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href="#Vida_posterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vida posterior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vida_posterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Índice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Carl Goldmark</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 14 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peter Carl Goldmark" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter Carl Goldmark" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Peter Carl Goldmark" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_K%C3%A1roly_Goldmark" title="Péter Károly Goldmark — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Péter Károly Goldmark" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Goldmark" title="Peter Goldmark — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peter Goldmark" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peter Carl Goldmark" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="פטר קרל גולדמארק — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטר קרל גולדמארק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmark_P%C3%A9ter_K%C3%A1roly" title="Goldmark Péter Károly — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Goldmark Péter Károly" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peter Carl Goldmark" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%ED%84%B0_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EA%B3%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="페터 카를 골트마르크 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페터 카를 골트마르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Peter Carl Goldmark" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter Carl Goldmark" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Голдмарк, Питер Карл — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голдмарк, Питер Карл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Peter Carl Goldmark" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q943577#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Peter_Carl_Goldmark" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Carl_Goldmark&oldid=67057694" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Carl_Goldmark&action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Informações da página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Peter_Carl_Goldmark&id=67057694&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informação sobre como citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPeter_Carl_Goldmark"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPeter_Carl_Goldmark"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a 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dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="topo padrao" style="text-align:center; font-size:large; background-color:gainsboro; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class="">Peter Carl Goldmark</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Disco_de_vinil" title="Disco de vinil">disco de vinil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/2_de_dezembro#Nascimentos" title="2 de dezembro">2 de dezembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Budapeste" title="Budapeste">Budapeste</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/7_de_dezembro" title="7 de dezembro">7 de dezembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a> (71 anos)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Condado_de_Westchester" title="Condado de Westchester">Condado de Westchester</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Magiares" title="Magiares">húngaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Povo_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Povo dos Estados Unidos">estadunidense</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cidadania </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Hungria, Estados Unidos </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Filho(a)(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Peter C. Goldmark Jr. </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r69285224">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_T%C3%A9cnica_de_Viena" title="Universidade Técnica de Viena">Universidade Técnica de Viena</a></li><li>New Canaan Country School</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Ocupação </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">inventor, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" title="Físico">físico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engenheiro" title="Engenheiro">engenheiro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Distinções </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Elliott_Cresson" title="Medalha Elliott Cresson">Medalha Elliott Cresson</a> (1969)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-MEC_1961_1970_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEC_1961_1970-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias" title="Medalha Nacional de Ciências">Medalha Nacional de Ciências</a> (1976)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Hoover" title="Medalha Hoover">Medalha Hoover</a> (1977)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Empregador(a) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Instituições </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Causa da morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Acidente_rodovi%C3%A1rio" title="Acidente rodoviário">acidente rodoviário</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:gainsboro" class=""><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q943577" class="extiw" title="d:Q943577">edite no Wikidata</a>]</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Peter Carl Goldmark</b> (em <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_h%C3%BAngara" title="Língua húngara">húngaro</a>: <span lang="hu"> Goldmark Péter Károly</span>) (<a href="/wiki/Budapeste" title="Budapeste">Budapeste</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_de_dezembro" title="2 de dezembro">2 de dezembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a> — <a href="/wiki/Condado_de_Westchester" title="Condado de Westchester">Condado de Westchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_de_dezembro" title="7 de dezembro">7 de dezembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a>) foi um <a href="/wiki/Engenharia" title="Engenharia">engenheiro</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungria" title="Hungria">húngaro</a> naturalizado <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">estadunidense</a>. </p><p>Durante o tempo em que trabalhou na <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>, foi fundamental no desenvolvimento do <a href="/wiki/Disco_de_vinil" title="Disco de vinil">disco de vinil</a> (LP). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vida_e_início_de_carreira"><span id="Vida_e_in.C3.ADcio_de_carreira"></span>Vida e início de carreira</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Carl_Goldmark&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Vida e início de carreira" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Carl_Goldmark&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Vida e início de carreira"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nascido em uma família <a href="/wiki/Judia" class="mw-redirect" title="Judia">judia</a> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAngara" class="mw-redirect" title="Húngara">húngara</a>, Goldmark teve sua primeira exposição à televisão em 1926, enquanto fazia pós-graduação em <a href="/wiki/Viena" title="Viena">Viena</a>. Em 1936, Goldmark ingressou no CBS Laboratories e, um ano depois, tornou-se cidadão naturalizado dos Estados Unidos . </p><p>Goldmark se casou com Frances Trainer, de quem se divorciou. Juntos, eles tiveram quatro filhos; três filhos: Peter Jr., Christopher, Andrew e uma filha: Frances.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Depois de se divorciar de Frances Trainer, Goldmark se casou com Diane Davis e teve mais dois filhos: Jonathan e Susan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trabalho">Trabalho</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Carl_Goldmark&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Trabalho" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Carl_Goldmark&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Trabalho"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Além de seu trabalho no disco LP, Goldmark desenvolveu tecnologia de cores sequenciais de campo para <a href="/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o_em_cores" title="Televisão em cores">televisão em cores</a> enquanto estava na CBS. O sistema, demonstrado pela primeira vez em 29 de agosto de 1940 e mostrado para a imprensa em 3 de setembro<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> usava uma roda de cores girando rapidamente que alternava a transmissão em vermelho, verde e azul. O sistema transmitia em 343 linhas, cerca de 100 a menos que um aparelho preto e branco, e em uma taxa de varredura de campo diferente e, portanto, era incompatível com os aparelhos de televisão atualmente no mercado sem adaptador.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Embora a CBS tenha transmitido em cores com o sistema Goldmark em 1950-1951, a tecnologia de "cor compatível" desenvolvida para RCA e NBC (por uma equipe liderada por Richard Kell, George H. Brown e outros) era compatível com as TVs em preto e branco existentes. Goldmark e outros apontaram que o sistema de roda de cores CBS forneceu melhor qualidade de imagem (embora resolução de imagem inferior) do que o sistema RCA, mas o problema de compatibilidade provou sua queda. Um sistema de cores RCA / NBC aprimorado, enviado em julho de 1953, tornou-se o padrão da indústria escolhido pela <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) em dezembro de 1953. Ironicamente, as câmeras usando o sistema de roda de cores continuaram a ser usadas para pesquisas científicas por várias décadas, incluindo as câmeras de TV coloridas da superfície lunar durante todos os pousos lunares da NASA, no programa Apollo na década de 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Goldmark também continuou seu trabalho no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias relacionadas ao LP, como o Highway <a href="/wiki/Alta-fidelidade" title="Alta-fidelidade">Hi-Fi</a> , um sistema projetado para reproduzir discos LP de 7 polegadas em automóveis. </p><p>Após o sucesso do disco LP, Goldmark passou as duas décadas seguintes no CBS Laboratories trabalhando em várias invenções, a principal delas era o EVR, o Gravador de Vídeo Eletrônico. Este dispositivo futurista de reprodução de vídeo doméstico usava rolos de filme armazenados em cassetes de plástico para armazenar eletronicamente sinais de áudio e vídeo, e foi anunciado pela primeira vez em 1967. Um protótipo <a href="/wiki/P%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="P&B">P&B</a> foi demonstrado em 1969 (prometendo reprodução de cores em modelos futuros), mas a invenção fracassou quando provou ser difícil e caro de fabricar. A CBS também estava preocupada com o potencial de competição de aparelhos de vídeo doméstico, especialmente aqueles que podiam gravar - um medo que acabou se revelando presciente.