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Cincin Api Pasifik - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cakupan_geologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cakupan_geologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cakupan geologis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cakupan_geologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oseania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oseania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oseania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oseania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Oseania</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oseania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selandia_Baru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selandia_Baru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Selandia Baru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selandia_Baru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tonga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Samoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kepulauan_Solomon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepulauan_Solomon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kepulauan Solomon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepulauan_Solomon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanuatu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanuatu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Vanuatu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanuatu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papua_Nugini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papua_Nugini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Papua Nugini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papua_Nugini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_Pasifik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_Pasifik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asia Pasifik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia_Pasifik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Asia Pasifik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia_Pasifik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timor_Leste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timor_Leste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Timor Leste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timor_Leste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filipina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filipina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Filipina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filipina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jepang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jepang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Jepang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jepang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Rusia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amerika_Utara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerika_Utara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Amerika Utara</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amerika_Utara-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Amerika Utara</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amerika_Utara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kanada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kanada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amerika_Serikat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerika_Serikat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Amerika Serikat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amerika_Serikat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meksiko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meksiko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Meksiko</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meksiko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amerika_Tengah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerika_Tengah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Amerika Tengah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amerika_Tengah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Amerika Tengah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amerika_Tengah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nikaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nikaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>El Salvador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosta_Rika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosta_Rika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Kosta Rika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosta_Rika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amerika_Selatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerika_Selatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Amerika Selatan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amerika_Selatan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Amerika Selatan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amerika_Selatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kolombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Kolombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ekuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Chili</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peristiwa_besar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peristiwa_besar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Peristiwa besar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peristiwa_besar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Peristiwa besar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peristiwa_besar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letusan_gunung_berapi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letusan_gunung_berapi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Letusan gunung berapi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letusan_gunung_berapi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gempa_bumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gempa_bumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Gempa bumi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gempa_bumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cincin Api Pasifik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 74 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_van_Vuur" title="Ring van Vuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ring van Vuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="منطقة الحزام الناري – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة الحزام الناري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%86" title="صمطة لعوافي دلمحيط لمهدن – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صمطة لعوافي دلمحيط لمهدن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3n_de_Fueu_del_Pac%C3%ADficu" title="Cinturón de Fueu del Pacíficu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cinturón de Fueu del Pacíficu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungkung_Api_Pasifik" title="Bungkung Api Pasifik – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bungkung Api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singsing_nin_Kalayo" title="Singsing nin Kalayo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Singsing nin Kalayo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE" title="Ціхаакіянскае вогненнае кальцо – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ціхаакіянскае вогненнае кальцо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тихоокеански огнен пръстен – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тихоокеански огнен пръстен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="আগুনের বৃত্ত – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগুনের বৃত্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_vatreni_prsten" title="Pacifički vatreni prsten – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pacifički vatreni prsten" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3_de_foc_del_Pac%C3%ADfic" title="Cinturó de foc del Pacífic – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinturó de foc del Pacífic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohniv%C3%BD_kruh" title="Ohnivý kruh – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ohnivý kruh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildringen" title="Ildringen – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ildringen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazifischer_Feuerring" title="Pazifischer Feuerring – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pazifischer Feuerring" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Δακτύλιος της φωτιάς – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δακτύλιος της φωτιάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ring of Fire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifika_fajra_rondo" title="Pacifika fajra rondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pacifika fajra rondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3n_de_fuego_del_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Cinturón de fuego del Pacífico – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cinturón de fuego del Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikse_ookeani_tuler%C3%B5ngas" title="Vaikse ookeani tulerõngas – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaikse ookeani tulerõngas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeano_Bareko_Suzko_Eraztuna" title="Ozeano Bareko Suzko Eraztuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ozeano Bareko Suzko Eraztuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="حلقه آتش – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حلقه آتش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyynenmeren_tulirengas" title="Tyynenmeren tulirengas – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyynenmeren tulirengas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceinture_de_feu_du_Pacifique" title="Ceinture de feu du Pacifique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ceinture de feu du Pacifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1inne_Tine" title="Fáinne Tine – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fáinne Tine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinto_de_lume_do_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Cinto de lume do Pacífico – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinto de lume do Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A9" title="טבעת האש – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבעת האש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अग्नि वृत्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अग्नि वृत्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_vatreni_prsten" title="Pacifički vatreni prsten – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pacifički vatreni prsten" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumpacifikus-hegys%C3%A9grendszer" title="Cirkumpacifikus-hegységrendszer – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cirkumpacifikus-hegységrendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5_%D6%85%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Խաղաղօվկիանոսյան հրաբուխների հրե օղակ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղաղօվկիանոսյան հրաբուխների հրե օղակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singsing_ti_Apuy" title="Singsing ti Apuy – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Singsing ti Apuy" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldhringurinn" title="Eldhringurinn – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldhringurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintura_di_fuoco" title="Cintura di fuoco – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cintura di fuoco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%AF" title="環太平洋火山帯 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="環太平洋火山帯" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-ali_geni" title="Ali-ali geni – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ali-ali geni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ცეცხლოვანი სარტყელი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცეცხლოვანი სარტყელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Отты шеңбер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Отты шеңбер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%B0%EB%8C%80" title="환태평양 조산대 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="환태평양 조산대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulus_Ignis_Pacificus" title="Circulus Ignis Pacificus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circulus Ignis Pacificus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ແຫວນໄຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແຫວນໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugnies_%C5%BEiedas" title="Ugnies žiedas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ugnies žiedas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uguns_loks" title="Uguns loks – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uguns loks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkar_gunung_api_pasifik" title="Lingkar gunung api pasifik – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Lingkar gunung api pasifik" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Огнен Прстен – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Огнен Прстен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="റിംഗ് ഓഫ് ഫയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിംഗ് ഓഫ് ഫയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkaran_api_Pasifik" title="Lingkaran api Pasifik – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lingkaran api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifische_Ring_van_Vuur" title="Pacifische Ring van Vuur – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pacifische Ring van Vuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldringen_i_Stillehavet" title="Eldringen i Stillehavet – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eldringen i Stillehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildringen_i_Stillehavet" title="Ildringen i Stillehavet – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ildringen i Stillehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cencha_de_Fu%C3%B2c_del_Pacific" title="Cencha de Fuòc del Pacific – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cencha de Fuòc del Pacific" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacyficzny_pier%C5%9Bcie%C5%84_ognia" title="Pacyficzny pierścień ognia – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pacyficzny pierścień ognia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%DB%82_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="حلقۂ آتش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حلقۂ آتش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo_de_fogo_do_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Círculo de fogo do Pacífico – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Círculo de fogo do Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercul_de_foc_al_Pacificului" title="Cercul de foc al Pacificului – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cercul de foc al Pacificului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE" title="Тихоокеанское вулканическое огненное кольцо – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тихоокеанское вулканическое огненное кольцо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatreni_pojas_Pacifika" title="Vatreni pojas Pacifika – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vatreni pojas Pacifika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" title="Pacific Ring of Fire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pacific Ring of Fire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohniv%C3%BD_kruh" title="Ohnivý kruh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ohnivý kruh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C5%A1ki_ognjeni_obro%C4%8D" title="Pacifiški ognjeni obroč – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pacifiški ognjeni obroč" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaza_e_Zjarrit" title="Unaza e Zjarrit – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Unaza e Zjarrit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ватрени појас Пацифика – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ватрени појас Пацифика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingcin_Api_Pasifik" title="Cingcin Api Pasifik – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cingcin Api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldringen" title="Eldringen – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eldringen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எரிமலை வளையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரிமலை வளையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="วงแหวนไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงแหวนไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singsing_ng_Apoy_ng_Pasipiko" title="Singsing ng Apoy ng Pasipiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Singsing ng Apoy ng Pasipiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifik_ate%C5%9F_%C3%A7emberi" title="Pasifik ateş