spatial resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> (the theoretical surface of equal gravitational potential on the Earth). </p><p>The satellite's unique arrow shape and <a href="/wiki/Fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Fins">fins</a> helped keep GOCE stable as it flew through the <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit#Orbital_characteristics" title="Low Earth orbit">comparatively low altitude</a> of 255 kilometres (158 mi). Additionally, an <a href="/wiki/Ion_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion propulsion">ion propulsion</a> system continuously compensated for the variable deceleration due to air <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> without the vibration of a conventional chemically powered <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engine</a>, thus limiting the errors in gravity gradient measurements caused by non-gravitational forces and restoring the path of the craft as closely as possible to a purely <a href="/wiki/Inertial" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial">inertial</a> trajectory. </p><p>After running out of propellant, the satellite began dropping out of orbit and made an uncontrolled re-entry on 11 November 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Esa.int_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esa.int-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discoveries_and_applications">Discoveries and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discoveries and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_objectives">Mission objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mission objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>To determine gravity-field anomalies with an accuracy of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−5</sup> <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">m/s<sup>2</sup></a></span> (1 <a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">mGal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-home_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To increase resolution, the satellite flew in an unusually low orbit.</li> <li>To determine the <a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> with an accuracy of 1–2 cm.</li> <li>To achieve the above at a spatial resolution better than 100 km.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravity_map_and_model">Gravity map and model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gravity map and model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final gravity map and model of the geoid will provide users worldwide with well-defined data product that will lead to: </p> <ul><li>A better understanding of the physics of the Earth's interior to gain new insights into the geodynamics associated with the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, mantle composition and rheology, uplift and subduction processes.</li> <li>A better understanding of the ocean currents and heat transport.</li> <li>A global height-reference system, which can serve as a reference surface for the study of topographic processes and sea-level change.</li> <li>Better estimates of the thickness of polar ice-sheets and their movement.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Findings">Findings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Earth global gravity model based on GOCE data was presented at ESA's Living Planet Symposium, in June 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-insights_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insights-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial results of the GOCE satellite mission were presented at the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a> (AGU) 2010 Fall (Autumn) Meeting by Dr Rory Bingham from Newcastle University, UK. The maps produced from the GOCE data show ocean currents in much finer detail than had been available previously.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even very small details like the <a href="/wiki/Mann_Eddy" title="Mann Eddy">Mann Eddy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> were visible in the data,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was the effect of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Igor" title="Hurricane Igor">Hurricane Igor</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detailed analysis of GOCE's thruster and accelerometer data <a href="/wiki/Role_of_chance_in_scientific_discoveries" title="Role of chance in scientific discoveries">serendipitously</a> revealed that it had detected the <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> waves generated by the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake</a> (whereupon it inadvertently became the first <a href="/wiki/Seismograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismograph">seismograph</a> in orbit).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later results from the GOCE data exposed details in the Earth's mantle including mantle plumes, ancient subduction zones, and remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent analysis of GOCE data has also provided new information about the geological makeup of the Antarctic continent, including the detection of ancient continent remnants and at least three <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a> beneath the Antarctic ice.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first launch attempt on 16 March 2009 was aborted due to a malfunction with the launch tower.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GOCE was launched on 17 March 2009 at 14:21 UTC from the <a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a> in northern Russia aboard a <a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Briz-KM" class="mw-redirect" title="Briz-KM">Briz-KM</a> vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rokot is a modified <a href="/wiki/UR-100N" title="UR-100N">UR-100N</a> intercontinental ballistic missile that was decommissioned after the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. The launcher used the two lower liquid fuel stages of the original missile and was equipped with a Briz-KM third stage developed for precise orbit injection. GOCE was launched into a <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous</a> dusk-dawn orbit with an inclination of 96.7° and an ascending node at 18:00. Separation from the launcher was at 295 km. The satellite's orbit then decayed over a period of 45 days to an operational altitude, planned at 270 km. During this time, the spacecraft was