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id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rail-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rail subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics[12]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics[12]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Statistics<sup><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics[12]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Regional development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-speed_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-speed_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>High-speed rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-speed_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maglev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maglev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Maglev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maglev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_links_with_adjoining_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_links_with_adjoining_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Railway links with adjoining countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_links_with_adjoining_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Urban Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rapid_Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Rapid Transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_Rail/Tram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_Rail/Tram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Light Rail/Tram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_Rail/Tram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monorail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monorail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Monorail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monorail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburban_and_commuter_rail_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburban_and_commuter_rail_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Suburban and commuter rail systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburban_and_commuter_rail_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_Transit_in_the_special_administrative_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_Transit_in_the_special_administrative_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.5</span> <span>Rail Transit in the special administrative regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_Transit_in_the_special_administrative_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Road-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Road subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motor_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Motor vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor_vehicles_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_vehicles_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Motor vehicles safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_vehicles_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_rapid_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_rapid_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bus rapid transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_rapid_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trolleybus_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trolleybus_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Trolleybus systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trolleybus_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_bicycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_bicycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Electric bicycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_bicycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bikeshare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bikeshare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Bikeshare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bikeshare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Air-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Air subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Airlines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports_with_paved_runways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports_with_paved_runways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Airports with paved runways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports_with_paved_runways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports_with_unpaved_runways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports_with_unpaved_runways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Airports with unpaved runways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports_with_unpaved_runways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports_and_shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports_and_shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ports and shipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports_and_shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pipelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Economic benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in China</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="النقل في الصين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النقل في الصين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ind%C9%99_n%C9%99qliyyat" title="Çində nəqliyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çində nəqliyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনের পরিবহন ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনের পরিবহন ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_en_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China" title="Transporte en la República Popular China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transporte en la República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ترابری در چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترابری در چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transports_en_Chine" title="Transports en Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transports en Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%90%ED%86%B5" title="중화인민공화국의 교통 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중화인민공화국의 교통" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi_di_Tiongkok" title="Transportasi di Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transportasi di Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna_k%C3%B6zleked%C3%A9se" title="Kína közlekedése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kína közlekedése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="中国の交通 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国の交通" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_w_Chinach" title="Transport w Chinach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transport w Chinach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%A0" title="Транспорт в КНР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транспорт в КНР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporti_i_Shteteve_-_Kina" title="Transporti i Shteteve - Kina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transporti i Shteteve - Kina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Саобраћај у Кини – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саобраћај у Кини" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="சீனாவில் போக்குவரத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனாவில் போக்குவரத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in%27de_ula%C5%9F%C4%B1m" title="Çin'de ulaşım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin'de ulaşım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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navigation-not-searchable">For transport in Taiwan, see <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Taiwan" title="Transportation in Taiwan">Transportation in Taiwan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Transport_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Transport in China">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Transport+in+China%22">"Transport in China"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Transport+in+China%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Transport+in+China%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Transport+in+China%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Transport+in+China%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Transport+in+China%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:284px;max-width:284px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donghai_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Donghai_Bridge.jpg/280px-Donghai_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Donghai_Bridge.jpg/420px-Donghai_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Donghai_Bridge.jpg/560px-Donghai_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Donghai_Bridge" title="Donghai Bridge">Donghai Bridge</a> is <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of longest bridges in the world">one of the longest bridges</a> in the world.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PEK_T3_morning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PEK_T3_morning.jpg/280px-PEK_T3_morning.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PEK_T3_morning.jpg/420px-PEK_T3_morning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PEK_T3_morning.jpg/560px-PEK_T3_morning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital International Airport</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airport">busiest</a> airports in Asia.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_maglev_train_coming_out,_Pudong_International_Airport,_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg/280px-A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg/420px-A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg/560px-A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="1259" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Shanghai maglev train</a>, with a top speed of 431 km/h (268 mph). It is the first and only commercial <a href="/wiki/High-speed_train" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed train">high-speed</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic levitation train">maglev</a> line in the world.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Transport in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></b> has experienced major growth and expansion in recent years. Although China's transport system comprises a vast network of transport nodes across its huge territory, the nodes tend to concentrate in the more economically developed coastal areas and inland cities along major rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical state and comprehensiveness of China's transport infrastructure tend to vary widely by <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">geography</a>. While remote, rural areas still largely depend on non-mechanized means of transport, urban areas boast a wide variety of modern options, including a <a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">maglev</a> system connecting the city center of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> with <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong International Airport</a>. Airports, roads, and railway construction will provide a massive employment boost in China over the next decade. </p><p>Much of contemporary China's transport systems have been built since the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949. The <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway</a>, which is the primary mode of long distance <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>, has seen rapid growth reaching 139,000 km (86,371 mi) of railway lines making it the second longest network in the world (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-Yearbook_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yearbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1950, there were only 21,800 km (13,546 mi) of railway lines. The extensive rail network includes the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail by country">longest and busiest HSR network in the world</a> with 35,000 km (21,748 mi) of <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">high-speed lines</a> by year end 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While rail travel remained the most popular form of intercity transport, air travel has also experienced significant growth since the late 1990s. Major airports such as <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong International</a> being among the busiest in the world. At the end of 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-corg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are some 34 <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_China" title="Urban rail transit in China">metro</a> systems in operation across China, including some of the largest and busiest subway networks in the world. Of the 12 largest metro networks in the world by length, <a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems" title="List of metro systems">seven are now</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, many <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> lines are currently under construction, or in the planning stages across the country. The <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> system also has gone through rapid expansion, resulting in a rapid increase of <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> use throughout China. A government-led effort started in the 90s to connect the country by expressways via the <a href="/wiki/National_Trunk_Highway_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trunk Highway System">National Trunk Highway System</a> has expanded the network to about 97,000 km (60,273 mi) by the end of 2012<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making China's the longest expressway network in the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">History of transport in China</a></div> <p>China is in the midst of a massive upgrade of its <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. Until recently, China's economy was able to continue to grow despite deficiencies in infrastructure development. This is no longer the case, and the government realizes that to keep the economy moving forward, they need an efficient system in place to move goods and people across the country. According to <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> statistics, goods lost due to poor or obsolete transport infrastructure amounted to one percent of China's GDP as recently as the most current survey (mid-1990s). <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistic</a> costs account for 20% of a product's price in China, compared to 10% in the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">United States</a>, and 5% in other developed countries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a> are being improved for greater use of China's <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a> are being improved across the country. Related industries such as construction equipment, engineering, container security, and electronics and safety devices have also grown rapidly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_China">Mainland China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mainland China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transport in mainland China is regulated by a new agency formed from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Transport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)" title="Ministry of Railways (China)">Ministry of Railways</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China" title="Civil Aviation Administration of China">Civil Aviation Administration of China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_administrative_regions">Special administrative regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Special administrative regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Transport in Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Macau" title="Transport in Macau">Transport in Macau</a></div> <p>The aforementioned transport authorities have no <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. Hong Kong's transport is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Department_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport Department (Hong Kong)">Transport Department of Hong Kong</a>, whereas Macau's transport is regulated by the Transport Bureau of Macau.