çemberi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pasifik ateş çemberi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тихоокеанське вогняне коло – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тихоокеанське вогняне коло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%DB%82_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="حلقۂ آتش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حلقۂ آتش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0nh_%C4%91ai_l%E1%BB%ADa_Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Vành đai lửa Thái Bình Dương – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vành đai lửa Thái Bình Dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palibot_nga_Kalayo_ha_Pacifico" title="Palibot nga Kalayo ha Pacifico – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Palibot nga Kalayo ha Pacifico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%A6" title="环太平洋火山带 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="环太平洋火山带" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="רינג פון פייער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רינג פון פייער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%A6" title="环太平洋火山带 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="环太平洋火山带" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18783#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Api_Pasifik" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Cincin_Api_Pasifik" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Api_Pasifik"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Api_Pasifik"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Cincin_Api_Pasifik" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Cincin_Api_Pasifik" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;oldid=26557897" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&amp;page=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;id=26557897&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCincin_Api_Pasifik"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCincin_Api_Pasifik"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Cincin+Api+Pasifik"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18783" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Cincin Api Pasifik</b> atau <b>Lingkaran Api Pasifik</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: <b>Pacific Ring of Fire</b>) adalah daerah yang sering mengalami <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a>, letusan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi">gunung berapi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> yang mengelilingi cekungan <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Samudra Pasifik</a>. Daerah ini berbentuk seperti tapal kuda dan mencakup wilayah sepanjang 40.550&#160;km, dan mengelilingi <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudera Pasifik">Samudera Pasifik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_ROF_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_ROF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Daerah ini juga sering disebut sebagai <i>sabuk gempa Pasifik</i>. </p><p>Cincin Api Pasifik memiliki antara 750 dan 915 gunung berapi aktif atau tidak aktif, atau sekitar dua pertiga dari total gunung berapi dunia. Jumlah pasti gunung berapi di Cincin Api ini bergantung pada wilayah mana yang termasuk di dalamnya.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siebert_etal_2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siebert_etal_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gambar_Cincin_Api_Pasifik.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gambar_Cincin_Api_Pasifik.png/280px-Gambar_Cincin_Api_Pasifik.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gambar_Cincin_Api_Pasifik.png/420px-Gambar_Cincin_Api_Pasifik.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gambar_Cincin_Api_Pasifik.png/560px-Gambar_Cincin_Api_Pasifik.png 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2619" /></a><figcaption>Peta Cincin Api Pasifik</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png/280px-EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png/420px-EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png/560px-EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Gempa bumi di dunia dari tahun 1900–2013<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg/12px-Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg/18px-Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg/24px-Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>: Gempa bumi M≥7.0 (kedalaman 0–69km)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg/12px-RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg/18px-RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg/24px-RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="72" /></a></span>: Gunung berapi aktif</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png/280px-Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png/420px-Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png/560px-Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zona_subduksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona subduksi">Zona subduksi</a> di dunia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Subduction-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Subduction-en.svg/280px-Subduction-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Subduction-en.svg/420px-Subduction-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Subduction-en.svg/560px-Subduction-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah diagram zona subduksi</figcaption></figure> <p>Sekitar 90% dari gempa bumi yang terjadi dan 81% dari gempa bumi terbesar terjadi di sepanjang Cincin Api ini. Daerah gempa berikutnya (5-6% dari seluruh gempa dan 17% dari gempa terbesar) adalah <a href="/wiki/Sabuk_alpida" title="Sabuk alpida">Sabuk alpida</a> yang membentang dari <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Nusa_Tenggara" title="Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara">Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Pulau Jawa</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Pulau Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Andaman" title="Kepulauan Andaman">Kepulauan Andaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterania">Mediterania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Atlas" title="Pegunungan Atlas">Atlas</a>. Berikutnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cincin Api bukanlah suatu struktur geologi tunggal. Hal ini disebabkan oleh subduksi lempeng tektonik yang berbeda pada batas konvergen di sekitar Samudera Pasifik. Beberapa lempeng tektonik yang termasuk adalah: <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Antartika" class="mw-redirect" title="Lempeng Antartika">lempeng Antartika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Nazca" title="Lempeng Nazca">lempeng Nazca</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Cocos" title="Lempeng Cocos">lempeng Cocos</a> yang menunjam ke bawah <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Amerika_Selatan" title="Lempeng Amerika Selatan">Lempeng Amerika Selatan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Pasifik" title="Lempeng Pasifik">lempeng Pasifik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Lempeng Juan de Fuca">Lempeng Juan de Fuca</a> di bawah <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Amerika_Utara" title="Lempeng Amerika Utara">Lempeng Amerika Utara</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Filipina" title="Lempeng Filipina">lempeng Filipina</a> di bawah <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Eurasia" title="Lempeng Eurasia">lempeng Eurasia</a>; dan batas kompleks antara <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Pasifik" title="Lempeng Pasifik">Lempeng Pasifik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Sunda" title="Lempeng Sunda">lempeng Sunda</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Indo-Australia" title="Lempeng Indo-Australia">lempeng Indo-Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siebert_etal_2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siebert_etal_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sejak zaman Yunani Kuno dan Romawi hingga akhir abad ke-18, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi">gunung berapi</a> dikaitkan dengan sebuah api, berdasarkan kepercayaan kuno bahwa gunung berapi disebabkan oleh api yang membakar di dalam perut <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>. Hubungan historis antara gunung berapi dan api ini dilestarikan dalam nama <i>Cincin Api</i> meskipun faktanya gunung berapi tidak membakar <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> dengan api tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-EncycloVolc2015_History_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloVolc2015_History-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keberadaan sabuk aktivitas gunung berapi di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Samudra Pasifik</a> telah diketahui pada awal abad ke-19; misalnya, pada tahun 1825, ahli vulkanologi perintis G.P. Scrope menggambarkan rantai gunung berapi di sekitar tepi Samudra Pasifik dalam bukunya "Considerations on Volcanos". Tiga dekade kemudian, sebuah buku tentang Ekspedisi Perry berkunjung ke <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>, dan mengomentari gunung berapi <i>Cincin Api</i> sebagai berikut: "Kepulauan Jepang berada di garis lingkaran besar perkembangan gunung berapi yang mengelilingi pantai Pasifik dari <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> hingga ke <a href="/wiki/Maluku" title="Maluku">Maluku</a>." (Narasi Ekspedisi Skuadron Amerika ke <a href="/wiki/Laut_Cina_Selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Laut Cina Selatan">Laut Cina Selatan</a> dan Jepang, 1852–54).<sup id="cite_ref-EncycloVolc2015_History_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloVolc2015_History-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebuah artikel muncul di <i>Scientific American</i> pada tahun 1878 dengan judul "<i>The Ring of Fire</i>, dan <i>the Volcanic Peaks of the West Coast of the United States</i>", yang menguraikan fenomena aktivitas vulkanik di sekitar batas-batas Samudra Pasifik. Referensi eksplisit awal tentang gunung berapi yang membentuk "cincin api" di sekitar Samudra Pasifik juga mencakup buku Alexander P. Livingstone "Complete Story of San Francisco's Terrible Calamity of Earthquake and Fire", yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1906, di mana ia menggambarkan "... cincin api besar yang melingkari seluruh permukaan Samudra Pasifik."<sup id="cite_ref-GPScrope_1825_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPScrope_1825-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1912, geologis Patrick Marshall memperkenalkan istilah "Garis Andesit" untuk menandai batas antara pulau-pulau di Pasifik barat daya, yang berbeda dalam struktur gunung berapi dan jenis lava. Konsep tersebut kemudian diperluas ke bagian lain <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Samudra Pasifik</a>. Garis Andesit dan Cincin Api sangat mirip dalam hal lokasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry1856_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry1856-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pengembangan teori <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_tektonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lempeng tektonik">lempeng tektonik</a> sejak awal tahun 1960-an telah memberikan pemahaman dan penjelasan terkini tentang distribusi <a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi">gunung berapi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a> secara global, termasuk yang berada di Cincin Api Pasifik.<sup id="cite_ref-Lopes2005Chap2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopes2005Chap2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cakupan_geologis">Cakupan geologis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Cakupan geologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Cakupan geologis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tektonika_lempeng" title="Tektonika lempeng">Tektonika lempeng</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Daftar_lempeng_tektonik" title="Daftar lempeng tektonik">Daftar lempeng tektonik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg/330px-Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg/495px-Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg/660px-Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Lempeng tektonik sekitar 210 juta tahun yang lalu saat (zaman <a href="/wiki/Jura_(zaman)" title="Jura (zaman)">Jurassic</a>), sebelum terbentuknya Cincin Api Pasifik</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tectonic_plates_and_ring_of_fire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tectonic_plates_and_ring_of_fire.png/330px-Tectonic_plates_and_ring_of_fire.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tectonic_plates_and_ring_of_fire.png/495px-Tectonic_plates_and_ring_of_fire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tectonic_plates_and_ring_of_fire.png/660px-Tectonic_plates_and_ring_of_fire.png 2x" data-file-width="4596" data-file-height="2314" /></a><figcaption>Lempeng tektonik dan gunung berapi di sepanjang Cincin Api Pasifik</figcaption></figure> <p>Cincin Api Pasifik, telah ada selama lebih dari 35 juta tahun yang lalu, banyak gunung berapi tua yang sudah punah terletak di dalam Cincin Api ini. Lebih dari 350 gunung berapi Cincin Api Pasifik dinyatakan aktif, sedangkan empat <a href="/wiki/Letusan_gunung_berapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Letusan gunung berapi">letusan gunung berapi</a> terbesar di Bumi pada zaman Holosen semuanya terjadi di gunung berapi di Cincin Api Pasifik.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>, Cincin Api merupakan hasil dari batas konvergen antara <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Antartika" class="mw-redirect" title="Lempeng Antartika">Lempeng Antartika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Nazca" title="Lempeng Nazca">Lempeng Nazca</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Cocos" title="Lempeng Cocos">Lempeng Cocos</a>, menunjam ke bawah Lempeng <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>. </p><p>Di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Tengah" title="Amerika Tengah">Amerika Tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Cocos" title="Lempeng Cocos">Lempeng Cocos</a> menunjam ke bawah <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Karibia" title="Lempeng Karibia">Lempeng Karibia</a>. Dan sebagian <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Pasifik" title="Lempeng Pasifik">Lempeng Pasifik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Lempeng Juan de Fuca">Lempeng Juan de Fuca</a> menunjam ke bawah Lempeng <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a>. Di sepanjang bagian utara, <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Pasifik" title="Lempeng Pasifik">Lempeng Pasifik</a> yang bergerak ke arah barat laut sedang menunjam ke bawah <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Aleut" title="Kepulauan Aleut">Kepulauan Aleut</a>. Lebih jauh ke barat, Lempeng Pasifik sedang menunjam di Semenanjung Kamchatka dan busur Kuril. Lebih jauh ke selatan, di Jepang, Taiwan dan Filipina, <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Filipina" title="Lempeng Filipina">Lempeng Filipina</a> menunjam ke bawah <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Eurasia" title="Lempeng Eurasia">Lempeng Eurasia</a>. Bagian barat daya Cincin Api lebih kompleks, dengan sejumlah lempeng tektonik kecil yang bertabrakan dengan Lempeng Pasifik di <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Mariana" title="Kepulauan Mariana">Kepulauan Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_timur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia timur">Indonesia timur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Selandia_baru" class="mw-redirect" title="Selandia baru">Selandia baru</a>: bagian Cincin api ini tidak termasuk ke <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, karena terletak di tengah-tengah lempeng tektonik, jauh dari zona subduksi.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oseania">Oseania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Oseania" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Oseania"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selandia_Baru">Selandia Baru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Selandia Baru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Selandia Baru"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Christchurch_2011" title="Gempa bumi Christchurch 2011">Gempa bumi Christchurch 2011</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kaikoura_2016" title="Gempa bumi Kaikoura 2016">Gempa bumi Kaikoura 2016</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Letusan_Whakaari/White_Island_2019" title="Letusan Whakaari/White Island 2019">Letusan Whakaari/White Island 2019</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NZ_faults.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NZ_faults.png/240px-NZ_faults.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NZ_faults.png/360px-NZ_faults.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NZ_faults.png/480px-NZ_faults.