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Tal como acontece com televisão a cores, sistema baseado em filme EVR de Goldmark foi substituída por outra tecnologia, neste caso o formato U-Matic 3/4 videocassete, da <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, no final de 1971, uma vez que o formato de fita cassete era mais barato e mais eficaz. No entanto, Goldmark de os discos de vinil de longa duração permaneceram o padrão na indústria musical até que o <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a> substituiu o <a href="/wiki/Disco_de_vinil" title="Disco de vinil">LP</a> no final dos anos 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vida_posterior">Vida posterior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Carl_Goldmark&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Vida posterior" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Carl_Goldmark&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Vida posterior"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goldmark foi agraciado com a <a href="/wiki/Medalha_Elliott_Cresson" title="Medalha Elliott Cresson">Medalha Elliott Cresson</a> em 1969. Ele recebeu o Golden Plate Award da American Academy of Achievement em 1970. </p><p>Aproximando-se da idade de aposentadoria obrigatória da empresa de 65 anos, Goldmark deixou os Laboratórios CBS em 1971 e formou a Goldmark Communications, onde desenvolveu pesquisas sobre o uso de tecnologias de comunicação para fornecer serviços como teleconferência e consultas médicas remotas para pessoas em áreas rurais. Financiado pela US National Science Foundation no início dos anos 1970, o "New Rural Society Project" foi realizado na Fairfield University em Fairfield, Connecticut, e conduziu estudos-piloto em todo o estado na região relativamente rural de Windham, no leste de Connecticut. Em 1969, ele foi premiado com a Medalha David Sarnoff pela Sociedade de Engenheiros de Cinema e Televisão. Em 1972, ele foi reconhecido por sua liderança no campo da inovação tecnológica pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Industrial ao receber a ilustre Medalha IRI. </p><p>Em 22 de novembro de 1977, o presidente <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> presenteou Goldmark com a Medalha Nacional de Ciência estadunidense "Por contribuições para o desenvolvimento das ciências da comunicação para educação, entretenimento, cultura e serviço humano".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Goldmark morreu aos 71 anos, vitima de um acidente automobilístico em 7 de dezembro de 1977, no condado de <a href="/wiki/Condado_de_Westchester" title="Condado de Westchester">Westchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova York">Nova York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MEC_1961_1970-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MEC_1961_1970_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/laureates-search?field_subject_tid=All&field_award_tid=45&field_year_value=1875&field_year_value_1=2015&page=2">«Laureates»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span> (em inglês). The Franklin Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701171422/https://www.fi.edu/laureates-search?field_subject_tid=All&field_award_tid=45&field_year_value=1875&field_year_value_1=2015&page=2">Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Carl+Goldmark&rft.btitle=Laureates&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Franklin+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Flaureates-search%3Ffield_subject_tid%3DAll%26field_award_tid%3D45%26field_year_value%3D1875%26field_year_value_1%3D2015%26page%3D2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Editor (February 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncadvertiser.com/30417/obituary-frances-trainer-salant-94-longtime-resident/">"Obituary: Frances Trainer Salant, 94, longtime resident"</a>. <i>Obituaries</i>. New Canaan Advertiser. Retrieved 2014-03-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Current Broadcasting 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novia.net/~ereitan/Color_Sys_CBS.html">Color Television System Development - CBS System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105183213/http://novia.net/~ereitan/Color_Sys_CBS.html">Archived</a> 2010-01-05 at the Wayback Machine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, Bill (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/ApolloTV-Acrobat7.pdf">"Apollo TV Essay"</a> (PDF). <i>Apollo Lunar Surface Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Retrieved 2009-10-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bekers.org/EVR.htm">«The Beker Family Website -The EVR Player»</a>. <i>www.bekers.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 2 de dezembro de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Carl+Goldmark&rft.atitle=The+Beker+Family+Website+-The+EVR+Player&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bekers.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bekers.org%2FEVR.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=140">"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details - NSF - National Science Foundation"</a>. <i>www.nsf.gov</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vK1VAAAAIBAJ&dq=oregon+senate-bill-100&pg=5853,2597398">"Eugene Register-Guard - Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>news.google.com</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Elliott_Cresson_(1875_—_1997)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Elliott_Cresson" title="Predefinição:Medalha Elliott Cresson"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Elliott_Cresson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Elliott Cresson (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Elliott_Cresson&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Elliott_Cresson_(1875_—_1997)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Elliott_Cresson" title="Medalha Elliott Cresson">Medalha Elliott Cresson (1875 — 1997)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1875_—_1900" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1875 — 1900</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r69328899">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:0 auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1875: <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson_Arlington_Bonwill" title="William Gibson Arlington Bonwill">William Gibson Arlington Bonwill</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiss,_Banes,_Erben_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiss, Banes, Erben & Co. (página não existe)">Fiss, Banes, Erben & Co.</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Weightman" title="William Weightman">William Weightman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.P._Tatham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.P. Tatham (página não existe)">W.P. Tatham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Chew_Tilghman" title="Benjamin Chew Tilghman">Benjamin Chew Tilghman</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Zentmayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Zentmayer (página não existe)">Joseph Zentmayer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1877: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Charlton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Charlton (página não existe)">John Charlton</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._H._Dudley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. H. Dudley (página não existe)">P. H. Dudley</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1878: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bower (página não existe)">Henry Bower</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Chambers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrus Chambers (página não existe)">Cyrus Chambers</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Williams_Farr_Goodwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williams Farr Goodwin (página não existe)">Williams Farr Goodwin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1879: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Delandtsheer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norbert Delandtsheer (página não existe)">Norbert Delandtsheer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1880: <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._H._Spellier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. H. Spellier (página não existe)">L. H. Spellier</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1881: <a href="/wiki/William_Woodnut_Griscom" title="William Woodnut Griscom">William Woodnut Griscom</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1885: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyprien_Chabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyprien Chabot (página não existe)">Cyprien Chabot</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Siemens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Siemens (página não existe)">Frederick Siemens</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1886: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bernard_Delany" title="Patrick Bernard Delany">Patrick Bernard Delany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_S._C._Lowe" title="Thaddeus S. C. Lowe">Thaddeus S. C. Lowe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ott_%26_Brewer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ott & Brewer (página não existe)">Ott & Brewer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._H._Ramsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. H. Ramsay (página não existe)">R. H. Ramsay</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Walkup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberty Walkup (página não existe)">Liberty Walkup</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1887: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Albert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles F. Albert (página