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rail">Rail</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail transport in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_transport_in_China" title="Passenger rail transport in China">Passenger rail transport in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">High-speed rail in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_railways_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railways in China">List of railways in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_map_of_PRC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rail_map_of_PRC.svg/220px-Rail_map_of_PRC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rail_map_of_PRC.svg/330px-Rail_map_of_PRC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rail_map_of_PRC.svg/440px-Rail_map_of_PRC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Current railway network in China, including HSR lines</figcaption></figure> <p>Rail is the major mode of transport in China. In 2019, railways in China delivered 3.660 billion passenger trips, generating 1,470.66 billion passenger-kilometres and carried 4.389 billion tonnes of freight, generating 3,018 billion cargo tonne-kilometres;<sup id="cite_ref-2014_stats_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_stats-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both traffic volumes are among the highest in the world. The high volume of traffic that China's railway system carries makes it critical to China's <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">economy</a>. China's railway system carries 24% of the world's railway transport volume on only 6% of the world's railways. China has the world's second longest railway network; as of 2020 it is 146,300 km (90,907 mi) long.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 71.9% of the network is electrified in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-2014_stats_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_stats-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011 China's railway inventory included 19,431 <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a><sup id="cite_ref-ChinaMOR2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaMOR2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> owned by the national railway system. The inventory in recent times included some 100 <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>, but the last such locomotive, built in 1999, is now in service as a <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">tourist attraction</a> while the others have been retired from commercial service. The remaining locomotives are either <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric">electric</a>-powered. Another 352 locomotives are owned by local railroads and 604 operated by <a href="/wiki/Joint-venture" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint-venture">joint-venture</a> railways. National railway freight cars numbered 622,284<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaMOR2011_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaMOR2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and passenger coaches 52,130 .<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaMOR2011_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaMOR2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its limited capital, overburdened infrastructure, and need to continuously modernize, the national rail system, which is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)" title="Ministry of Railways (China)">Ministry of Railways</a> through a network of regional divisions, operates on an austere <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a>. Foreign capital <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight">freight</a> sector was allowed beginning in 2003, and international public stock offerings opened in 2006. In another move to better capitalize and reform the rail system, the Ministry of Railways established three public shareholder-owned companies in 2003: China Railways Container Transport Company, China Railway Special Cargo Service Company, and China Railways Parcel Express Company. </p><p>In recent decades, rail use in China has seen significant growth in the volume of goods and passengers transported. Since 1980, the volume of goods transported (metric tons times kilometers traveled) has increased by 305% and the volume of passengers (million passengers times kilometers traveled) has increased by 485%.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRail2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRail2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this same time period, total length of rail lines has only increased by 34%.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRail2015_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRail2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics[12]"><span id="Statistics.5B12.5D"></span>Statistics<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRail2015_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRail2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Statistics[12]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>1980</th> <th>1990</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2017 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Rail lines (total route-km)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>49,940</td> <td>53,378</td> <td>58,656</td> <td>66,239</td> <td>66,989</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goods transported on railways (metric tons times kilometers traveled)</td> <td>570,732</td> <td>1,060,100</td> <td>1,333,606</td> <td>2,451,185</td> <td>2,308,669</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Passengers carried on railways (million passengers times kilometers traveled)</td> <td>138,037</td> <td>263,530</td> <td>441,468</td> <td>791,158</td> <td>807,065</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urban rail transit (kilometers)<sup id="cite_ref-corg_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5,033 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subway (kilometers)<sup id="cite_ref-corg_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3,844 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urban rail transit under construction (kilometers)<sup id="cite_ref-corg_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>6,246 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a> (kilometers)<sup id="cite_ref-wribrt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wribrt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2,991</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_development">Regional development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regional development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%82_China_Lhasa_Tibet_China_Xinjiang_Urumqi_Welcome_-_panoramio_(78).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%82_China_Lhasa_Tibet_China_Xinjiang_Urumqi_Welcome_-_panoramio_%2878%29.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%82_China_Lhasa_Tibet_China_Xinjiang_Urumqi_Welcome_-_panoramio_%2878%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%82_China_Lhasa_Tibet_China_Xinjiang_Urumqi_Welcome_-_panoramio_%2878%29.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%82_China_Lhasa_Tibet_China_Xinjiang_Urumqi_Welcome_-_panoramio_%2878%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%82_China_Lhasa_Tibet_China_Xinjiang_Urumqi_Welcome_-_panoramio_%2878%29.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%82_China_Lhasa_Tibet_China_Xinjiang_Urumqi_Welcome_-_panoramio_%2878%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Lhasa railway station</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qingzang_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingzang railway">Qingzang railway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qingzang_railway_Train_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Qingzang_railway_Train_01.jpg/220px-Qingzang_railway_Train_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Qingzang_railway_Train_01.jpg/330px-Qingzang_railway_Train_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Qingzang_railway_Train_01.jpg/440px-Qingzang_railway_Train_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>A train pulled by an <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_NJ2" title="China Railways NJ2">NJ2</a> <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">locomotive</a> travels on the <a href="/wiki/Qingzang_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingzang railway">Qingzang railway</a> in 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, a new large-scale rail project was launched in China, called the "New Silk Road" or "Eurasian Continental Bridge" project. The project involved the modernization and infrastructure development of a 4,131 km (2,567 mi) railroad route starting in <a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, and traveling through central and northwestern China to <a href="/wiki/Urumqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumqi">Urumqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Dzungarian_Gate" title="Dzungarian Gate">Alataw Pass</a> into <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. From that point, the railroad links to some 6,800 km (4,225 mi) of routes that end in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>. </p><p>China also has established rail links between seaports and interior export-processing zones. For example, in 2004 <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Shenzhen Special Economic Zone</a> in coastal <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>; exports clear <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> in Chengdu and are shipped twice daily by rail to the seaport at <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> for fast delivery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tibet">Tibet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1,080 km (671 mi) section of the <a href="/wiki/Qingzang_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingzang railway">Qingzang railway</a> has been completed from <a href="/wiki/Golmud" title="Golmud">Golmud</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a>. The 815 km (506 mi) section from <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a> to Golmud in <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> opened to traffic in 1984. The railway's highest point, the <a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountain_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanggula Mountain Pass">Tanggula Mountain Pass</a>, is 5,072 m above sea level, making it the highest railway in the world. More than 960 km (597 mi), or over four-fifths of the railway, is at an altitude of more than 4,000 m, and over half of it was laid on frozen earth. Because of the high altitudes, carriages are supplied with supplemental <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. </p><p>Linking <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a> together in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, the construction of a 254 km (158 mi) extension line of the <a href="/wiki/Qingzang_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingzang railway">Qingzang railway</a> started in 2009 with completion expected by 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-speed_rail">High-speed rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: High-speed rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CR400BF-GZ-5203_and_5143_at_Xidian_(20210907094248).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/CR400BF-GZ-5203_and_5143_at_Xidian_%2820210907094248%29.jpg/220px-CR400BF-GZ-5203_and_5143_at_Xidian_%2820210907094248%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/CR400BF-GZ-5203_and_5143_at_Xidian_%2820210907094248%29.jpg/330px-CR400BF-GZ-5203_and_5143_at_Xidian_%2820210907094248%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/CR400BF-GZ-5203_and_5143_at_Xidian_%2820210907094248%29.jpg/440px-CR400BF-GZ-5203_and_5143_at_Xidian_%2820210907094248%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6204" data-file-height="4136" /></a><figcaption>High speed train passing the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_central_business_district" title="Beijing central business district">Beijing central business district</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">High-speed rail in China</a></div> <p>The high-speed service is mainly operated by <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">China Railway High-speed</a>. HSR developed rapidly in China over the past 15 years thanks to generous funding from the Chinese government. With ridership exceeding 1.44 billion in 2016, China's HSR service was the most heavily used in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the network is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">longest in the world</a> and accounted for about two-thirds of the world's high-speed rail tracks<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua_2017-02-19_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua_2017-02-19-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and operated with 2,595 high-speed trains, accounting for about 60 percent of all global high-speed trains.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The total length of highspeed lines has significantly grown since to 35,000 km as of 2020 (January 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maglev">Maglev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maglev"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></div> <p>China also has the world's first commercial high-speed maglev (magnetic levitation) service, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev Train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a> (the first maglev service opened at Birmingham International Airport, United Kingdom, in 1984; however, it was not high-speed). The Chinese project, a Sino-German joint venture, was a 38-km-long route between downtown <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pudong_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudong airport">Pudong airport</a> that opened in 2003. The project cost US$1.