CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Reggae - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"dc041875-0e1f-4f96-ab1c-a3304c898d3d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Reggae","wgTitle":"Reggae","wgCurRevisionId":1258499207,"wgRevisionId":1258499207,"wgArticleId":25520,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: URL","CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)","Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019", "Articles needing additional references from April 2018","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2023","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Reggae","Jamaican styles of music","Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity","1960s in music"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Reggae","wgRelevantArticleId":25520,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9794","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready", "ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Bob-Marley.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1786"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Bob-Marley.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1190"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="952"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Reggae - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Reggae rootpage-Reggae skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Reggae" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Reggae" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Reggae" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Reggae" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_in_Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_in_Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Emergence in Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_in_Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>International popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reggae_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reggae_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Reggae heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reggae_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cod_reggae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cod_reggae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Cod reggae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cod_reggae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Musical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Musical_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Musical characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Musical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drums_and_other_percussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drums_and_other_percussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Drums and other percussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drums_and_other_percussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guitars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guitars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Guitars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guitars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Keyboards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Horns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Vocals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lyrical_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyrical_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Lyrical themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyrical_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_dancehall_and_reggae_lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_dancehall_and_reggae_lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Criticism of dancehall and reggae lyrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_dancehall_and_reggae_lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Global significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Australia and the Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reggae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AC%E1%8C%8C" title="ሬጌ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሬጌ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="ريغي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريغي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reqqi" title="Reqqi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Reqqi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87" title="রেগে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেগে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Регги – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Регги" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Рэгі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэгі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Рэгі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэгі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87" title="रेगे – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेगे" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Реге – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реге" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5" title="Ρέγκε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρέγκε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeo" title="Regeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Regeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="رگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reig%C3%A9" title="Reigé – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Reigé" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EA%B2%8C" title="레게 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레게" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Ռեգգի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեգգի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87" title="रेगे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेगे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regg%C3%AD" title="Reggí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Reggí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99" title="רגאיי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רגאיי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gga%C3%A9" title="Réggaé – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Réggaé" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regee" title="Regee – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Regee" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="რეგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Регги – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Регги" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regejs" title="Regejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Regejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis" title="Regis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Regis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Реге – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Реге" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%86" title="റെഗ്ഗെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെഗ്ഗെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%89" title="ريجى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rege" title="Rege – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rege" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87" title="रेगे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेगे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A8" title="レゲエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レゲエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87" title="ਰੇਗੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਗੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="رگی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رگی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rege" title="Rege – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Rege" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggi" title="Reggi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Reggi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D2%91%D0%B5" title="Реґе – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Реґе" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Регги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Регги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Рэгги – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рэгги" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A" title="රෙගේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෙගේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C" title="ڕێگەی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێگەی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Реге – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Реге" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87" title="ரெகே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரெகே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81" title="เร็กเก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เร็กเก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Регі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Регі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="رگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9zega_reggae" title="Mùzega reggae – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mùzega reggae" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E9%AC%BC%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="雷鬼音乐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雷鬼音乐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99" title="רעגיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעגיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Reggae" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E9%AC%BC%E6%A8%82" title="雷鬼樂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雷鬼樂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg%C4%97s" title="Regės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Regės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E9%AC%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="雷鬼音樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雷鬼音樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9794#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Reggae" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Reggae"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Reggae"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Reggae" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Reggae" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&oldid=1258499207" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Reggae&id=1258499207&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReggae"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReggae"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Reggae&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reggae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Reggae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9794" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Music genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the music genre. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reggae_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reggae (disambiguation)">Reggae (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Reggae</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob-Marley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bob-Marley.jpg/220px-Bob-Marley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bob-Marley.jpg/330px-Bob-Marley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bob-Marley.jpg/440px-Bob-Marley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Reggae artist <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> in 1980</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nyabinghi_rhythm" title="Nyabinghi rhythm">nyabinghi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Late 1960s <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">ragga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_music" title="Jungle music">jungle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">Roots reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_rock" title="Lovers rock">lovers rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Reggae en Español">reggae en Español</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Reggae_genres" title="Reggae genres">complete list</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_fusion" title="Reggae fusion">reggae fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seggae" title="Seggae">seggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">2 tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_reggae" title="Samba reggae">samba reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaestep" title="Reggaestep">reggaestep</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_reggae" title="African reggae">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_reggae" title="Australian reggae">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_reggae" title="Japanese reggae">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_music_in_Kenya" title="Reggae music in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_reggae" title="New Zealand reggae">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_reggae" title="Nigerian reggae">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Reggae en Español">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_reggae" title="Pinoy reggae">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_reggae" title="Polish reggae">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_reggae" class="mw-redirect" title="British reggae">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_musicians" title="List of reggae musicians">list of reggae musicians</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color: white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg/50px-Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg/75px-Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg/100px-Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Music of Jamaica">Related articles</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_poetry" title="Dub poetry">Dub poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_rock" title="Lovers rock">Lovers rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyabinghi_chants" class="mw-redirect" title="Niyabinghi chants">Niyabinghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">Raggamuffin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_fusion" title="Reggae fusion">Reggae fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">Roots reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">Toasting</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica,_Land_We_Love" title="Jamaica, Land We Love">Jamaica, Land We Love</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_former_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Music of the former Netherlands Antilles">Aruba and the Dutch Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">St Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St Vincent and Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Jamaica" title="Template:Music of Jamaica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Jamaica" title="Template talk:Music of Jamaica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Jamaica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Jamaica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Reggae music of Jamaica</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data category">Performing arts (music)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01398">01398</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/LAC" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/LAC">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2018 (13th session)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">List</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Representative</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Reggae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> that originated in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> during the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern popular <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">music of Jamaica</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_diaspora" title="Jamaican diaspora">diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1968 single by <a href="/wiki/Toots_and_the_Maytals" title="Toots and the Maytals">Toots and the Maytals</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Do_the_Reggay" title="Do the Reggay">Do the Reggay</a>", was the first popular song to use the word <i>reggae</i>, effectively naming the genre and introducing it to a global audience.