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Nabatei - Wikipedia

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id="toc-I_periodi_ellenistico_e_romano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_periodi_ellenistico_e_romano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>I periodi ellenistico e romano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_periodi_ellenistico_e_romano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nabatei</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un&#039;altra lingua. Disponibile in 51 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabate%C3%ABrs" title="Nabateërs - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nabateërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_(%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8)" title="الأنباط (شعب) - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأنباط (شعب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B7" title="نبط - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نبط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99batil%C9%99r" title="Nəbatilər - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəbatilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="نبطی‌لر - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نبطی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%88" title="নবতাঈ - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নবতাঈ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateus" title="Nabateus - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nabateus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نەبتییەکان - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەبتییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatejci" title="Nabatejci - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nabatejci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabat%C3%A4er" title="Nabatäer - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nabatäer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ναβαταίοι - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναβαταίοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nabataeans" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateo" title="Nabateo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nabateo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateos" title="Nabateos - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nabateos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateo" title="Nabateo - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nabateo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="نبطی‌ها - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبطی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatealaiset" title="Nabatealaiset - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nabatealaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabat%C3%A9ens" title="Nabatéens - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nabatéens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatee%C3%ABrs" title="Nabateeërs - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nabateeërs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateos" title="Nabateos - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nabateos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נבטים - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נבטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="नबाती - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नबाती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatejci" title="Nabatejci - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nabatejci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateusok" title="Nabateusok - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nabateusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Nabath" title="Orang Nabath - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Nabath" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabath" title="Nabath - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nabath" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%B0%94%ED%85%8C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="나바테아인 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나바테아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabat%C4%97jai" title="Nabatėjai - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nabatėjai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateja" title="Nabateja - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nabateja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateana" title="Nabateana - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nabateana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Набатей - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Набатей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatea" title="Nabatea - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nabatea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatee%C3%ABrs" title="Nabateeërs - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nabateeërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatearar" title="Nabatearar - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nabatearar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateere" title="Nabateere - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nabateere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabat%C3%A8us" title="Nabatèus - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nabatèus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatejczycy" title="Nabatejczycy - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nabatejczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="انباط - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انباط" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateus" title="Nabateus - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nabateus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateeni" title="Nabateeni - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nabateeni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Набатеи - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Набатеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatejci" title="Nabatejci - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nabatejci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatejci" title="Nabatejci - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nabatejci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabat%C3%A9er" title="Nabatéer - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nabatéer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நபாத்தியர் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நபாத்தியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabat%C3%AEler" title="Nabatîler - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nabatîler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Набатеї - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Набатеї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="انباط - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انباط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatiylar" title="Nabatiylar - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nabatiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateo" title="Nabateo - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nabateo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E5%B7%B4%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="納巴泰人 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="納巴泰人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q220594#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nabatei" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Nabatei" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Nabatei" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Nabatei" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;oldid=140807758" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&amp;page=Nabatei&amp;id=140807758&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNabatei"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNabatei"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Nabatei"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Nabatei&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nabataeans" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q220594" title="Collegamento all&#039;elemento connesso dell&#039;archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l&#039;enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levante_800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Levante_800.jpg/220px-Levante_800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Levante_800.jpg/330px-Levante_800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Levante_800.jpg/440px-Levante_800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Mappa della <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a> nell'<a href="/w/index.php?title=800_a.C.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="800 a.C. (la pagina non esiste)">800 a.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG/220px-Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG/330px-Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG/440px-Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="3836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petra_(Giordania)" title="Petra (Giordania)">Petra</a>, la capitale nabatea</figcaption></figure> <p>I <b>Nabatei</b> furono un popolo di commercianti dell'<a href="/wiki/Penisola_araba" class="mw-redirect" title="Penisola araba">Arabia</a> antica, insediati nelle oasi del nord-ovest cui al tempo di <a href="/wiki/Flavio_Giuseppe" title="Flavio Giuseppe">Flavio Giuseppe</a> fu dato il nome di Nabatene, indicando approssimativamente l'area che fungeva da confine fra la <a href="/wiki/Siria_(regione_storica)" title="Siria (regione storica)">Siria</a> e l'Arabia, dall'<a href="/wiki/Eufrate" title="Eufrate">Eufrate</a> al <a href="/wiki/Mar_Rosso" title="Mar Rosso">Mar Rosso</a>. La rete mercantile da essi efficacemente controllata e gestita metteva in comunicazione il sud e il nord della <a href="/wiki/Penisola_araba" class="mw-redirect" title="Penisola araba">penisola araba</a> e permetteva di commercializzare nell'area <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterraneo" title="Mar Mediterraneo">mediterranea</a> prodotti ad alta <a href="/wiki/Utilit%C3%A0_marginale" title="Utilità marginale">utilità marginale</a>, provenienti dalla lontana <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> e dalle regioni circonvicine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Cultura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Lingua_nabatea" title="Lingua nabatea">Lingua nabatea</a></b>&#32;e&#32;<b><a href="/wiki/Arte_nabatea" title="Arte nabatea">Arte nabatea</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Benché nulla sia sopravvissuto della loro letteratura, di cui peraltro non si ha menzione nei testi antichi, l'importanza della cultura nabatea è testimoniata dalla diffusione della loro lingua, attestata in un gran numero di <a href="/wiki/Incisioni_rupestri" title="Incisioni rupestri">graffiti</a> e iscrizioni <a href="/wiki/Epigrafia" title="Epigrafia">epigrafiche</a>, anche a distanza da <a href="/wiki/Petra_(Giordania)" title="Petra (Giordania)">Petra</a>, loro centro politico. </p><p>I riferimenti di età classica sui Nabatei fanno pensare che le loro rotte mercantili e la provenienza delle merci fossero considerate un segreto, camuffato in racconti in grado di confondere i forestieri. <a href="/wiki/Diodoro_Siculo" title="Diodoro Siculo">Diodoro Siculo</a> li descrive come una <a href="/wiki/Trib%C3%B9" title="Tribù">tribù</a> forte di circa 10.000 guerrieri, in grado di dominare i <a href="/wiki/Nomade" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomade">nomadi</a> dell'Arabia, non interessati all'<a