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Zona <a href="/wiki/Patahan_(geologi)" title="Patahan (geologi)">patahan aktif</a> di Selandia Baru menunjukkan perpindahan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Pasifik" title="Lempeng Pasifik">Lempeng Pasifik</a> terhadap <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Indo-Australia" title="Lempeng Indo-Australia">Lempeng Indo-Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif/240px-Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif/360px-Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif/480px-Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi di Selandia Baru</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mt_Taranaki.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mt_Taranaki.JPG/240px-Mt_Taranaki.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mt_Taranaki.JPG/360px-Mt_Taranaki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mt_Taranaki.JPG/480px-Mt_Taranaki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Taranaki" title="Gunung Taranaki">Gunung Egmont</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a> memiliki konsentrasi gunung api rhyolitic muda terkuat di dunia, dan lapisan tebal tuf menyelimuti sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Utara" title="Pulau Utara">Pulau Utara</a>. Letusan paling awal menurut sejarah terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Whakaari/White_Island" title="Whakaari/White Island">Whakaari/White Island</a> pada tahun 1826, diikuti pada tahun 1886 oleh letusan bersejarah terbesar di negara itu di <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Tarawera" title="Gunung Tarawera">Gunung Tarawera</a>. Sebagian besar wilayah utara <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Utara" title="Pulau Utara">Pulau Utara Selandia Baru</a> terdiri dari pegunungan bawah laut dan pulau-pulau kecil, termasuk 16 gunung berapi bawah laut. Dalam 1,6 juta tahun terakhir, sebagian besar vulkanisme Selandia Baru berasal dari Zona Vulkanik Taupō. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Ruapehu" title="Gunung Ruapehu">Gunung Ruapehu</a>, di ujung selatan Taupo, adalah salah satu gunung berapi paling aktif di Selandia Baru. Gunung berapi ini mulai meletus setidaknya 250.000 tahun yang lalu. Dalam catatan sejarah, letusan besar terjadi dengan selang waktu sekitar 50 tahun, pada tahun 1895, 1945, dan 1995–1996. Letusan kecil sering terjadi, setidaknya sudah terjadi 60 kali sejak tahun 1945. Beberapa letusan kecil pada tahun 1970an menghasilkan hujan abu kecil dan lahar yang merusak puluhan rumah. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament,_Christchurch_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament%2C_Christchurch_33.jpg/240px-Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament%2C_Christchurch_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament%2C_Christchurch_33.jpg/360px-Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament%2C_Christchurch_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament%2C_Christchurch_33.jpg/480px-Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament%2C_Christchurch_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Kerusakan dari <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Christchurch_2011" title="Gempa bumi Christchurch 2011">Gempa bumi Christchurch 2011</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gempa bumi terjadi setiap hari di Selandia Baru. Sekitar 14.000-15.000 peristiwa terjadi di dalam dan sekitar negara tersebut setiap tahunnya. Beberapa peristiwa gempa mematikan terjadi seperti, <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Christchurch_2011" title="Gempa bumi Christchurch 2011">gempa bumi M 6.3 di Christchurch tahun 2011</a> membunuh 185 jiwa, dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Hawke%27s_Bay_earthquake" class="extiw" title="en:1931 Hawke&#39;s Bay earthquake">gempa bumi M 7.3 di Hawke's Bay tahun 1931</a> membunuh 256 jiwa. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sesar_Alpen" title="Sesar Alpen">Sesar Alpen</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Sesar_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesar (geologi)">patahan geser aktif</a>, membentang hampir di sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Selatan" title="Pulau Selatan">Pulau Selatan</a> Selandia Baru, dengan panjang sekitar 600 km (370 mil), dan membentuk batas antara <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Pasifik" title="Lempeng Pasifik">Lempeng Pasifik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Australia" title="Lempeng Australia">Lempeng Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Alpen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegunungan Alpen">Pegunungan Alpen</a> Selatan telah terangkat akibat patahan tersebut selama 12 juta tahun terakhir akibat serangkaian gempa bumi. Patahan ini bergerak sekitar 38 mm/tahun, dan merupakan patahan paling cepat menurut standar global. </p><p>Gempa besar terakhir di <a href="/wiki/Sesar_Alpen" title="Sesar Alpen">Sesar Alpen</a> terjadi sekitar tahun 1717 Masehi, dengan magnitudo gempa sebesar M<sub>w</sub> 8.1. Dan kemungkinan terjadinya bencana serupa terulang lagi dalam 50 tahun ke depan, diperkirakan mencapai 75 persen kemungkinan.<sup id="cite_ref-rnz_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonga">Tonga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Tonga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tonga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Letusan_dan_tsunami_Hunga_Tonga_2022" title="Letusan dan tsunami Hunga Tonga 2022">Letusan dan tsunami Hunga Tonga 2022</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NZDF_over_Tonga_January_2022_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NZDF_over_Tonga_January_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-NZDF_over_Tonga_January_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NZDF_over_Tonga_January_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-NZDF_over_Tonga_January_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NZDF_over_Tonga_January_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-NZDF_over_Tonga_January_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4842" data-file-height="3693" /></a><figcaption>Dampak dari <a href="/wiki/Letusan_dan_tsunami_Hunga_Tonga_2022" title="Letusan dan tsunami Hunga Tonga 2022">Letusan dan tsunami Hunga Tonga 2022</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samoa">Samoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Samoa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Samoa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Samoa_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Gempa bumi Samoa 2009">Gempa bumi Samoa 2009</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kepulauan_Solomon">Kepulauan Solomon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Kepulauan Solomon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kepulauan Solomon"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kepulauan_Solomon_2007" title="Gempa bumi Kepulauan Solomon 2007">Gempa bumi Kepulauan Solomon 2007</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kepulauan_Solomon_2013" title="Gempa bumi Kepulauan Solomon 2013">Gempa bumi Kepulauan Solomon 2013</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiji">Fiji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Fiji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fiji"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Vanuatu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Vanuatu"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg/240px-Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg/360px-Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg/480px-Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Gunung West Mata di Kepulauan <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papua_Nugini">Papua Nugini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Papua Nugini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Papua Nugini"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Papua_Nugini_1998" title="Gempa bumi Papua Nugini 1998">Gempa bumi Papua Nugini 1998</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png/240px-Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png/360px-Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Setting lempeng tektonik Papua Nugini</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mount_Lamington_Tony_Taylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mount_Lamington_Tony_Taylor.jpg/240px-Mount_Lamington_Tony_Taylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mount_Lamington_Tony_Taylor.jpg/360px-Mount_Lamington_Tony_Taylor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mount_Lamington_Tony_Taylor.jpg/480px-Mount_Lamington_Tony_Taylor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Vulkanologis Tony Taylor dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_eruption_of_Mount_Lamington" class="extiw" title="en:1951 eruption of Mount Lamington">Letusan Gunung Lamington 1951</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aktivitas <a href="/wiki/Vulkanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkanik">Vulkanik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">Gempa bumi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a> disebabkan oleh subduksi kerak samudera di bawah pulau akibat lempeng tektonik, antara <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Pasifik" title="Lempeng Pasifik">Lempeng Pasifik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Australia" title="Lempeng Australia">Lempeng Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Lamington" title="Gunung Lamington">Gunung Lamington</a> terletak di dalam Jajaran Pegunungan Hidrograf; pegunungan pesisir kecil yang berhutan. Pegunungan tersebut merupakan sisa dari stratovolcano Kuarter yang terkikis parah. Jenis batuan yang dominan adalah andesit dan andesit basaltik. Meskipun sebagian besar sejarah letusan pegunungan ini terjadi pada masa Pleistosen, keberadaan kerucut cinder dan kawah di sisi selatan pegunungan menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas vulkanisme juga terjadi pada masa Holosen. Gunung ini terletak berdekatan dengan Jajaran Pegunungan Owen Stanley. Gunung berapi terdekat termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_Suckling&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung Suckling (halaman belum tersedia)">Gunung Suckling</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Victory_(Papua_Nugini)" title="Gunung Victory (Papua Nugini)">Gunung Victory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia_Pasifik">Asia Pasifik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Asia Pasifik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asia Pasifik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timor_Leste">Timor Leste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Timor Leste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Timor Leste"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:TimorPlate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/TimorPlate.png/220px-TimorPlate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/TimorPlate.png/330px-TimorPlate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/TimorPlate.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Latar tektonik di <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a> adalah bagian dari Cincin Api Pasifik, sebuah wilayah dengan aktivitas tektonik tinggi dan selalu berisiko terhadap letusan gunung berapi, gempa bumi, dan tsunami. <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Timor" title="Pulau Timor">Pulau Timor</a> terletak dalam perbatasan antara <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Timor" title="Lempeng Timor">Lempeng Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Indo-Australia" title="Lempeng Indo-Australia">Lempeng Indo-Australia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Laut_Banda" title="Lempeng Laut Banda">Lempeng Laut Banda</a>, sehingga rentan terhadap aktivitas seismik. </p><p>Pada 14 Mei 1995, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Timor_earthquake" class="extiw" title="en:1995 Timor earthquake">gempa bumi besar berkekuatan</a> 6,9 M<sub>w</sub> pada pukul 20:33 (11:33 UTC) terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Flores" title="Laut Flores">Laut Flores</a>, mengguncang sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a>. Sebelas orang hilang dan 19 orang luka-luka. Tsunami setinggi 1,5 meter menimbulkan kerusakan besar di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Maliana" title="Maliana">Maliana</a>, menghancurkan beberapa rumah, merusak 40 perahu nelayan, dan menyebabkan ratusan ternak hilang.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Indonesia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Indonesia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Geologi_Indonesia" title="Geologi Indonesia">Geologi Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_gunung_berapi_di_Indonesia" title="Daftar gunung berapi di Indonesia">Daftar gunung berapi di Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_gempa_bumi_di_Indonesia" title="Daftar gempa bumi di Indonesia">Daftar gempa bumi di Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/330px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/495px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/660px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi di Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Great_Sumatran_Fault.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Great_Sumatran_Fault.png/240px-Great_Sumatran_Fault.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Great_Sumatran_Fault.png/360px-Great_Sumatran_Fault.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Great_Sumatran_Fault.png/480px-Great_Sumatran_Fault.png 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sesar_Semangko" title="Sesar Semangko">Sesar Semangko</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Zona_subduksi_Selat_Sunda" title="Zona subduksi Selat Sunda">Sunda Megathurst</a> di Sumatra</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Merapi_mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Merapi_mountain.jpg/240px-Merapi_mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Merapi_mountain.jpg/360px-Merapi_mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Merapi_mountain.jpg/480px-Merapi_mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2141" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Merapi" title="Gunung Merapi">Gunung Merapi</a> gunung berapi paling aktif di Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mount_Bromo,_Java,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mount_Bromo%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia.jpg/240px-Mount_Bromo%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mount_Bromo%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia.jpg/360px-Mount_Bromo%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mount_Bromo%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia.jpg/480px-Mount_Bromo%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Bromo" title="Gunung Bromo">Gunung Bromo</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Semeru" title="Gunung Semeru">Gunung Semeru</a> di Jawa Timur</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mount_Agung,_November_2017_eruption_-_27_Nov_2017_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mount_Agung%2C_November_2017_eruption_-_27_Nov_2017_03.jpg/240px-Mount_Agung%2C_November_2017_eruption_-_27_Nov_2017_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mount_Agung%2C_November_2017_eruption_-_27_Nov_2017_03.jpg/360px-Mount_Agung%2C_November_2017_eruption_-_27_Nov_2017_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mount_Agung%2C_November_2017_eruption_-_27_Nov_2017_03.jpg/480px-Mount_Agung%2C_November_2017_eruption_-_27_Nov_2017_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_Agung_2017%E2%80%932019" title="Letusan Gunung Agung 2017–2019">Letusan Gunung Agung</a>, November 2017</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi">Gunung berapi</a> di Indonesia adalah bagian dari Cincin Api Pasifik dan <a href="/wiki/Sabuk_alpida" title="Sabuk alpida">Sabuk alpida</a>. Gunung berapi paling aktif di Indonesia adalah <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Merapi" title="Gunung Merapi">Gunung Merapi</a>. Sejak tahun 1000 Masehi, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Kelud" title="Gunung Kelud">Gunung Kelud</a> telah meletus lebih dari 30 kali, dimana letusan terbesar berada pada skala 5 Volcanic Explosivity Index (<a href="/wiki/VEI" class="mw-redirect" title="VEI">VEI</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-kelut_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelut-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sedangkan Gunung Merapi telah meletus lebih dari 80 kali.