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low speed commuter maglevs using ingenious technology have opened in Changsha (<a href="/wiki/Changsha_Maglev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha Maglev">Changsha Maglev</a>) and Beijing (<a href="/wiki/Line_S1,_Beijing_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Line S1, Beijing Subway">Line S1, Beijing Subway</a>). </p><p>In January 2021 a prototype for a new high-speed maglev train capable of 620 km/h (390 mph) was unveiled. Developed by <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Jiaotong_University" title="Southwest Jiaotong University">Southwest Jiaotong University</a> near Chengdu, Professor He Chuan, vice president of the university, told reporters that the train is scheduled to be operational within 3–10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2021 the <a href="/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a> unveiled a four-car 600 km/h (370 mph) maglev train.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long test tracks are being developed to test the vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_links_with_adjoining_countries">Railway links with adjoining countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Railway links with adjoining countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two railway links China have with a neighboring country that does not have a <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">break of gauge</a> is with <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. China also has links with <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Transport in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mongolia" title="Transport in Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Russia</a>, which all use the <span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>) gauge, and with <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, where the <span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) gauge is still in use. The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>, which crosses <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, has a branch that sweeps down from <a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a>, across <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and on to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. </p><p>China does not have a direct rail link with <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, but is currently planning links with <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Variable_gauge" title="Variable gauge">Variable-gauge-axle</a> trains are sometimes used to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">break of gauge</a> with neighboring countries. The mainland is also linked to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, but not with <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, although a Macau link is planned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_Rail">Urban Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Urban Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rapid_Transit">Rapid Transit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rapid Transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_China" title="Urban rail transit in China">Urban rail transit in China</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_facade_of_Zhangguozhuang_Station_(20230609160056).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/North_facade_of_Zhangguozhuang_Station_%2820230609160056%29.jpg/215px-North_facade_of_Zhangguozhuang_Station_%2820230609160056%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/North_facade_of_Zhangguozhuang_Station_%2820230609160056%29.jpg/323px-North_facade_of_Zhangguozhuang_Station_%2820230609160056%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/North_facade_of_Zhangguozhuang_Station_%2820230609160056%29.jpg/430px-North_facade_of_Zhangguozhuang_Station_%2820230609160056%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3572" data-file-height="2381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zhangguozhuang_station" title="Zhangguozhuang station">Zhangguozhuang station</a> on <a href="/wiki/Line_14_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Line 14 (Beijing Subway)">Line 14, Beijing Subway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Currently there over 30 rapid transit systems in mainland China. A further 12 systems are under construction and 20 more metros are planned. Today China boasts the world's <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Subway" title="Beijing Subway">longest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metro" title="Shanghai Metro">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Metro" title="Guangzhou Metro">third longest</a> metro systems.<sup id="cite_ref-longest_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longest-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UITP-figs_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UITP-figs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metro" title="Shanghai Metro">Shanghai Metro</a> only started operating in 1993 and has since expanded to be the world's longest subway system.<sup id="cite_ref-longest_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longest-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the top 15 longest metro systems in the world 8 of them are in China, also possessing half of the top ten busiest metro systems in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2016, 39 cities have metro systems approved according to the National Development and Reform Commission. China plans to spend 4.7 trillion yuan ($706 billion) on transport infrastructure in the three years following 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of early 2017, China has 5636.5 km of under construction rail transit lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20140820%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BFAC16%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%97%E7%BF%94%E7%AB%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/20140820%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BFAC16%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%97%E7%BF%94%E7%AB%99.jpg/215px-20140820%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BFAC16%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%97%E7%BF%94%E7%AB%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/20140820%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BFAC16%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%97%E7%BF%94%E7%AB%99.jpg/323px-20140820%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BFAC16%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%97%E7%BF%94%E7%AB%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/20140820%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BFAC16%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%97%E7%BF%94%E7%AB%99.jpg/430px-20140820%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BFAC16%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%97%E7%BF%94%E7%AB%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Line_11_(Shanghai_Metro)" title="Line 11 (Shanghai Metro)">Line 11</a> train arriving at <a href="/wiki/Nanxiang_station_(Shanghai_Metro)" title="Nanxiang station (Shanghai Metro)">Nanxiang station</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metro" title="Shanghai Metro">Shanghai Metro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caihongqiao_Station_Concourse_20221229_Part_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Caihongqiao_Station_Concourse_20221229_Part_1.jpg/215px-Caihongqiao_Station_Concourse_20221229_Part_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Caihongqiao_Station_Concourse_20221229_Part_1.jpg/323px-Caihongqiao_Station_Concourse_20221229_Part_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Caihongqiao_Station_Concourse_20221229_Part_1.jpg/430px-Caihongqiao_Station_Concourse_20221229_Part_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="2699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caihongqiao_station" title="Caihongqiao station">Caihongqiao station</a> of <a href="/wiki/Line_8_(Guangzhou_Metro)" title="Line 8 (Guangzhou Metro)">Line 8, Guangzhou Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light_Rail/Tram"><span id="Light_Rail.2FTram"></span>Light Rail/Tram</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Light Rail/Tram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_China" title="Trams in China">Trams in China</a></div><p>Several cities in China had tram systems during the 20th century; however, by the end of the century, only <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Dalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Dalian">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tramways" title="Hong Kong Tramways">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changchun_Tram" title="Changchun Tram">Changchun</a> remained. Since 2010, then new tram systems opened in <a href="/wiki/Qingdao_Tram" title="Qingdao Tram">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Trams" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou Trams">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Shenzhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Shenyang" title="Trams in Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Suzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Zhuhai" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Huai%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Huai'an">Huai'an</a>. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MTR_North_Point_station_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/MTR_North_Point_station_%281%29.jpg/215px-MTR_North_Point_station_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/MTR_North_Point_station_%281%29.jpg/323px-MTR_North_Point_station_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/MTR_North_Point_station_%281%29.jpg/430px-MTR_North_Point_station_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_Point_station" title="North Point station">North Point station</a><br />on <a href="/wiki/Island_line_(MTR)" title="Island line (MTR)">Island line, MTR</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016 a Chinese firm developed the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit</a> system which has been described as a crossover between a <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> and is commonly called a "trackless tram".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021 the system has four lines in operation and is being considered for a number of other locations around the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monorail">Monorail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Monorail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has installed a number of straddle-type rubber-tyred monorail systems since 2005. The longest monorail line in the world, at 66.2 km (41.1 mi), is <a href="/wiki/Line_3_(Chongqing_Rail_Transit)" title="Line 3 (Chongqing Rail Transit)">Line 3</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>. A large number of other transit systems are under construction, as well as tourist lines using <a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">suspended monorail</a> technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suburban_and_commuter_rail_systems">Suburban and commuter rail systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Suburban and commuter rail systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China's passenger railways are mostly used for medium- and long-distance travel, with few trains stopping anywhere but at major stations in center cities. <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a> systems, characteristic of large European and North American cities, were initially uncommon in China. Instead radial suburban metro lines (<a href="/wiki/Line_16_(Shanghai_Metro)" title="Line 16 (Shanghai Metro)">Shanghai Metro Line 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_9_(Tianjin_Metro)" title="Line 9 (Tianjin Metro)">Binhai Mass Transit Line 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangfo_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangfo Metro">Guangfo Metro</a>, etc.) were mostly fulfilling that role. However a number of high-speed regional networks such as the <a href="/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Dujiangyan_Intercity_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengdu–Dujiangyan Intercity Railway">Chengdu–Dujiangyan ICR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changsha%E2%80%93Zhuzhou%E2%80%93Xiangtan_Intercity_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan Intercity Railway">Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan ICR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta_Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River Delta Rapid Transit">Pearl River Delta Rapid Transit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Metropolitan_Area_Intercity_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhan Metropolitan Area Intercity Railway">Wuhan Metropolitan Area Intercity Railway</a> have recently started providing commuter services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail_Transit_in_the_special_administrative_regions">Rail Transit in the special administrative regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rail Transit in the special administrative regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/MTR" title="MTR">MTR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau_Light_Rapid_Transit" title="Macau Light Rapid Transit">Macau Light Rapid Transit</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <a href="/wiki/MTR" title="MTR">Mass Transit Railway</a> was planned, designed, constructed and opened under <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British administration</a>; it was opened in 1979 and merged with the KCR network in 2007 to form a 10-line heavy metro operation and a modern <a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_(MTR)" title="Light Rail (MTR)">light rail</a> network. In addition, a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tramways" title="Hong Kong Tramways">tramway</a> system operates on <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>. </p><p>The Macau LRT was first proposed in 2003, but a final go-ahead was not given until a public announcement by the Government of Macau in October 2006. The Macau Light Transit System will serve the Macau Peninsula, Taipa island, Cotai reclamation area and Macau International Airport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road">Road</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry in China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor_vehicles">Motor vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Motor vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_National_Expressway_Network_light.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/China_National_Expressway_Network_light.svg/220px-China_National_Expressway_Network_light.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/China_National_Expressway_Network_light.svg/330px-China_National_Expressway_Network_light.