commissioned and the electrical propulsion system checked for reliability in <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (March 2009)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation">Operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GOCE_scale_1_4_(7628217840)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GOCE_scale_1_4_%287628217840%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-GOCE_scale_1_4_%287628217840%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GOCE_scale_1_4_%287628217840%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-GOCE_scale_1_4_%287628217840%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GOCE_scale_1_4_%287628217840%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-GOCE_scale_1_4_%287628217840%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Model of GOCE</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2010 a fault was discovered in the satellite's computer, which meant controllers were forced to switch control to the backup computer. </p><p>In July 2010, GOCE suffered a serious communications malfunction, when the satellite suddenly failed to downlink scientific data to its receiving stations. Extensive investigations by experts from ESA and industry revealed that the issue was almost certainly related to a communication link between the processor module and the telemetry modules of the main computer.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recovery was completed in September 2010: as part of the action plan, the temperature of the floor hosting the computers was raised by some 7 °C (13 °F), resulting in restoration of normal communications.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2010, the due completion date for the original 20-month mission before it was delayed by the glitches, it was decided to extend the mission lifetime until the end of 2012 in order to complete the original work and carry out a further 18-month mission to improve the collected data.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2012 the orbit was lowered from 255 to 235 km (158 to 146 mi) to get higher resolution data, at which time fuel remained for another 50 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Nov2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_mission_and_re-entry">End of mission and re-entry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: End of mission and re-entry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2013 a further lowering to 229 km (142 mi) took place. </p><p>The satellite ran out of its xenon propellant in October 2013, at which time it would take <span class="nowrap">2–3 weeks</span> to re-enter.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 October 2013, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> reported that the pressure in the fuel system of GOCE's ion engine had dropped below 2.5 bar, which is the nominal operating pressure required to fire the engine.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, end of mission was formally declared on 21 October when the spacecraft ran out of fuel; deprived of xenon, the ion drive stopped working at 03:16 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20131021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20131021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esablog20131021_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esablog20131021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 November 2013, a published report indicated that the satellite was expected to re-enter within a day or two.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npr_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this date, the <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perigee</a> altitude had decayed to 155 km (96 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 November, ESA expected re-entry to occur between 18:30 and 24:00 UTC that day, with the most probable impact ground swath largely running over ocean and polar regions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its descending orbit on 11 November 2013 passed over <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, the western <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, the eastern <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite finally disintegrated around 00:16 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> on 11 November near the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-esoc.interface_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esoc.interface-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Payload">Payload</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The satellite's main payload was the Electrostatic Gravity Gradiometer (EGG) to measure the <a href="/wiki/Physical_geodesy" title="Physical geodesy">gravity field of Earth</a>. This instrument consisted of three pairs of capacitive accelerometers arranged in three dimensions that responded to tiny variations in the 'gravitational tug' of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> as it traveled along its orbital path. Because of their different position in the gravitational field they all experienced the gravitational acceleration of the Earth slightly differently. The three axes of the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_gradiometry" title="Gravity gradiometry">gradiometer</a> allowed the simultaneous measurement of the five independent components of the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_gradient_tensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity gradient tensor">gravity gradient tensor</a>. </p><p>Other payload was an onboard <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> receiver used as a Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking Instrument (SSTI); a compensation system for all non-gravitational forces acting on the spacecraft. The satellite was also equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> <a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a> to enable tracking by ground-based <a href="/wiki/Satellite_laser_ranging" title="Satellite laser ranging">Satellite laser ranging</a> stations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_and_propulsion">Power and propulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Power and propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GOCE_03012010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/GOCE_03012010.jpg/220px-GOCE_03012010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/GOCE_03012010.jpg/330px-GOCE_03012010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/GOCE_03012010.jpg/440px-GOCE_03012010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>GOCE flares to magnitude +2 as the 67.5 degree solar panel briefly mirrors sunlight (3 January 2010, 17:24:23.15 UTC).