<sup id="cite_ref-merapi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merapi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asosiasi Internasional Vulkanologi dan Kimia Interior Bumi menobatkan Gunung Merapi sebagai Gunung Berapi Dekade sejak tahun 1995 karena aktivitas vulkaniknya yang sangat tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-winchester2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winchester2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hingga saat ini, Indonesia memiliki 127 gunung berapi aktif dan sekitar 5 juta orang tinggal di zona bahaya. Ada dugaan bahwa peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Samudra_Hindia_2004" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004">gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004</a> dapat memicu letusan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Sinabung" title="Gunung Sinabung">Gunung Sinabung</a> (tidak aktif sejak 1600an) yang meletus pada tahun 2010 sebagai salah satu contohnya. </p><p>Menurut <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>, Indonesia merupakan negara dengan jumlah gunung berapi paling aktif terbanyak di dunia, dengan sekitar 130 gunung berapi aktif. Gunung berapi tersebut mencakup seluruh wilayah <a href="/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Nusa_Tenggara" title="Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara">Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salah satu letusan gunung berapi paling dahsyat sepanjang sejarah adalah <a href="/wiki/Letusan_Tambora_1815" title="Letusan Tambora 1815">Letusan Tambora 1815</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Letusan_Krakatau_1883" title="Letusan Krakatau 1883">Letusan Krakatau 1883</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheimer2002_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheimer2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2018-09-28_Palu_Indonesia_M7.5_Regional.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2018-09-28_Palu_Indonesia_M7.5_Regional.jpg/310px-2018-09-28_Palu_Indonesia_M7.5_Regional.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2018-09-28_Palu_Indonesia_M7.5_Regional.jpg/465px-2018-09-28_Palu_Indonesia_M7.5_Regional.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2018-09-28_Palu_Indonesia_M7.5_Regional.jpg/620px-2018-09-28_Palu_Indonesia_M7.5_Regional.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daftar_gempa_bumi_di_Indonesia" title="Daftar gempa bumi di Indonesia">Gempa bumi di Indonesia</a> dari tahun 1900 hingga 2021 (&gt;M4.5)</figcaption></figure> <p>Indonesia adalah negara yang sangat aktif secara seismik. <a href="/wiki/Survei_Geologi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat">Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat</a> (USGS) mencatat Indonesia sebagai negara dengan gempa bumi terbanyak di dunia setiap tahunnya. Indonesia telah mengalami lebih dari 150 gempa bumi dengan magnitudo &gt; 7 dalam kurun waktu 1901–2019. </p><p>Gempa bumi terjadi hampir setiap hari di Indonesia dengan skala berbeda-beda, dimana sebagian besar tidak dirasakan manusia. Peristiwa gempa bumi paling mematikan baru baru ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Sulawesi_2018" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Sulawesi 2018">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Sulawesi 2018</a> membunuh sekitar 4.000 jiwa, dan menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Pencairan_tanah" title="Pencairan tanah">Pencairan tanah</a> yang besar. Peristiwa besar lainnya terjadi pada 27 Mei 2006, <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Yogyakarta_2006" title="Gempa bumi Yogyakarta 2006">Gempa bumi berkekuatan 6.3</a> melanda Yogyakarta, dan menyebabkan kerusakan berat, hingga memakan lebih dari 6.000 jiwa. Peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_berskala_besar" title="Gempa bumi berskala besar">Gempa bumi berskala besar</a> yang berdampak ke Indonesia dan terjadi belum lama ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Samudra_Hindia_2004" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004">gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004</a>, menyebabkan tsunami besar yang juga berdampak pada negara lain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meski Indonesia rawan bencana di sisi lain menjadikan negara ini sangat subur. Dampak positif dari <a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi">gunung berapi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a> antara lain: Tanah yang subur, pariwisata, energi panas bumi, penciptaan lahan baru dan bahan bangunan. Tanah vulkanik sangat subur, dan kaya akan mineral. Dan dapat membuat ekstraksi minyak dan gas menjadi lebih efisien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filipina">Filipina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Filipina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Filipina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Teluk_Moro_1976" title="Gempa bumi Teluk Moro 1976">Gempa bumi Teluk Moro 1976</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Luzon_1990" title="Gempa bumi Luzon 1990">Gempa bumi Luzon 1990</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_Pinatubo_1991" title="Letusan Gunung Pinatubo 1991">Letusan Gunung Pinatubo 1991</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Bohol_2013" title="Gempa bumi Bohol 2013">Gempa bumi Bohol 2013</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Mindanao_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="Gempa bumi Mindanao 2023">Gempa bumi Mindanao 2023</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif/200px-MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif/300px-MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi aktif di <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pinatubo_Ausbruch_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pinatubo_Ausbruch_1991.jpg/200px-Pinatubo_Ausbruch_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pinatubo_Ausbruch_1991.jpg/300px-Pinatubo_Ausbruch_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pinatubo_Ausbruch_1991.jpg/400px-Pinatubo_Ausbruch_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_Pinatubo_1991" title="Letusan Gunung Pinatubo 1991">Letusan Gunung Pinatubo 1991</a> salah satu erupsi terbesar di Abad ke-20</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_Pinatubo_1991" title="Letusan Gunung Pinatubo 1991">Letusan Gunung Pinatubo 1991</a> adalah letusan terbesar kedua di dunia pada abad ke-20. Prediksi sukses terjadinya letusan klimaks menyebabkan evakuasi puluhan ribu orang dari daerah sekitarnya, menyelamatkan banyak nyawa, tetapi karena daerah sekitarnya rusak parah oleh aliran piroklastik, endapan abu, dan kemudian, lahar yang disebabkan oleh air hujan yang memobilisasi kembali endapan vulkanik sebelumnya, ribuan rumah hancur. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Taal" title="Gunung Taal">Gunung Taal</a> juga merupakan salah satu gunung berapi paling aktif di negara itu, tercatat sejak tahun 1900, gunung itu telah mengalami erupsi lebih dari 30 kali. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pyroclastic_flows_at_Mayon_Volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pyroclastic_flows_at_Mayon_Volcano.jpg/230px-Pyroclastic_flows_at_Mayon_Volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pyroclastic_flows_at_Mayon_Volcano.jpg/345px-Pyroclastic_flows_at_Mayon_Volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pyroclastic_flows_at_Mayon_Volcano.jpg/460px-Pyroclastic_flows_at_Mayon_Volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Mayon" title="Gunung Mayon">Gunung Mayon</a> meletus pada tahun 1984</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Mayon" title="Gunung Mayon">Gunung Berapi Mayon</a> adalah gunung berapi paling aktif di Filipina. Puncaknya curam dengan kemiringan rata-rata 35–40° dan dibatasi oleh kawah puncak kecil. Sejarah letusan gunung berapi basaltik-andesit ini terjadi pada tahun 1616 dan berkisar dari letusan Strombolian hingga letusan basaltik Plinian. Letusan terjadi terutama dari saluran pusat dan juga menghasilkan aliran lava yang mengalir jauh ke bawah. Aliran piroklastik dan semburan lumpur umumnya menyapu sekitar 40 jurang yang menyebar dari puncak dan seringkali menghancurkan daerah dataran rendah yang berpenduduk padat. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1900_2012_EQ_Philippines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1900_2012_EQ_Philippines.png/200px-1900_2012_EQ_Philippines.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1900_2012_EQ_Philippines.png/300px-1900_2012_EQ_Philippines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1900_2012_EQ_Philippines.png/400px-1900_2012_EQ_Philippines.png 2x" data-file-width="2071" data-file-height="2435" /></a><figcaption>Gempa bumi di <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> dari tahun 1900–2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Sebagian besar wilayah <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> terletak di wilayah perbatasan lempeng tektonik antara <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Laut_Filipina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lempeng Laut Filipina">Lempeng Laut Filipina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Eurasia" title="Lempeng Eurasia">Lempeng Eurasia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Sunda" title="Lempeng Sunda">Lempeng Sunda</a>. Aktivitas seismik di Filipina cenderung tinggi, dengan rata-rata 10.000 gempa bumi setiap tahunnya. </p><p>Seluruh wilayah <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a>, berpotensi mengalami gempa bumi besar, kecuali daerah <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, dengan risiko seismik relatif rendah. Bahaya guncangan terbesar berasal dari patahan kerak dangkal di dekat wilayah kota metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davao" class="mw-redirect" title="Davao">Davao</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>. Wilayah <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, adalah wilayah seismik tertinggi di negara tersebut, karena terletak di perbatasan Sesar Filipina dan <a href="/wiki/Palung_Filipina" title="Palung Filipina">Palung Filipina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peñarubia_etal_2020_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peñarubia_etal_2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Taiwan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Taiwan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Chichi_1999" title="Gempa bumi Chichi 1999">Gempa bumi Chichi 1999</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Taiwan_2016" title="Gempa bumi Taiwan 2016">Gempa bumi Taiwan 2016</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Taitung_2022" title="Gempa bumi Taitung 2022">Gempa bumi Taitung 2022</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Taiwan_2024" class="mw-redirect" title="Gempa bumi Taiwan 2024">Gempa bumi Taiwan 2024</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Taiwan_tectonics_block_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Taiwan_tectonics_block_diagram.png/250px-Taiwan_tectonics_block_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Taiwan_tectonics_block_diagram.png/375px-Taiwan_tectonics_block_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Taiwan_tectonics_block_diagram.png/500px-Taiwan_tectonics_block_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="2635" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Setting lempeng tektonik dan sesar aktif di Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> berada di zona seismik paling aktif. Ahli geologi telah mengidentifikasi 42 patahan aktif di pulau tersebut, namun sebagian besar gempa bumi yang terdeteksi di Taiwan disebabkan oleh konvergensi <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Filipina" title="Lempeng Filipina">Lempeng Filipina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Eurasia" title="Lempeng Eurasia">Lempeng Eurasia</a> di sebelah timur pulau. Sebagian besar gempa bumi yang tercatat di Taiwan sebenarnya terjadi di lepas pantai timur dan hanya menimbulkan sedikit kerusakan, sedangkan gempa kecil di bawah pulau itu sendiri secara historis terbukti lebih merusak. Gempa bumi pertama yang tercatat di Taiwan terjadi pada tahun 1624, tahun berdirinya <a href="/wiki/Formosa_Belanda" title="Formosa Belanda">Formosa Belanda</a>. Antara tahun 1901 dan tahun 2000 terjadi 91 gempa bumi besar di Taiwan, 48 di antaranya mengakibatkan korban jiwa. Gempa besar terkini adalah gempa 921 yang terjadi pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Chichi_1999" title="Gempa bumi Chichi 1999">21 September 1999</a> dan memakan korban jiwa sebanyak 2.415 orang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jepang">Jepang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Jepang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jepang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_gempa_bumi_di_Jepang" title="Daftar gempa bumi di Jepang">Daftar gempa bumi di Jepang</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_gunung_dan_pegunungan_di_Jepang_menurut_ketinggian" title="Daftar gunung dan pegunungan di Jepang menurut ketinggian">Daftar gunung dan pegunungan di Jepang menurut ketinggian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Geologi_Jepang" title="Geologi Jepang">Geologi Jepang</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Japan_separation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japan_separation.png/240px-Japan_separation.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japan_separation.png/360px-Japan_separation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japan_separation.png/480px-Japan_separation.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Pulau-pulau di Jepang dipisahkan dari daratan Asia oleh <a href="/wiki/Cekungan_busur_belakang" title="Cekungan busur belakang">cekungan busur belakang</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG/240px-Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG/360px-Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG/480px-Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Fuji" title="Gunung Fuji">Gunung Fuji</a> di Jepang</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sakurajima_(37533268744).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sakurajima_%2837533268744%29.jpg/240px-Sakurajima_%2837533268744%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sakurajima_%2837533268744%29.jpg/360px-Sakurajima_%2837533268744%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sakurajima_%2837533268744%29.jpg/480px-Sakurajima_%2837533268744%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4620" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sakurajima" title="Sakurajima">Sakurajima</a> gunung berapi paling aktif di Jepang</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:SH-60B_helicopter_flies_over_Sendai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SH-60B_helicopter_flies_over_Sendai.jpg/240px-SH-60B_helicopter_flies_over_Sendai.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SH-60B_helicopter_flies_over_Sendai.jpg/360px-SH-60B_helicopter_flies_over_Sendai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SH-60B_helicopter_flies_over_Sendai.jpg/480px-SH-60B_helicopter_flies_over_Sendai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="1845" /></a><figcaption>Pemandangan Bandar Udara Sendai setelah <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_T%C5%8Dhoku_2011" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sekitar 10% dari gunung berapi aktif dunia ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>, yang terletak di zona ketidakstabilan kerak lempeng yang ekstrim. Mereka dibentuk oleh zona subduksi <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Pasifik" title="Lempeng Pasifik">Lempeng Pasifik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Filipina" title="Lempeng Filipina">Lempeng Filipina</a>. Sebanyak 1.500 gempa bumi tercatat setiap tahun, dan besarnya 4 sampai 6 magnitudo. </p><p>Getaran kecil terjadi hampir setiap hari di Jepang, menyebabkan beberapa bangunan berguncang ringan. Gempa besar jarang terjadi; Peristiwa yang paling terkenal di abad ke-20 adalah: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_besar_Kant%C5%8D_1923" class="mw-redirect" title="Gempa bumi besar Kantō 1923">Gempa bumi besar Kantō 1923</a>, yang menewaskan sekitar 130.000 orang; dan <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_besar_Hanshin" title="Gempa bumi besar Hanshin">Gempa bumi besar Hanshin</a> pada tahun 1995, yang menewaskan hingga 6.434 orang. Pada tanggal 11 Maret 2011. <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_T%C5%8Dhoku_2011" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011">Gempa berkekuatan 9,0 melanda Jepang</a>, adalah gempa bumi terbesar di negara itu dan terbesar kelima sepanjang sejarah, menurut data <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">US Geological Survey</a>. Gempa bumi bawah laut juga membuat seluruh garis pantai di <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> terancam bahaya tsunami. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Fuji" title="Gunung Fuji">Gunung Fuji</a> adalah gunung berapi tertinggi dan paling terkenal di Jepang, menampilkan banyak budaya Jepang dan berfungsi sebagai salah satu landmark paling populer di negara ini. Sementara <a href="/wiki/Sakurajima" title="Sakurajima">Sakurajima</a> adalah gunung berapi paling aktif di Jepang, sejak 1000 masehi, gunung ini telah meletus lebih dari 60 kali. Lalu <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Ontake" title="Gunung Ontake">Gunung Ontake</a> dinobatkan sebagai gunung berapi tertinggi kedua di Jepang, dan telah meletus lebih dari 30 kali sejak 1000 tahun terakhir. Gunung berapi lain yang paling aktif di Jepang adalah <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Aso" title="Gunung Aso">Gunung Aso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Asama" title="Gunung Asama">Gunung Asama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Unzen" title="Gunung Unzen">Gunung Unzen</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_Bandai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung Bandai (halaman belum tersedia)">Gunung Bandai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rusia">Rusia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Rusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Severo-Kurilsk_1952" title="Gempa bumi Severo-Kurilsk 1952">Gempa bumi Severo-Kurilsk 1952</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Neftegorsk_1995" title="Gempa bumi Neftegorsk 1995">Gempa bumi Neftegorsk 1995</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dsc_(179253513).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg/240px-Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg/360px-Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg/480px-Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Kambalny" title="Gunung Kambalny">Gunung Kambalny</a>, gunung stratovolcano aktif di <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Kamchatka" title="Semenanjung Kamchatka">Semenanjung Kamchatka</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Kamchatka" title="Semenanjung Kamchatka">Semenanjung Kamchatka</a> terutama di <a href="/wiki/Timur_Jauh_Rusia" title="Timur Jauh Rusia">Timur Jauh Rusia</a> adalah salah satu daerah vulkanik paling aktif di dunia, dengan sejarah 20 gunung berapi aktif. Terletak di antara <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Samudra Pasifik</a> di timur dan Laut Okhotsk di barat. Tepat di lepas pantai di sepanjang pantai Pasifik, terdapat <a href="/wiki/Palung_Kuril%E2%80%93Kamchatka" title="Palung Kuril–Kamchatka">Palung Kuril–Kamchatka</a> sedalam 10.500 meter (34.400 kaki), tempat subduksi <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Pasifik" title="Lempeng Pasifik">Lempeng Pasifik</a> memicu vulkanisme. Ada beberapa jenis aktivitas gunung berapi, termasuk stratovolcano, gunung berapi perisai, letusan celah gaya Hawaii, dan geyser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amerika_Utara">Amerika Utara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika Utara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Amerika Utara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanada">Kanada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Kanada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kanada"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Young_volcanoes_of_western_Canada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Young_volcanoes_of_western_Canada.png/240px-Young_volcanoes_of_western_Canada.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Young_volcanoes_of_western_Canada.png 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi aktif di <a href="/wiki/Kanada_Barat" title="Kanada Barat">Kanada Barat</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg/240px-MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg/360px-MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg/480px-MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" class="extiw" title="en:Mount Meager massif">Gunung berapi Meager</a> di <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kanada_Barat" title="Kanada Barat">Kanada Barat</a> termasuk bagian dari Cincin api Pasifik, terumata di <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> adalah rumah bagi kawasan gunung berapi dan aktivitas gunung berapi di Cincin Api Pasifik.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lebih dari 20 gunung berapi telah meletus di Kanada bagian barat selama Zaman Holosen tetapi hanya 6 yang berhubungan langsung dengan subduksi: Bridge River Cones, Gunung Cayley, Gunung Garibaldi, Danau Garibaldi, Kaldera Silverthrone, dan Gunung Meager massif. Beberapa gunung di daerah berpenduduk British Columbia merupakan gunung berapi yang tidak aktif. Sebagian besar aktif selama zaman Pleistosen dan Holosen. Meskipun saat ini tidak ada gunung berapi di Kanada yang meletus, beberapa gunung berapi, ladang gunung berapi, dan pusat gunung berapi dianggap berpotensi aktif.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Letusan gunung berapi basaltik hingga riolitik dan batuan hipabisal di Sabuk Vulkanik Teluk Alert di bagian utara <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Vancouver" title="Pulau Vancouver">Pulau Vancouver</a> mungkin terkait dengan batas subduksi yang diapit oleh <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Lempeng Juan de Fuca">lempeng Juan de Fuca</a> di <a href="/wiki/Zona_penunjaman_Cascadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona penunjaman Cascadia">Zona penunjaman Cascadia</a>. Tampaknya aktif selama Pliosen dan Pleistosen. Namun, tidak ada letusan Holosen yang diketahui, dan aktivitas gunung berapi di sabuk tersebut kemungkinan besar telah berhenti. </p><p>Sesar Queen Charlotte yang aktif di pantai barat <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, telah menimbulkan tiga gempa bumi besar selama abad ke-20: peristiwa berkekuatan 7.0 <a href="/wiki/Skala_kekuatan_seismik#Mw" title="Skala kekuatan seismik"><span title="Skala kek. momen" style="border-bottom:1px dotted" id="title">M<sub>w</sub></span></a> pada tahun 1929; berkekuatan 8,1 pada tahun 1949 (gempa bumi terbesar yang tercatat di Kanada); dan berkekuatan 7,4 pada tahun 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-WoodsKienle_2001_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodsKienle_2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amerika_Serikat">Amerika Serikat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika Serikat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Amerika Serikat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_gempa_bumi_di_Amerika_Serikat" title="Daftar gempa bumi di Amerika Serikat">Daftar gempa bumi di Amerika Serikat</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_San_Francisco_1906" title="Gempa bumi San Francisco 1906">Gempa bumi San Francisco 1906</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Alaska_1964" title="Gempa bumi Alaska 1964">Gempa bumi Alaska 1964</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_St._Helens_1980" title="Letusan Gunung St. Helens 1980">Letusan Gunung St. Helens 1980</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Loma_Prieta_1989" title="Gempa bumi Loma Prieta 1989">Gempa bumi Loma Prieta 1989</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Northridge_1994" title="Gempa bumi Northridge 1994">Gempa bumi Northridge 1994</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg/240px-Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg/360px-Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg/480px-Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2367" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Kerusakan akibat <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_San_Francisco_1906" title="Gempa bumi San Francisco 1906">Gempa bumi San Francisco 1906</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aerial-SanAndreas-CarrizoPlain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Aerial-SanAndreas-CarrizoPlain.jpg/240px-Aerial-SanAndreas-CarrizoPlain.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Aerial-SanAndreas-CarrizoPlain.jpg/360px-Aerial-SanAndreas-CarrizoPlain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Aerial-SanAndreas-CarrizoPlain.jpg/480px-Aerial-SanAndreas-CarrizoPlain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Pemandangan udara <a href="/wiki/Sesar_San_Andreas" title="Sesar San Andreas">Sesar San Andreas</a> di <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg/240px-MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg/360px-MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg/480px-MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_St._Helens_1980" title="Letusan Gunung St. Helens 1980">Letusan Gunung St. Helens 1980</a> salah satu letusan terdahsyat dalam sejarah Amerika Serikat</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> terutama wilayah <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington" title="Washington">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> merupakan wilayah zona seismik paling tinggi di negara itu, terdapat <a href="/wiki/Sesar_San_Andreas" title="Sesar San Andreas">Sesar San Andreas</a> yang dapat memicu gempa bumi besar di masa mendatang, dan <a href="/wiki/Zona_subduksi_Cascadia" title="Zona subduksi Cascadia">Zona subduksi Cascadia</a> di utara negara itu, tempat dimana bertemunya antara <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Lempeng Juan de Fuca">Lempeng Juan de Fuca</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Pasifik" title="Lempeng Pasifik">Lempeng Pasifik</a>. Gempa bumi yang paling terkenal yang pernah melanda Amerika Serikat adalah <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Alaska_1964" title="Gempa bumi Alaska 1964">Gempa bumi Alaska 1964</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_San_Francisco_1906" title="Gempa bumi San Francisco 1906">Gempa bumi San Francisco 1906</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> terkenal dengan aktivitas seismik dan vulkaniknya yang tinggi, dan memegang rekor gempa bumi terbesar kedua di dunia, <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Alaska_1964" title="Gempa bumi Alaska 1964">Gempa bumi Jumat Agung 1964</a>, dan memiliki lebih dari 50 gunung berapi yang telah meletus sejak sekitar tahun 1760. Gunung berapi tidak hanya ditemukan di daratan Alaska, tetapi juga di temukan di <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Aleut" title="Kepulauan Aleut">Kepulauan Aleut</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_St._Helens_1980" title="Letusan Gunung St. Helens 1980">Letusan Gunung St. Helens 1980</a> adalah satu-satunya letusan signifikan yang terjadi di daratan Amerika Serikat yang terdiri dari 48 negara bagian sejak letusan gunung berapi Lassen Peak di <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> tahun 1915. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Survei_Geologi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat">Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat</a> dan <b>Pusat Informasi Gempa Bumi Nasional</b> memantau gunung berapi dan gempa bumi di Amerika Serikat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meksiko">Meksiko</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Meksiko" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Meksiko"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kota_Meksiko_1985" title="Gempa bumi Kota Meksiko 1985">Gempa bumi Kota Meksiko 1985</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Chiapas_2017" title="Gempa bumi Chiapas 2017">Gempa bumi Chiapas 2017</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Puebla_2017" title="Gempa bumi Puebla 2017">Gempa bumi Puebla 2017</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif/240px-Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif/360px-Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif/480px-Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi aktif di Meksiko</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg/240px-Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg/360px-Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg/480px-Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Pusat gempa bumi di Meksiko dari tahun 1900-2022</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Remedios,_Cholula,_Puebla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Remedios%2C_Cholula%2C_Puebla.jpg/240px-Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Remedios%2C_Cholula%2C_Puebla.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Remedios%2C_Cholula%2C_Puebla.jpg/360px-Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Remedios%2C_Cholula%2C_Puebla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Remedios%2C_Cholula%2C_Puebla.jpg/480px-Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Remedios%2C_Cholula%2C_Puebla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Popocatépetl">Gunung Popocatépetl</a>, gunung berapi paling aktif di Meksiko</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Volcan_de_Colima_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Volcan_de_Colima_2.jpg/240px-Volcan_de_Colima_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Volcan_de_Colima_2.jpg/360px-Volcan_de_Colima_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Volcan_de_Colima_2.jpg/480px-Volcan_de_Colima_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Colima" title="Gunung Colima">Volcan de Colima</a> gunung berapi kerucut di Meksiko</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1985_Mexico_Earthquake_-_Pina_Suarez_Apartment_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1985_Mexico_Earthquake_-_Pina_Suarez_Apartment_Complex.jpg/240px-1985_Mexico_Earthquake_-_Pina_Suarez_Apartment_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1985_Mexico_Earthquake_-_Pina_Suarez_Apartment_Complex.jpg/360px-1985_Mexico_Earthquake_-_Pina_Suarez_Apartment_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1985_Mexico_Earthquake_-_Pina_Suarez_Apartment_Complex.jpg/480px-1985_Mexico_Earthquake_-_Pina_Suarez_Apartment_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Apartemen Pina Suarez runtuh, akibat <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kota_Meksiko_1985" title="Gempa bumi Kota Meksiko 1985">Gempa bumi Kota Meksiko 1985</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gunung berapi Meksiko terkait dengan subduksi <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Cocos" title="Lempeng Cocos">lempeng Cocos</a> dan Rivera terjadi di Sabuk Vulkanik Trans-Meksiko, yang memanjang 900 km (560 mil) dari barat ke timur melintasi Meksiko tengah-selatan. Popocatépetl, terletak di bagian timur Sabuk Vulkanik Trans-Meksiko, adalah puncak tertinggi kedua di Meksiko setelah Pico de Orizaba. Ini adalah salah satu gunung berapi paling aktif di Meksiko, memiliki lebih dari 20 letusan besar sejak kedatangan Spanyol pada tahun 1519. Letusan El Chichón pada tahun 1982, menewaskan sekitar 2.000 orang yang tinggal di dekat gunung berapi, menciptakan 1-km -kaldera luas yang diisi dengan danau kawah yang asam. Sebelum tahun 1982, gunung berapi yang relatif tidak dikenal ini memiliki hutan lebat dan tidak lebih tinggi dari puncak nonvulkanik yang berdekatan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a> adalah salah satu negara yang paling aktif secara seismik di dunia, terletak di atas beberapa lempeng tektonik antara <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Cocos" title="Lempeng Cocos">Lempeng Cocos</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Amerika_Utara" title="Lempeng Amerika Utara">Lempeng Amerika Utara</a>, di sepanjang Pantai Pasifik Meksiko, menciptakan zona subduksi yang menghasilkan peristiwa seismik besar. Secara keseluruhan, kekuatan seismik ini menyebabkan rata-rata 40 gempa bumi setiap hari di Meksiko.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada 19 September 1985, <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kota_Meksiko_1985" title="Gempa bumi Kota Meksiko 1985">Gempa bumi berkekuatan 8,0 magnitudo</a> melanda ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad de México">Ciudad de México</a> hingga menewaskan 10.000 orang, sejak peristiwa tersebut, pemerintah Meksiko mengadakan pelatihan gempa setiap tahunnya pada tanggal yang sama. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> dibangun di atas <a href="/wiki/Danau_Texcoco" title="Danau Texcoco">dasar danau yang kering</a> dengan tanah lunak yang terbuat dari pasir dan tanah liat, sehingga memperbesar kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh gempa bumi besar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amerika_Tengah">Amerika Tengah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika Tengah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Amerika Tengah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Guatemala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Guatemala"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Guatemala_1976" title="Gempa bumi Guatemala 1976">Gempa bumi Guatemala 1976</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_Fuego_2018" title="Letusan Gunung Fuego 2018">Letusan Gunung Fuego 2018</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_guatemala_volcanoes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Map_guatemala_volcanoes.gif/220px-Map_guatemala_volcanoes.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Map_guatemala_volcanoes.gif/330px-Map_guatemala_volcanoes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Map_guatemala_volcanoes.gif 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi aktif di Guatemala</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg/220px-Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg/330px-Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg/440px-Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Santiaguito, erupsi pada tahun 2003 di Guatemala</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada 3 Juni 2018, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Fuego" title="Gunung Fuego">Gunung Fuego</a> erupsi menghasilkan gumpalan abu besar yang disebabkan oleh ledakan terus menerus, aliran piroklastik, dan lahar. Aliran piroklastik menuruni jurang Las Lajas dan meluapkannya, menyebabkan korban meninggal hampir 2,000 orang. Ini merupakan letusan paling mematikan di Guatemala sejak letusan Gunung Berapi Santiaguito pada tahun 1902. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nikaragua">Nikaragua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Nikaragua" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Nikaragua"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nicaragua_map_vulcani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nicaragua_map_vulcani.jpg/230px-Nicaragua_map_vulcani.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nicaragua_map_vulcani.jpg/345px-Nicaragua_map_vulcani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Nicaragua_map_vulcani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi aktif di <a href="/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua">Nikaragua</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting bagian: El Salvador" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: El Salvador"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_El_Salvador_2001" title="Gempa bumi El Salvador 2001">Gempa bumi El Salvador 2001</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ElSalvadorslide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ElSalvadorslide.jpg/200px-ElSalvadorslide.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ElSalvadorslide.jpg/300px-ElSalvadorslide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ElSalvadorslide.jpg/400px-ElSalvadorslide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Tanah longsor akibat <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_El_Salvador_2001" title="Gempa bumi El Salvador 2001">Gempa bumi El Salvador 2001</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosta_Rika">Kosta Rika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Kosta Rika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kosta Rika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Poas_crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Poas_crater.jpg/240px-Poas_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Poas_crater.jpg/360px-Poas_crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Poas_crater.jpg/480px-Poas_crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A1s_Volcano" class="extiw" title="en:Poás Volcano">Gunung berapi Poás</a> di Kosta Rika</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A1s_Volcano" class="extiw" title="en:Poás Volcano">Gunung berapi Poás</a> adalah gunung berapi strato aktif setinggi 2.708 meter (8.885 kaki) yang terletak di tengah <a href="/wiki/Kosta_Rika" title="Kosta Rika">Kosta Rika</a>; gunung ini meletus 39 kali sejak 1828. </p><p>Observatorium Vulkanologi dan Seismologi Kosta Rika (OVSICORI, Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica) di Universitas Nasional Kosta Rika, memiliki tim khusus yang bertugas meneliti dan memantau gunung berapi, gempa bumi, dan proses tektonik lainnya di wilayah tersebut. Busur Vulkanik <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Tengah" title="Amerika Tengah">Amerika Tengah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama">Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Panama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Panama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amerika_Selatan">Amerika Selatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika Selatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Amerika Selatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kolombia">Kolombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Kolombia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kolombia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tragedi_Armero" title="Tragedi Armero">Tragedi Armero</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_of_major_Colombian_volcanoes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_major_Colombian_volcanoes.svg/240px-Map_of_major_Colombian_volcanoes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_major_Colombian_volcanoes.svg/360px-Map_of_major_Colombian_volcanoes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_major_Colombian_volcanoes.svg/480px-Map_of_major_Colombian_volcanoes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi aktif di Kolombia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg/240px-Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg/360px-Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg/480px-Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tragedi_Armero" title="Tragedi Armero">Bencana Armero 1985</a> akibat letusan <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a>, mengakibatkan 23.000 korban jiwa di <a href="/wiki/Armero" title="Armero">Armero</a>, Kolombia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:VolcanoRuiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/VolcanoRuiz.jpg/240px-VolcanoRuiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/VolcanoRuiz.jpg/360px-VolcanoRuiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/VolcanoRuiz.jpg/480px-VolcanoRuiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Gunung <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a>, dua Minggu setelah bencana Armero</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tragedi_Armero" title="Tragedi Armero">Tragedi Armero</a>, pada tanggal 13 November 1985, terjadi akibat dari erupsi Gunung <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a>, menyebabkan Lahar dingin besar melanda kota <a href="/wiki/Armero" title="Armero">Armero</a>, menewaskan lebih dari 20.000 orang dari hampir 29.000 penduduknya. Korban di kota-kota lain, khususnya Chinchiná, menjadikan jumlah korban tewas secara keseluruhan menjadi 23.000. </p><p>Rekaman dan foto <a href="/wiki/Omayra_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Omayra Sánchez">Omayra Sánchez</a>, seorang korban gadis kecil berusia 13 tahun, yang meninggal karena terjebak puing-puing lahar, akibat bencana tersebut, foto Omayra dipublikasikan di seluruh dunia. Foto-foto lahar dan dampak bencana lainnya menarik perhatian dunia dan menimbulkan kontroversi mengenai sejauh mana pemerintah Kolombia bertanggung jawab atas bencana tersebut. Bencana ini adalah bencana vulkanik paling mematikan kedua pada abad ke-20, hanya dilampaui oleh letusan Gunung Pelée pada tahun 1902, dan merupakan peristiwa vulkanik paling mematikan keempat yang tercatat sejak tahun 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekuador">Ekuador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Ekuador" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekuador"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Ekuador_2016" title="Gempa bumi Ekuador 2016">Gempa bumi Ekuador 2016</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:MajorVolcanoesInEcuador-USGS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/MajorVolcanoesInEcuador-USGS.png/240px-MajorVolcanoesInEcuador-USGS.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/MajorVolcanoesInEcuador-USGS.png 1.5x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi aktif di Ekuador</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cotopaxi_volcano_2008-06-27T1322.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cotopaxi_volcano_2008-06-27T1322.jpg/240px-Cotopaxi_volcano_2008-06-27T1322.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cotopaxi_volcano_2008-06-27T1322.jpg/360px-Cotopaxi_volcano_2008-06-27T1322.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cotopaxi_volcano_2008-06-27T1322.jpg/480px-Cotopaxi_volcano_2008-06-27T1322.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Cotopaxi" title="Gunung Cotopaxi">Gunung Cotopaxi</a> di Ekuador</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:PRESIDENTE_DE_ECUADOR_RAFAEL_CORREA_AGRADECE_ENORME_GESTO_DE_SOLIDARIDAD_DE_GOBIERNO_Y_PUEBLO_PERUANO_(26688728105).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PRESIDENTE_DE_ECUADOR_RAFAEL_CORREA_AGRADECE_ENORME_GESTO_DE_SOLIDARIDAD_DE_GOBIERNO_Y_PUEBLO_PERUANO_%2826688728105%29.jpg/240px-PRESIDENTE_DE_ECUADOR_RAFAEL_CORREA_AGRADECE_ENORME_GESTO_DE_SOLIDARIDAD_DE_GOBIERNO_Y_PUEBLO_PERUANO_%2826688728105%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PRESIDENTE_DE_ECUADOR_RAFAEL_CORREA_AGRADECE_ENORME_GESTO_DE_SOLIDARIDAD_DE_GOBIERNO_Y_PUEBLO_PERUANO_%2826688728105%29.jpg/360px-PRESIDENTE_DE_ECUADOR_RAFAEL_CORREA_AGRADECE_ENORME_GESTO_DE_SOLIDARIDAD_DE_GOBIERNO_Y_PUEBLO_PERUANO_%2826688728105%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PRESIDENTE_DE_ECUADOR_RAFAEL_CORREA_AGRADECE_ENORME_GESTO_DE_SOLIDARIDAD_DE_GOBIERNO_Y_PUEBLO_PERUANO_%2826688728105%29.jpg/480px-PRESIDENTE_DE_ECUADOR_RAFAEL_CORREA_AGRADECE_ENORME_GESTO_DE_SOLIDARIDAD_DE_GOBIERNO_Y_PUEBLO_PERUANO_%2826688728105%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4890" data-file-height="3260" /></a><figcaption>Kerusakan akibat <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Ekuador_2016" title="Gempa bumi Ekuador 2016">Gempa bumi Ekuador 2016</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Cotopaxi" title="Gunung Cotopaxi">Gunung Cotopaxi</a> di Ekuador adalah salah gunung berapi paling berbahaya di dunia terletak di <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Cotopaxi" title="Provinsi Cotopaxi">Provinsi Cotopaxi</a>, dengan ketinggian mencapai 5,897 meter. Gunung Cotopaxi telah erupsi sebanyak 85 kali sejak 1700, gunung ini adalah salah satu gunung berapi paling aktif di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Peru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peru"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Peru_2007" title="Gempa bumi Peru 2007">Gempa bumi Peru 2007</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Ancash_1970" title="Gempa bumi Ancash 1970">Gempa bumi Ancash 1970</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Volcanes_del_sur_del_Per%C3%BA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Volcanes_del_sur_del_Per%C3%BA.png/240px-Volcanes_del_sur_del_Per%C3%BA.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Volcanes_del_sur_del_Per%C3%BA.png/360px-Volcanes_del_sur_del_Per%C3%BA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Volcanes_del_sur_del_Per%C3%BA.png/480px-Volcanes_del_sur_del_Per%C3%BA.png 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi aktif di daratan Peru</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Erupci%C3%B3n_en_el_volc%C3%A1n_Sabancaya,_Per%C3%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Erupci%C3%B3n_en_el_volc%C3%A1n_Sabancaya%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg/240px-Erupci%C3%B3n_en_el_volc%C3%A1n_Sabancaya%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Erupci%C3%B3n_en_el_volc%C3%A1n_Sabancaya%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg/360px-Erupci%C3%B3n_en_el_volc%C3%A1n_Sabancaya%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Erupci%C3%B3n_en_el_volc%C3%A1n_Sabancaya%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg/480px-Erupci%C3%B3n_en_el_volc%C3%A1n_Sabancaya%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Letusan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabancaya" class="extiw" title="en:Sabancaya">Sabancaya</a> di Peru tahun 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Sabancaya adalah <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> aktif setinggi 5.976 meter (19.606 kaki) di <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Pegunungan Andes</a> di Peru selatan, sekitar 100 km (60 mil) barat laut Arequipa. Gunung ini adalah gunung berapi paling aktif di Peru, dengan letusan dimulai pada tahun 2016. </p><p>Ubinas adalah gunung berapi aktif lainnya dengan ketinggian 5.672 meter (18.609 kaki) di Peru selatan; letusan terbarunya terjadi pada tahun 2019. </p><p>Gunung berapi di Peru dipantau oleh Institut Geofisika Peru. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Bolivia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bolivia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sajama_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sajama_National_Park.jpg/230px-Sajama_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sajama_National_Park.jpg/345px-Sajama_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sajama_National_Park.jpg/460px-Sajama_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nevado_Sajama" title="Nevado Sajama">Nevado Sajama</a> gunung berapi tertinggi di Bolivia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> menampung gunung berapi aktif dan punah di seluruh wilayahnya. Gunung berapi aktif terletak di Bolivia barat yang membentuk Cordillera Occidental, batas barat dataran tinggi Altiplano. Beberapa gunung berapi aktif merupakan pegunungan internasional yang dimiliki bersama dengan Chili. Semua gunung berapi Kenozoikum di Bolivia adalah bagian dari Zona Vulkanik Tengah (CVZ) dari <a href="/wiki/Sabuk_Vulkanik_Andes" title="Sabuk Vulkanik Andes">Sabuk Vulkanik Andes</a> yang diakibatkan oleh proses subduksi <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Nazca" title="Lempeng Nazca">Lempeng Nazca</a> ke bawah <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Amerika_Selatan" title="Lempeng Amerika Selatan">Lempeng Amerika Selatan</a>. Zona Vulkanik Tengah adalah provinsi vulkanik utama pada zaman Kenozoikum. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nevado_Sajama" title="Nevado Sajama">Nevado Sajama</a>, gunung berapi yang punah dan tertinggi di Bolivia. Gunung ini terletak di <a href="/wiki/Departemen_Oruro" title="Departemen Oruro">Departemen Oruro</a>. Terletak di Taman Nasional Sajama dan merupakan gunung berapi komposit yang terdiri dari gunung berapi strato di atas beberapa kubah lava. Tidak jelas kapan terakhir kali meletus, tetapi mungkin terjadi pada masa Pleistosen atau <a href="/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen">Holosen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Argentina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Argentina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_San_Juan_1944" title="Gempa bumi San Juan 1944">Gempa bumi San Juan 1944</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg/230px-Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg/345px-Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg/460px-Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Ojos del Salado</a> Gunung stratovolcano tertinggi di dunia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Ojos del Salado</a> adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> besar yang terdapat di <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Andes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegunungan Andes">Pegunungan Andes</a> di perbatasan antara <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a>, dan merupakan gunung api tertinggi di dunia dengan ketinggian mencapai 6.893 meter (22.615 ft). Ia juga merupakan gunung kedua tertinggi di Belahan Bumi Barat dan Belahan Bumi Selatan serta yang tertinggi di Chili. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chili">Chili</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Chili" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Chili"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Valdivia_1960" title="Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960">Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Chili_2010" title="Gempa bumi Chili 2010">Gempa bumi Chili 2010</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg/240px-Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg/360px-Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg/480px-Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Gunung Llaima's erupsi tahun 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2010_Chile_earthquake_Tsunami_aftermath_at_San_Antonio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2010_Chile_earthquake_Tsunami_aftermath_at_San_Antonio.jpg/240px-2010_Chile_earthquake_Tsunami_aftermath_at_San_Antonio.