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/China_National_Expressway_Network_light.svg/440px-China_National_Expressway_Network_light.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Trunk_Highway_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trunk Highway System">NTHS</a> System</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B2%88%E6%B5%B7%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E6%AE%B5%EF%BC%88202008%EF%BC%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E6%B2%88%E6%B5%B7%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E6%AE%B5%EF%BC%88202008%EF%BC%89.jpg/220px-%E6%B2%88%E6%B5%B7%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E6%AE%B5%EF%BC%88202008%EF%BC%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E6%B2%88%E6%B5%B7%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E6%AE%B5%EF%BC%88202008%EF%BC%89.jpg/330px-%E6%B2%88%E6%B5%B7%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E6%AE%B5%EF%BC%88202008%EF%BC%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E6%B2%88%E6%B5%B7%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E6%AE%B5%EF%BC%88202008%EF%BC%89.jpg/440px-%E6%B2%88%E6%B5%B7%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E6%AE%B5%EF%BC%88202008%EF%BC%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A section of <a href="/wiki/G15_Shenyang%E2%80%93Haikou_Expressway" title="G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway">G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Trunk_Highway_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trunk Highway System">NTHS</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parked_motorbikes_in_Pudong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two rows of motorbikes, many showing their age and use, parked next to a city street corner. There is a large white-bar-on-red-circle "do not enter" sign at the upper right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parked_motorbikes_in_Pudong.jpg/220px-Parked_motorbikes_in_Pudong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parked_motorbikes_in_Pudong.jpg/330px-Parked_motorbikes_in_Pudong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parked_motorbikes_in_Pudong.jpg/440px-Parked_motorbikes_in_Pudong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3708" data-file-height="2108" /></a><figcaption>Many Chinese still use motorbike or e-bike (seen here parked on a Shanghai street) to get around, but it is forbidden in some major cities.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Highways">China National Highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">Expressways of China</a></div> <p>During the war with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, in the 1930s, China built many roads, the most famous of which is the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Road" title="Burma Road">Burma Road</a> that leads southwest from <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> to the city of <a href="/wiki/Lashio" title="Lashio">Lashio</a>. Since it came into power, the Communist government initiated a large effort into building highways that extend across China and beyond its borders. </p><p>Today, China is linked by an evolving network of highways (<a href="/wiki/China_National_Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Highways">China National Highways</a>) and expressways (<a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">Expressways of China</a>). In the past few years, China has been rapidly developing its road network. Between 1990 and 2003, the total length of urban roads in China more than doubled; increasing from 95,000 to 208,000 kilometers of roads during that period. Similarly, during the same period of time, the total area allocated to roads more than tripled; from 892 million square meters in 1990, to 3,156.5 million square meters in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China National Highways stretch to all four corners of mainland China. Expressways reach the same destinations as <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Highways">China National Highways</a>, except for the rugged terrain of Tibet. An expressway link is already at the planning stage. </p><p>Highways (totaling 130,000 km) were critical to China's economic growth as it worked to mitigate a poor distribution network and authorities sought to spur economic activity directly. The highway and road systems carried nearly 11.6 billion tons of freight and 769.6 trillion passenger/kilometers in 2003. </p><p>The importance of <a href="/wiki/Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways">highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a>, which carry 13.5% of cargo and 49.1% of passengers, was growing rapidly in the mid-2000s. <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobile</a> usage has increased significantly in urban areas as incomes rise. However, car ownership is still low in comparison to the other members of the <a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC</a> group of countries, being exceeded by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-transtatsbz_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transtatsbz-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the rate of car ownership in China is only expected to meet the 1960s level of car ownership of some developed countries in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-transtatscn_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transtatscn-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, excluding military and probably internal security vehicles, there were 12 million passenger cars and buses in operation and 8.1 million other vehicles. In 2003 China reported that 23.8 million vehicles were used for business purposes, including 14.8 million passenger vehicles and 8.5 million trucks. The latest statistics from the Beijing Municipal Statistics Bureau show that Beijing had nearly 1.3 million privately owned cars at the end of 2004 or 11 for each 100 Beijing residents. Beijing currently has the highest annual rate of private car growth in China, leading to major congestion in the capital. </p><p>In 2005 China had a total road network of more than 3.3 million km, although approximately 1.47 million km of this network are classified as "village roads". Paved roads totaled 770,265 km (478,620 mi) in 2004; the remainder were gravel, improved earth standard, or merely earth tracks. </p><p>Some 270,000 km (167,770 mi) of rural highways will be built and upgraded in 2008. By comparison, 423,000 km (262,840 mi) of countryside highways were built or upgraded in 2007, a record high. According to China's Transport Ministry, as of the end of 2007, 98.54 percent of villages and towns had already been connected by highways. </p><p>The 2008 construction plan comprises five north–south highway trunk roads and seven east–west trunk roads and eight inter-provincial roads. Meanwhile, the central and local governments have continued to allocate funds to support the countryside highway build-up and step up construction quality supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 2010, the total length of all public roads in China reached 3,984,000 km,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with about 97,000 km (60,273 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">expressways</a> by the end of 2012. All major cities are expected to be linked with a 108,000 km (67,108 mi) inter-provincial expressway system by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor_vehicles_safety">Motor vehicles safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Motor vehicles safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RTA fatalities are vulnerable users (68%), including motorcycle, pedestrian and NMW.<sup id="cite_ref-china_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vehicle is in cause in 17% of road fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-china_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fatalities are 497 for 8.2 million inhabitants in <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, and 9959 for 83 million people in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_rapid_transit">Bus rapid transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bus rapid transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_rapid_transit_systems#China" title="List of bus rapid transit systems">List of bus rapid transit systems § China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_Bus_Rapid_Transit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Beijing_Bus_Rapid_Transit.jpg/220px-Beijing_Bus_Rapid_Transit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Beijing_Bus_Rapid_Transit.jpg/330px-Beijing_Bus_Rapid_Transit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Beijing_Bus_Rapid_Transit.jpg/440px-Beijing_Bus_Rapid_Transit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Beijing BRT Line 1. Note the doors on the left-hand side of the bus -- the BRT line uses central island platforms for most of its route.</figcaption></figure><p>A number of BRT systems started operating in China, including the high capacity <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Bus_Rapid_Transit" title="Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit">Guangzhou BRT</a>. More than 30 projects are being implemented or studied in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in some big cities. In 2018, 99% of all electric buses globally were registered in the People's Republic of China.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muyu-Yichang-shuttle-bus-5483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Muyu-Yichang-shuttle-bus-5483.jpg/220px-Muyu-Yichang-shuttle-bus-5483.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Muyu-Yichang-shuttle-bus-5483.jpg/330px-Muyu-Yichang-shuttle-bus-5483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Muyu-Yichang-shuttle-bus-5483.jpg/440px-Muyu-Yichang-shuttle-bus-5483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Shuttle buses like this link smaller <a href="/wiki/Town_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Town (China)">towns</a> with <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">regional centers</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trolleybus_systems">Trolleybus systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Trolleybus systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wuhan_-_trolleybus_in_Wuluo_Lu_-_P1040962.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wuhan_-_trolleybus_in_Wuluo_Lu_-_P1040962.JPG/220px-Wuhan_-_trolleybus_in_Wuluo_Lu_-_P1040962.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wuhan_-_trolleybus_in_Wuluo_Lu_-_P1040962.JPG/330px-Wuhan_-_trolleybus_in_Wuluo_Lu_-_P1040962.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wuhan_-_trolleybus_in_Wuluo_Lu_-_P1040962.JPG/440px-Wuhan_-_trolleybus_in_Wuluo_Lu_-_P1040962.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A trolleybus passes the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Crane_Tower" title="Yellow Crane Tower">Yellow Crane Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_trolleybus_systems#China" title="List of trolleybus systems">List of trolleybus systems § China</a></div> <p>As of 2013, <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a> provide a portion of the public transit service in 10 Chinese cities.<sup id="cite_ref-janes2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janes2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one time, as many as 27 cities were served by trolleybuses, comprising 28 systems, as <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> had two independent trolleybus systems.<sup id="cite_ref-murray_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murray-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Shanghai" title="Trolleybuses in Shanghai">Shanghai trolleybus system</a>, which remains in operation, opened in 1914 and is the longest-lived trolleybus system in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-murray_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murray-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tm258_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm258-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All other trolleybus systems in China opened after 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-murray_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murray-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_bicycles">Electric bicycles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Electric bicycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_China" title="Cycling in China">Cycling in China</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzhou-WenchangLu-electric-bicycles-3278.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Yangzhou-WenchangLu-electric-bicycles-3278.jpg/220px-Yangzhou-WenchangLu-electric-bicycles-3278.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Yangzhou-WenchangLu-electric-bicycles-3278.jpg/330px-Yangzhou-WenchangLu-electric-bicycles-3278.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Yangzhou-WenchangLu-electric-bicycles-3278.jpg/440px-Yangzhou-WenchangLu-electric-bicycles-3278.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Electric bicycles are very common in many cities of China, such as <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>; in some areas they may outnumber motorcycles or regular bicycles</figcaption></figure> <p>China is the world's leading producer of <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">electric bicycles</a>. According to the data of the China Bicycle Association, a government-chartered industry group, in 2004 China's manufacturers sold 7.5 million electric bicycles nationwide, which was almost twice 2003 sales;<sup id="cite_ref-fairley_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairley-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> domestic sales reached 10 million in 2005, and 16 to 18 million in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-tim-johnson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tim-johnson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2007, electric bicycles were thought to make up 10 to 20 percent of all two-wheeled vehicles on the streets of many major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-tim-johnson_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tim-johnson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical unit requires 8 hours to charge the battery, which provides the range of 25–30 miles (40–50 km),<sup id="cite_ref-tim-johnson_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tim-johnson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the speed of around 20 km/h (12 mph),<sup id="cite_ref-fairley_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairley-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however people usually illegal override, makes it just like normal motorcycles, capable of reach nearly 100 km/h (62 mph). A large number of such vehicles is exported from China as well (3 million units, worth 40 billion yuan ($5.8 billion), in 2006 alone),<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bikeshare">Bikeshare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bikeshare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system#China" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing system § China</a></div> <p>As of May 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Public_Bicycle" title="Hangzhou Public Bicycle">Hangzhou Public Bicycle</a> bike-share systems in China were the largest in the world, with around 90,000 and 60,000 bicycles respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Access2011_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Access2011-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the world's 15 biggest public bike share programs 13 of them are in China.