</figcaption></figure> <p>GOCE's 5 × 1.1 m (16 × 4 ft) frame had fixed <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">solar panels</a> covering its sun-facing side, which produced 1,300 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> of power.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panels were shaped to act as fins, stabilising the spacecraft while it orbited through the residual air in the <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ion_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion propulsion">ion propulsion</a> electric engine, designed and built at <a href="/wiki/QinetiQ" class="mw-redirect" title="QinetiQ">QinetiQ</a>'s space centre in Farnborough, England, ejected <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> ions at velocities exceeding 40,000 m/s (140,000 km/h; 89,000 mph), which compensated for the orbital decay losses. GOCE's mission ended when the 40 kg (88 lb) xenon fuel tank emptied.<sup id="cite_ref-home_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dual Kaufman-type ion thrusters could produce up to 20 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">millinewtons</a> (0.0045 lbf) of thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although its predicted lifetime was 20 months, an ESA report in June 2010 suggested that unusually low solar activity (meaning a calmer upper atmosphere, and hence less drag on the craft) meant the fuel would last longer than its predicted 20 months—possibly into 2014. In reality, the end of mission was formally declared on 21 October 2013 after 55 months, with the final 11 months in a lower orbit (with greater air density and therefore greater fuel use).<sup id="cite_ref-BBCGOCE_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCGOCE-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a> (NASA; DLR; in orbit 2002–2017) and the follow-up mission GRACE-FO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Low_Altitude_Test_Satellite" title="Super Low Altitude Test Satellite">SLATS</a> (JAXA), also used ion thrusters to maintain altitude, 2017-2019</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_gravimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite gravimetry">Satellite gravimetry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Esa.int-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esa.int_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esa.int_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/GOCE/GOCE_completes_its_mission">"GOCE completes its mission"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOCE+Mission&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FObserving_the_Earth%2FThe_Living_Planet_Programme%2FEarth_Explorers%2FGOCE%2FSatellite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGOCE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCGOCE-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCGOCE_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2010" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (28 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8767763.stm">"Goce satellite views Earth's gravity in high definition"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Goce+satellite+views+Earth%27s+gravity+in+high+definition&rft.date=2010-06-28&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F8767763.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGOCE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOCE&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/GOCE">GOCE site</a> by the European Space Agency</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/The_Living_Planet_Programme/Earth_Explorers/GOCE">GOCE site</a> by ESA Earth Explorers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/GOCE">GOCE site</a> by ESA Operations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/goce">GOCE site</a> by ESA Earth Online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/g/goce">GOCE site</a> by ESA eoPortal</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions320" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-1C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentinel-1C (page does not exist)">1C</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a> (2024–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" title="Category:European Space Agency">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Europe/ESA" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe/ESA">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2008Orbital_launches_in_20092010_→618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2009" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2009"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2009" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2009"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2009" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2009"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2008Orbital_launches_in_20092010_→618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2008_in_spaceflight" title="2008 in spaceflight">← 2008</a></div><a href="/wiki/2009_in_spaceflight" title="2009 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2009</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2010_in_spaceflight" title="2010 in spaceflight">2010 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA-202" title="USA-202">USA-202</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orion_(satellite)" title="Orion (satellite)">Orion 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Gases_Observing_Satellite" title="Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite">Ibuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Tethered_Autonomous_Robotic_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Tethered Autonomous Robotic Satellite">Kukai</a>, <a href="/wiki/SDS-1" title="SDS-1">SDS-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohla" title="Sohla">Sohla-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronas-Foton" title="Koronas-Foton">Koronas-Foton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omid" title="Omid">Omid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA-19" title="NOAA-19">NOAA-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-66" title="Progress M-66">Progress