href="/wiki/Agricoltura" title="Agricoltura">agricoltura</a>, alle dimore fisse e al <a href="/wiki/Vino" title="Vino">vino</a> ma, oltre all'allevamento, coinvolti in traffici che consentivano alti profitti con gli empori che commerciavano il <a href="/wiki/Franchincenso" title="Franchincenso">franchincenso</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Mirra" title="Mirra">mirra</a> e spezie provenienti dall'<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a>, oggi <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, come pure ai commerci con l'<a href="/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto">Egitto</a> riguardanti il <a href="/wiki/Bitume" title="Bitume">bitume</a> proveniente dal <a href="/wiki/Mar_Morto" title="Mar Morto">Mar Morto</a>. Le loro contrade, aride, erano la miglior difesa per la loro amata libertà, grazie alle ampie <a href="/wiki/Cisterna" title="Cisterna">cisterne</a> che raccoglievano l'acqua <a href="/wiki/Pioggia" title="Pioggia">piovana</a>, scavate nella roccia o nell'<a href="/wiki/Argilla" title="Argilla">argilla</a>, nascoste agli occhi dei potenziali invasori. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origini">Origini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Origini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Origini"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Regno_nabateo" title="Regno nabateo">Regno nabateo</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>L'origine dei Nabatei rimane oscura. Basandosi su una somiglianza fonetica, <a href="/wiki/San_Gerolamo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Gerolamo">Gerolamo</a> suggerisce un collegamento con la tribù dei <a href="/wiki/Nebaioth" title="Nebaioth">Nebaioth</a> ricordata nel Libro dei Popoli della <i><a href="/wiki/Genesi" title="Genesi">Genesi</a>,</i> ma storici moderni sono prudenti circa l'antica storia nabatea. L'<a href="/wiki/Esilio_babilonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Esilio babilonese">esilio babilonese</a> che cominciò nel <a href="/wiki/586_a.C." title="586 a.C.">586 a.C.</a> aprì un vuoto di potere nel <a href="/wiki/Regno_di_Giuda" title="Regno di Giuda">Regno di Giuda</a>, e non appena gli <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomiti</a> si spostarono nelle terre da pascolo dei Giudei, le iscrizioni nabatee cominciarono a essere presenti in territorio edomita (prima del <a href="/wiki/312_a.C." title="312 a.C.">312 a.C.</a>, quando essi furono attaccati infruttuosamente a <a href="/wiki/Petra_(Giordania)" title="Petra (Giordania)">Petra</a> da <a href="/wiki/Antigono_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigono I">Antigono I</a>). Petra o Sela fu l'antica capitale di <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>; i Nabatei devono aver occupato l'antico territorio di Edom, subentrandogli nei traffici mercantili dopo che gli Edomiti si erano avvantaggiati dell'<a href="/wiki/Esilio_babilonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Esilio babilonese">esilio babilonese</a> degli Ebrei, sospingendoli nella Giudea meridionale. Questa migrazione nabatea, la cui data non può essere determinata, li rese anche padroni delle sponde del <a href="/wiki/Golfo_di_Aqaba" title="Golfo di Aqaba">Golfo di Aqaba</a> e dell'importante approdo di <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Elath</a>. Qui, secondo <a href="/wiki/Agatarchide_di_Cnido" title="Agatarchide di Cnido">Agatarchide</a>, a causa di razziatori e pirati ebbero per qualche tempo problemi nella riapertura del commercio fra l'Egitto e l'Oriente, fin quando essi furono eliminati dai <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_tolemaica" title="Dinastia tolemaica">Tolomei</a> di <a href="/wiki/Alessandria_d%27Egitto" title="Alessandria d&#39;Egitto">Alessandria</a>. </p><p>Al momento dell'inizio della loro storia documentabile i Nabatei avevano già subito processi di acculturazione grazie alla cultura <a href="/wiki/Aramei" title="Aramei">aramaica</a>; scrissero una lettera ad Antigono in caratteri <a href="/wiki/Siriaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Siriaci">siriaci</a>, e la <a href="/wiki/Lingua_aramaica" title="Lingua aramaica">lingua aramaica</a> fu la lingua delle loro monete ed epigrafi quando la struttura tribale lasciò posto alla monarchia. Profittando della decadenza <a href="/wiki/Seleucidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucidi">seleucide</a> estesero i loro confini verso settentrione, in direzione della fertile area orientale del <a href="/wiki/Giordano_(fiume)" title="Giordano (fiume)">fiume Giordano</a>. Occuparono l'<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> e verso l'<a href="/wiki/85_a.C." title="85 a.C.">85 a.C.</a> il re <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aretas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aretas (la pagina non esiste)">Aretas</a> (evidentemente <i>al-Ḥārith</i> ) divenne signore di <a href="/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco">Damasco</a> e della <a href="/wiki/Celesiria" title="Celesiria">Celesiria</a>. <i>Nabatei</i> divenne il nome arabo degli Aramei, sia in <a href="/wiki/Siria_(regione_storica)" title="Siria (regione storica)">Siria</a> sia in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>: un fatto che è stato scorrettamente assunto per dimostrare che i Nabatei furono in origine Aramei immigrati da <a href="/wiki/Babilonia_(regione_storica)" title="Babilonia (regione storica)">Babilonia</a>. I nomi propri delle loro iscrizioni suggeriscono che essi furono autentici Arabi che avevano subito influenze aramaiche. Starcky identifica i Nabatu dell'Arabia meridionale come loro antenati. Tuttavia diversi gruppi di Nabatei scrissero i loro nomi in modi del tutto differenti; pertanto gli archeologi sono riluttanti ad affermare che essi furono tutti riferibili alla stessa tribù o che ogni gruppo fosse l'originale gruppo dei Nabatei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I_periodi_ellenistico_e_romano">I periodi ellenistico e romano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la sezione I periodi ellenistico e romano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: I periodi ellenistico e romano"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabia_Petraea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arabia_Petraea.png/220px-Arabia_Petraea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arabia_Petraea.png/330px-Arabia_Petraea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Arabia_Petraea.