não existe)">Charles F. Albert</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Bilgram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Bilgram (página não existe)">Hugo Bilgram</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_H._Cowles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred H. Cowles (página não existe)">Alfred H. Cowles</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_H._Cowles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene H. Cowles (página não existe)">Eugene H. Cowles</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Shaw (página não existe)">Thomas Shaw</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1889: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Alfred_Cowper" title="Edward Alfred Cowper">Edward Alfred Cowper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottmar_Mergenthaler" title="Ottmar Mergenthaler">Ottmar Mergenthaler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Hart_Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Hart Robertson (página não existe)">T. Hart Robertson</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frederick_Simonds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Frederick Simonds (página não existe)">George Frederick Simonds</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1890: <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._B._Hammond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. B. Hammond (página não existe)">J. B. Hammond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayer_Hayes_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayer Hayes & Co. (página não existe)">Mayer Hayes & Co.</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1891: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stockton_Bates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stockton Bates (página não existe)">Stockton Bates</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_H._Bevington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James H. Bevington (página não existe)">James H. Bevington</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradley_Allen_Fiske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradley Allen Fiske (página não existe)">Bradley Allen Fiske</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinius_Olsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinius Olsen (página não existe)">Tinius Olsen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_F._Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin F. Shaw (página não existe)">Edwin F. Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Matthews_Vauclain" title="Samuel Matthews Vauclain">Samuel Matthews Vauclain</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_M._Von_Culin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George M. Von Culin (página não existe)">George M. Von Culin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1892: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_H._Holmes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip H. Holmes (página não existe)">Philip H. Holmes</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_M._Howe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry M. Howe (página não existe)">Henry M. Howe</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1893: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_H._Batchellor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford H. Batchellor (página não existe)">Clifford H. Batchellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Eugene_Ives" title="Frederic Eugene Ives">Frederic Eugene Ives</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_E._Marks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George E. Marks (página não existe)">George E. Marks</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Jank%C3%B3" title="Paul von Jankó">Paul von Jankó</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1894: <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1895: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_M._Howe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry M. Howe (página não existe)">Henry M. Howe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Peckover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Peckover (página não existe)">James Peckover</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lester_Allan_Pelton" title="Lester Allan Pelton">Lester Allan Pelton</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1896: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bernard_Delany" title="Patrick Bernard Delany">Patrick Bernard Delany</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tolbert_Lanston" title="Tolbert Lanston">Tolbert Lanston</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1897: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_Castner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamilton Castner (página não existe)">Hamilton Castner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Jenkins" title="Charles Francis Jenkins">Charles Francis Jenkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Wilckes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Wilckes (página não existe)">Joseph Wilckes</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1898: <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Olin_Atwater" title="Wilbur Olin Atwater">Wilbur Olin Atwater</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Corscaden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Corscaden (página não existe)">Thomas Corscaden</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Hirschel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemens Hirschel (página não existe)">Clemens Hirschel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bennett_Rosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Bennett Rosa (página não existe)">Edward Bennett Rosa</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1900: <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Cotton_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Cotton Company (página não existe)">American Cotton Company</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Edward_Levy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Edward Levy (página não existe)">Louis Edward Levy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencoyd_Iron_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencoyd Iron Works (página não existe)">Pencoyd Iron Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Geol%C3%B3gico_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos">Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Carl Auer von Welsbach</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1901_—_1950" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1901 — 1950</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_S._Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John S. Forbes (página não existe)">John S. Forbes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._M._Haupt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. M. Haupt (página não existe)">L. M. Haupt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mason_and_Hamlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mason and Hamlin (página não existe)">Mason and Hamlin</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._G._Waterhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. G. Waterhouse (página não existe)">A. G. Waterhouse</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1902: <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Acker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. E. Acker (página não existe)">C. E. Acker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Taylor" title="Frederick Taylor">Frederick Taylor</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maunsel_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maunsel White (página não existe)">Maunsel White</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1903: <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Clam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. H. Clam (página não existe)">G. H. Clam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Ferrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. L. Ferrell (página não existe)">J. L. Ferrell</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Lindsley_Gill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson Lindsley Gill (página não existe)">Wilson Lindsley Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Moritz_Goldschmidt" title="Victor Moritz Goldschmidt">Victor Goldschmidt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1904: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mapes_Dodge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mapes Dodge (página não existe)">James Mapes Dodge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Lindsley_Gill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson Lindsley Gill (página não existe)">Wilson Lindsley Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Goldschmidt" title="Hans Goldschmidt">Hans Goldschmidt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._E._Levy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. E. Levy (página não existe)">L. E. Levy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L.D._Lovekin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L.D. Lovekin (página não existe)">L.D. Lovekin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._E._Outerbridge,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. E. Outerbridge, Jr. (página não existe)">A. E. Outerbridge, Jr.