M-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress-AM44" title="Ekspress-AM44">Ekspress-AM44</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekspress-MD1" title="Ekspress-MD1">Ekspress-MD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_33E" title="Eutelsat 33E">Hot Bird 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/NSS-9" title="NSS-9">NSS-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirale" title="Spirale">Spirale-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirale" title="Spirale">Spirale-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Carbon_Observatory" title="Orbiting Carbon Observatory">OCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstar_11N" title="Telstar 11N">Telstar 11N</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raduga-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raduga-1 (page does not exist)">Raduga-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-119" title="STS-119">STS-119</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">ITS S6</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GOCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-203" title="USA-203">USA-203</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-14" title="Soyuz TMA-14">Soyuz TMA-14</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutelsat_10A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutelsat 10A (page does not exist)">Eutelsat W2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-204" title="USA-204">USA-204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng-2" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2">Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compass-G2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compass-G2 (page does not exist)">Compass-G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2" title="RISAT-2">RISAT-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANUSAT" title="ANUSAT">ANUSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SICRAL_1B" title="SICRAL 1B">SICRAL 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaogan_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaogan 6 (page does not exist)">Yaogan 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2450&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2450 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2450</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA-205" title="USA-205">USA-205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-02M" title="Progress M-02M">Progress M-02M</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES-7" title="SES-7">ProtoStar 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TacSat-3" title="TacSat-3">TacSat-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/PharmaSat" title="PharmaSat">PharmaSat</a>, <a href="/wiki/AeroCube-3" title="AeroCube-3">AeroCube-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/HawkSat-1" title="HawkSat-1">HawkSat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CP6_(satellite)" title="CP6 (satellite)">CP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_2" title="Meridian 2">Meridian 2</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-15" title="Soyuz TMA-15">Soyuz TMA-15</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">LRO</a>, <a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEASAT-3a" title="MEASAT-3a">MEASAT-3a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_FM-5" title="Sirius FM-5">Sirius FM-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TerreStar-1" title="TerreStar-1">TerreStar-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos 2451</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2452" title="Kosmos 2452">Kosmos 2452</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2453&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2453 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2453</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RazakSAT" title="RazakSAT">RazakSAT</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-127" title="STS-127">STS-127</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Kib%C5%8D_(ISS_module)" title="Kibō (ISS module)">JEM-EF</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=AggieSat_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AggieSat 2 (page does not exist)">AggieSat 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BEVO-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BEVO-1 (page does not exist)">BEVO-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANDE-2AA_Castor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANDE-2AA Castor (page does not exist)">Castor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANDE-2PA_Pollux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANDE-2PA Pollux (page does not exist)">Pollux</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2454&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2454 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2454</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterkh_No.11L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterkh No.11L (page does not exist)">Sterkh No.11L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-67" title="Progress M-67">Progress M-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DubaiSat-1" title="DubaiSat-1">DubaiSat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deimos-1" title="Deimos-1">Deimos-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK-DMC_2" title="UK-DMC 2">UK-DMC 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanosat-1B" title="Nanosat-1B">Nanosat-1B</a>, <a href="/wiki/AprizeSat-3" class="mw-redirect" title="AprizeSat-3">AprizeSat-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/AprizeSat-4" class="mw-redirect" title="AprizeSat-4">AprizeSat-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AsiaSat_5" title="AsiaSat 5">AsiaSat 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-206" title="USA-206">USA-206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-RA" title="JCSAT-RA">JCSAT-RA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optus_D3" title="Optus D3">Optus D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STSat-2A" title="STSat-2A">STSat-2A</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-128" title="STS-128">STS-128</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Leonardo MPLM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palapa-D" title="Palapa-D">Palapa-D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA-207" title="USA-207">USA-207 / PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTV-1" title="HTV-1">HTV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor-M_No.1" title="Meteor-M No.1">Meteor-M No.