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2010_Chile_earthquake_Tsunami_aftermath_at_San_Antonio.jpg/360px-2010_Chile_earthquake_Tsunami_aftermath_at_San_Antonio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2010_Chile_earthquake_Tsunami_aftermath_at_San_Antonio.jpg/480px-2010_Chile_earthquake_Tsunami_aftermath_at_San_Antonio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Kerusakan setelah tsunami akibat <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Chili_2010" title="Gempa bumi Chili 2010">Gempa bumi Chili 2010</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a> telah mengalami banyak letusan gunung berapi dari sekitar 90 gunung berapi selama Zaman Holosen. Villarrica adalah salah satu gunung berapi paling aktif di Chili, menjulang di atas danau dan kota dengan nama yang sama. Ini adalah yang paling barat dari tiga stratovolcano besar yang berarah tegak lurus ke Andes di sepanjang Gastre Fault. Villarrica, bersama dengan Quetrupillán dan bagian Chili Lanín, dilindungi di dalam Taman Nasional Villarrica. </p><p>Lascar adalah <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> gunung berapi paling aktif di <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, Chili bagian utara. Letusan terbesar Lascar terjadi sekitar 26.500 tahun yang lalu, dan setelah letusan aliran Tumbres scoria sekitar 9.000 tahun yang lalu. Letusan Lascar terbesar terjadi pada tahun 1993, menghasilkan aliran piroklastik sejauh 8,5 km (5 mil) barat laut puncak dan jatuhnya abu vulkanik di <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina, lebih dari 1.600 km (1.000 mil) ke arah tenggara. </p><p>Dari 46 gempa bumi terkuat di dunia, sepertiganya berasal dari Chili. Aktivitas gempa bumi di Chili cenderung sangat tinggi, terkait dengan subduksi <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Nazca" title="Lempeng Nazca">Lempeng Nazca</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Amerika_Selatan" title="Lempeng Amerika Selatan">Lempeng Amerika Selatan</a>. Chili juga memegang rekor gempa bumi terbesar yang pernah tercatat, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Valdivia_1960" title="Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960">Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960</a>. Gempa bumi berkekuatan 8,5 magnitudo kerap terjadi di negara ini, setiap dekadenya termasuk yang baru baru ini yaitu <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Chili_2010" title="Gempa bumi Chili 2010">Gempa bumi pada tahun 2010</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peristiwa_besar">Peristiwa besar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Peristiwa besar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peristiwa besar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letusan_gunung_berapi">Letusan gunung berapi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Sunting bagian: Letusan gunung berapi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Letusan gunung berapi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_letusan_gunung_berapi_terbesar" title="Daftar letusan gunung berapi terbesar">Daftar letusan gunung berapi terbesar</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Volcanic_eruption_map.svg/650px-Volcanic_eruption_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Volcanic_eruption_map.svg/975px-Volcanic_eruption_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Volcanic_eruption_map.svg/1300px-Volcanic_eruption_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" usemap="#ImageMap_a00e5da7788a0a61" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Volcanic_eruption_map.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_a00e5da7788a0a61"><area href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Puyehue-Cord%C3%B3n_Caulle_eruption" shape="rect" coords="197,226,319,249" alt="Letusan Puyehue-Cordón Caulle 2011" title="Letusan Puyehue-Cordón Caulle 2011" /><area href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_St._Helens_1980" shape="rect" coords="53,53,123,77" alt="Letusan Gunung St. Helens 1980" title="Letusan Gunung St. Helens 1980" /><area href="/wiki/Novarupta" shape="rect" coords="0,30,72,53" alt="Letusan Gunung Novarupta 1912" title="Letusan Gunung Novarupta 1912" /><area href="/wiki/Kaldera_Yellowstone" shape="rect" coords="141,77,245,103" alt="Kaldera Yellowstone" title="Kaldera Yellowstone" /><area href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_Vesuvius_79" shape="rect" coords="287,63,363,88" alt="Letusan Gunung Vesuvius 79" title="Letusan Gunung Vesuvius 79" /><area href="/wiki/Gunung_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" shape="rect" coords="161,126,240,147" alt="Letusan Gunung Santa María 1902" title="Letusan Gunung Santa María 1902" /><area href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilotoa" shape="rect" coords="187,152,249,176" alt="en:Quilotoa" title="en:Quilotoa" /><area href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" shape="rect" coords="201,183,286,207" alt="1600 eruption of Huaynaputina" title="1600 eruption of Huaynaputina" /><area href="/wiki/Letusan_Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull_2010" shape="rect" coords="197,39,282,61" alt="Letusan Eyjafjallajökull 2010" title="Letusan Eyjafjallajökull 2010" /><area href="/wiki/Kaldera_Yellowstone" shape="rect" coords="90,103,196,126" alt="Kaldera Yellowstone" title="Kaldera Yellowstone" /><area href="/wiki/Lakag%C3%ADgar" shape="rect" coords="296,22,408,43" alt="Lakagígar" title="Lakagígar" /><area href="/wiki/B%C3%A1r%C3%B0arbunga" shape="rect" coords="297,42,378,63" alt="Bárðarbunga" title="Bárðarbunga" /><area href="/wiki/Kolumbo" shape="rect" coords="376,75,442,98" alt="Kolumbo" title="Kolumbo" /><area href="/wiki/Santorini" shape="rect" coords="308,102,405,126" alt="Santorini" title="Santorini" /><area href="/wiki/Gunung_Toba" shape="rect" coords="380,136,476,160" alt="Gunung Toba" title="Gunung Toba" /><area href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Kuril" shape="rect" coords="508,51,597,75" alt="Kepulauan Kuril" title="Kepulauan Kuril" /><area href="/wiki/Gunung_Baekdu" shape="rect" coords="468,75,548,100" alt="Gunung Baekdu" title="Gunung Baekdu" /><area href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikai_Caldera" shape="rect" coords="468,103,547,127" alt="en:Kikai Caldera" title="en:Kikai Caldera" /><area href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_Pinatubo_1991" shape="rect" coords="547,123,612,145" alt="Letusan Gunung Pinatubo 1991" title="Letusan Gunung Pinatubo 1991" /><area href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_(Papua_New_Guinea)" shape="rect" coords="551,145,646,169" alt="en:Long Island (Papua New Guinea)" title="en:Long Island (Papua New Guinea)" /><area href="/wiki/Letusan_Tambora_1815" shape="rect" coords="480,145,547,168" alt="Letusan Tambora 1815" title="Letusan Tambora 1815" /><area href="/wiki/Letusan_Krakatau_1883" shape="rect" coords="444,164,509,188" alt="Letusan Krakatau 1883" title="Letusan Krakatau 1883" /><area href="/wiki/Letusan_Merapi_2010" shape="rect" coords="472,188,529,212" alt="Letusan Merapi 2010" title="Letusan Merapi 2010" /><area href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_(volcano)" shape="rect" coords="550,176,646,201" alt="en:Billy Mitchell (volcano)" title="en:Billy Mitchell (volcano)" /><area href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi_Taupo" shape="rect" coords="580,198,646,222" alt="Gunung berapi Taupo" title="Gunung berapi Taupo" /><area href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi_Taupo" shape="rect" coords="546,221,622,244" alt="Gunung berapi Taupo" title="Gunung berapi Taupo" /><area href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi_Taupo" shape="rect" coords="547,245,644,267" alt="Gunung berapi Taupo" title="Gunung berapi Taupo" /><area href="/wiki/Gunung_Mazama" shape="poly" coords="0,91,109,91,109,102,90,104,91,112,4,114" alt="Gunung Mazama" title="Gunung Mazama" /></map><figcaption>Peta gambar letusan gunung berapi terbesar yang dapat diklik menurut <a href="/wiki/Masehi" title="Masehi">Masehi</a><br /><b>Sumber</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Survei_Geologi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat">Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Empat letusan gunung berapi terbesar di Bumi pada Zaman <a href="/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen">Holosen</a> (11.700 tahun terakhir) terjadi di gunung berapi di Cincin Api. Mereka adalah letusan di Kaldera Fisher (<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, 8700 SM), Danau Kuril (<a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a>, 6450 SM), Kaldera Kikai (<a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>, 5480 SM) dan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Mazama" title="Gunung Mazama">Gunung Mazama</a> (Oregon, 5677 SM). Secara lebih luas, dua puluh dari dua puluh lima letusan gunung berapi terbesar di dunia, terjadi di gunung berapi Ring of Fire. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:98%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Letusan gunung berapi terbesar sejak 1800 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 10%;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Indeks_Daya_Ledak_Vulkanik" title="Indeks Daya Ledak Vulkanik">VEI</a> </th> <th>Nama </th> <th>Lokasi </th> <th>Korban jiwa </th> <th>tanggal </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F00; color: white;">6 </th> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Novarupta_eruption" class="extiw" title="en:1912 Novarupta eruption">Letusan Novarupta 1912</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01912-06-06</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">6 Juni 1912</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F00; color: white;">6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_Pinatubo_1991" title="Letusan Gunung Pinatubo 1991">Letusan Gunung Pinatubo 1991</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> </td> <td>838 </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01991-06-06</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">6 Juni 1991</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F00; color: white;">6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(gunung_berapi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa María (gunung berapi)">Letusan Santa María 1902</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </td> <td>6,000 </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01902-10-05</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">5 Oktober 1902</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F00; color: white;">6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Letusan_dan_tsunami_Hunga_Tonga_2022" title="Letusan dan tsunami Hunga Tonga 2022">Letusan Hunga Tonga 2022</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">02022-01-14</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">14 Januari 2022</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F60;">5 </th> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Puyehue-Cord%C3%B3n_Caulle_eruption" class="extiw" title="en:2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption">Letusan Puyehue-Cordón Caulle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2011–2012 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F60;">5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Chich%C3%B3n" title="El Chichón">Letusan El Chichón 1982</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a> </td> <td>1,900 </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01982-04-03</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">3 April 1982</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F60;">5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Tarawera" title="Gunung Tarawera">Letusan Gunung Tarawera 1886</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a> </td> <td>120 </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01886-06-10</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">10 Juni 1886</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F60;">5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Letusan_Gunung_St._Helens_1980" title="Letusan Gunung St. Helens 1980">Letusan Gunung St. Helens 1980</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(negara_bagian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (negara bagian)">Washington</a> </td> <td>57 </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01980-05-18</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">18 Mei 1980</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gempa_bumi">Gempa bumi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Sunting bagian: Gempa bumi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Gempa bumi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_gempa_bumi_terkuat_sepanjang_sejarah" title="Daftar gempa bumi terkuat sepanjang sejarah">Daftar gempa bumi terkuat sepanjang sejarah</a></div> <p>Sekitar 90% gempa bumi di dunia dan 81% gempa bumi terbesar di dunia terjadi di sepanjang Cincin Api. Wilayah paling aktif secara seismik berikutnya (5–6% gempa bumi dan 17% gempa gempa bumi terbesar di dunia) adalah <a href="/wiki/Sabuk_alpide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabuk alpide">zona Sabuk Alpide</a>, yang membentang dari Indonesia tengah hingga <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik</a> utara melalui <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Himalaya" title="Pegunungan Himalaya">pegunungan Himalaya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Eropa_selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eropa selatan">Eropa selatan</a>. </p><p>Dari tahun 1900 hingga akhir tahun 2020, sebagian besar gempa berkekuatan Mw ≥ 8,0 terjadi di Cincin Api. Diduga merupakan gempa megathrust di zona subduksi, termasuk empat gempa terkuat gempa bumi di Bumi sejak alat ukur seismologi modern dan skala pengukuran magnitudo diperkenalkan pada tahun 1930-an: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Valdivia_1960" title="Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960">Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960</a>, Chili - 9.5 M<sub>w</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Alaska_1964" title="Gempa bumi Alaska 1964">Gempa bumi Alaska 1964</a>, Amerika Serikat, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> - 9.2 M<sub>w</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_T%C5%8Dhoku_2011" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōhoku">Tōhoku</a>, Jepang - 9.1 M<sub>w</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Severo-Kurilsk_1952" title="Gempa bumi Severo-Kurilsk 1952">Gempa bumi Severo-Kurilsk 1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a>, Rusia - 9.0 M<sub>w</sub></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ilmu_kebumian" title="Portal:Ilmu kebumian">Portal Ilmu kebumian </a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingkar_Pasifik" title="Lingkar Pasifik">Lingkar Pasifik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuk_alpida" title="Sabuk alpida">Zona Sabuk Alpida</a> - Zona gempa bumi dan Gunung berapi aktif kedua didunia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_ROF-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_ROF_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/rof.html">"What is the Ring of Fire?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+the+Ring+of+Fire%3F&amp;rft.pub=NOAA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Ffacts%2Frof.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Venzke, E, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/gvp_votw.cfm">"Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.3.4"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.GVP.VOTW4-2013">10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&amp;rft.atitle=Volcanoes+of+the+World%2C+v.+4.3.4&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.GVP.VOTW4-2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fgvp_votw.cfm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siebert_etal_2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siebert_etal_2010_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siebert_etal_2010_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Siebert, L; Simkin, T.; Kimberly, P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofworld0000sieb"><i>Volcanoes of the World</i></a> (edisi ke-3rd). hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofworld0000sieb/page/68">68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+the+World&amp;rft.pages=68&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Siebert&amp;rft.aufirst=L&amp;rft.au=Simkin%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Kimberly%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvolcanoesofworld0000sieb&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html#1">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/image_glossary/ringoffire.html">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncycloVolc2015_History-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncycloVolc2015_History_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncycloVolc2015_History_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sigurdsson, H. (2015). "The History of Volcanology". Dalam Sigurdsson, H. <i>Encyclopedia of Volcanoes</i> (edisi ke-2nd). Amsterdam: Elsevier. hlm.&#160;17–18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-385938-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-385938-9">978-0-12-385938-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+History+of+Volcanology&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Volcanoes&amp;rft.place=Amsterdam&amp;rft.pages=17-18&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-385938-9&amp;rft.aulast=Sigurdsson&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPScrope_1825-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GPScrope_1825_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Scrope, G. Poulett (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHlkAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188"><i>Considerations on Volcanos, the Probable Causes of Their Phenomena, the Laws which Determine Their March, Leading to the Establishment of a New Theory of the Earth</i></a>. Phillips. hlm.&#160;188–189. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/609531382">609531382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Considerations+on+Volcanos%2C+the+Probable+Causes+of+Their+Phenomena%2C+the+Laws+which+Determine+Their+March%2C+Leading+to+the+Establishment+of+a+New+Theory+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.pages=188-189&amp;rft.pub=Phillips&amp;rft.date=1825&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609531382&amp;rft.aulast=Scrope&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+Poulett&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvHlkAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA188&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry1856-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perry1856_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hawkes, F.L. (1856). <i>Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, performed in the years 1852, 1853, and 1854, under the command of Commodore M. C. Perry, United States Navy</i>. New York: D. Appleton and Company. hlm.