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2013, China had a combined fleet of 650,000 public bikes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has seen a rise in popularity with privately run <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">app</a> driven "dockless" bike shares with fleets that dwarf systems outside of China.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such bike share alone, <a href="/wiki/Mobike" title="Mobike">Mobike</a>, operates 100,000 dockless bikes in each of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, there are more than 30 private bike share operators including <a href="/wiki/Mobike" title="Mobike">Mobike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ofo_(bike_sharing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofo (bike sharing)">ofo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bluegogo" title="Bluegogo">Bluegogo</a>, that have put over 3 million dockless shared bikes in various cities across China.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bridges">Bridges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_China" title="List of bridges in China">List of bridges in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_bridges_in_China" title="List of largest bridges in China">List of largest bridges in China</a></div> <p>During the infrastructure boom of the past two decades, bridge-building has proceeded at a rapid pace on a vast scale. Notably, prior to the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Yangtze_River_Bridge" title="Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge">Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge</a> in 1957, there were no <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_bridges_and_tunnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River bridges and tunnels">bridges across the Yangtze River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">China's longest</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, and all overland road and railways crossing this 2,884 km (1,792 mi.) stretch of the river required ferries. In 1992, there were only seven <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_bridges_and_tunnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River bridges and tunnels">such bridges</a>, but by the end of 2012, the tally had reached 73, including eight new openings in that year alone. Some notable bridges include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaotianmen_Bridge" title="Chaotianmen Bridge">Chaotianmen Bridge</a>, the largest arch bridge in the world by main span length</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xihoumen_Bridge" title="Xihoumen Bridge">Xihoumen Bridge</a>, the second-longest suspension bridge in the world ranked by the length of the centre span</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danyang%E2%80%93Kunshan_Grand_Bridge" title="Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge">Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge</a>, the longest bridge of any type in the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaozhou Bay Bridge">Jiaozhou Bay Bridge</a>, the world's longest bridge over water.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air">Air</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Air transport in China">Air transport in China</a></div> <p>As a result of the rapidly expanding <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">civil aviation</a> industry, by 2007 China had around 500 airports of all types and sizes in operation, about 400 of which had paved <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a> and about 100 of which had runways of 3,047 m or shorter. There also were 35 <a href="/wiki/Heliport" title="Heliport">heliports</a> in 2007, an increasingly used type of facility. With the additional airports came a proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airlines">Airlines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Airlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_China" title="List of airlines of China">List of airlines of China</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Most of the data is at almost 20 years out of date.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China" title="Civil Aviation Administration of China">Civil Aviation Administration of China</a> (CAAC), also called the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, was established as a government agency in 1949 to operate China's commercial air fleet. In 1988 CAAC's operational fleet was transferred to new, semiautonomous airlines and has served since as a regulatory agency. </p><p>In 2002 the government merged the nine largest airlines into three regional groups based in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, respectively: <a href="/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Air China</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines" title="China Eastern Airlines">China Eastern Airlines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China_Southern_Airlines" title="China Southern Airlines">China Southern Airlines</a>, which operate most of China's external flights. </p><p>By 2005 these three had been joined by six other major airlines: <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Airlines" title="Hainan Airlines">Hainan Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Airlines" title="Shanghai Airlines">Shanghai Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Airlines" title="Shandong Airlines">Shandong Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiamen Airlines">Xiamen Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Airlines" title="Shenzhen Airlines">Shenzhen Airlines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Airlines" title="Sichuan Airlines">Sichuan Airlines</a>. Together, these nine airlines had a combined fleet of some 860 aircraft, mostly <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> from <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">Europe</a>. </p><p>To meet growing demands for passenger and cargo capacity, in 2005 these airlines significantly expanded their fleets with orders placed for additional Boeing and Airbus aircraft expected to be delivered by 2010. In June 2006, it was announced that an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">Airbus A320</a> assembly plant would be built in the <a href="/wiki/Binhai_New_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Binhai New Area">Binhai New Area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, with the first aircraft to be delivered in 2008. </p><p>Air China owns 30% of <a href="/wiki/Cathay_Pacific" title="Cathay Pacific">Cathay Pacific</a> (second largest shareholder) and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China" title="Civil Aviation Administration of China">Civil Aviation Administration of China</a> (CAAC), an administrative agency of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>, owns majority and controlling stakes in China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, and Air China. </p><p>The total number of planes of all mainland Chinese carriers combined will be near 1,580 by 2010, up from 863 in 2006. By 2025, the figure is estimated to be 4,000.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Daily_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Daily-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twenty-seven airlines in the Chinese mainland handled 138 million passengers, and 22.17 million tons of cargo in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Daily_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Daily-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior of Beijing Daxing International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport_20.jpg/220px-Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport_20.jpg/330px-Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport_20.jpg/440px-Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6547" data-file-height="4365" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport" title="Beijing Daxing International Airport">Beijing Daxing International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20230720_Interior_of_Terminal_2_of_Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20230720_Interior_of_Terminal_2_of_Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport.jpg/220px-20230720_Interior_of_Terminal_2_of_Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20230720_Interior_of_Terminal_2_of_Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport.jpg/330px-20230720_Interior_of_Terminal_2_of_Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20230720_Interior_of_Terminal_2_of_Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport.jpg/440px-20230720_Interior_of_Terminal_2_of_Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport_T2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport_T2.jpg/220px-Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport_T2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport_T2.jpg/330px-Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport_T2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport_T2.jpg/440px-Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport_T2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport" title="Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport">Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_China" title="List of airports in China">List of airports in China</a></div> <p>In 2007 China had 467 airports. Of China's major airports, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital International Airport</a> (PEK), located 27 km (17 mi) northeast of central Beijing, has the greatest flow of passengers annually and is the second busiest in the world. </p><p>Shanghai has the 2nd largest amount of air traffic in China through its two airports combined, the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong International Airport</a> (PVG), which is located 30 km (19 mi) southeast of central Shanghai, and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Hongqiao_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport">Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport</a> (SHA), which is located 13 km (8 mi) west of central Shanghai. Both are under control of the Shanghai Airport Authority. </p><p>The new <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport" title="Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport">Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport</a> (CAN), which opened in August 2004 and is located 28 km (17 mi) from downtown <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>. </p><p>Other major airports are located at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport" title="Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Jiangbei_International_Airport" title="Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalian_Zhoushuizi_International_Airport" title="Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qingdao_Liuting_International_Airport" title="Qingdao Liuting International Airport">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urumqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumqi">Urumqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>. </p><p>China is served both by numerous major international flights to most countries of the world and a host of domestic regional airlines. Air traffic within mainland China is often connected through <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>. They are, respectively, the main hubs for <a href="/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Air China</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines" title="China Eastern Airlines">China Eastern Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_Southern_Airlines" title="China Southern Airlines">China Southern Airlines</a>. In 2003 China's <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">civil aviation</a> sector carried nearly 2.2 million tons of freight and 126.3 trillion passenger/kilometers. </p><p>Passenger flights to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and other places under administration of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> must follow <a href="/wiki/Three_links" class="mw-redirect" title="Three links">special rules</a>. Flights between mainland China and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a> (HKG) and <a href="/wiki/Macao_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Macao International Airport">Macao International Airport</a> (MFM) are considered international.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>China, however, is planning to build a new airport in <a href="/wiki/Nagchu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagchu County">Nagqu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in 2011. It will surpass <a href="/wiki/Qamdo_Bangda_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Qamdo Bangda Airport">Qamdo Bangda Airport</a> as being the world's highest airport once completed.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports_with_paved_runways">Airports with paved runways</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Airports with paved runways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Total: 403</li> <li>Over 3,047 m: 58</li> <li>2,438 to 3,047 m: 128</li> <li>1,524 to 2,437 m: 130</li> <li>914 to 1,523 m: 20</li> <li>Under 914 m: 67 (2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports_with_unpaved_runways">Airports with unpaved runways</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Airports with unpaved runways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Total: 64</li> <li>Over 3,047 m: 4</li> <li>2,438 to 3,047 m: 4</li> <li>1,524 to 2,437 m: 13</li> <li>914 to 1,523 m: 17</li> <li>Under 914 m: 26 (2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ports_and_shipping">Ports and shipping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ports and shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nansha_Passenger_Port_2017_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nansha_Passenger_Port_2017_12.jpg/220px-Nansha_Passenger_Port_2017_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nansha_Passenger_Port_2017_12.jpg/330px-Nansha_Passenger_Port_2017_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nansha_Passenger_Port_2017_12.jpg/440px-Nansha_Passenger_Port_2017_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Nansha Passenger Port in <a href="/wiki/Nansha,_Guangzhou" title="Nansha, Guangzhou">Nansha District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ports_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports of China">Ports of China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese shipping">Chinese shipping</a></div> <p>China has more than 2,000 ports, 130 of which are open to foreign ships. The major ports, including river ports accessible by <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>-going ships, are <a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hankou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hankou District">Hankou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Guangzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangpu District, Guangzhou">Huangpu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a>. </p><p>China has sixteen "major" shipping ports with a capacity of over 50 million tons per year. Combined China's total shipping capacity is in excess of 2,890 million tons. By 2010, 35% of the world's shipping is expected to originate from China. The seven largest port terminals are Dalian, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> is a major international port serving as an important trade center for China. In 2005 Shanghai Port Management Department reported that its <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai port">Shanghai port</a> became the world's largest cargo port, processing cargo topping 443 million tons and surpassing <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Singapore's port</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a> is presently undergoing significant upgrades. Shanghai Model Port Alliance is responsible for many of the upgrades that are expected to make Shanghai's port more automated, minimizing the loss of goods and time while helping <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> collect more accurate tariffs. If the Shanghai project is successful, there is interest in replicating the process in other Chinese ports. </p><p>In 2003 China's major coastal ports handled 2.1 billion tons of freight. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangshan-Port-Containers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yangshan-Port-Containers.jpg/220px-Yangshan-Port-Containers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yangshan-Port-Containers.jpg/330px-Yangshan-Port-Containers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yangshan-Port-Containers.jpg/440px-Yangshan-Port-Containers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yangshan_Port" title="Yangshan Port">Yangshan Port</a> off the coast in Shanghai</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2007, China's merchant fleet had 1,775 ships (1,000 <a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">GT</a> or over) 22,219,786 <a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">GT</a>/33,819,636 tonnes <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage" title="Deadweight tonnage">deadweight</a> (DWT) by type: barge carrier 3, <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carrier</a> 415, <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ship</a> 689, carrier 3, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_tanker" title="Chemical tanker">chemical tanker</a> 62, combination ore/oil 2, <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ship</a> 157, <a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">liquefied gas</a> 35, passenger 8, passenger/<a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ship</a> 84, <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tanker</a> 250, <a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">refrigerated cargo ship</a> 33, <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">roll-on/roll-off</a> 9, specialized tanker 8, vehicle carrier 17. </p> <ul><li>foreign-owned: 12 (Ecuador 1, Greece 1, Hong Kong 6, Japan 2, South Korea 1, Norway 1) (2007)</li> <li>registered in other countries: 1,366 (Bahamas 9, Bangladesh 1, Belize 107, Bermuda 10, Bolivia 1, Cambodia 166, Cyprus 10, France 5, Georgia 4, Germany 2, Honduras 3, Hong Kong 309, India 1, Indonesia 2, Liberia 32, Malaysia 1, Malta 13, Marshall Islands 3, Mongolia 3, Norway 47, Panama 473, Philippines 2, Sierra Leone 8, Singapore 19, St Vincent and The Grenadines 106, Thailand 1, Turkey 1, Tuvalu 25, unknown 33) (2007)</li></ul> <p>Two important <a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">rail ferry</a> crossings operate off the China coast. The <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Train_Ferry" title="Bohai Train Ferry">Bohai Train Ferry</a> allows freight trains to shortcut from <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, while the Guangdong–Hainan Ferry (part of the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hainan_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hainan Railway">Guangdong–Hainan Railway</a>) connects <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> Island with China's mainland. There are also passenger and vehicle ferry lines connecting China with <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and Japan, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">R.O.C.</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> Island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waterways">Waterways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3-2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%AE%B5%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A7%E8%BD%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3-2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%AE%B5%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A7%E8%BD%AE.jpg/220px-%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3-2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%AE%B5%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A7%E8%BD%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3-2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%AE%B5%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A7%E8%BD%AE.jpg/330px-%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3-2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%AE%B5%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A7%E8%BD%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3-2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%AE%B5%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A7%E8%BD%AE.jpg/440px-%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3-2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%AE%B5%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A7%E8%BD%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>On the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</a></figcaption></figure> <p>China has 127,000 kilometers of navigable <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_waterways_length" title="List of countries by waterways length">any country in the world</a>. In 2015, the traffic on the inland waterways has grown to 3.459 billion tonnes, cargo turnover to 1.331 trillion tkm. This is triple the volume since 2006. Passenger traffic is 271 million people and 7.308 billion person-km (2015), as reported by the 2015 Transportation Industry Statistical bulletin. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zigui-Xiling-Gorge-4991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zigui-Xiling-Gorge-4991.jpg/220px-Zigui-Xiling-Gorge-4991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zigui-Xiling-Gorge-4991.jpg/330px-Zigui-Xiling-Gorge-4991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zigui-Xiling-Gorge-4991.jpg/440px-Zigui-Xiling-Gorge-4991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Traveling by boat allows passengers enjoy the views of the <a href="/wiki/Xiling_Gorge" title="Xiling Gorge">Xiling Gorge</a> in western Hubei</figcaption></figure> <p>The main navigable rivers are the <a href="/wiki/Heilong_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Heilong Jiang">Heilong Jiang</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>; <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a>, a short branch of the Yangtze; <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a>; <a href="/wiki/Huangpu_River" title="Huangpu River">Huangpu River</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lijiang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang River">Lijiang River</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jiang">Xi Jiang</a>. </p><p>Ships of up to 10,000 tons can navigate more than 1,000 km (621 mi) on the Yangtze as far as <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>. Ships of 1,000 tons can navigate from Wuhan to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, another 1,286 km (799 mi) upstream. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal</a> is the world's longest canal at 1,794 km (1,115 mi) with the southern portion serving a key role in barge transportation between <a href="/wiki/Liangshan_County" title="Liangshan County">Liangshan County</a> south of the yellow river and <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>. It links five major rivers: the <a href="/wiki/Haihe" class="mw-redirect" title="Haihe">Haihe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiantang_River" title="Qiantang River">Qiantang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>. </p><p>Construction of new railways and highways has diminished the utility of China's rivers for passenger transport. Nonetheless, passenger boats are still popular in some mountainous regions, such as Western <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges" title="Three Gorges">Three Gorges</a> area), where railways are few and road access to many towns is inconvenient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pipelines">Pipelines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Pipelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganjiaxiang_-_pipelines_-_P1070521.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ganjiaxiang_-_pipelines_-_P1070521.JPG/220px-Ganjiaxiang_-_pipelines_-_P1070521.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ganjiaxiang_-_pipelines_-_P1070521.JPG/330px-Ganjiaxiang_-_pipelines_-_P1070521.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ganjiaxiang_-_pipelines_-_P1070521.JPG/440px-Ganjiaxiang_-_pipelines_-_P1070521.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Pipelines near oil refineries in Ganjiaxiang, <a href="/wiki/Qixia_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qixia District">Qixia District</a>, Nanjing</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2006, China had 22,664 km (14,083 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> pipelines, 15,256 km (9,480 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Oil_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil pipeline">oil pipelines</a>, and 6,106 km (3,794 mi) for refined products. Due to the growing dependence on oil and gas, the total length of oil and gas pipelines in China has risen to 70,000 km (43,496 mi) from 22,000 km (13,670 mi) in 1997, stretching from oil and gas fields in western and northeastern regions to densely populated coastal areas in the east. By the end of 2010, the network could exceed 90,000 km (55,923 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China's pipelines carried 219.9 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> in 2003. As a major oil and gas consumer, China is searching for more external supplies. Construction of a 4,200-km-long pipeline from <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (<a href="/wiki/West%E2%80%93East_Gas_Pipeline" title="West–East Gas Pipeline">West–East Gas Pipeline</a>) was completed in 2004. The government hopes that the use of natural gas will assist to reduce the use of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> which is responsible for much <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_benefits">Economic benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Economic benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some economic experts have argued that the development gap between China and other emerging economies such as Brazil, Argentina and India can be attributed to a large extent to China's early focus on ambitious infrastructure projects, notably mass transport and transit related projects. While China invested roughly 9% of its GDP on infrastructure in the 1990s and 2000s, most emerging economies invested only 2% to 5% of their GDP. This considerable spending gap allowed the Chinese economy to grow at near optimal conditions while many South American economies suffered from various development bottlenecks (poor transportation networks, aging power grids, mediocre schools...).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_industry_in_China" title="Electric vehicle industry in China">Electric vehicle industry in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFengbo" class="citation book cs1">Fengbo, Zhang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/chinesetransportation1/"><i>Economic Analysis of Chinese Transportation</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Analysis+of+Chinese+Transportation&rft.aulast=Fengbo&rft.aufirst=Zhang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fchinesetransportation1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yearbook-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/html/1604EN.jpg"><i>China Statistical Yearbook 2016</i> "Length of Transport Routes at Year-end by Region (2015)"</a> Accessed 2017-02-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-12/22/c_139610426.htm">"Factbox: Highlights of China's comprehensive transport network - Xinhua | English.news.cn"</a>. <i>www.xinhuanet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Polish+electric+buses+take+over+the+European+market&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fpolish-built-electric-buses-take-over-the-european-market%2Fa-55778652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-janes2011-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-janes2011_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webb, Mary (ed.) (2011). <i>Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2011-2012</i>, p. "[23]" (in foreword). Coulsdon, Surrey (UK): <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Information Group">Jane's Information Group</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-2954-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-2954-8">978-0-7106-2954-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murray-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murray_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Alan (2000). <i>World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia</i>, pp. 8, 57 and 101. UK: Trolleybooks. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904235-18-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-904235-18-1">0-904235-18-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tm258-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tm258_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Shanghai Anniversary" (Nov.-Dec. 2004). <i>Trolleybus Magazine</i> No. 258, pp. 134–135. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0266-7452">0266-7452</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fairley-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fairley_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fairley_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/jun05/1213">"China's Cyclists Take Charge", By Peter Fairley.