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/BLITS" title="BLITS">BLITS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sterkh" title="Sterkh">Sterkh-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/SumbandilaSat" title="SumbandilaSat">SumbandilaSat</a>, <a href="/wiki/UGATUSAT" title="UGATUSAT">UGATUSAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitetsky-Tatyana-2" title="Universitetsky-Tatyana-2">Universitetsky-Tatyana-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimiq_5" title="Nimiq 5">Nimiq 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-2" title="Oceansat-2">Oceansat-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubin_9.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubin 9.1">Rubin 9.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubin_9.2" title="Rubin 9.2">Rubin 9.2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeeSat-1" title="BeeSat-1">BeeSat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/UWE-2" title="UWE-2">UWE-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITUpSAT1" title="ITUpSAT1">ITU-pSat1</a>, <a href="/wiki/SwissCube-1" title="SwissCube-1">SwissCube-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of USA satellites">USA-208</a> / <a href="/wiki/Space_Tracking_and_Surveillance_System" title="Space Tracking and Surveillance System">STSS-Demo 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of USA satellites">USA-209</a> / <a href="/wiki/Space_Tracking_and_Surveillance_System" title="Space Tracking and Surveillance System">STSS-Demo 2</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-16" title="Soyuz TMA-16">Soyuz TMA-16</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazonas-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amazonas-2 (page does not exist)">Amazonas-2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=COMSATBw-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COMSATBw-1 (page does not exist)">COMSATBw-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldView-2" title="WorldView-2">WorldView-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-03M" title="Progress M-03M">Progress M-03M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-210&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-210 (page does not exist)">USA-210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Thor 6">Thor 6</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NSS-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSS-12 (page does not exist)">NSS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-MIM2" title="Progress M-MIM2">Progress M-MIM2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poisk_(ISS_module)" title="Poisk (ISS module)">Poisk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian_11-01" class="mw-redirect" title="Shijian 11-01">Shijian 11-01</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-129" title="STS-129">STS-129</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/ExPRESS_Logistics_Carrier" title="ExPRESS Logistics Carrier">ExPRESS-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ExPRESS_Logistics_Carrier" title="ExPRESS Logistics Carrier">ExPRESS-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2455&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2455 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_14" title="Intelsat 14">Intelsat 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_36B" title="Eutelsat 36B">Eutelsat W7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IGS_Optical_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGS Optical 3 (page does not exist)">IGS Optical 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_15" title="Intelsat 15">Intelsat 15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA-211" title="USA-211">USA-211</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaogan_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaogan 7 (page does not exist)">Yaogan 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2456" title="Kosmos 2456">Kosmos 2456</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2457" title="Kosmos 2457">Kosmos 2457</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2458" title="Kosmos 2458">Kosmos 2458</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaogan_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaogan 8 (page does not exist)">Yaogan 8</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi_Wang_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi Wang 1 (page does not exist)">Xi Wang 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_2_(satellite)" title="Helios 2 (satellite)">Helios IIB</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-17" title="Soyuz TMA-17">Soyuz TMA-17</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T12_(satellite)" title="T12 (satellite)">DirecTV-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GOCE&oldid=1258797873">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GOCE&oldid=1258797873</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earth_observation_satellites_of_the_European_Space_Agency" title="Category:Earth observation satellites of the European Space Agency">Earth observation satellites of the European Space Agency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satellites_in_very_low_Earth_orbit" title="Category:Satellites in very low Earth orbit">Satellites in very low Earth orbit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_2009" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 2009">Spacecraft launched in 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_which_reentered_in_2013" title="Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2013">Spacecraft which reentered in 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_by_Rokot_rockets" title="Category:Spacecraft launched by Rokot rockets">Spacecraft launched by Rokot rockets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gravimetry_satellites" title="Category:Gravimetry satellites">Gravimetry satellites</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_March_2009" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2009">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2014" title="Category:Use British English from January 2014">Use British English from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2017">Use dmy dates from July 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 18:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-20T18:10:17Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T18:09:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/6\/65\/GOCE.jpg","headline":"former ESA satellite which mapped Earth's gravity field"}</script> </body> </html>