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reggae is rooted out from traditional Jamaican Kumina, Pukkumina, Revival Zion, Nyabinghi, and burru drumming. Jamaican reggae music evolved out of the earlier genres <a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Return_of_Reggae_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Return_of_Reggae-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rocksteady; from the latter, reggae took over the use of the bass as a percussion instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento (a celebratory, rural folk form that served its largely rural audience as dance music and an alternative to the hymns and adapted chanteys of local church singing),<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_Music_Online_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove_Music_Online-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also draws influence from traditional African folk rhythms. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms; <a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">staccato</a> chords played by a guitar or piano (or both) on the offbeats of the measure. The tempo of reggae is usually slower-paced than both ska and rocksteady.<sup id="cite_ref-All_About_Jazz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All_About_Jazz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> can be found throughout reggae music. The genre of reggae music is led by the <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a> and bass.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some key players in this sound are <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Jackson_(bassist)" title="Jackie Jackson (bassist)">Jackie Jackson</a> from Toots and the Maytals,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Barrett" title="Carlton Barrett">Carlton Barrett</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers" title="Bob Marley and the Wailers">Bob Marley and the Wailers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Brevett" title="Lloyd Brevett">Lloyd Brevett</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Skatalites" title="The Skatalites">the Skatalites</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(musician)" title="Paul Douglas (musician)">Paul Douglas</a> from Toots and the Maytals,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Knibb" title="Lloyd Knibb">Lloyd Knibb</a> from the Skatalites,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Grennan" title="Winston Grennan">Winston Grennan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sly_Dunbar" title="Sly Dunbar">Sly Dunbar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Anthony "Benbow" Creary from <a href="/wiki/The_Upsetters" title="The Upsetters">the Upsetters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a> often plays the dominant role in reggae. The bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalized</a> so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> in reggae usually plays on the offbeat of the rhythm. It is common for reggae to be sung in <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iyaric" title="Iyaric">Iyaric</a> dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of social criticism and religion in its lyrics,<sup id="cite_ref-It's_About_New_Beginnings_And_Keeping_the_Faith_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-It's_About_New_Beginnings_And_Keeping_the_Faith-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love and socializing. </p><p>Reggae is deeply linked to <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentric</a> religion which developed in Jamaica in the 1930s, aiming at promoting <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the Rastafarian movement appeared, the international popularity of reggae music became associated with and increased the visibility of Rastafari and spread its gospel throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reggae music is an important means of transporting vital messages of Rastafari. The musician becomes the messenger, and as Rastafari see it, "the soldier and the musician are tools for change."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reggae has spread to many countries around the world, often incorporating local instruments and fusing with other genres. <a href="/wiki/Reggae_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Reggae en Español">Reggae en Español</a> spread from the Spanish-speaking Central American country of Panama to the mainland South American country of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelathen</a> to the rest of South America. <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean music in the United Kingdom</a>, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica and the Caribbean community in Europe. Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> to Zimbabwe in 1980. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1967 edition of the <i>Dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a></i> lists <i>reggae</i> as "a recently estab. sp. for <i>rege</i>", as in <i>rege-rege</i>, a word that can mean either "rags, ragged clothing" or "a quarrel, a row".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Reggae</i> as a musical term first appeared in print with the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a> hit "<a href="/wiki/Do_the_Reggay" title="Do the Reggay">Do the Reggay</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Toots_%26_the_Maytals" class="mw-redirect" title="Toots & the Maytals">the Maytals</a> which named the genre. </p><p>Reggae historian <a href="/wiki/Steve_Barrow" title="Steve Barrow">Steve Barrow</a> credits <a href="/wiki/Clancy_Eccles" title="Clancy Eccles">Clancy Eccles</a> with altering the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_patois" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican patois">Jamaican patois</a> word <i>streggae</i> (loose woman) into <i>reggae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NiceupHistory_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiceupHistory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Toots_Hibbert" title="Toots Hibbert">Toots Hibbert</a> said: </p> <blockquote><p> There's a word we used to use in Jamaica called "streggae". If a girl is walking and the guys look at her and say "Man, she's streggae" it means she don't dress well, she look raggedy. The girls would say that about the men too. This one morning me and my two friends were playing and I said, "OK man, let's do the reggay." It was just something that came out of my mouth. So we just start singing "Do the reggay, do the reggay" and created a beat. People tell me later that we had given the sound its name. Before that people had called it blue-beat and all kind of other things. Now it's in the Guinness World of Records.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> said that the word <i>reggae</i> came from a Spanish term for "the king's music".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liner notes of <i>To the King</i>, a compilation of Christian <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a> reggae, suggest that the word <i>reggae</i> was derived from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">regi</i></span> meaning 'to the king'.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlpine,_2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlpine,_2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reggae's direct origins are in the <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a> of 1960s Jamaica, strongly influenced by traditional Caribbean <a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso music</a>, as well as American <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>. Ska was originally a generic title for Jamaican music recorded between 1961 and 1967 and emerged from Jamaican R&B, which was based largely on American R&B and doo-wop.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rastafari entered some countries primarily through reggae music; thus, the movement in these places is more stamped by its origins in reggae music and social milieu.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a> was a significant influence on reggae, with <a href="/wiki/Rastafarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarian">Rasta</a> drummers like <a href="/wiki/Count_Ossie" title="Count Ossie">Count Ossie</a> taking part in seminal recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the predecessors of reggae drumming is the <a href="/wiki/Nyabinghi_rhythm" title="Nyabinghi rhythm">Nyabinghi rhythm</a>, a style of ritual drumming performed as a communal meditative practice in the Rastafarian life.<sup id="cite_ref-The_significance_of_corporeal_factors_and_choreographic_rhythms_in_Jamaican_popular_music_between_1957--1981_(Ska,_Rocksteady,_Reggae),_with_an_historical_and_critical_survey_of_all_relevant_literature_dealing_with_Jamaican_folk,_religious_and_popular_musics_and_dance_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_significance_of_corporeal_factors_and_choreographic_rhythms_in_Jamaican_popular_music_between_1957--1981_(Ska,_Rocksteady,_Reggae),_with_an_historical_and_critical_survey_of_all_relevant_literature_dealing_with_Jamaican_folk,_religious_and_popular_musics_and_dance-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the latter half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph records</a> became of central importance to the Jamaican music industry, playing a significant cultural and economic role in the development of reggae music.<sup id="cite_ref-thevinylfactory.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thevinylfactory.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In the early 1950s, Jamaican entrepreneurs began issuing 78s"<sup id="cite_ref-thevinylfactory.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thevinylfactory.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this format would soon be superseded by the 7" single, first released in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951 the first recordings of mento music were released as singles and showcased two styles of mento: an acoustic rural style, and a jazzy pop style.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other 7" singles to appear in Jamaica around this time were covers of popular American R&B hits, made by Kingston <a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">sound system</a> operators to be played at public dances.<sup id="cite_ref-thevinylfactory.com_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thevinylfactory.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> started issuing 45s on small independent labels in the United Kingdom, many mastered directly from Jamaican 45s.<sup id="cite_ref-thevinylfactory.com_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thevinylfactory.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ska arose in Jamaican studios in the late 1950s, developing from this mix of American R&B, <a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NiceupHistory_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiceupHistory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable for its jazz-influenced horn riffs, ska is characterized by a quarter note <a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">walking bass</a> line, guitar and piano <a href="/wiki/On-beat" class="mw-redirect" title="On-beat">offbeats</a>, and a drum pattern with cross-stick snare and bass drum on the backbeat and open hi-hat on the offbeats. When Jamaica gained independence in 1962, ska became the music of choice for young Jamaicans seeking music that was their own. Ska also became popular among <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mods</a> in Britain. </p><p>In the mid-1960s, ska gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a>, a genre slower than ska featuring more romantic lyrics and less prominent horns.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theories abound as to why Jamaican musicians slowed the ska tempo to create rocksteady; one is that the singer <a href="/wiki/Hopeton_Lewis" title="Hopeton Lewis">Hopeton Lewis</a> was unable to sing his hit song "Take It Easy" at a ska tempo.<sup id="cite_ref-NiceupHistory_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiceupHistory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "rocksteady" was codified after the release of a single by <a href="/wiki/Alton_Ellis" title="Alton Ellis">Alton Ellis</a>. Many rocksteady rhythms later were used as the basis of reggae recordings, whose slower tempos allowed for the "double skank" guitar strokes on the offbeat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_in_Jamaica">Emergence in Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emergence in Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reggae developed from <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a> in the late 1960s. Larry And Alvin's "Nanny Goat" and the Beltones' "No More Heartaches" were among the songs in the genre. The beat was distinctive from rocksteady in that it dropped any of the pretensions to the smooth, soulful sound that characterized slick American R&B, and instead was closer in kinship to US southern funk, being heavily dependent on the rhythm section to drive it along. Reggae's great advantage was its almost limitless flexibility: from the early, jerky sound of Lee Perry's "People Funny Boy", to the uptown sounds of Third World's "Now That We've Found Love", it was an enormous leap through the years and styles, yet both are instantly recognizable as reggae.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift from rocksteady to reggae was illustrated by the organ <a href="/wiki/Swung_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Swung note">shuffle</a> pioneered by Jamaican musicians like <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mittoo" title="Jackie Mittoo">Jackie Mittoo</a> and Winston Wright and featured in transitional singles "Say What You're Saying" (1968) by <a href="/wiki/Eric_%22Monty%22_Morris" title="Eric "Monty" Morris">Eric "Monty" Morris</a> and "People Funny Boy" (1968) by <a href="/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee "Scratch" Perry</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Cliff_-_Festival_du_Bout_du_Monde_2012_-_022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jimmy_Cliff_-_Festival_du_Bout_du_Monde_2012_-_022.