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511144557/http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/jun05/1213">Archived</a> 2009-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a>, June 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tim-johnson-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tim-johnson_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tim-johnson_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tim-johnson_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://postcarboncities.net/cheap-and-green-electric-bikes-are-rage-china">"Cheap and green, electric bikes are the rage in China"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112030444/http://postcarboncities.net/cheap-and-green-electric-bikes-are-rage-china">Archived</a> 2013-01-12 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, by Tim Johnson. Originally published 23 May 2007 by McClatchy Newspapers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postbulletin.com/newsmanager/templates/localnews_story.asp?z=7&a=366245">"Europe's latest craze electric bikes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530184253/http://www.postbulletin.com/newsmanager/templates/localnews_story.asp?z=7&a=366245">Archived</a> 2012-05-30 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Associated Press, 14 October 2008. The article gives <i>China Bicycle Association</i> and <a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a> News Agency's "Economic Reference" newspaper, as the sources of the numbers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Access2011-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Access2011_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_ShaheenStacey_Guzman2011" class="citation web cs1">Susan Shaheen & Stacey Guzman (Fall 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719042742/http://uctc.net/access/39/access39_bikesharing.shtml">"Worldwide Bikesharing"</a>. <i>Access Magazine No. 39</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> Transportation Center. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Access+Magazine+No.+39&rft.atitle=Worldwide+Bikesharing&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Susan+Shaheen&rft.au=Stacey+Guzman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uctc.net%2Faccess%2F39%2Faccess39_bikesharing.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2017" class="citation news cs1">Mead, Nick Van (2017-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/22/bike-wars-dockless-china-millions-bicycles-hangzhou">"Uber for bikes: how 'dockless' cycles flooded China – and are heading overseas"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Mileage+calculator&rft.aulast=Mutzabaugh&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftravel%2Fflights%2Fitem.aspx%3Ftype%3Dblog%26ak%3D14726.blog%26csp%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010100319/http://www.energyglobal.com/sectors/pipelines/articles/China_discusses_draft_law_on_the_protection_of_oil_and_gas_pipelines.aspx">"China discusses draft law on the protection of oil and gas pipelines"</a>. 2 November 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+discusses+draft+law+on+the+protection+of+oil+and+gas+pipelines&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energyglobal.com%2Fsectors%2Fpipelines%2Farticles%2FChina_discusses_draft_law_on_the_protection_of_oil_and_gas_pipelines.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Nicolas_Firzli_&_Vincent_Bazi2011" class="citation news cs1">M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Analyse+Financi%C3%A8re%2C+volume+41&rft.atitle=Infrastructure+Investments+in+an+Age+of+Austerity+%3A+The+Pension+and+Sovereign+Funds+Perspective&rft.quarter=4&rft.date=2011&rft.au=M.+Nicolas+Firzli+%26+Vincent+Bazi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishweekly.net%2Fop-ed%2F2852%2Finfrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport_in_China" title="Template:Transport in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport_in_China" title="Template talk:Transport in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transport in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">History</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_public_transport_in_China" title="Category:Proposed public transport in China">Proposed public transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Government<br />agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Administration_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Railway Administration (China)">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China" title="Civil Aviation Administration of China">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Post_Bureau" title="State Post Bureau">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Maritime_Safety_Administration" title="China Maritime Safety Administration">Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Space</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transport_and_Housing_Bureau" title="Transport and Housing Bureau">Hong Kong</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><img alt="Macau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Transport_and_Public_Works_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Transport and Public Works (Macau)">Macau</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">Expressways (NTHS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Highways">China National Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_road_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="China road numbering">Road numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_road_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of the road in China">Rules</a> (<a href="/wiki/Road_Traffic_Safety_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Road Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China">Road safety law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_China" title="Vehicle registration plates of China">Licence plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH1" title="AH1">AH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_road" title="Gallery road">Gallery road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Sun_Yat-sen" title="List of streets named after Sun Yat-sen">Zhongshan Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_licence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving licence in China">Driving License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_China" title="History of rail transport in China">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Eastern-Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Manchuria_Railway" title="South Manchuria Railway">South Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_China" title="Narrow-gauge railways in China">Narrow-gauge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_transport_in_China" title="Passenger rail transport in China">Passenger rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">China Railway High-speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">High-speed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Harbin,_Beijing%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_(Macau)_corridor" title="Beijing–Harbin, Beijing–Hong Kong (Macau) corridor">Harbin-Beijing–Guangzhou–Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kunming_corridor" title="Beijing–Kunming corridor">Beijing–Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Continental_Bridge_corridor" title="Eurasia Continental Bridge corridor">Lianyungang–Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Wuhan%E2%80%93Chengdu_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway">Shanghai–Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway" title="Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway">Shanghai–Kunming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_lines_in_China" title="List of railway lines in China">Lines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Harbin_railway" title="Beijing–Harbin railway">Beijing–Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai railway">Beijing–Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kowloon_railway" title="Beijing–Kowloon railway">Beijing–Kowloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_railway" title="Beijing–Guangzhou railway">Beijing–Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhai_railway" title="Longhai railway">Lanzhou–Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa%E2%80%93Shigatse_railway" title="Lhasa–Shigatse railway">Lhasa–Shigatse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_locomotives_in_China" title="List of locomotives in China">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_China" title="Category:Railway stations in China">Stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_China" title="Urban rail transit in China">Rapid transit systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Maglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_China" title="List of ports in China">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chongqing" title="Port of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dalian" title="Port of Dalian">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ningbo-Zhoushan" title="Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan">Ningbo-Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_Port" title="Qingdao Port">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rizhao" title="Port of Rizhao">Rizhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangshan_Port" title="Yangshan Port">Yangshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shenzhen" title="Port of Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Suzhou" title="Port of Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tangshan" title="Port of Tangshan">Tangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tianjin" title="Port of Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Xiamen" title="Port of Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Yingkou" title="Port of Yingkou">Yingkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_canals_in_China" title="History of canals in China">Canals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingqu" title="Lingqu">Lingqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_Canal" title="Red Flag Canal">Red Flag Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengguo_Canal" title="Zhengguo Canal">Zhengguo Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Shipbuilding_Industry_Corporation" title="China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation">China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_State_Shipbuilding_Corporation" title="China State Shipbuilding Corporation">China State Shipbuilding Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boat_lifts#China" title="List of boat lifts">Ship lifts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_China" title="List of airlines of China">Major airlines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Air China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathay_Pacific" title="Cathay Pacific">Cathay Pacific</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Southern_Airlines" title="China Southern Airlines">China Southern Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines" title="China Eastern Airlines">China Eastern Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Airlines" title="Hainan Airlines">Hainan Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Airlines" title="Shandong Airlines">Shandong Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Airlines" title="Shanghai Airlines">Shanghai Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Airlines" title="Shenzhen Airlines">Shenzhen Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Airlines" title="Sichuan Airlines">Sichuan Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XiamenAir" title="XiamenAir">XiamenAir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_China" title="List of airports in China">Airports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_China" title="List of the busiest airports in China">By traffic</a></li> <li>Major Airports: <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport" title="Beijing Daxing International Airport">Beijing Daxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport" title="Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport">Chengdu Shuangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Tianfu_International_Airport" title="Chengdu Tianfu International Airport">Chengdu Tianfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport" title="Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport">Guangzhou Baiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Bao%27an_International_Airport" title="Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport">Shenzhen Bao'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Hongqiao_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport">Shanghai Hongqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China" title="Aviation Industry Corporation of China">Aviation Industry Corporation of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Aviation_%26_Aerospace_Exhibition" title="China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition">China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comac" title="Comac">Comac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceports_in_China" title="Category:Spaceports in China">Spaceports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLA Aerospace Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_China_by_province_or_autonomous_region" title="Category:Transport in China by province or autonomous region">Transport by province or autonomous region</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_China_by_city" title="Category:Transport in China by city">by city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_China" title="List of bridges in China">Bridges</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tunnels_in_China" title="Category:Tunnels in China">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyun" title="Chunyun">Chinese New Year Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_disasters_in_China" title="Category:Transport disasters in China">Disasters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* in / related to the <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_China" title="Category:Transport in China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Communications</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_China" title="Template:Economy of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_China" title="Template talk:Economy of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_China" title="Category:Companies of China">Companies of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_China" title="Industrialization of China">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl" title="Iron rice bowl">Iron rice bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_reform_in_China,_1949%E2%80%931976" title="Wage reform in China, 1949–1976">1949–1976 wage reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_China" title="Category:Industry in China">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_materials_industry_in_China" title="Advanced materials industry in China">Advanced materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China" title="Aviation Industry Corporation of China">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_China" title="Beer in China">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China" title="Biotechnology industry in China">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_China" title="Business