</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._C._Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. C. Parker (página não existe)">J. C. Parker</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._I._Pupin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. I. Pupin (página não existe)">M. I. Pupin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1906: <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Paper_Bottle_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Paper Bottle Company (página não existe)">American Paper Bottle Company</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Hammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Hammer (página não existe)">William J. Hammer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works" title="Baldwin Locomotive Works">Baldwin Locomotive Works</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Borsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. L. Borsch (página não existe)">J. L. Borsch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Allen_Heany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Allen Heany (página não existe)">J. Allen Heany</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Philips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Philips (página não existe)">F. Philips</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_R._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward R. Taylor (página não existe)">Edward R. Taylor</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1908: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeyn_Beck_Hough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeyn Beck Hough (página não existe)">Romeyn Beck Hough</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatole_Mallet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatole Mallet (página não existe)">Anatole Mallet</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gaede" title="Wolfgang Gaede">Wolfgang Gaede</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Gayley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Gayley (página não existe)">James Gayley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_e_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste e Louis Lumière">Auguste e Louis Lumière</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Owen_Squier" title="George Owen Squier">George Owen Squier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Talbot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Talbot (página não existe)">Benjamin Talbot</a>,<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._V._Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. V. Turner (página não existe)">W. V. Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underwood_Typewriter_Company" title="Underwood Typewriter Company">Underwood Typewriter Company</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Vernasz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Vernasz (página não existe)">Alexis Vernasz</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._A._Wise_Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. A. Wise Wood (página não existe)">H. A. Wise Wood</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1910: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_Electric_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automatic Electric Company (página não existe)">Automatic Electric Company</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Brashear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Brashear (página não existe)">John A. Brashear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt" title="Peter Cooper Hewitt">Peter Cooper Hewitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hadfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hadfield (página não existe)">Robert Hadfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston_(qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Edward Weston (químico)">Edward Weston</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_W._Wiley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvey W. Wiley (página não existe)">Harvey W. Wiley</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Noble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Noble (página não existe)">Alfred Noble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Morley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Morley">Edward Morley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Henry Enfield Roscoe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wesley_Stratton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Wesley Stratton (página não existe)">Samuel Wesley Stratton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1913: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner">Emil Berliner</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emile Fischer (página não existe)">Emile Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isham_Randolph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isham Randolph (página não existe)">Isham Randolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauveur" title="Albert Sauveur">Albert Sauveur</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Charles Proteus Steinmetz</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1914: <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._von_Eder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. M. von Eder (página não existe)">J. M. von Eder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linde" title="Carl von Linde">Carl von Linde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Fahs_Smith" title="Edgar Fahs Smith">Edgar Fahs Smith</a> e <a href="/wiki/Irm%C3%A3os_Wright" title="Irmãos Wright">Irmãos Wright</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Owens" title="Michael Joseph Owens">Michael Joseph Owens</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">American Telephone & Telegraph</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byron_E._Eldred&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byron E. Eldred (página não existe)">Byron E. Eldred</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Gans (página não existe)">Robert Gans</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Fitch_Northrup" title="Edwin Fitch Northrup">Edwin Fitch Northrup</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Lewis" title="Isaac Newton Lewis">Isaac Newton Lewis</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/William_Le_Roy_Emmet" title="William Le Roy Emmet">William Le Roy Emmet</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_D._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond D. Johnson (página não existe)">Raymond D. Johnson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kingsbury" title="Albert Kingsbury">Albert Kingsbury</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1925: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Hodgkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Hodgkinson (página não existe)">Francis Hodgkinson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_S._Hastings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles S. Hastings (página não existe)">Charles S. Hastings</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Miller" title="Dayton Miller">Dayton Miller</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Leamington_Nichols" title="Edward Leamington Nichols">Edward Leamington Nichols</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1928: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustaf_W._Elmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustaf W. Elmen (página não existe)">Gustaf W. Elmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Karapetoff" title="Vladimir Karapetoff">Vladimir Karapetoff</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Lawrance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Lawrance (página não existe)">Charles Lawrance</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1929: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irvine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Irvine (página não existe)">James Irvine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_Jackson" title="Chevalier Jackson">Chevalier Jackson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1930: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Rothwell_Gibson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Rothwell Gibson (página não existe)">Norman Rothwell Gibson</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Edwin_Moultrop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Edwin Moultrop (página não existe)">Irving Edwin Moultrop</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Clinton Davisson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Germer" title="Lester Germer">Lester Germer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotaro_Honda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotaro Honda (página não existe)">Kotaro Honda</a> e <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman" title="Theodore Lyman">Theodore Lyman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Legeyt_Fortescue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Legeyt Fortescue (página não existe)">Charles Legeyt Fortescue</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Boswell_Whitehead" title="John Boswell Whitehead">John Boswell Whitehead</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bauersfeld" title="Walther Bauersfeld">Walther Bauersfeld</a> e <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_La_Cierva_y_Codorniu" title="Juan de La Cierva y Codorniu">Juan de La Cierva y Codorniu</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine" title="Stuart Ballantine">Stuart Ballantine</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_Switch_%26_Signal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union Switch & Signal (página não existe)">Union Switch & Signal</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/George_Oliver_Curme" title="George Oliver Curme">George Oliver Curme</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jemison_van_de_Graaff" title="Robert Jemison van de Graaff">Robert Jemison van de Graaff</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bowie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Bowie (página não existe)">William Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Edwin_Brandenberger" title="Jacques Edwin Brandenberger">Jacques Edwin Brandenberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Giauque" title="William Francis Giauque">William Francis Giauque</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Land" title="Edwin Land">Edwin Land</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vernon_Boys" title="Charles Vernon Boys">Charles Vernon Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Ashley_Campbell" title="George Ashley Campbell">George Ashley Campbell</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Renshaw_Carson" title="John Renshaw Carson">John Renshaw Carson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1940: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_M._Backet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick M. Backet (página não existe)">Frederick M. Backet</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Runnels_Williams" title="Robert Runnels Williams">Robert Runnels Williams</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Marinha_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Marinha dos Estados Unidos">Marinha dos Estados Unidos</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1942: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Hudson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Hudson (página não existe)">Claude Hudson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1943: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Metcalf_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Metcalf