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Cliff_-_Festival_du_Bout_du_Monde_2012_-_022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jimmy_Cliff_-_Festival_du_Bout_du_Monde_2012_-_022.jpg/330px-Jimmy_Cliff_-_Festival_du_Bout_du_Monde_2012_-_022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jimmy_Cliff_-_Festival_du_Bout_du_Monde_2012_-_022.jpg/440px-Jimmy_Cliff_-_Festival_du_Bout_du_Monde_2012_-_022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff" title="Jimmy Cliff">Jimmy Cliff</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early 1968 was when the first <i>bona fide</i> reggae records were released: "Nanny Goat" by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Marshall_(singer)" title="Larry Marshall (singer)">Larry Marshall</a> and "No More Heartaches" by the Beltones. That same year, the newest Jamaican sound began to spawn big-name imitators in other countries. American artist <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Nash" title="Johnny Nash">Johnny Nash</a>'s 1968 hit "<a href="/wiki/Hold_Me_Tight_(Johnny_Nash_song)" title="Hold Me Tight (Johnny Nash song)">Hold Me Tight</a>" has been credited with first putting reggae in the American listener charts. Around the same time, reggae influences were starting to surface in <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>; one example is 1968's "<a href="/wiki/Ob-La-Di,_Ob-La-Da" title="Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da">Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Wailers_(1963%E2%80%931974_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wailers (1963–1974 band)">The Wailers</a>, a band started by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tosh" title="Peter Tosh">Peter Tosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Wailer" title="Bunny Wailer">Bunny Wailer</a> in 1963, is perhaps the most recognized band that made the transition through all three stages of early Jamaican popular music: ska, rocksteady and reggae. Over a dozen Wailers songs are based on or use a line from Jamaican mento songs. Other significant ska artists who made the leap to reggae include <a href="/wiki/Prince_Buster" title="Prince Buster">Prince Buster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Dekker" title="Desmond Dekker">Desmond Dekker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Boothe" title="Ken Boothe">Ken Boothe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Millie_Small" title="Millie Small">Millie Small</a>, best known for her 1964 blue-beat/ska <a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">cover version</a> of "<a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Lollipop" title="My Boy Lollipop">My Boy Lollipop</a>" which was a smash hit internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-amg_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amg-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable Jamaican producers influential in the development of ska into rocksteady and reggae include: <a href="/wiki/Coxsone_Dodd" title="Coxsone Dodd">Coxsone Dodd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee "Scratch" Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Kong" title="Leslie Kong">Leslie Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Reid" title="Duke Reid">Duke Reid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_(record_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Gibbs (record producer)">Joe Gibbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Tubby" title="King Tubby">King Tubby</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chris_Blackwell" title="Chris Blackwell">Chris Blackwell</a>, who founded <a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Records</a> in Jamaica in 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relocated to England in 1962, where he continued to promote Jamaican music. He formed a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Lee_Gopthal" title="Lee Gopthal">Lee Gopthal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Records" title="Trojan Records">Trojan Records</a> in 1968, which released reggae in the UK until bought by Saga records in 1974. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_popularity">International popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PeterToshWithRobbieShakespeare1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/PeterToshWithRobbieShakespeare1978.jpg/170px-PeterToshWithRobbieShakespeare1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/PeterToshWithRobbieShakespeare1978.jpg/255px-PeterToshWithRobbieShakespeare1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/PeterToshWithRobbieShakespeare1978.jpg/340px-PeterToshWithRobbieShakespeare1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Peter Tosh with Robbie Shakespeare, 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>Reggae's influence bubbled to the top of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> charts in late 1972. First <a href="/wiki/Three_Dog_Night" title="Three Dog Night">Three Dog Night</a> hit No. 1 in September with a cover of <a href="/wiki/The_Maytones" title="The Maytones">the Maytones</a>' version of "<a href="/wiki/Black_and_White_(Three_Dog_Night_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and White (Three Dog Night song)">Black and White</a>". Then <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Nash" title="Johnny Nash">Johnny Nash</a> was at No. 1 for four weeks in November with "<a href="/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now" title="I Can See Clearly Now">I Can See Clearly Now</a>". <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a>'s single "<a href="/wiki/Mother_And_Child_Reunion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother And Child Reunion">Mother And Child Reunion</a>" – a track which he recorded in Kingston, Jamaica with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff" title="Jimmy Cliff">Jimmy Cliff</a>'s backing group – was ranked by Billboard as the No. 57 song of 1972. </p><p>In 1973, the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harder_They_Come" title="The Harder They Come">The Harder They Come</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff" title="Jimmy Cliff">Jimmy Cliff</a> was released and introduced Jamaican music to cinema audiences outside Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the film achieved cult status, its limited appeal meant that it had a smaller impact than <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>'s 1974 cover of Bob Marley's "<a href="/wiki/I_Shot_the_Sheriff" title="I Shot the Sheriff">I Shot the Sheriff</a>" which made it onto the playlists of mainstream rock and pop radio stations worldwide. Clapton's "I Shot the Sheriff" used modern rock production and recording techniques and faithfully retained most of the original reggae elements; it was a breakthrough pastiche devoid of any parody and played an important part in bringing the music of Bob Marley to a wider rock audience.<sup id="cite_ref-NiceupHistory_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiceupHistory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1970s, authentic reggae dub plates and specials were getting some exposure in the UK on <a href="/wiki/John_Peel" title="John Peel">John Peel</a>'s radio show, who promoted the genre for the rest of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, British filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Marre" title="Jeremy Marre">Jeremy Marre</a> documented the Jamaican music scene in <i>Roots Rock Reggae</i>, capturing the heyday of <a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">Roots reggae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the quality of Reggae records produced in Jamaica took a turn for the worse following the oil crisis of the 1970s, reggae produced elsewhere began to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thevinylfactory.com_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thevinylfactory.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the UK <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> scene flourished, and reggae was a notable influence. The DJ <a href="/wiki/Don_Letts" title="Don Letts">Don Letts</a> would play reggae and punk tracks at clubs such as <a href="/wiki/The_Roxy_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Roxy (London)">The Roxy</a>. Punk bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">the Clash</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ruts" title="The Ruts">the Ruts</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Members" title="The Members">the Members</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Slits" title="The Slits">the Slits</a> played many reggae-influenced songs. Around the same time, reggae music took a new path in the UK; one that was created by the multiracial makeup of England's inner cities and exemplified by groups like <a href="/wiki/Steel_Pulse" title="Steel Pulse">Steel Pulse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aswad_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aswad (band)">Aswad</a> and <a href="/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a>, as well as artists such as <a href="/wiki/Smiley_Culture" title="Smiley Culture">Smiley Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Thompson" title="Carroll Thompson">Carroll Thompson</a>. The Jamaican ghetto themes in the lyrics were replaced with UK <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner city</a> themes, and Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a> became intermingled with <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> slang. In South London around this time, a new subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Lovers_rock" title="Lovers rock">lovers rock</a>, was being created. Unlike the Jamaican music of the same name which was mainly dominated by male artists such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Isaacs" title="Gregory Isaacs">Gregory Isaacs</a>, the South London genre was led by female singers like Thompson and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Kay" title="Janet Kay">Janet Kay</a>. The UK Lovers Rock had a softer and more commercial sound.Other reggae artists who enjoyed international appeal in the early 1980s include <a href="/wiki/Third_World_(band)" title="Third World (band)">Third World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Uhuru" title="Black Uhuru">Black Uhuru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Minott" title="Sugar Minott">Sugar Minott</a>. The Grammy Awards introduced the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Reggae_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album">Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album</a> category in 1985. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruhr_Reggae_Summer_M%C3%BClheim_2014_Tanya_Stephens_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ruhr_Reggae_Summer_M%C3%BClheim_2014_Tanya_Stephens_04.jpg/150px-Ruhr_Reggae_Summer_M%C3%BClheim_2014_Tanya_Stephens_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ruhr_Reggae_Summer_M%C3%BClheim_2014_Tanya_Stephens_04.jpg/225px-Ruhr_Reggae_Summer_M%C3%BClheim_2014_Tanya_Stephens_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ruhr_Reggae_Summer_M%C3%BClheim_2014_Tanya_Stephens_04.jpg/300px-Ruhr_Reggae_Summer_M%C3%BClheim_2014_Tanya_Stephens_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="3436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Stephens" title="Tanya Stephens">Tanya Stephens</a> in 2014 at a German Reggae festival</figcaption></figure> <p>Women also play a role in the reggae music industry personnel such as Olivia Grange, president of Specs-Shang Musik; Trish Farrell, president of Island/Jamaica; Lisa Cortes, president of Loose Cannon; Jamaican-American Sharon Gordon, who has worked in the independent reggae music industry.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reggae_heritage">Reggae heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reggae heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jamaican Prime Minister Bruce Golding made February 2008 the first annual Reggae Month in Jamaica. To celebrate, the Recording Industry Association of Jamaica (RIAJam) held its first Reggae Academy Awards on 24 February 2008. In addition, Reggae Month included a six-day Global Reggae conference, a reggae film festival, two radio station award functions, and a concert tribute to the late Dennis Brown, who Bob Marley cited as his favorite singer. On the business side, RIAJam held events focused on reggae's employment opportunities and potential international revenue. .<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reggae Month 2019 in Jamaica was welcomed with multiple events ranging from corporate reggae functions to major celebrations in honour of Bob Marley's Birthday on 6 February to a tribute concert in honour of Dennis Brown on 24 February along with a sold-out concert by 2019 Reggae Grammy nominated artiste Protoje for his A Matter of Time Live held at Hope Gardens in Kingston on 23 February. </p><p>In November 2018 "reggae music of Jamaica" was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> the decision recognised reggae's "contribution to international discourse on issues of injustice, resistance, love and humanity underscores the dynamics of the element as being at once cerebral, socio-political, sensual and spiritual."<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cod_reggae"><span class="anchor" id="cod_reggae"></span>Cod reggae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cod reggae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <b>cod reggae</b> is popularly used to describe reggae done by non-Caribbean people, often in a disparaging manner because of perceived <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_in_art" title="Authenticity in art">inauthenticity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boy_George" title="Boy George">Boy George</a> has been described as “one of the great cod reggae artists of all time.”<sup id="cite_ref-g-cod_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-cod-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_characteristics">Musical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Musical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reggae" title="Special:EditPage/Reggae">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64.png/350px-Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64.png/525px-Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64.png/700px-Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="158" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skank_guitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Skank guitar">Skank guitar</a> rhythm often considered "'the' reggae beat"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/58\/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_straight.mid\/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_straight.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play straight"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Reggae double riff on D and Em64 straight.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_straight.mid/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_straight.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play straight</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_straight.mid" title="File:Reggae double riff on D and Em64 straight.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b8\/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_shuffle.mid\/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_shuffle.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play shuffle"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Reggae double riff on D and Em64 shuffle.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_shuffle.mid/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_shuffle.