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>La <i>provincia</i> romana dell'<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>, creata su quello che era il regno nabateo.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Petra_(Giordania)" title="Petra (Giordania)">Petra</a> fu edificata rapidamente nel <a href="/wiki/I_secolo_a.C." title="I secolo a.C.">I secolo a.C.</a> in tutto lo splendore tipico dell'età <a href="/wiki/Ellenismo" title="Ellenismo">ellenistica</a>, quando i Nabatei erano alleati dei primi <a href="/wiki/Asmonei" title="Asmonei">Asmonei</a> nelle lotte contro i monarchi <a href="/wiki/Seleucidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucidi">seleucidi</a>. Divennero rivali della dinastia <a href="/wiki/Ebrei" title="Ebrei">ebraica</a>, che fiori nel <a href="/wiki/II_secolo_a.C." title="II secolo a.C.">II secolo a.C.</a>, e un elemento chiave dei disordini che convinsero <a href="/wiki/Gneo_Pompeo_Magno" title="Gneo Pompeo Magno">Gneo Pompeo Magno</a> ad intervenire in <a href="/wiki/Giudea" title="Giudea">Giudea</a>. Numerosi Nabatei furono convertiti a forza all'<a href="/wiki/Ebraismo" title="Ebraismo">Ebraismo</a> dal sovrano asmoneo <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Ianneo" title="Alessandro Ianneo">Alessandro Ianneo</a>. Fu questo re che, dopo aver sedato una ribellione locale, invase e occupò le città nabatee di <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> e <a href="/wiki/Galaad" title="Galaad">Gilead</a> e impose un tributo dall'imprecisato ammontare. Obodas (ʿUbayda), saputo che Alessandro era in procinto di attaccarlo, tese una trappola alle sue truppe nei pressi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaulane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaulane (la pagina non esiste)">Gaulane</a>, distruggendo l'esercito israelita (90 a.C.).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La forza militare romana non ebbe grande successo nelle campagne contro i Nabatei. A partire dal <a href="/wiki/62_a.C." title="62 a.C.">62 a.C.</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Emilio_Scauro_(pretore_56_a.C.)" title="Marco Emilio Scauro (pretore 56 a.C.)">Marco Emilio Scauro</a> accettò un versamento di 300 <a href="/wiki/Talento_(peso)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talento (peso)">talenti</a> per togliere l'assedio a Petra, in parte a causa del terreno difficile e del fatto che Scauro era a corto di provvigioni. Hyrcano, amico di Aretas, fu inviato da Scauro dal sovrano nabateo per trattare la pace. Con la pace, il re Aretas conservò per intero i suoi domini, inclusa Damasco, e divenne vassallo di Roma<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Durante il regno di Malichus II (Malik), nel 32 a.C. <a href="/wiki/Erode_il_Grande" title="Erode il Grande">Erode il Grande</a> iniziò col sostegno di <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> un conflitto contro la Nabatea. La guerra cominciò con l'esercito di Erode che razziò la <i>Nabataea</i> impiegando un'imponente forza di cavalleria e occupando <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dione,_Palestina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dione, Palestina (la pagina non esiste)">Dium</a>. Dopo questo rovescio, le forze nabatee si ammassarono presso <a href="/wiki/Canatha" title="Canatha">Canatha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siria_(regione_storica)" title="Siria (regione storica)">Siria</a>, ma furono attaccate e messe in rotta. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Athenio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Athenio (la pagina non esiste)">Athenio</a>, generale di Cleopatra, inviò Canathans in aiuto dei Nabatei; questa forza sconfisse l'esercito di Erode, che fuggì verso <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ormiza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ormiza (la pagina non esiste)">Ormiza</a>. Lanno dopo l'esercito di Erode devastò la Nabataea.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dopo un terremoto in Giudea i Nabatei insorsero e invasero Israele, ma Erode attraversò il Giordano a Philadelphia (l'odierna <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>) e tenne sotto controllo entrambe le sponde, lungo le quali fu eretto un campo fortificato. I Nabatei, sotto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elthemus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elthemus (la pagina non esiste)">Elthemus</a>, rifiutarono lo scontro, ed Erode forzò la situazione attaccando l'accampamento nemico. Una massa confusa di Nabatei ingaggiò la battaglia, ma fu sconfitta. Superate le difese avversarie, Erode assediò l'accampamento, e i difensori furono in breve costretti alla trattativa. Le forze nabatee scampate offrirono 500 talenti per la pace, ma ciò non fu accettato. La carenza d'acqua obbligò i Nabatei a lasciare il campo per lo scontro armato, ma furono sconfitti in questa ultima battaglia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In quanto alleati dei <a href="/wiki/Impero_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Impero Romano">Romani</a>, i Nabatei continuarono a prosperare per tutto il I secolo d.C. La loro potenza si estese ben dentro l'Arabia, lungo il <a href="/wiki/Mar_Rosso" title="Mar Rosso">Mar Rosso</a> fino allo <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, e <a href="/wiki/Petra_(Giordania)" title="Petra (Giordania)">Petra</a> rimase un emporio cosmopolita, malgrado i suoi commerci diminuissero con l'affermazione delle rotte orientali, da <a href="/wiki/Myoshormus" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoshormus">Myoshormus</a> a <a href="/wiki/Copto_(Egitto)" title="Copto (Egitto)">Copto</a> lungo il <a href="/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo">Nilo</a>. Sotto la <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i> persero le loro abitudini guerriere e nomadi e divennero un popolo sobrio, accumulatore e ordinato, totalmente dedito al commercio e all'agricoltura. Il loro inserimento nei traffici marittimi mediterranei della prima età imperiale è attestato anche dalla presenza di un santuario nel cuore del porto di <a href="/wiki/Puteoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Puteoli">Puteoli</a> (Pozzuoli), il maggior scalo commerciale del tempo. Il tempio dedicato al dio supremo <a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dusares</a>, oggi sommerso per effetto del <a href="/wiki/Bradisismo_flegreo" title="Bradisismo flegreo">bradisismo</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Campi_Flegrei" title="Campi Flegrei">Campi Flegrei</a>, è attualmente oggetto di approfondite ricerche archeologiche subacquee<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e conserva ancora altari e iscrizioni, in lingua latina e in lingua e alfabeto nabateo. </p><p>I Nabatei svolsero anche il ruolo di baluardo tra Roma e le popolazioni <a href="/wiki/Beduino" class="mw-redirect" title="Beduino">beduine</a>, poco inclini a piegarsi all'Impero, inoltrando tuttavia le loro mercanzie negli empori settentrionali e spesso fornendo loro beni che da quelle aree provenivano. Il luogo di interscambio principale fu l'antico centro di Dedān, chiamato dagli Arabi <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Salih" title="Mada&#39;in Salih">Mada'in Salih</a> (Hegra o Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ, "le città [del profeta arabo] <a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a>"), di cui parla il <a href="/wiki/Corano" title="Corano">Corano</a>, noto oggi col nome di al-ʿUlā. Ciononostante, <a href="/wiki/Traiano" title="Traiano">Traiano</a> prese il controllo di Petra e di Hegra, assorbendole nella nuova <i>provincia</i> romana dell'<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>. </p><p>Dal III secolo d.C. i Nabatei smisero di scrivere in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_aramaica" title="Lingua aramaica">aramaico</a> e cominciarono invece a scrivere in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca" title="Lingua greca">greco</a> e dal IV secolo si convertirono al <a href="/wiki/Cristianesimo" title="Cristianesimo">Cristianesimo</a>. I nuovi invasori <a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">Arabi</a>, che cominciarono ad agire in quei luoghi nel VII secolo, trovarono i resti dei Nabatei trasformati in <a href="/wiki/Contadino" class="mw-redirect" title="Contadino">contadini</a>, tanto che la parola araba <i>nabaṭī</i> divenne sinonimo, appunto, di "agricoltore". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe <i>La guerra giudaica</i>, 1:87, p. 40, trad. di G.A. Williamson, 1959, printed 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe 1:61, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe 1:363-377 p. 75-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe, 1:377-391 pp. 78-79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Andrew Curry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.it/un-tempio-sommerso-in-italia-rivela-le-fiorenti-attivita-nel-deserto-di-questi-mercanti-arabi"><span style="font-style:italic;">Un tempio sommerso in Italia rivela le fiorenti attività nel deserto di questi mercanti arabi</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">National Geographic Italia</span>, 24 agosto 2023.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David Graf, <i>Rome and the Arabian Frontier: from the Nabataeans to the Saracens</i>.</li> <li>Lemma «Nabat», in: <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, new series, E.J. Brill, Leida, Volume VII.</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/76.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Nabateans: A Historical Sketch - Jean Starcky</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ancientneareast.tripod.com</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011080434/http://nabataea.net/nab6.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Nabataea.net, Dan Gibson's comprehensive Nabataean site</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">nabataea.net</span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 luglio 2006</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//nabataea.net/nab6.html">url originale</abbr> l'11 ottobre 2007)</small>.</cite></li> <li>Johnson, Paul, <i>A History of the Jews</i>, George Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson Limited, London, 1987</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927072000/http://www.nabateans.org/"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Nabateans by Professor Avraham Negev</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">nabateans.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 luglio 2006</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.nabateans.org/">url originale</abbr> il 27 settembre 2006)</small>.</cite></li> <li>Stephan G. Schmid: "The Nabataeans. Travellers between Lifestyles". in: B. MacDonald - R. Adams - P. Bienkowski (eds.), The Archaeology of Jordan (Sheffield 2001) 367-426. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1841271365" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-84127-136-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religione_nabatea" title="Religione nabatea">Religione nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_nabateo" title="Alfabeto nabateo">Alfabeto nabateo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/nabateo" class="extiw" title="wikt:nabateo">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Nabataeans"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nabataeans?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/nabateo" class="extiw" title="wikt:nabateo">nabateo</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nabataeans?uselang=it">nabateo</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabatei&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auac.ch/bns"><i>Bulletin of Nabataean Studies</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429070718/http://www.auac.ch/bns/">Archiviato</a> il 29 aprile 2016 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.: bibliografia e link su Petra e i Nabatei</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.haifa.ac.il/~hecht/Nabatean.htm">I Nabatei nel Negev</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003090249/http://research.haifa.ac.il/~hecht/Nabatean.htm">Archiviato</a> il 3 ottobre 2018 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Storia_della_Giordania"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Storia_della_Giordania" title="Template:Storia della Giordania"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a>&#160;·&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Storia_della_Giordania&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Storia della Giordania (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a>&#160;·&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Storia_della_Giordania&amp;action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l&#39;anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Storia_della_Giordania" title="Storia della Giordania">Storia della Giordania</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Popoli</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Ammoniti_(popolo)" title="Ammoniti (popolo)">Ammoniti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Amorrei" title="Amorrei">Amorrei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Assiria" title="Assiria">Assiri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Babilonesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Babilonesi">Babilonesi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">Impero bizantino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ebrei" title="Ebrei">Ebrei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edomiti" title="Edomiti">Edomiti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">Arabi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ghassanidi" title="Ghassanidi">Ghassanidi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moabiti" title="Moabiti">Moabiti</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nabatei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Palestinesi" title="Palestinesi">Palestinesi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Storia_romana" title="Storia romana">Romani</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sasanidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanidi">Sasanidi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Selgiuchidi" title="Selgiuchidi">Selgiuchidi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Impero_ottomano" title="Impero ottomano">Impero ottomano</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Personaggi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_I_di_Giordania" title="Abd Allah I di Giordania">Abd Allah I di Giordania</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_II_di_Giordania" title="Abd Allah II di Giordania">Abd Allah II di Giordania</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Magno" title="Alessandro Magno">Alessandro Magno</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antioco_II" title="Antioco II">Antioco II</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciro_II_di_Persia" title="Ciro II di Persia">Ciro II di Persia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Davide" title="Davide">Davide, re d'Israele</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diocleziano" title="Diocleziano">Diocleziano, imperatore dei Romani</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eraclio_I" title="Eraclio I">Eraclio I</a> • <a href="/wiki/Esa%C3%B9" title="Esaù">Edom, fondatore del Regno degli Edomiti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faysal_I_re_d%27Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Faysal I re d&#39;Iraq">Faysal, fratello di Re Abd Allah I e poi re d'Iraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Folco_V_d%27Angi%C3%B2" title="Folco V d&#39;Angiò">Folco V d'Angiò</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giustiniano_I" title="Giustiniano I">Giustiniano I</a> • <a href="/wiki/Husayn_di_Giordania" title="Husayn di Giordania">Husayn, re di Giordania</a> • <a href="/wiki/Al-Husayn_ibn_Ali_(sceriffo_della_Mecca)" title="Al-Husayn ibn Ali (sceriffo della Mecca)">Husayn b. ʿAlī, sceriffo della Mecca</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burckhardt">Johann Ludwig Burckhardt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_ibn_Abi_Sufyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu&#39;awiya ibn Abi Sufyan">Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān, califfo omayyade</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gneo_Pompeo_Magno" title="Gneo Pompeo Magno">Gneo Pompeo Magno</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saladino" title="Saladino">Saladino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Salomone" title="Salomone">Salomone, re d'Israele</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teodosio" title="Teodosio">Teodosio I, imperatore dei Romani</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence">T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence d'Arabia)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Traiano" title="Traiano">Traiano, imperatore dei Romani</a> • <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik">al-Walid I, califfo omayyade</a> • <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Siti archeologici</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Rabbath Ammon, poi Filadelfia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Beidha_(sito_archeologico)" title="Beidha (sito archeologico)">Beidha</a> • <a href="/wiki/Castelli_del_deserto" title="Castelli del deserto">Castelli del deserto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerasa" title="Gerasa">Gerasa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Karak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monte_Nebo" title="Monte Nebo">Monte Nebo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pella_(Giordania)" title="Pella (Giordania)">Pella</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petra_(Giordania)" title="Petra (Giordania)">Petra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Piccola_Petra" title="Piccola Petra">Piccola Petra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quwaylibah" title="Quwaylibah">Quwaylibah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Rasas" title="Umm al-Rasas">Umm al-Rasas</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Eventi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Battaglia_di_Qade%C5%A1" title="Battaglia di Qadeš">Battaglia di Qadeš</a> • <a href="/wiki/Battaglia_di_Ajnadayn" title="Battaglia di Ajnadayn">Battaglia di Ajnadayn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Battaglia_di_Hattin" title="Battaglia di Hattin">Battaglia di Hattin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Crociata" title="Crociata">Crociata</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cristianesimo" title="Cristianesimo">Diffusione del cristianesimo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Islamismo" title="Islamismo">Diffusione dell'islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cattivit%C3%A0_babilonese" title="Cattività babilonese">Cattività babilonese</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guerra_arabo-israeliana_del_1948" title="Guerra arabo-israeliana del 1948">Guerra arabo-israeliana del 1948</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guerra_dei_sei_giorni" title="Guerra dei sei giorni">Guerra dei sei giorni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guerra_del_Kippur" title="Guerra del Kippur">Guerra del Kippur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Storia_della_Giordania#Periodo_Contemporaneo_(1875-...)#Il_Mandato_britannico_e_l&#39;indipendenza" title="Storia della Giordania">Indipendenza della Giordania</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lega_araba" title="Lega araba">Nascita della Lega degli Stati arabi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Israele" title="Israele">Nascita dello Stato d'Israele</a> • <a href="/wiki/Questione_palestinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Questione palestinese">Questione palestinese</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rivolta_araba" title="Rivolta araba">Rivolta araba</a> • <a href="/wiki/Settembre_nero_in_Giordania" title="Settembre nero in Giordania">Settembre nero in Giordania</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>)&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4041013-4">4041013-4</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>,&#160;<abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>)&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007558132905171">987007558132905171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitello_modanatura_mo_01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Storia"><img alt="&#160;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Capitello_modanatura_mo_01.svg/25px-Capitello_modanatura_mo_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Capitello_modanatura_mo_01.svg/38px-Capitello_modanatura_mo_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Capitello_modanatura_mo_01.svg/50px-Capitello_modanatura_mo_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="254" /></a></span>&#32;<b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Storia" title="Portale:Storia">Portale Storia</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vicino Oriente antico"><img alt="&#160;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg/25px-Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg/38px-Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg/50px-Babylon-ishtar-mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span>&#32;<b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Vicino_Oriente_antico" title="Portale:Vicino Oriente antico">Portale Vicino Oriente antico</a></b></div></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7c479b968‐cnp6r Cached time: 20241117124707 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.264 seconds Real time usage: 0.341 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3950/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22256/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 574/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9088/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.173/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2390310/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 274.554 1 -total 21.64% 59.409 1 Template:Portale 16.47% 45.213 2 Template:Vedi_anche 16.29% 44.722 1 Template:Storia_della_Giordania 15.71% 43.143 2 Template:Icona_argomento 15.10% 41.446 1 Template:Navbox 14.76% 40.511 1 Template:Interprogetto 13.49% 37.036 1 Template:Controllo_di_autorità 13.27% 36.437 4 Template:Cita_web 1.52% 4.162 2 Template:Webarchive --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key itwiki:pcache:idhash:530170-0!canonical and timestamp 20241117124707 and revision id 140807758. 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