&#160;7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+Expedition+of+an+American+Squadron+to+the+China+Seas+and+Japan%2C+performed+in+the+years+1852%2C+1853%2C+and+1854%2C+under+the+command+of+Commodore+M.+C.+Perry%2C+United+States+Navy&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&amp;rft.date=1856&amp;rft.aulast=Hawkes&amp;rft.aufirst=F.L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lopes2005Chap2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lopes2005Chap2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code>&lt;ref&gt;</code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>Lopes2005Chap2</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2004). <i>Volcanism</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. hlm.&#160;13, 17–20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-18952-4">10.1007/978-3-642-18952-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-540-43650-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-540-43650-8">978-3-540-43650-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Volcanism&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pages=13%2C+17-20&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-18952-4&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-43650-8&amp;rft.aulast=Schmincke&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans-Ulrich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Nakanishi, M.; Ishihara, T. (15 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm15/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/77208"><i>Tectonic Evolution of the Jurassic Pacific Plate</i></a>. 2015 AGU Fall Meeting. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.V21A3017N">2015AGUFM.V21A3017N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.btitle=Tectonic+Evolution+of+the+Jurassic+Pacific+Plate&amp;rft.date=2015-12-15&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015AGUFM.V21A3017N&amp;rft.aulast=Nakanishi&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Ishihara%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagu.confex.com%2Fagu%2Ffm15%2Fmeetingapp.cgi%2FPaper%2F77208&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cao, Mingxuan; Zhao, Xilin; Xing, Guangfu; Fan, Feipeng; Yu, Minggang; Duan, Zheng; Chu, Pingli; Chen, Rong (24 November 2020). "Tectonic transition from subduction to retreat of the palaeo-Pacific plate: new geochemical constraints from the late Mesozoic volcanic sequence in eastern Fujian Province, SE China". <i>Geological Magazine</i>. <b>158</b> (6): 1074–1108. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016756820001156">10.1017/S0016756820001156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geological+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Tectonic+transition+from+subduction+to+retreat+of+the+palaeo-Pacific+plate%3A+new+geochemical+constraints+from+the+late+Mesozoic+volcanic+sequence+in+eastern+Fujian+Province%2C+SE+China&amp;rft.volume=158&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1074-1108&amp;rft.date=2020-11-24&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0016756820001156&amp;rft.aulast=Cao&amp;rft.aufirst=Mingxuan&amp;rft.au=Zhao%2C+Xilin&amp;rft.au=Xing%2C+Guangfu&amp;rft.au=Fan%2C+Feipeng&amp;rft.au=Yu%2C+Minggang&amp;rft.au=Duan%2C+Zheng&amp;rft.au=Chu%2C+Pingli&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C+Rong&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rnz-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rnz_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/440834/alpine-fault-probability-of-damaging-quake-higher-than-previously-thought">"Alpine Fault: Probability of damaging quake higher than previously thought"</a>. <i>www.rnz.co.nz</i>. 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.rnz.co.nz&amp;rft.atitle=Alpine+Fault%3A+Probability+of+damaging+quake+higher+than+previously+thought&amp;rft.date=2021-04-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F440834%2Falpine-fault-probability-of-damaging-quake-higher-than-previously-thought&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGDC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NGDC_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geophysical_Data_Center_/_World_Data_Service_(NGDC/WDS)1972" class="citation">National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/volcano/event-more-info/2188"><i>Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database</i></a> (Data Set), <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV5JW8BSH">10.7289/V5JW8BSH</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Significant+Volcanic+Eruptions+Database&amp;rft.pub=NOAA&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7289%2FV5JW8BSH&amp;rft.au=National+Geophysical+Data+Center+%2F+World+Data+Service+%28NGDC%2FWDS%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fhazel%2Fview%2Fhazards%2Fvolcano%2Fevent-more-info%2F2188&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/preserving-story-1995-tsunami-dili-timor-leste-0#:~:text=Timor%2DLeste%20is%20part%20of,earthquakes%2C%20floods%2C%20and%20tsunamis">"Preserving the Story of the 1995 Tsunami in Dili, Timor-Leste"</a>. <i>UNESCO.org</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=UNESCO.org&amp;rft.atitle=Preserving+the+Story+of+the+1995+Tsunami+in+Dili%2C+Timor-Leste&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fpreserving-story-1995-tsunami-dili-timor-leste-0%23%3A~%3Atext%3DTimor%252DLeste%2520is%2520part%2520of%2Cearthquakes%252C%2520floods%252C%2520and%2520tsunamis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelut-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kelut_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-28=&amp;volpage=erupt">"Kelut Eruptive History"</a>. <i>Global Volcanism Program</i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&amp;rft.atitle=Kelut+Eruptive+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Fworld%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvnum%3D0603-28%3D%26volpage%3Derupt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merapi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merapi_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&amp;volpage=erupt">"Merapi Eruptive History"</a>. <i>Global Volcanism Program</i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&amp;rft.atitle=Merapi+Eruptive+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Fworld%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvnum%3D0603-25%3D%26volpage%3Derupt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winchester2003-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winchester2003_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Winchester&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Winchester (halaman belum tersedia)">Winchester, Simon</a> (2003). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krakatoa:_The_Day_the_World_Exploded:_August_27,_1883&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883 (halaman belum tersedia)">Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883</a></i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-06-621285-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-06-621285-2">978-0-06-621285-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Krakatoa%3A+The+Day+the+World+Exploded%3A+August+27%2C+1883&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-06-621285-2&amp;rft.aulast=Winchester&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2023/11/11/from-iceland-to-italy-these-are-the-most-active-volcanoes-in-the-world/">"From Iceland To Italy, These Are The Most Active Volcanoes In The World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=From+Iceland+To+Italy%2C+These+Are+The+Most+Active+Volcanoes+In+The+World&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjimdobson%2F2023%2F11%2F11%2Ffrom-iceland-to-italy-these-are-the-most-active-volcanoes-in-the-world%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oppenheimer2002-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oppenheimer2002_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Oppenheimer, C. (2002). "Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74 kyr BP?". <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>21</b> (14&#8211;15): 1593&#8211;1609. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002QSRv...21.1593O">2002QSRv...21.1593O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-3791%2801%2900154-8">10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00154-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Limited+global+change+due+to+the+largest+known+Quaternary+eruption%2C+Toba+%E2%89%8874+kyr+BP%3F&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=14%26ndash%3B15&amp;rft.pages=1593-1609&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0277-3791%2801%2900154-8&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002QSRv...21.1593O&amp;rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104179">"Analysis of the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Reveals Longest Fault Rupture Ever"</a>. National Science Foundation. 19 Mei 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812205404/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104179">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Desember</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+the+Sumatra-Andaman+Earthquake+Reveals+Longest+Fault+Rupture+Ever&amp;rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&amp;rft.date=2005-05-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews_summ.jsp%3Fcntn_id%3D104179&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peñarubia_etal_2020-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peñarubia_etal_2020_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Peñarubia, H.C.; Johnson, K.L.; Allen, T.I. (2020). "Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis model for the Philippines". <i>Earthquake Spectra</i>. <b>36</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F87552930199005">10.1177/87552930199005</a> (tidak aktif May 11, 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earthquake+Spectra&amp;rft.atitle=Probabilistic+seismic+hazard+analysis+model+for+the+Philippines&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F87552930199005&amp;rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1arubia&amp;rft.aufirst=H.C.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+K.L.&amp;rft.au=Allen%2C+T.I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219230054/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=gvb_mme_034">"Mount Meager"</a>. <i>Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=gvb_mme_034">versi asli</a> tanggal February 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Catalogue+of+Canadian+volcanoes&amp;rft.atitle=Mount+Meager&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsc.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fvolcanoes%2Fcat%2Fvolcano_e.php%3Fid%3Dgvb_mme_034&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SW_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219225022/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_garibaldi_e.php">"Garibaldi Volcanic Belt"</a>. <i>Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_garibaldi_e.php">versi asli</a> tanggal February 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Catalogue+of+Canadian+volcanoes&amp;rft.atitle=Garibaldi+Volcanic+Belt&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsc.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fvolcanoes%2Fcat%2Fbelt_garibaldi_e.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoodsKienle_2001-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WoodsKienle_2001_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wood, C.A.; Kienle, J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofnorth0000unse"><i>Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofnorth0000unse/page/109">109</a>–129. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-43811-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-43811-X">0-521-43811-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+North+America%3A+United+States+and+Canada&amp;rft.pages=109-129&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-43811-X&amp;rft.aulast=Wood&amp;rft.aufirst=C.A.&amp;rft.au=Kienle%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvolcanoesofnorth0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Grad, Shelby; Lin, Rong-Gong II (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-mexico-soft-soil-20170919-htmlstory.html">"Mexico City's notoriously soft soil probably contributed to destruction from 7.1 earthquake"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Mexico+City%27s+notoriously+soft+soil+probably+contributed+to+destruction+from+7.1+earthquake&amp;rft.date=2017-09-19&amp;rft.aulast=Grad&amp;rft.aufirst=Shelby&amp;rft.au=Lin%2C+Rong-Gong+II&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmexico-americas%2Fla-fg-mexico-soft-soil-20170919-htmlstory.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuster, Robert L. and Highland, Lynn M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0276/">Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Landslides in the Western Hemisphere</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413134047/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0276/">Diarsipkan</a> April 13, 2012, di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-0276. Also previously published in the Proceedings of the Third Panamerican Symposium on Landslides, July 29 to August 3, 2001, Cartagena, Colombia. Castaneda Martinez, Jorge E., and Olarte Montero, Juan, eds. Retrieved June 11, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arcusa, Stéphanie H.; Schneider, Tobias; Mosquera, Pablo V.; Vogel, Hendrik; Kaufman, Darrell; Szidat, Sönke; Grosjean, Martin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V47n3-3301/html">"Late Holocene tephrostratigraphy from Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_Geology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Andean Geology (halaman belum tersedia)">Andean Geology</a></i>. <b>47</b> (3): 508–528. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5027%2FandgeoV47n3-3301">10.5027/andgeoV47n3-3301</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Andean+Geology&amp;rft.atitle=Late+Holocene+tephrostratigraphy+from+Cajas+National+Park%2C+southern+Ecuador&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=508-528&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5027%2FandgeoV47n3-3301&amp;rft.aulast=Arcusa&amp;rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phanie+H.&amp;rft.au=Schneider%2C+Tobias&amp;rft.au=Mosquera%2C+Pablo+V.&amp;rft.au=Vogel%2C+Hendrik&amp;rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Darrell&amp;rft.au=Szidat%2C+S%C3%B6nke&amp;rft.au=Grosjean%2C+Martin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andeangeology.cl%2Findex.php%2Frevista1%2Farticle%2Fview%2FV47n3-3301%2Fhtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencedirect.com-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Baker, M.C.W.; Francis, P.W. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-and-planetary-science-letters_1978-10_41_2/page/175">"Upper Cenozoic Volcanism in the Central Andes – Ages and Volumes"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 175–187. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978E&amp;PSL..41..175B">1978E&#38;PSL..41..175B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2878%2990008-0">10.1016/0012-821X(78)90008-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Upper+Cenozoic+Volcanism+in+the+Central+Andes+%E2%80%93+Ages+and+Volumes&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=175-187&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2878%2990008-0&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978E%26PSL..41..175B&amp;rft.aulast=Baker&amp;rft.aufirst=M.C.W.&amp;rft.au=Francis%2C+P.W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_earth-and-planetary-science-letters_1978-10_41_2%2Fpage%2F175&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACincin+Api+Pasifik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html">Historic Earthquakes &amp; Earthquake Statistics – USGS</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/PlateTectonics/description_plate_tectonics.html">"Ring of Fire", Plate Tectonics, Sea-Floor Spreading, Subduction Zones, "Hot Spots" – USGS</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/fire.html">Map of the Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/">The Ring of Fire at work</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219130257/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/">Diarsipkan</a> 2006-02-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18342415">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon rintisan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/30px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/45px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/60px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">Artikel bertopik geologi ini adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rintisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Rintisan">rintisan</a>. 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