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play shuffle</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_shuffle.mid" title="File:Reggae double riff on D and Em64 shuffle.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> (R&B), <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>, African, and Latin American music, as well as other genres. Reggae scenes consist of two guitars, one for rhythm and one for lead—drums, congas, and keyboards, with a couple of vocalists.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reggae is played in <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time</a> because the symmetrical rhythmic pattern does not lend itself to other time signatures such as <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>3</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span>. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms; staccato chords played by a guitar or piano (or both) on the offbeats of the measure, often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Ska_stroke" title="Ska stroke">skank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This rhythmic pattern accents the second and fourth beats in each <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">bar</a> and combines with the drum's emphasis on beat three to create a unique sense of phrasing. The reggae offbeat can be counted so that it falls between each count as an "and" (example: 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and ... , etc.) or counted as a half-time feel at twice the tempo so it falls on beats 2 and 4. This is in contrast to the way most other popular genres focus on beat one, the "downbeat".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tempo of reggae is usually slower than both <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-All_About_Jazz_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All_About_Jazz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is this slower tempo, the guitar/piano offbeats, the emphasis on the third beat, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopated</a>, melodic bass lines that differentiate reggae from other music, although other musical styles have incorporated some of these innovations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drums_and_other_percussion">Drums and other percussion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Drums and other percussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_drop_sixteenth-note_pattern.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/One_drop_sixteenth-note_pattern.png/230px-One_drop_sixteenth-note_pattern.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/One_drop_sixteenth-note_pattern.png/345px-One_drop_sixteenth-note_pattern.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/One_drop_sixteenth-note_pattern.png/460px-One_drop_sixteenth-note_pattern.png 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>"One drop" sixteenth-note drum pattern</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SlyDunbar1979.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/SlyDunbar1979.png/220px-SlyDunbar1979.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/SlyDunbar1979.png/330px-SlyDunbar1979.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/SlyDunbar1979.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Sly Dunbar</figcaption></figure> <p>Reggae drummers often involved these three tips for other reggae performers: (1) go for open, ringing tones when playing ska and rocksteady, (2) use any available material to stuff the bass drum so that it tightens up the kick to a deep, punchy thud, and (3) go without a ride cymbal, focusing on the hi-hat for timekeeping and thin crashes with fast decay for accents.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bass">Bass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobbieShakespeare1978.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RobbieShakespeare1978.png/170px-RobbieShakespeare1978.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RobbieShakespeare1978.png/255px-RobbieShakespeare1978.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RobbieShakespeare1978.png/340px-RobbieShakespeare1978.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>Robbie Shakespeare in 1978</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggae_Bass_Line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Reggae_Bass_Line.jpg/280px-Reggae_Bass_Line.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Reggae_Bass_Line.jpg/420px-Reggae_Bass_Line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Reggae_Bass_Line.jpg/560px-Reggae_Bass_Line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>In this typical reggae bass line, the roots of the chords are emphasized, with musical interest created by going from the root down to the fifth of the chord. A dotted quarter note and eighth note rhythm is used repeatedly.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guitars">Guitars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Guitars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Anderson1978.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Al_Anderson1978.png/190px-Al_Anderson1978.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Al_Anderson1978.png/285px-Al_Anderson1978.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Al_Anderson1978.png/380px-Al_Anderson1978.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Al Anderson</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm. So if one is counting in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time and counting "1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and ...", one would play a downstroke on the "and" part of the beat.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A musical figure known as <a href="/wiki/Skank_(guitar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skank (guitar)">skank</a> or the 'bang" has a very dampened, short and scratchy <a href="/wiki/Chop_chord" title="Chop chord">chop</a> sound, almost like a percussion instrument. Sometimes a double chop is used when the guitar still plays the off beats, but also plays the following eighth-note beats on the up-stroke. An example is the intro to "<a href="/wiki/Stir_It_Up" title="Stir It Up">Stir It Up</a>" by the Wailers. Artist and producer <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Harriott" title="Derrick Harriott">Derrick Harriott</a> says, "What happened was the musical thing was real widespread, but only among a certain sort of people. It was always a down-town thing, but more than just hearing the music. The equipment was so powerful and the vibe so strong that we feel it."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboards">Keyboards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Keyboards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reggae organ-shuffle is unique to reggae. In the original version of reggae, the drummer played a reggae groove that was used in the four bar introduction, allowing the piano to serve as a percussion instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horns">Horns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Horns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocals">Vocals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vocals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Campbell_at_Raggamuffin_2009_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ali_Campbell_at_Raggamuffin_2009_cropped.jpg/150px-Ali_Campbell_at_Raggamuffin_2009_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ali_Campbell_at_Raggamuffin_2009_cropped.jpg/225px-Ali_Campbell_at_Raggamuffin_2009_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ali_Campbell_at_Raggamuffin_2009_cropped.jpg/300px-Ali_Campbell_at_Raggamuffin_2009_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a>'s former frontman <a href="/wiki/Ali_Campbell" title="Ali Campbell">Ali Campbell</a> performing in 2009.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lyrical_themes">Lyrical themes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lyrical themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reggae is noted for its tradition of social criticism in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love and socializing. Many early reggae bands covered <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic</a> soul and <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> songs. Some reggae lyrics attempt to raise the political consciousness of the audience, such as by criticizing <a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">materialism</a>, or by informing the listener about controversial subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. Many reggae songs promote the use of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> (also known as <i>herb</i>, <i>ganja</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Sinsemilla" title="Sinsemilla">sinsemilla</a></i>), considered a sacrament in the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari#Reggae" title="Rastafari">Rastafari movement</a>. There are many artists who utilize religious themes in their music – whether it be discussing a specific religious topic, or simply giving praise to God (<a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a>). Other common socio-political topics in reggae songs include <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racism</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a> and criticism of political systems and <a href="/wiki/Rastafarian_vocabulary#Other_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarian vocabulary">"Babylon"</a>. </p><p>In recent years, Jamaican (and non-Jamaican) reggae musicians have used more positive themes in reggae music. The music is widely considered a treasured cultural export for Jamaica, so musicians who still desire progress for their island nation have begun focusing on themes of hopefulness, faith, and love. For elementary children, reggae songs such as "Give a Little Love", "One Love", or "Three Little Birds", all written by Bob Marley, can be sung and enjoyed for their optimism and cheerful lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_dancehall_and_reggae_lyrics">Criticism of dancehall and reggae lyrics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism of dancehall and reggae lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></div> <p>Some dancehall and ragga artists have been criticised for <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including threats of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buju_Banton" title="Buju Banton">Buju Banton</a>'s song "Boom Bye-Bye" states that gays "haffi dead" (have to die). Other notable dancehall artists who have been accused of homophobia include <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Man_(musician)" title="Elephant Man (musician)">Elephant Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bounty_Killer" title="Bounty Killer">Bounty Killer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beenie_Man" title="Beenie Man">Beenie Man</a>. The controversy surrounding anti-gay lyrics has led to the cancellation of UK tours by Beenie Man and Sizzla. Toronto, Canada has also seen the cancellation of concerts due to artists such as Elephant Man and Sizzla refusing to conform to similar censorship pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After lobbying from the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a> coalition, the dancehall music industry agreed in 2005 to stop releasing songs that promote hatred and violence against gay people.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2007, Beenie Man, <a href="/wiki/Sizzla" title="Sizzla">Sizzla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capleton" title="Capleton">Capleton</a> signed up to the Reggae Compassionate Act, in a deal brokered with top dancehall promoters and Stop Murder Music activists. They renounced homophobia and agreed to "not make statements or perform songs that incite hatred or violence against anyone from any community". Five artists targeted by the anti-homophobia campaign did not sign up to the act, including Elephant Man, <a href="/wiki/T.O.K." title="T.O.K.">TOK</a>, Bounty Killa and <a href="/wiki/Vybz_Kartel" title="Vybz Kartel">Vybz Kartel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buju Banton and Beenie Man both gained positive press coverage around the world for publicly renouncing homophobia by signing the Reggae Compassion Act. However, both of these artists have since denied any involvement in anti-homophobia work and both deny having signed any such act.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_significance">Global significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Global significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reggae" title="Special:EditPage/Reggae">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Reggae has spread to many countries around the world, often incorporating local instruments and fusing with other genres.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2018 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> added the "reggae music of Jamaica" to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coachella_Toots_and_the_Maytals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coachella_Toots_and_the_Maytals.jpg/220px-Coachella_Toots_and_the_Maytals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coachella_Toots_and_the_Maytals.jpg/330px-Coachella_Toots_and_the_Maytals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coachella_Toots_and_the_Maytals.jpg/440px-Coachella_Toots_and_the_Maytals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toots_and_the_Maytals" title="Toots and the Maytals">Toots and the Maytals</a> performing at the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival">Coachella festival</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Reggae_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Reggae en Español">Reggae en Español</a> spread from mainland South American Caribbean from <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> to the rest of South America. It does not have any specific characteristics other than being sung in Spanish, usually by artists of Latin American origin. <a href="/wiki/Samba_reggae" title="Samba reggae">Samba reggae</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> as a blend of <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a> with Jamaican reggae. Reggae also has a presence in <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The most notable <a href="/wiki/Jarocho" title="Jarocho">Jarocho</a> reggae group being Los Aguas Aguas from <a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a>. Some of the most popular reggae groups across Latin America come from the Southern Cone, such as the Chilean band <a href="/wiki/Gondwana_(band)" title="Gondwana (band)">Gondwana</a>, and the Argentinian band Los Cafres. The Puerto Rican band <a href="/wiki/Cultura_Prof%C3%A9tica" title="Cultura Profética">Cultura Profética</a> is also widely recognized in the region. Hispanic reggae includes three elements: the incorporation of the Spanish language; the use of translations and versions based on known riddims and background music; and regional consciousness. It is a medium of rebellious contestation rising from the underground. Hispanic reggae is related to rap, sharing characteristics that can be found not only in the social conditions in which they developed in the region but also in the characteristics of social sectors and classes that welcome them.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazilian samba-reggae utilized themes such as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and the Black Soul movement, and especially the Jamaican independence movement since the 1960s and its messages in reggae and Rastafari. Thus, the sudden popularity of reggae music and musicians in Bahia, Brazil, was not the result of the effects of the transnational music industry, but of the need to establish cultural and political links with black communities across the Americas that had faced and were facing similar sociopolitical situations.