Allen (página não existe)">Charles Metcalf Allen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Caldwell_Hooper" title="Stanford Caldwell Hooper">Stanford Caldwell Hooper</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Ferry_Moody&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Ferry Moody (página não existe)">Lewis Ferry Moody</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladeon_M._Barnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gladeon M. Barnes (página não existe)">Gladeon M. Barnes</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Colpitts" title="Edwin H. Colpitts">Edwin H. Colpitts</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Basil_Schonland" title="Basil Schonland">Basil Schonland</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1951_—_1997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1951 — 1997</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Molina" title="Edward Molina">Edward Molina</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._Birchard_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. Birchard Taylor (página não existe)">H. Birchard Taylor</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Blum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Blum (página não existe)">William Blum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Russell_Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Russell Harrison (página não existe)">George Russell Harrison</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Meggers" title="William Frederick Meggers">William Frederick Meggers</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Philip_Bowden" title="Frank Philip Bowden">Frank Philip Bowden</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Frank_Libby" title="Willard Frank Libby">Willard Frank Libby</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginold_James_Seymour_Pigott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginold James Seymour Pigott (página não existe)">Reginold James Seymour Pigott</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1958: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_C._Patrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph C. Patrick (página não existe)">Joseph C. Patrick</a> e <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Timoshenko" title="Stephen Timoshenko">Stephen Timoshenko</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/John_Hays_Hammond" title="John Hays Hammond">John Hays Hammond</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Charles_Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Charles Harrison (página não existe)">Henry Charles Harrison</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Wolff (página não existe)">Irving Wolff</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh Latimer Dryden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arpad_Nadai" title="Arpad Nadai">Arpad Nadai</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gray_Swann" title="William Francis Gray Swann">William Francis Gray Swann</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Donald Arthur Glaser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Rudolf Mössbauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Rudenberg" title="Reinhold Rudenberg">Reinhold Rudenberg</a> e <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1962: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Gilbert_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Gilbert Baker (página não existe)">James Gilbert Baker</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1963: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Christofilos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Christofilos (página não existe)">Nicholas Christofilos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Grote_Reber" title="Grote Reber">Grote Reber</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Semon" title="Waldo Semon">Waldo Semon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Southwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard V. Southwell">Richard V. Southwell</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_R._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert R. Wilson (página não existe)">Robert R. Wilson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald Van Slyke</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1966: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Francis_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Francis Mark (página não existe)">Herman Francis Mark</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bartlett" title="Neil Bartlett">Neil Bartlett</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring" title="Henry Eyring">Henry Eyring</a> e <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Carl Goldmark</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Zinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Zinn">Walter Zinn</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Paul_John_Flory" title="Paul John Flory">Paul John Flory</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Lear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Lear (página não existe)">Bill Lear</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rex_Sandage" title="Allan Rex Sandage">Allan Rex Sandage</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stapp" title="John Paul Stapp">John Paul Stapp</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_L._Cairns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore L. Cairns (página não existe)">Theodore L. Cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Dicke" title="Robert Henry Dicke">Robert Henry Dicke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a> e <a href="/wiki/Michael_James_Lighthill" title="Michael James Lighthill">Michael James Lighthill</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Charles_Brown" title="Herbert Charles Brown">Herbert Charles Brown</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_H._Stillinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank H. Stillinger (página não existe)">Frank H. Stillinger</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_King_Hubbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion King Hubbert (página não existe)">Marion King Hubbert</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1982: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_P._Eubank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold P. Eubank (página não existe)">Harold P. Eubank</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Neufeld" title="Elizabeth Neufeld">Elizabeth Neufeld</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> e <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lorenz" title="Edward Lorenz">Edward Lorenz</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Marlan_Scully" title="Marlan Scully">Marlan Scully</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a> e <a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Tsui_Lap-Chee" title="Tsui Lap-Chee">Tsui Lap-Chee</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harry_Caruthers" title="Marvin Harry Caruthers">Marvin Harry Caruthers</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Yi_Cho" title="Alfred Yi Cho">Alfred Yi Cho</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Fridovich" title="Irwin Fridovich">Irwin Fridovich</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joe_Milton_McCord" title="Joe Milton McCord">Joe Milton McCord</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Nacional_de_Ciências" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias" title="Predefinição:Medalha Nacional de Ciências"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Nacional de Ciências (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Nacional_de_Ciências" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias" title="Medalha Nacional de Ciências">Medalha Nacional de Ciências</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ciência_do_Comportamento_e_Social" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ciência do Comportamento e Social</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r57040861">.mw-parser-output .sep-list{font-weight:bold}</style><span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Neal_Elgar_Miller" title="Neal Elgar Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Simon" title="Herbert Simon">Herbert Simon</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Joseph_Stigler" title="George Joseph Stigler">George Joseph Stigler</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/George_A._Miller" title="George A. Miller">George A. Miller</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Merton" title="Robert Merton">Robert Merton</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1997:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Estes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Estes (página não existe)">William Estes</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2003:</i> <a href="/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2005:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Bower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Bower (página não existe)">Gordon Bower</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2008:</i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner" title="Michael Posner">Michael Posner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2012:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod" title="Robert Axelrod">Robert Axelrod</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ciências_Biológicas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ciências Biológicas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1963:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Bernardus_van_Niel" title="Cornelis Bernardus van Niel">Cornelis Bernardus van Niel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1965:</i> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rous" title="Francis Rous">Francis Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George Gaylord Simpson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald Van Slyke</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1966:</i> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fred_Knipling" title="Edward Fred Knipling">Edward Fred Knipling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William Cumming Rose</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1967:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Cole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Cole (página não existe)">Kenneth Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred Sturtevant</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1968:</i> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie" title="Bernard Brodie">Bernard Brodie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev Bronk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Jay Laurence Lush</a> e <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1969:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_H%C3%BCbner" title="Robert Hübner">Robert Hübner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1970:</i> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> e <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1973:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Arnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Arnon (página não existe)">Daniel Arnon</a> e <a href="/wiki/Earl_Sutherland" title="Earl Sutherland">Earl Sutherland</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1974:</i> <a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Neel" title="James Neel">James Neel</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hannon (página não existe)">James Hannon</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1975:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallowell_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallowell Davis (página não existe)">Hallowell Davis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gyorgy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Gyorgy (página não existe)">Paul Gyorgy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterling_Hendricks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterling Hendricks (página não existe)">Sterling Hendricks</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orville_Vogel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orville Vogel (página não existe)">Orville Vogel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1976:</i> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts_Porter" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson">Edward Osborne Wilson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1979:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl_Stadtman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earl Stadtman (página não existe)">Earl Stadtman</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Ledyard_Stebbins" title="George Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Weiss (página não existe)">Paul Weiss</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1981:</i> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1982:</i> <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Burton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn Burton (página não existe)">Glenn Burton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1983:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Bachrach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Bachrach (página não existe)">Howard Bachrach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Lee_Roelofs" title="Wendell Lee Roelofs">Wendell Lee Roelofs</a> e <a href="/wiki/Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Stanley Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon Mountcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Palade" title="George Palade">George Palade</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_DeBakey" title="Michael DeBakey">Michael DeBakey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Otto_Diener" title="Theodor Otto Diener">Theodor Otto Diener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Khorana" title="Har Khorana">Har Khorana</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Stuart Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein" title="Joseph Goldstein">Joseph Goldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1989:</i> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harland_Goff_Wood" title="Harland Goff Wood">Harland Goff Wood</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Boyer" title="Herbert Boyer">Herbert Boyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Koshland" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Koshland">Daniel Koshland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis">Edward Lewis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Nathan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Nathan (página não existe)">David Nathan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Edward Donnall Thomas</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="George Evelyn Hutchinson">George Evelyn Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elvin_Kabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elvin Kabat (página não existe)">Elvin Kabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert Kates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Marks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Marks (página não existe)">Paul Marks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folke_Skoog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folke Skoog (página não existe)">Folke Skoog</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Zamecnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Zamecnik (página não existe)">Paul Zamecnik</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1993:</i> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> e <a href="/wiki/Salome_G._Waelsch" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a> e <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Neufeld" title="Elizabeth Neufeld">Elizabeth Neufeld</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1997:</i> <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Allan_Weinberg" title="Robert Allan Weinberg">Robert Allan Weinberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a> e <a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Coover_Andreasen" title="Nancy Coover Andreasen">Nancy Coover Andreasen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a> e <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2001:</i> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_Ayala" title="Francisco José Ayala">Francisco José Ayala</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bass">George Bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene Likens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2002:</i> <a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a> e <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2003:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Bishop" title="John Michael Bishop">John Michael Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Halbert_Snyder" title="Solomon Halbert Snyder">Solomon Halbert Snyder</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Yanofsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Yanofsky (página não existe)">Charles Yanofsky</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Allen Sharp</a> e <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas Starzl</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2005:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> e <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2006:</i> <a href="/wiki/Rita_Colwell" title="Rita Colwell">Rita Colwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubert_Stryer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubert Stryer (página não existe)">Lubert Stryer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2007:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bert_William_O%E2%80%99Malley" title="Bert William O’Malley">Bert William O’Malley</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2008:</i> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">Craig Venter</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009:</i> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Lindquist" title="Susan Lindquist">Susan Lindquist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prusiner" title="Stanley Prusiner">Stanley Prusiner</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2010:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lawrence_Brinster" title="Ralph Lawrence Brinster">Ralph Lawrence Brinster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sallie_Chisholm" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2012:</i> <a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2013:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Jain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rakesh Jain (página não existe)">Rakesh Jain</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Levin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Levin (página não existe)">Simon Levin</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Química" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Química</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1982:</i> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Albert_Cotton" title="Frank Albert Cotton">Frank Albert Cotton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1983:</i> <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Claude_Pimentel" title="George Claude Pimentel">George Claude Pimentel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Zare" title="Richard Zare">Richard Zare</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Barkus_Gray" title="Harry Barkus Gray">Harry Barkus Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Lee" title="Yuan Lee">Yuan Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Shipp_Marvel" title="Carl Shipp Marvel">Carl Shipp Marvel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frank_Westheimer" title="Frank Westheimer">Frank Westheimer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William Summer Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hugo_Stockmayer" title="Walter Hugo Stockmayer">Walter Hugo Stockmayer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/William_Oliver_Baker" title="William Oliver Baker">William Oliver Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> e <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1989:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard Barry Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Arthur_Marcus" title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus">Rudolph Arthur Marcus</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harden_McConnell" title="Harden McConnell">Harden McConnell</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl August Folkers</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Dombrowski_Roberts" title="John Dombrowski Roberts">John Dombrowski Roberts</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Elion" title="Gertrude Elion">Gertrude Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Robert_Herschbach" title="Dudley Robert Herschbach">Dudley Robert Herschbach</a> e <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg" title="Glenn Theodore Seaborg">Glenn Theodore Seaborg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons" title="Howard Ensign Simmons">Howard Ensign Simmons</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1993:</i> <a href="/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram">Donald James Cram</a> e <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/George_Simms_Hammond" title="George Simms Hammond">George Simms Hammond</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a> e <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Karle" title="Isabella Karle">Isabella Karle</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davidson" title="Norman Davidson">Norman Davidson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1997:</i> <a href="/wiki/Darleane_Hoffman" title="Darleane Hoffman">Darleane Hoffman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Werner_Cahn" title="John Werner Cahn">John Werner Cahn</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Whitesides" title="George Whitesides">George Whitesides</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Alan_Rice" title="Stuart Alan Rice">Stuart Alan Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ross" title="John Ross">John Ross</a> e <a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Baldeschwieler" title="John Baldeschwieler">John Baldeschwieler</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hirschmann" title="Ralph Hirschmann">Ralph Hirschmann</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2001:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Roy_Davidson" title="Ernest Roy Davidson">Ernest Roy Davidson</a> e <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Somorjai" title="Gábor Somorjai">Gábor Somorjai</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2002:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Brauman" title="John Brauman">John Brauman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lippard" title="Stephen Lippard">Stephen Lippard</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2006:</i> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harry_Caruthers" title="Marvin Harry Caruthers">Marvin Harry Caruthers</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter Dervan</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2007:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa El-Sayed</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2008:</i> <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a> e <a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_James_Benkovic" title="Stephen James Benkovic">Stephen James Benkovic</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2010:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Barton" title="Jacqueline Barton">Jacqueline Barton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Stang" title="Peter John Stang">Peter John Stang</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Joseph_Bard" title="Allen Joseph Bard">Allen Joseph Bard</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hawthorne" title="Frederick Hawthorne">Frederick Hawthorne</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2012:</i> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Klinman" title="Judith Klinman">Judith Klinman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2013:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Richmond" title="Geraldine Richmond">Geraldine Richmond</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alivisatos" title="Paul Alivisatos">Paul Alivisatos</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ciências_da_Engenharia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ciências da Engenharia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1962:</i> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1963:</i> <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Stark Draper</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1965:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh Latimer Dryden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Johnson" title="Clarence Johnson">Clarence Johnson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Warren_Lewis" title="Warren Lewis">Warren Lewis</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1966:</i> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1967:</i> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Land" title="Edwin Land">Edwin Land</a> e <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky" title="Igor Sikorsky">Igor Sikorsky</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1968:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Presper_Eckert" title="John Presper Eckert">John Presper Eckert</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1969:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1970:</i> <a href="/wiki/George_Mueller" title="George Mueller">George Mueller</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1973:</i> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Eugene_Edgerton" title="Harold Eugene Edgerton">Harold Eugene Edgerton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whitcomb" title="Richard Whitcomb">Richard Whitcomb</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1974:</i> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1975:</i> <a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick Terman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1976:</i> <a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen" title="Morris Cohen">Morris Cohen</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Carl Goldmark</a> e <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1979:</i> <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Leith" title="Emmett Leith">Emmett Leith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mindlin" title="Raymond Mindlin">Raymond Mindlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Randall_Parker" title="Earl Randall Parker">Earl Randall Parker</a> e <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1982:</i> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heinemann" title="Edward Heinemann">Edward Heinemann</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donald_Katz" title="Donald Katz">Donald Katz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1983:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_George_Trump" title="John George Trump">John George Trump</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin" title="Tung-Yen Lin">Tung-Yen Lin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Oliver" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Oliver">Bernard Oliver</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Bolton_Seed" title="Harry Bolton Seed">Harry Bolton Seed</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber" title="Ernst Weber">Ernst Weber</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Drucker" title="Daniel Drucker">Daniel Drucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Hawkins" title="Willis Hawkins">Willis Hawkins</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1989:</i> <a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Earl_Grier" title="Herbert Earl Grier">Herbert Earl Grier</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/George_Heilmeier" title="George Heilmeier">George Heilmeier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_Leopold" title="Luna Leopold">Luna Leopold</a> e <a href="/wiki/Guyford_Stever" title="Guyford Stever">Guyford Stever</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Quate" title="Calvin Quate">Calvin Quate</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1993:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Yi_Cho" title="Alfred Yi Cho">Alfred Yi Cho</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Clough" title="Ray Clough">Ray Clough</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Anton_Haus" title="Hermann Anton Haus">Hermann Anton Haus</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/James_Flanagan" title="James Flanagan">James Flanagan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Kumar_Patel" title="Chandra Kumar Patel">Chandra Kumar Patel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng Fung</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2001:</i> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2002:</i> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2003:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John Prausnitz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lightfoot" title="Edwin Lightfoot">Edwin Lightfoot</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2005:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Achenbach" title="Jan Achenbach">Jan Achenbach</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tobin_Marks" title="Tobin Marks">Tobin Marks</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2006:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Langer" title="Robert Langer">Robert Langer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2007:</i> <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">David Wineland</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2008:</i> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kalman" title="Rudolf Kalman">Rudolf Kalman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2010:</i> <a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Bannister_Goodenough" title="John Bannister Goodenough">John Bannister Goodenough</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ciências_Matemáticas,_Estatísticas_e_Computacionais" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1963:</i> <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">Marston Morse</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1965:</i> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1966:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1967:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen_(matem%C3%A1tico)" title="Paul Cohen (matemático)">Paul Cohen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1968:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1969:</i> <a href="/wiki/William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1970:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1973:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1974:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1975:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1976:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Otto_Friedrichs" title="Kurt Otto Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a> e <a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1979:</i> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Leo_Doob" title="Joseph Leo Doob">Joseph Leo