process outsourcing in China">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_industry_in_China" title="Cement industry in China">Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_China" title="Coffee production in China">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_industry_in_China" title="Container industry in China">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Cotton_Association" title="China Cotton Association">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor_manufacturing_industry_in_China" title="Electric motor manufacturing industry in China">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_China" title="Electricity sector in China">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_China" title="Fishing industry in China">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_China" title="Gambling in China">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Media</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_China" title="Category:Mining in China">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">gold mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_China" title="Mobile phone industry in China">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Online gaming in China">Online gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_farming_industry_in_China" title="Pearl farming industry in China">Pearl farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China" title="Academic publishing in China">academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_China" title="Radio in China">Radio</a></li> <li>Railway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_equipment_industry_in_China" title="Railway equipment industry in China">equipment industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_industry_in_China" title="Rare earth industry in China">Rare earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_industry_in_China" title="Securities industry in China">Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy_industry_in_China" title="Sex toy industry in China">Sex toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry_in_China" title="Software industry in China">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in China">Video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones" title="National Economic and Technological Development Zones">Development Zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Software_Park" title="Dalian Software Park">Dalian Software Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Industrial_Park" title="Suzhou Industrial Park">Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiang_Hi-Tech_Park" title="Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park">Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_China" title="Category:Energy in China">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China" title="Oil shale in China">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries in China">Oil refineries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_China" title="Solar power in China">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">Geothermal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_in_China" title="Category:Trade in China">Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_in_China" title="Category:Infrastructure in China">infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_for_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of trade for the People's Republic of China">Trade history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The China World Trade Center">World Trade Center</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_China" title="Postage stamps and postal history of China">Postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">Hong Kong Trade Development Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports of China">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_China" title="List of exports of China">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">Trading partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">Law and regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Tax system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">Labor contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finance_in_China" title="Category:Finance in China">Finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_in_China" title="Category:Banking in China">banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting_in_China" title="Category:Accounting in China">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_China" title="History of banking in China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_China" title="List of banks in China">Other banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Financial_Street" title="Beijing Financial Street">Beijing Financial Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese financial system">Financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation" title="China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation">China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chengtong_Holdings_Group" title="China Chengtong Holdings Group">China Chengtong Holdings Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Government_Guidance_Fund" title="China Government Guidance Fund">China Government Guidance Fund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund" title="China-Africa Development Fund">China-Africa Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Integrated_Circuit_Industry_Investment_Fund" title="China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund">China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Investment_Fund" title="China Internet Investment Fund">China Internet Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Reform_Holdings_Corporation" title="China Reform Holdings Corporation">China Reform Holdings Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fund_for_Technology_Transfer_and_Commercialisation" title="National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation">National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation" title="China Investment Corporation">China Investment Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITIC_Group" title="CITIC Group">CITIC Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_China" title="Financial services in China">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange reserves of China">Foreign exchange reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund industry</a></li> <li>Stock Exchanges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Commodity_Exchange" title="Dalian Commodity Exchange">Dalian Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Equities_Exchange_and_Quotations" title="National Equities Exchange and Quotations">National Equities Exchange and Quotations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Stock_Exchange" title="Beijing Stock Exchange">Beijing Stock Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SSE_Composite_Index" title="SSE Composite Index">SSE Composite Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metal_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Metal Exchange">Shanghai Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_Executive_Council" title="Stock Exchange Executive Council">Stock Exchange Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange">Shenzhen Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SZSE_Component_Index" title="SZSE Component Index">SZSE Component Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Commodity_Exchange" title="Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange">Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Government institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_International_Trade" title="China Council for the Promotion of International Trade">China Council for the Promotion of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Securities_Regulatory_Commission" title="China Securities Regulatory Commission">China Securities Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Financial_Regulatory_Administration_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Financial Regulatory Administration (China)">National Financial Regulatory Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Commission" title="National Energy Commission">National Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Market_Regulation" title="State Administration for Market Regulation">State Administration for Market Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Exchange" title="State Administration of Foreign Exchange">State Administration of Foreign Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Taxation">State Administration of Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_development_in_China" title="Category:Economic development in China">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_China" title="International rankings of China">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_credit_cooperative" title="Rural credit cooperative">Rural credit cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">National economic initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_prosperity" title="Common prosperity">Common prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China_2025" title="Made in China 2025">Made in China 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Business_China" title="Youth Business China">Youth Business China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regional economic initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim" title="Beibu Gulf Economic Rim">Beibu Gulf Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Economic_Rim" title="Bohai Economic Rim">Bohai Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Revitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast China Revitalization">Northeast China Revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" title="Pearl River Delta Economic Zone">Pearl River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan" title="Rise of Central China Plan">Rise of Central China Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Taiwan_Straits_Economic_Zone" title="Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone">Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone">Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Economic_Zone" title="Zhongyuan Economic Zone">Zhongyuan Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">2005–2011 property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_export_recalls" title="2007 Chinese export recalls">2007 export</a> / <a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">pet food recalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 stock bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_slave_scandal" title="2007 Chinese slave scandal">2007 slave scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">2008–2009 economic stimulus plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">2010 Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–16 stock market turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_protein_export_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese protein export contamination">Protein export contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_China" title="Bankruptcy in China">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China" title="List of companies of China">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Chinese_companies" title="List of largest Chinese companies">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_500_Enterprises_of_China" title="Top 500 Enterprises of China">Top 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State-owned_enterprises_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of State-owned enterprises in China">Largest SOEs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hongs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongs">The Hongs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_China" title="Globalization in China">Globalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_women_in_China" title="Globalization and women in China">Globalization and women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Standards_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Standards of the People's Republic of China">National Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Compulsory_Certificate" title="China Compulsory Certificate">China Compulsory Certificate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China" title="Made in China">Made in China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingong" title="Mingong">Mingong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth" title="List of Chinese by net worth">List of Chinese by net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_economists" title="Category:Chinese economists">Chinese economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b></i> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy of East Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transport_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Transport in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bahrain" title="Transport in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh" title="Transport in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bhutan" title="Transport in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brunei" title="Transport in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cambodia" title="Transport in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cyprus" title="Transport in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_East_Timor" title="Transport in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Israel" title="Transport in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jordan" title="Transport in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Transport in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Korea" title="Transport in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kuwait" title="Transport in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Transport in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Laos" title="Transport in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lebanon" title="Transport in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia" title="Transport in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Maldives" title="Transport in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mongolia" title="Transport in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Myanmar" title="Transport in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Oman" title="Transport in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Qatar" title="Transport in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Transport in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tajikistan" title="Transport in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkmenistan" title="Transport in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Transport in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Transport in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Yemen" title="Transport in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Transport in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Macau" title="Transport in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row 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