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musically, it was the bloco afro <a href="/wiki/Olodum" title="Olodum">Olodum</a> and its lead percussionist, <a href="/wiki/Neguinho_do_Samba" title="Neguinho do Samba">Neguinho do Samba</a>, that began to combine the basic samba beat of the blocos with merengue, salsa, and reggae rhythms and debuted their experimentations in the carnival of 1986. The new <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">toques</i></span> (drumming patterns) were labeled "samba-reggae" and consisted basically of a pattern in which the <a href="/wiki/Surdo" title="Surdo">surdo</a> bass drums (four of them at minimum) divided themselves into four or five interlocking parts. </p><p>In the state of <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>, in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, reggae is a very popular genre. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís</a>, the state capital, is known as the Brazilian Jamaica. The city has more than 200 <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">radiolas</i></span>, the name given to sound teams formed by DJs and sound systems with dozens of powerful amplifiers stacked. Reggae in Maranhão has its own characteristics, such as melody and dance style, as well as having its own radio and television programs. In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Reggae_Maranh%C3%A3o_Museum" title="Reggae Maranhão Museum">Reggae Museum of Maranhão</a> was inaugurated, the second reggae museum in the world (after <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>), with the objective of preserving the state's reggae cultural history.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, bands like <a href="/wiki/Rebelution_(band)" title="Rebelution (band)">Rebelution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slightly_Stoopid" title="Slightly Stoopid">Slightly Stoopid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Heads" title="Dirty Heads">Dirty Heads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iration" title="Iration">Iration</a> are the leading bands in a growing genre. Other bands like The Movement, The Elovaters, Artikal Sound </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logan_Rex-Artikal_Sound_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Logan_Rex-Artikal_Sound_System.jpg/220px-Logan_Rex-Artikal_Sound_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Logan_Rex-Artikal_Sound_System.jpg/330px-Logan_Rex-Artikal_Sound_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Logan_Rex-Artikal_Sound_System.jpg/440px-Logan_Rex-Artikal_Sound_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Logan Rex of Artikal Sound System performs at a reggae show. The band is part of a burgeoning movement of newer American Reggae bands that has been growing over the past decade. </figcaption></figure> <p>System, Soja, Fortunate Youth, Hirie, Common Kings and Tribal Seeds have enthusiastic followings and typically provide a fantastic experience opening for more established acts or in early sets at larger reggae festivals. The live experience is a major part of the American Reggae world and the presence of so many emerging bands to combine with established international acts has allowed the movement to grow in recent years. </p><p>The American reggae scene is heavily centred in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>, with large scenes also in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>. For decades, Hawaiian reggae has had a big following on the Hawaiian islands and the West coast of the US.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the east coast upstate NY has seen a rise in original roots reggae bands such as <a href="/wiki/Giant_Panda_Guerilla_Dub_Squad" title="Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad">Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body_(band)" title="John Brown's Body (band)">John Brown's Body</a> who were inspired by Jamaican reggae bands that performed in the area in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matisyahu" title="Matisyahu">Matisyahu</a> gained prominence by blending traditional Jewish themes with reggae.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounding his use of the <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">hazzan</a> style, Matisyahu's lyrics are mostly English with more than occasional use of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>. There is a large Caribbean presence in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, with English and French influences on the reggae genre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Canadian band <a href="/wiki/Magic!" title="Magic!">Magic!</a>'s 2013 single "<a href="/wiki/Rude_(song)" title="Rude (song)">Rude</a>" was an international hit. </p><p>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Toots_and_the_Maytals" title="Toots and the Maytals">Toots and the Maytals</a> became the second reggae-based group to ever perform at the <a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival">Coachella festival</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Chronixx" title="Chronixx">Chronixx</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK was a primary destination for Caribbean people looking to emigrate as early as the 1950s. Because of this, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean music in the United Kingdom</a>, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Most notable of these is <a href="/wiki/Lovers_rock" title="Lovers rock">lovers rock</a>, but this fusion of Jamaican music into English culture was seminal in the formation of other musical forms like <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a>. The UK became the base from which many Jamaican artists toured Europe and due to the large number of Jamaican musicians emigrating there, the UK is the root of the larger European scene that exists today. Many of the world's most famous reggae artists began their careers in UK. Singer and Grammy Award-winning reggae artist <a href="/wiki/Maxi_Priest" title="Maxi Priest">Maxi Priest</a> began his career with seminal British sound system <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Studio_International" title="Saxon Studio International">Saxon Studio International</a>. </p><p>Three reggae-tinged singles from <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">the Police</a>'s 1978 debut album, <i><a href="/wiki/Outlandos_d%27Amour" title="Outlandos d'Amour">Outlandos d'Amour</a></i>, laid down the template for the basic structure of a lot of rock/reggae songwriting: a reggae-infused verse containing upstrokes on guitar or keyboards and a more aggressive, on-the-beat punk/rock attack during the chorus. The end of the 1970s featured a ska revival in the UK. By the end of the 1970s, a revival movement had begun in England, with such bands as the Specials, Madness, the (English) Beat, and the Selecter. The Specials' leader and keyboardist, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Dammers" title="Jerry Dammers">Jerry Dammers</a>, founded the 2 Tone record label, which released albums from the aforementioned racially integrated groups and was instrumental in creating a new social and cultural awareness. The 2 Tone movement referenced reggae's godfathers, popular styles (including the genre's faster and more dance-oriented precursors, ska and rocksteady), and previous modes of dress (such as black suits and porkpie hats) but updated the sound with a faster tempo, more guitar, and more attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UB40in2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/UB40in2010.jpg/220px-UB40in2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/UB40in2010.jpg/330px-UB40in2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/UB40in2010.jpg/440px-UB40in2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="2197" /></a><figcaption>UB40 perform in Birmingham, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> based reggae/<a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> band <a href="/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a> were main contributors to the British reggae scene throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The achieved international success with hits such as "<a href="/wiki/Red_Red_Wine" title="Red Red Wine">Red Red Wine</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Kingston_Town_(song)" title="Kingston Town (song)">Kingston Town</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love#UB40_version" title="Can't Help Falling in Love">(I Can't Help) Falling in Love with You</a>." </p><p>Other UK-based artists that had international impact include <a href="/wiki/Aswad_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aswad (band)">Aswad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misty_in_Roots" title="Misty in Roots">Misty in Roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel_Pulse" title="Steel Pulse">Steel Pulse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Kay" title="Janet Kay">Janet Kay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tippa_Irie" title="Tippa Irie">Tippa Irie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smiley_Culture" title="Smiley Culture">Smiley Culture</a> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Bitty_McLean" title="Bitty McLean">Bitty McLean</a>. There have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica and the Caribbean community in Europe, whose music and vocal styles are almost identical to contemporary Jamaican music. The best examples might be <a href="/wiki/Alborosie" title="Alborosie">Alborosie</a> (Italy) and <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_(musician)" title="Gentleman (musician)">Gentleman</a> (Germany). Both Gentleman and Alborosie have had a significant chart impact in Jamaica, unlike many European artists. They have both recorded and released music in Jamaica for Jamaican labels and producers and are popular artists, likely to appear on many <a href="/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">riddims</a>. Alborosie has lived in Jamaica since the late 1990s and has recorded at Bob Marley's famous <a href="/wiki/Tuff_Gong" title="Tuff Gong">Tuff Gong</a> Studios. Since the early 1990s, several Italian reggae bands have emerged, including Africa Unite, <a href="/wiki/Gaudi_(musician)" title="Gaudi (musician)">Gaudi</a>, Reggae National Tickets, <a href="/wiki/Sud_Sound_System" title="Sud Sound System">Sud Sound System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitura_Freska" title="Pitura Freska">Pitura Freska</a> and <a href="/wiki/B.R._Stylers" title="B.R. Stylers">B.R. Stylers</a>. </p><p>Reggae appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular music in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav popular music scene</a> in the late 1970s, through sporadic songs by various rock acts, most prominently by <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> bands <a href="/wiki/Haustor" title="Haustor">Haustor</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arlo_Akrobata" title="Šarlo Akrobata">Šarlo Akrobata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerodrom_(band)" title="Aerodrom (band)">Aerodrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laboratorija_Zvuka" title="Laboratorija Zvuka">Laboratorija Zvuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piloti_(band)" title="Piloti (band)">Piloti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zana_(band)" title="Zana (band)">Zana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Du_Du_A" title="Du Du A">Du Du A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grupa_I" title="Grupa I">Grupa I</a>. In the mid-1980s appeared <a href="/wiki/Del_Arno_Band" title="Del Arno Band">Del Arno Band</a>, often considered the first Yugoslav band whose sound was primarily reggae-oriented, remaining one of the most notable reggae acts on the post-Yugoslav music scene. </p><p>The first homegrown <a href="/wiki/Polish_reggae" title="Polish reggae">Polish reggae</a> bands started in the 1980s with groups like <a href="/wiki/Izrael_(band)" title="Izrael (band)">Izrael</a>. Singer and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barykin" title="Alexander Barykin">Alexander Barykin</a> was considered the father of Russian reggae.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Reggae_Festival" title="Uppsala Reggae Festival">Uppsala Reggae Festival</a> attracts attendees from across Northern Europe and features Swedish reggae bands such as <a href="/wiki/Rootv%C3%A4lta" title="Rootvälta">Rootvälta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademien_(band)" title="Svenska Akademien (band)">Svenska Akademien</a> as well as many popular Jamaican artists. <a href="/wiki/Summerjam" title="Summerjam">Summerjam</a>, Europe's biggest reggae festival, takes place in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and sees crowds of 25,000 or more. <a href="/wiki/Rototom_Sunsplash" title="Rototom Sunsplash">Rototom Sunsplash</a>, a week-long festival which used to take place in <a href="/wiki/Osoppo" title="Osoppo">Osoppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, until 2009, is now held in <a href="/wiki/Benicassim" class="mw-redirect" title="Benicassim">Benicassim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and gathers up to 150,000 visitors every year. </p><p>In Iceland reggae band <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lmar" title="Hjálmar">Hjálmar</a> is well established having released six CDs in Iceland. They were the first reggae band in Iceland, but few Icelandic artists had written songs in the reggae style before their arrival on the Icelandic music scene. The Icelandic reggae scene is expanding and growing at a fast rate. RVK Soundsystem is the first Icelandic <a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">sound system</a>, counting five DJs. They hold reggae nights in Reykjavík every month at clubs Hemmi og Valdi and more recently in Faktorý as the crowd has grown so much. </p><p>In Germany, the three successful Reggae Summerjam open-air festivals were crucial parts of the renaissance of Caribbean music in Germany but in 1990, conflict broke out between the two main German promoters who had cooperated so well during the previous seasons. With a lot of infighting and personal quarrels, each of them pursued his own preparations for a big summer festival. The result was that two open-air events look place on the same day. </p><p>The 1990 Reggae Summerjam was staged as usual, but for only one day. The event took place at the Lorelei Rock amphitheater, with artists like Mad Professor's Ariwa Posse with Macka B and Kofi, Mutabaruka, the Mighty Diamonds, the Twinkle Brothers, Manu Dibango and Fela Kuti. </p><p>The other, ex-partner of the once-united promoters succeeded in bringing the original Sunsplash package to Germany for the first time. Close to the Main River in the little village of Gemaunden deep in rural south-central Germany, they staged a two-day festival that drew a bigger crowd. About 10,000 people came from all over the country as well as from neighboring states like trance<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and, for the first time, East Germany to see the lineup of top reggae artists.