Doob</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1982:</i> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Harvey_Stone" title="Marshall Harvey Stone">Marshall Harvey Stone</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1983:</i> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a> e <a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a> e <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a> e <a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Gomory" title="Ralph Gomory">Ralph Gomory</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keller" title="Joseph Keller">Joseph Keller</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1989:</i> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donald_Spencer" title="Donald Spencer">Donald Spencer</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/George_Carrier" title="George Carrier">George Carrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kleene" title="Stephen Kleene">Stephen Kleene</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy" title="John McCarthy">John McCarthy</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1993:</i> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kruskal" title="Martin Kruskal">Martin Kruskal</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Cocke" title="John Cocke">John Cocke</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a> e <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1997:</i> <a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald Coifman</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2001:</i> <a href="/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao</a> e <a href="/wiki/Elias_Stein" title="Elias Stein">Elias Stein</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2002:</i> <a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James Glimm</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2003:</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_de_Boor" title="Carl de Boor">Carl de Boor</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis Sullivan</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2005:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2006:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2007:</i> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009:</i> <a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">David Mumford</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2010:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Alfred_Tapia" title="Richard Alfred Tapia">Richard Alfred Tapia</a> e <a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Wolf_Golomb" title="Solomon Wolf Golomb">Solomon Wolf Golomb</a> e <a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a> (póstuma)</span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2015:</i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ciências_Físicas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ciências Físicas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1963:</i> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1965:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Walden_Rubey" title="William Walden Rubey">William Walden Rubey</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1966:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring" title="Henry Eyring">Henry Eyring</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1967:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch" title="Francis Birch">Francis Birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett">Louis Plack Hammett</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1968:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Doughty Bartlett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a> e <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1969:</i> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Charles_Brown" title="Herbert Charles Brown">Herbert Charles Brown</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1970:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Dicke" title="Robert Henry Dicke">Robert Henry Dicke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rex_Sandage" title="Allan Rex Sandage">Allan Rex Sandage</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clarke_Slater" title="John Clarke Slater">John Clarke Slater</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> e <a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1973:</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Maurice_Ewing" title="William Maurice Ewing">William Maurice Ewing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1974:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_John_Flory" title="Paul John Flory">Paul John Flory</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1975:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hirschfelder" title="Joseph Hirschfelder">Joseph Hirschfelder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hastings_Sarett" title="Lewis Hastings Sarett">Lewis Hastings Sarett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1976:</i> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit">Samuel Abraham Goudsmit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Eugene_Uhlenbeck" title="George Eugene Uhlenbeck">George Eugene Uhlenbeck</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1979:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Mark" title="Hermann Mark">Hermann Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sinfelt" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1982:</i> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1983:</i> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Robert Schrieffer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Buchsbaum" title="Solomon Buchsbaum">Solomon Buchsbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Crane" title="Horace Crane">Horace Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Elsasser" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Christian_Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Christian Lauterbur">Paul Christian Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a> e <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/David_Allan_Bromley" title="David Allan Bromley">David Allan Bromley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" title="Chu Ching-wu">Chu Ching-wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Foster Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1989:</i> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Orville_Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Orville Beckman">Arnold Orville Beckman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sharp" title="Robert Sharp">Robert Sharp</a> e <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allan_Cormack" title="Allan Cormack">Allan Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mattison_McMillan" title="Edwin Mattison McMillan">Edwin Mattison McMillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a> e <a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Stone" title="Ed Stone">Ed Stone</a> e <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Shoemaker" title="Eugene Shoemaker">Eugene Shoemaker</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1993:</i> <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Hans Georg Dehmelt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Smith_Broecker" title="Wallace Smith Broecker">Wallace Smith Broecker</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1997:</i> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/Don_Lorraine_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Lorraine Anderson">Don Lorraine Anderson</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_Bahcall" title="John Norris Bahcall">John Norris Bahcall</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" title="James Watson Cronin">James Watson Cronin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Willis Eugene Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Paul_Ostriker" title="Jeremiah Paul Ostriker">Jeremiah Paul Ostriker</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Fowler_White" title="Gilbert Fowler White">Gilbert Fowler White</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2001:</i> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Cohen" title="Marvin Cohen">Marvin Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Keeling" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2002:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jason_Morgan" title="William Jason Morgan">William Jason Morgan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2003:</i> <a href="/wiki/Brent_Dalrymple" title="Brent Dalrymple">Brent Dalrymple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2005:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Ralph Alpher</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2006:</i> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2007:</i> <a href="/wiki/Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles Pence Slichter</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2008:</i> <a href="/wiki/Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a> e <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gunn">James Gunn</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009:</i> <a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Marley_Conwell" title="Esther Marley Conwell">Esther Marley Conwell</a> e <a href="/wiki/Warren_Washington" title="Warren Washington">Warren Washington</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2012:</i> <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean Solomon</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Controle_de_autoridade" title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q943577" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q943577">Q943577</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/57813323">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57813323">57813323</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Carl-Goldmark">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/133790460">133790460</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078806873">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2008010765">nb2008010765</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WikiTree" title="WikiTree">WikiTree</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Goldmark-7">Goldmark-7</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Hungria" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Hungria">NSZL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/en/processed/NSZL%7C000000027420">000000027420</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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