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reggae in Africa was much boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe on Independence Day 18 April 1980. <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_reggae" title="Nigerian reggae">Nigerian reggae</a> had developed in the 1970s with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Majek_Fashek" title="Majek Fashek">Majek Fashek</a> proving popular. In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, reggae music has played a unifying role amongst cultural groups in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. During the years of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>, the music bonded people from all demographic groups. <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Dube" title="Lucky Dube">Lucky Dube</a> recorded 25 albums, fusing reggae with <a href="/wiki/Mbaqanga" title="Mbaqanga">Mbaqanga</a>. The Marcus Garvey Rasta camp in Phillipi is regarded by many to be the reggae and <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari</a> center of Cape Town. Reggae bands play regularly at community centres such as the Zolani center in <a href="/wiki/Nyanga,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanga, Cape Town">Nyanga</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Papa_Cidy" title="Papa Cidy">Papa Cidy</a> is very popular. Arthur Lutta is also a <a href="/wiki/Ugandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan">Ugandan</a> gospel reggae drummer known for his reggae style drumming. In <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, Dub Colossus and Invisible System emerged in 2008 sharing core members, and have received wide acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mali, Askia Modibo fuses reggae with <a href="/wiki/Malian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Malian music">Malian music</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Missionaries" title="Black Missionaries">Black Missionaries</a> produced nine albums. In <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> a country where reggae music is extremely popular, <a href="/wiki/Tiken_Jah_Fakoly" title="Tiken Jah Fakoly">Tiken Jah Fakoly</a> fuses reggae with traditional music. <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Blondy" title="Alpha Blondy">Alpha Blondy</a> from Ivory Coast sings reggae with religious lyrics. In <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, beats, drums and bass guitar from reggae have been adopted by local music. Reggae is very popular there among generations from young to old; some spiritual (religious) groups grow dreadlocks and feature reggae beats in their chants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Philippines, several bands and sound systems play reggae and dancehall music. Their music is called <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_reggae" title="Pinoy reggae">Pinoy reggae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_reggae" title="Japanese reggae">Japanese reggae</a> emerged in the early 1980s. Reggae is becoming more prevalent in Thailand as well. Reggae music is quite popular in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Aside from the reggae music and Rastafari influences seen ever more on Thailand's islands and beaches, a true reggae sub-culture is taking root in Thailand's cities and towns. Many Thai artists, such as Job 2 Do, keep the tradition of reggae music and ideals alive in Thailand. </p><p>Famous Indian singer <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Kher" title="Kailash Kher">Kailash Kher</a> and music producer <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Cerejo" title="Clinton Cerejo">Clinton Cerejo</a> created <i>Kalapi</i>, a rare fusion piece of reggae and Indian music for <a href="/wiki/Coke_Studio_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Coke Studio India">Coke Studio India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than this high-profile piece, reggae is confined to a small, emerging scene in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reggae_Rajahs" title="Reggae Rajahs">Reggae Rajahs</a> are a reggae and bass music sound system crew based out of New Delhi, India.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the first Jamaican style sound system in India and creators of Goa Sunsplash Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thaikkudam_Bridge" title="Thaikkudam Bridge">Thaikkudam Bridge</a>, a neo-Indian band based in Kerala, India, is known for introducing reggae into Indian regional blues.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_the_Pacific">Australia and the Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Australia and the Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reggae_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggae in Australia">Reggae in Australia</a> originated in the 1980s. Australian reggae groups include <a href="/wiki/Sticky_Fingers_(band)" title="Sticky Fingers (band)">Sticky Fingers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_King_Brown" title="Blue King Brown">Blue King Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_Class" title="Astronomy Class">Astronomy Class</a>. </p><p>By the end of the 1980s, the local music scene in Hawaii was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Jawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaiian">Jawaiian</a> music, a local form of reggae. </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_reggae" title="New Zealand reggae">New Zealand reggae</a> was heavily inspired by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Babylon_by_Bus_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylon by Bus Tour">1979 tour</a> of the country and early reggae groups such as <a href="/wiki/Herbs_(band)" title="Herbs (band)">Herbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre has seen many bands like <a href="/wiki/Fat_Freddy%27s_Drop" title="Fat Freddy's Drop">Fat Freddy's Drop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmonella_Dub" title="Salmonella Dub">Salmonella Dub</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Seeds" title="The Black Seeds">the Black Seeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katchafire" title="Katchafire">Katchafire</a> emerging in more recent times, often involving fusion with electronica.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first-ever chart dedicated to reggae and dancehall music was established in Australia by radio presenter <a href="/w/index.php?title=DJ_Ragz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DJ Ragz (page does not exist)">DJ Ragz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> music producer <a href="/w/index.php?title=DJ_Wade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DJ Wade (page does not exist)">DJ Wade</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dancehall_Reggae_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dancehall Reggae Australia (page does not exist)">Dancehall Reggae Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/48px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/64px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dub_artists" title="List of dub artists">List of dub artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_compilation_albums" title="List of reggae compilation albums">List of reggae compilation albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_festivals" title="List of reggae festivals">Reggae festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_genres" title="Reggae genres">Reggae genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">Skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanking" class="mw-redirect" title="Skanking">Skanking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Davis. "Reggae." <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>. Oxford University Press. Web.16 Feb 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809204903/http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-toots-hibbert-10673303#acclaimed-musician">"Frederick "Toots" Hibbert Biography"</a>. <i>Biography.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-toots-hibbert-10673303#acclaimed-musician">the original</a> on 9 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography.com&rft.atitle=Frederick+%22Toots%22+Hibbert+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Ffrederick-toots-hibbert-10673303%23acclaimed-musician&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/reggae?s=t">"reggae"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813063912/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/reggae?s=t">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=reggae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Freggae%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Return_of_Reggae-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Return_of_Reggae_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettleford1994" class="citation news cs1">Nettleford, Rex (Spring 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-9/rex-nettleford-voice-caribbean#axzz8bWmj5QLA">"Rex Nettleford: A Voice From the Caribbean"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Beat" title="Caribbean Beat">Caribbean Beat</a></i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Beat&rft.atitle=Rex+Nettleford%3A+A+Voice+From+the+Caribbean&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Nettleford&rft.aufirst=Rex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbean-beat.com%2Fissue-9%2Frex-nettleford-voice-caribbean%23axzz8bWmj5QLA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Reggae." <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Music</i>, 2nd ed. rev. Ed. Michael Kennedy. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>.Oxford University Press. Web. 16 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilton, Peter. "reggae." <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>. Ed. Alison Latham. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>.Oxford University Press. Web. 16 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove_Music_Online-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grove_Music_Online_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Davis" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Davis. <i>Reggae</i> (second ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reggae&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Jazz&rft.au=Stephen+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Rick. "Reggae Music: A History and Selective Discography”. <i>Notes</i> 61.1 (2004): 206–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-All_About_Jazz-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-All_About_Jazz_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-All_About_Jazz_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2009" class="citation web cs1">May, Chris (2009-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=34239">"Various Artists | Rocksteady: The Roots Of Reggae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/All_About_Jazz" title="All About Jazz">All About Jazz</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202181642/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=34239">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+About+Jazz&rft.atitle=Various+Artists+%26%23124%3B+Rocksteady%3A+The+Roots+Of+Reggae&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutjazz.com%2Fphp%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D34239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Carolyn J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/reggae">"Reggae – music"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318144350/https://www.britannica.com/art/reggae">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Reggae+%E2%80%93+music&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Freggae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416170447/http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/Havel.htm">"Drums and Bass Guitar: The Foundation of Reggae Music"</a>. <i>debate.uvm.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/Havel.htm">the original</a> on 16 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=debate.uvm.edu&rft.atitle=Drums+and+Bass+Guitar%3A+The+Foundation+of+Reggae+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdebate.uvm.edu%2Fdreadlibrary%2FHavel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2012" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Howard (March 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206002617/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Jackie-Jackson--Bass-player-extraordinaire">"Jackie Jackson: Bass player extraordinaire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Observer" title="Jamaica Observer">Jamaica Observer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Jackie-Jackson--Bass-player-extraordinaire">the original</a> on 6 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Jackie+Jackson%3A+Bass+player+extraordinaire&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fentertainment%2FJackie-Jackson--Bass-player-extraordinaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073510/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-drummers-of-all-time-20160331/carlton-barrett-20160328">"100 Greatest Drummers of All Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. 2016-03-31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-drummers-of-all-time-20160331/carlton-barrett-20160328">the original</a> on 6 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=100+Greatest+Drummers+of+All+Time&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Flists%2F100-greatest-drummers-of-all-time-20160331%2Fcarlton-barrett-20160328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/46331/skatalites-bassist-lloyd-brevett-dead-at-80">"Skatalites Bassist Lloyd Brevett Dead at 80"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. 3 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512014128/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/46331/skatalites-bassist-lloyd-brevett-dead-at-80">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Skatalites+Bassist+Lloyd+Brevett+Dead+at+80&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F46331%2Fskatalites-bassist-lloyd-brevett-dead-at-80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2013" class="citation web cs1">Katz, David (June 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2013/06/toots-and-the-maytals-live-album">"Toots and the Maytals' Live: From Stage to Wax in 24 Hours"</a>. <i>Red Bull Music Academy Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074330/http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2013/06/toots-and-the-maytals-live-album">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+Bull+Music+Academy+Daily&rft.atitle=Toots+and+the+Maytals%27+Live%3A+From+Stage+to+Wax+in+24+Hours&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaily.redbullmusicacademy.com%2F2013%2F06%2Ftoots-and-the-maytals-live-album&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lloyd Knibb revolutionised Jamaican drumming, says PJ". Jamaica Observer. Web. 27 May 2011. <<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110530040025/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Lloyd-Knibb-revolutionised-Jamaican-drumming--says-PJ_8867991">"Lloyd Knibb revolutionised Jamaican drumming, says PJ - Entertainment - JamaicaObserver.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Lloyd-Knibb-revolutionised-Jamaican-drumming--says-PJ_8867991">the original</a> on 30 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lloyd+Knibb+revolutionised+Jamaican+drumming%2C+says+PJ+-+Entertainment+-+JamaicaObserver.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fentertainment%2FLloyd-Knibb-revolutionised-Jamaican-drumming--says-PJ_8867991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span>> Retrieved 22 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareles2000" class="citation web cs1">Pareles, Jon (4 November 2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/04/nyregion/winston-grennan-56-jamaican-drummer.html">"Winston Grennan, 56, Jamaican Drummer"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203184745/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/04/nyregion/winston-grennan-56-jamaican-drummer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Winston+Grennan%2C+56%2C+Jamaican+Drummer&rft.date=2000-11-04&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F11%2F04%2Fnyregion%2Fwinston-grennan-56-jamaican-drummer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-popular-and-jazz-biographies/sly-and-robbie">"Sly and Robbie"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510193816/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-popular-and-jazz-biographies/sly-and-robbie">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Sly+and+Robbie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fliterature-and-arts%2Fmusic-popular-and-jazz-biographies%2Fsly-and-robbie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitz2018" class="citation book cs1">Moskowitz, David Vlado (9 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDKfGRCq73cC&q=benbow&pg=PA308"><i>Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313331589" title="Special:BookSources/9780313331589"><bdi>9780313331589</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Popular+Music%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Reggae%2C+Mento%2C+Ska%2C+Rock+Steady%2C+and+Dancehall&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft.isbn=9780313331589&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.aufirst=David+Vlado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDKfGRCq73cC%26q%3Dbenbow%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-It's_About_New_Beginnings_And_Keeping_the_Faith-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-It's_About_New_Beginnings_And_Keeping_the_Faith_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Ratliff1999" class="citation news cs1">Ben Ratliff (20 September 1999). "It's About New Beginnings And Keeping the Faith". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=It%27s+About+New+Beginnings+And+Keeping+the+Faith&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1999-09-20&rft.au=Ben+Ratliff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1988" class="citation journal cs1">Warner, Keith Q. (1988). "Calypso, reggae, and Rastafarianism: Authentic Caribbean voices". <i>Popular Music and Society</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 53–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03007768808591306">10.1080/03007768808591306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-7766">0300-7766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music+and+Society&rft.atitle=Calypso%2C+reggae%2C+and+Rastafarianism%3A+Authentic+Caribbean+voices&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-62&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03007768808591306&rft.issn=0300-7766&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Keith+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Earl, Bunn, Glenn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/intlstudies_masters/42/"><i>The Influence of Rastafarianism and Reggae Music on Jamaican and International Politics</i></a> (Thesis). St. John Fisher College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005104/https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/intlstudies_masters/42/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Influence+of+Rastafarianism+and+Reggae+Music+on+Jamaican+and+International+Politics&rft.inst=St.+John+Fisher+College&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Earl&rft.aufirst=Bunn%2C+Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffisherpub.sjfc.edu%2Fintlstudies_masters%2F42%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1988" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Horace (1988). "Rastafari as Pan Africanism in the Caribbean and Africa". <i>African Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 75–88. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23500303">23500303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Rastafari+as+Pan+Africanism+in+the+Caribbean+and+Africa&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-88&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23500303%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1992" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Stephen (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reggaebloodlines00davi"><i>Reggae bloodlines : in search of the music and culture of Jamaica</i></a></span> (1st Da Capo Press ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306804960" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306804960"><bdi>978-0306804960</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26014673">26014673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reggae+bloodlines+%3A+in+search+of+the+music+and+culture+of+Jamaica&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Da+Capo+Press&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26014673&rft.isbn=978-0306804960&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freggaebloodlines00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1967, <i>Dictionary of Jamaican English</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789766401276" title="Special:BookSources/9789766401276">9789766401276</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NiceupHistory-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NiceupHistory_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NiceupHistory_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NiceupHistory_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NiceupHistory_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niceup.com/history/ja_music_59-73.html">"History of Jamaican Music 1953–1973"</a>. <i>Niceup.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807120821/http://niceup.com/history/ja_music_59-73.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niceup.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Jamaican+Music+1953%E2%80%931973&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniceup.com%2Fhistory%2Fja_music_59-73.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturges, Fiona (2004) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/frederick-toots-hibbert-the-reggae-king-of-kingston-731003.html">Frederick "Toots" Hibbert: The reggae king of Kingston</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090424021153/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/frederick-toots-hibbert-the-reggae-king-of-kingston-731003.html">Archived</a> 2009-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 4 June 2004, retrieved 11 December 2009; cf. many similar statements by Hibbert in recent years. In earlier interviews, Hibbert used to claim the derivation was from English 'regular', in reference to the beat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_White2006" class="citation book cs1">Timothy White (3 July 2006). <i>Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley</i> (Revised ed.). Owl Books, U.S. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805080865" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805080865"><bdi>978-0805080865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catch+a+Fire%3A+The+Life+of+Bob+Marley&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Owl+Books%2C+U.S.&rft.date=2006-07-03&rft.isbn=978-0805080865&rft.au=Timothy+White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAlpine,_2018-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McAlpine,_2018_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlpine2018" class="citation news cs1">McAlpine, Fraser (12 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/dc64e24d-c4e7-4e34-b2f7-e34a00ea16ad">"The unexpected origins of music's most well-used terms – BBC Music"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126010742/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/dc64e24d-c4e7-4e34-b2f7-e34a00ea16ad">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+unexpected+origins+of+music%27s+most+well-used+terms+%E2%80%93+BBC+Music&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft.aulast=McAlpine&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Farticles%2Fdc64e24d-c4e7-4e34-b2f7-e34a00ea16ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ska." <i>Encyclopedia of Popular Music</i>, 4th ed. Ed. Colin Larkin. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>. Oxford University Press. Web. 16 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salter, Richard C.. "Sources and Chronology in Rastafari Origins". <i>Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions</i> 9.1 (2005): 5–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebdige1987" class="citation book cs1">Hebdige, Dick (1987). [https:/books.google.com/books?id=zqKqiSGzxQUC&pg=PA42 <i>Cut 'N' Mix: Culture, Identity, and Caribbean Music By Dick Hebdige</i>]. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415058759" title="Special:BookSources/9780415058759"><bdi>9780415058759</bdi></a>. [https:/web.archive.org/web/20160101113902/<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqKqiSGzxQUC&pg=PA42">https://books.google.com/books?id=zqKqiSGzxQUC&pg=PA42</a> Archived] from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cut+%27N%27+Mix%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Caribbean+Music+By+Dick+Hebdige&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780415058759&rft.aulast=Hebdige&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqKqiSGzxQUC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_significance_of_corporeal_factors_and_choreographic_rhythms_in_Jamaican_popular_music_between_1957--1981_(Ska,_Rocksteady,_Reggae),_with_an_historical_and_critical_survey_of_all_relevant_literature_dealing_with_Jamaican_folk,_religious_and_popular_musics_and_dance-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_significance_of_corporeal_factors_and_choreographic_rhythms_in_Jamaican_popular_music_between_1957--1981_(Ska,_Rocksteady,_Reggae),_with_an_historical_and_critical_survey_of_all_relevant_literature_dealing_with_Jamaican_folk,_religious_and_popular_musics_and_dance_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_Joseph_McCarthy2007" class="citation book cs1">Leonard Joseph McCarthy (2007). <i>The significance of corporeal factors and choreographic rhythms in Jamaican popular music between 1957—1981 (Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae), with an historical and critical survey of all relevant literature dealing with Jamaican folk, religious and popular musics and dance</i>. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+significance+of+corporeal+factors+and+choreographic+rhythms+in+Jamaican+popular+music+between+1957%E2%80%941981+%28Ska%2C+Rocksteady%2C+Reggae%29%2C+with+an+historical+and+critical+survey+of+all+relevant+literature+dealing+with+Jamaican+folk%2C+religious+and+popular+musics+and+dance&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Leonard+Joseph+McCarthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thevinylfactory.com-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thevinylfactory.com_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thevinylfactory.com_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thevinylfactory.com_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thevinylfactory.com_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thevinylfactory.com_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thevinylfactory.com/features/from-the-vaults-the-20-best-reggae-7s-ever-made/">"From the vaults: The 20 best reggae 7"s ever made – The Vinyl Factory"</a>. <i>Thevinylfactory.com</i>. 22 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318000346/http://thevinylfactory.com/features/from-the-vaults-the-20-best-reggae-7s-ever-made/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thevinylfactory.com&rft.atitle=From+the+vaults%3A+The+20+best+reggae+7%22s+ever+made+%E2%80%93+The+Vinyl+Factory&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthevinylfactory.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffrom-the-vaults-the-20-best-reggae-7s-ever-made%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritt1989" class="citation news cs1">Britt, Bruce (10 August 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=H1tWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6991%2C6756292">"The 45-rpm single will soon be history"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. Los Angeles Daily News. p. C4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315061248/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=H1tWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7u8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6991%2C6756292">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=The+45-rpm+single+will+soon+be+history&rft.pages=C4&rft.date=1989-08-10&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DH1tWAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6991%252C6756292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garnice, Michael. "Bob Marley and the Wailers' Mento Roots." Beat 25.2 (2006): p.50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422035344/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/405360219.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+10%2C+2000&author=Muther%2C+Christopher&pub=Boston+Globe&edition=&startpage=11&desc=THE+BEAT+GOES+ON+SKA+AND+REGGAE+SCENE+SERVES+UP+SOUNDS+TO+SUIT+EVERY+TASTE">"The Beat Goes on Ska and Reggae Scene Serves up Sounds to Suit Every Taste"</a>. <i>secure.pqarchiver.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/405360219.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+10%2C+2000&author=Muther%2C+Christopher&pub=Boston+Globe&edition=&startpage=11&desc=THE+BEAT+GOES+ON+SKA+AND+REGGAE+SCENE+SERVES+UP+SOUNDS+TO+SUIT+EVERY+TASTE">the original</a> on 22 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=secure.pqarchiver.com&rft.atitle=The+Beat+Goes+on+Ska+and+Reggae+Scene+Serves+up+Sounds+to+Suit+Every+Taste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.pqarchiver.com%2Fboston%2Fdoc%2F405360219.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DAug%2B10%252C%2B2000%26author%3DMuther%252C%2BChristopher%26pub%3DBoston%2BGlobe%26edition%3D%26startpage%3D11%26desc%3DTHE%2BBEAT%2BGOES%2BON%2BSKA%2BAND%2BREGGAE%2BSCENE%2BSERVES%2BUP%2BSOUNDS%2BTO%2BSUIT%2BEVERY%2BTASTE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Reggae." <i>Encyclopedia of Popular Music</i>, 4th ed. Ed. Colin Larkin. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>. Oxford University Press. Web. 16 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin O'Brien Chang, 1998, <i>Reggae Routes</i>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amg-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amg_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/millie-small-mn0000489606/biography">"Millie Small – Biography & History – AllMusic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231443/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/millie-small-mn0000489606/biography">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Millie+Small+%E2%80%93+Biography+%26+History+%E2%80%93+AllMusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fmillie-small-mn0000489606%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sexton, Paul. "A Legend in His Own Time." Billboard – The International Newsweekly of Music, Video and Home Entertainment 113.39 (29 Sep 2001): p. C-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steffens, Roger. ‘The Harder They Come: 30 Years After.” The Beat 22.1 (2003): p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaar, Gillian G. "The Beat goes on." Goldmine 38.14 (Dec 2012): p. 26-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RHYTHM OF RESISTANCE ROOTS, ROCK, REGGAE SALSA KONKOMBE The Beat8.3 (1989): 59–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120219/cleisure/cleisure4.html">"Oil prices under threat"</a>. <i>Jamaica-gleaner.com</i>. 19 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318002454/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120219/cleisure/cleisure4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica-gleaner.com&rft.atitle=Oil+prices+under+threat&rft.date=2012-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20120219%2Fcleisure%2Fcleisure4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oumano, E. (27 January 1996). Women increase number, scope of roles in reggae.<i>Billboard – the International Newsweekly of Music, Video and Home Entertainment, 108</i>, 1–1, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meschino, P. (15 March 2008). Music: Reggae – reclaiming reggae revenue. <i>Billboard – the International Newsweekly of Music, Video and Home Entertainment, 120</i>, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/reggae-music-of-jamaica-01398">"Reggae music of Jamaica"</a>. UNESCO Culture Sector. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129090119/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/reggae-music-of-jamaica-01398">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reggae+music+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=UNESCO+Culture+Sector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Freggae-music-of-jamaica-01398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-cod-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g-cod_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2018" class="citation news cs1">Haynes, Gavin (26 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/oct/26/cod-complex-why-boy-george-is-one-of-inauthentic-reggaes-all-time-greats">"Cod complex: why Boy George is one of 'inauthentic' reggae's all-time greats"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001143327/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/oct/26/cod-complex-why-boy-george-is-one-of-inauthentic-reggaes-all-time-greats">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cod+complex%3A+why+Boy+George+is+one+of+%27inauthentic%27+reggae%27s+all-time+greats&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2018%2Foct%2F26%2Fcod-complex-why-boy-george-is-one-of-inauthentic-reggaes-all-time-greats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, Richard (2004). <i>How to Play Rhythm Guitar</i>, p.72. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-811-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-811-7">0-87930-811-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn, V. M. (18 February 1973). Sound. <i>Chicago Tribune</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hombach, Jean-Pierre (2010). <i>Bob Marley the Father of Music</i>, p.14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781471620454" title="Special:BookSources/9781471620454">9781471620454</a>. "Reggae is most easily recognized by...the skank."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levitin, Daniel J. (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_On_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="This Is Your Brain On Music">This Is Your Brain On Music</a></i>, pp. 113–114 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28852-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28852-2">978-0-452-28852-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, M. (2012, 08). Jamaican drum sounds. <i>Modern Drummer, 36</i>, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reggaeguitarlessons.com/">"Reggae Guitar Lessons"</a>. <i>Reggaeguitarlessons.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531070416/http://www.reggaeguitarlessons.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reggaeguitarlessons.com&rft.atitle=Reggae+Guitar+Lessons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reggaeguitarlessons.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley, Lloyd. <i>This Is Reggae Music: The Story Of Jamaica's Music.</i> New York : Grove Press, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon, A. (2006, Summer). Jazz piano stylings: A contemporary approach. <i>Piano Today, 26</i>, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/HASH5cd4cf20c65d4a87ecfcf5">"The 1970's Reggae Revolution: resistance against Western Imperialism by Jeremie Kroubo-Dagnini"</a>. <i>Manioc.org</i>. 21 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130704024850/http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/HASH5cd4cf20c65d4a87ecfcf5">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manioc.org&rft.atitle=The+1970%27s+Reggae+Revolution%3A+resistance+against+Western+Imperialism+by+Jeremie+Kroubo-Dagnini&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manioc.org%2Ffichiers%2FHASH5cd4cf20c65d4a87ecfcf5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, Susan W. "Reggae For Standards-Based Music Learning." <i>General Music Today</i> 17.1 (2003): 11–17. <i>Music Index</i>. Web. 15 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.towleroad.com/2007/06/reggae_stars_re.html">"Reggae Stars Renounce Homophobia, Condemn Anti-gay Violence"</a>. <i>Towleroad.com</i>. 13 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925105032/http://www.towleroad.com/2007/06/reggae_stars_re.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Towleroad.com&rft.atitle=Reggae+Stars+Renounce+Homophobia%2C+Condemn+Anti-gay+Violence&rft.date=2007-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.towleroad.com%2F2007%2F06%2Freggae_stars_re.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619081126/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1182991,00.html">"The Most Homophobic Place on Earth?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 12 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1182991,00.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Most+Homophobic+Place+on+Earth%3F&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1182991%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/reggae-s-elephant-man-nixed-from-toronto-concert-1.864382">"Reggae's Elephant Man nixed from Toronto concert"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Reggae%27s+Elephant+Man+nixed+from+Toronto+concert&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Freggae-s-elephant-man-nixed-from-toronto-concert-1.864382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221302/https://www.dancehall.mobi/2009/04/09/sizzla-refuses-to-bow-toronto-show-cancelled/">"Sizzla Refuses To 'Bow' – Toronto Show Cancelled"</a>. <i>Dancehall.mobi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dancehall.mobi/2009/04/09/sizzla-refuses-to-bow-toronto-show-cancelled/">the original</a> on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dancehall.mobi&rft.atitle=Sizzla+Refuses+To+%27Bow%27+%E2%80%93+Toronto+Show+Cancelled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dancehall.mobi%2F2009%2F04%2F09%2Fsizzla-refuses-to-bow-toronto-show-cancelled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flick, Larry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050715235727/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_2005_April_12/ai_n13606969">"Gay vs. reggae: the reggae music industry makes changes in response to gay activists' protesting violently homophobic lyrics. The artists have no comment"</a>, The Advocate, 12 April 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/reggae%20industry%20to%20ban%20homophobia">"Sizzl – Reggae Industry to Ban Homophobia"</a>. <i>Contactmusic.com</i>. 8 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112152526/http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/reggae%20industry%20to%20ban%20homophobia">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contactmusic.com&rft.atitle=Sizzl+%E2%80%93+Reggae+Industry+to+Ban+Homophobia&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contactmusic.com%2Fnew%2Fxmlfeed.nsf%2Fmndwebpages%2Freggae%2520industry%2520to%2520ban%2520homophobia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429190141/http://www.jamaicans.com/news/announcements/Reggaestarsrenouncehomophobia062007.shtml">"Reggae stars renounce homophobia – Beenie Man, Sizzla and Capleton sign deal"</a>. <i>Jamaicans.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicans.com/news/announcements/Reggaestarsrenouncehomophobia062007.shtml">the original</a> on 29 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaicans.com&rft.atitle=Reggae+stars+renounce+homophobia+%E2%80%93+Beenie+Man%2C+Sizzla+and+Capleton+sign+deal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicans.com%2Fnews%2Fannouncements%2FReggaestarsrenouncehomophobia062007.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629101413/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-5028.html">"Peter Tatchell stands by Beenie Man and Banton signatures"</a>. <i>PinkNews.co.uk</i>. 26 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-5028.html/">the original</a> on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PinkNews.co.uk&rft.atitle=Peter+Tatchell+stands+by+Beenie+Man+and+Banton+signatures&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2005-5028.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJérémie_Kroubo_Dagnini2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etudescaribeennes.revues.org/4740">"The importance of Reggae music in the worldwide cultural universe"</a>. <i>Revue Études Caribéennes</i>. <b>16</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923004500/https://etudescaribeennes.revues.org/4740">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+%C3%89tudes+Carib%C3%A9ennes&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+Reggae+music+in+the+worldwide+cultural+universe&rft.volume=16&rft.date=2010&rft.au=J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie+Kroubo+Dagnini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetudescaribeennes.revues.org%2F4740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnapes2018" class="citation news cs1">Snapes, Laura (29 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/nov/29/un-adds-reggae-music-to-list-of-international-cultural-treasures">"UN adds reggae music to list of international cultural treasures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129205955/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/nov/29/un-adds-reggae-music-to-list-of-international-cultural-treasures">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UN+adds+reggae+music+to+list+of+international+cultural+treasures&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft.aulast=Snapes&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2018%2Fnov%2F29%2Fun-adds-reggae-music-to-list-of-international-cultural-treasures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, S. F. (2009). Reggae in Cuba and the Hispanic Caribbean: Fluctuations and representations of identities. <i>Black Music Research Journal, 29</i>(1), 25–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Béhague, G. (2006). Globalization/Modernization – rap, reggae, rock, or samba: The local and the global in Brazilian popular music (1985–95). <i>Latin American Music Review/Revista de Música Latinoamericana, 27</i>(1), 79–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oimparcial.com.br/cultura/2018/01/museu-do-reggae-esta-aberto-ao-publico/">"Museu do Reggae está aberto ao público | O Imparcial"</a>. <i>Oimparcial.com.br</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073358/https://oimparcial.com.br/cultura/2018/01/museu-do-reggae-esta-aberto-ao-publico/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oimparcial.com.br&rft.atitle=Museu+do+Reggae+est%C3%A1+aberto+ao+p%C3%BAblico+%7C+O+Imparcial&rft.date=2018-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foimparcial.com.br%2Fcultura%2F2018%2F01%2Fmuseu-do-reggae-esta-aberto-ao-publico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mele.com/music/genre/reggae/">"Reggae Musicians from Hawaii"</a>. <i>Mele.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060327012357/http://www.mele.com/music/genre/reggae/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mele.com&rft.atitle=Reggae+Musicians+from+Hawaii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mele.com%2Fmusic%2Fgenre%2Freggae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170626121533/http://www.ithacareggaefest.com/history.html">"Ithaca Reggae Festival History"</a>. <i>Ithacareggaefestival.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ithacareggaefest.com/history.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ithacareggaefestival.com&rft.atitle=Ithaca+Reggae+Festival+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ithacareggaefest.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerica" class="citation web cs1">Merica, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324082400/http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/12/26/q-and-a-with-matisyahu-hasidic-reggae-superstar-sans-the-hasidim/">"Q and A with Matisyahu: 'Hasidic reggae superstar' sans the Hasidim"</a>. <i>Religion.blogs.cnn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/12/26/q-and-a-with-matisyahu-hasidic-reggae-superstar-sans-the-hasidim/">the original</a> on 24 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion.blogs.cnn.com&rft.atitle=Q+and+A+with+Matisyahu%3A+%27Hasidic+reggae+superstar%27+sans+the+Hasidim&rft.aulast=Merica&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.blogs.cnn.com%2F2012%2F12%2F26%2Fq-and-a-with-matisyahu-hasidic-reggae-superstar-sans-the-hasidim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainment/music/coachella/2016/04/24/chronixx-brings-roots-reggae-coachella/83450350/">"Chronixx brings roots reggae to Coachella"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022120244/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainment/music/coachella/2016/04/24/chronixx-brings-roots-reggae-coachella/83450350/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Chronixx+brings+roots+reggae+to+Coachella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fcoachella%2F2016%2F04%2F24%2Fchronixx-brings-roots-reggae-coachella%2F83450350%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/music-festivals/7760520/coachella-2017-day-3-toots-and-the-maytals-sofi-tukker-skepta">"Coachella Day 3: Toots and the Maytals, Sofi Tukker, Skepta & More Midday Highlights"</a>. <i>Billboard.com</i>. 17 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022234119/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/music-festivals/7760520/coachella-2017-day-3-toots-and-the-maytals-sofi-tukker-skepta">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard.com&rft.atitle=Coachella+Day+3%3A+Toots+and+the+Maytals%2C+Sofi+Tukker%2C+Skepta+%26+More+Midday+Highlights&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Fmusic-festivals%2F7760520%2Fcoachella-2017-day-3-toots-and-the-maytals-sofi-tukker-skepta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Toots-for-Coachella-fest_85633">"Toots for Coachella fest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Observer" title="Jamaica Observer">Jamaica Observer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113241/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Toots-for-Coachella-fest_85633">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Toots+for+Coachella+fest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fentertainment%2FToots-for-Coachella-fest_85633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stemkovsky, I. (2012, 08). Reggae-core. <i>Modern Drummer, 36</i>, 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930011306/http://www.superstar.su/players/22/">Superstar 2008. Team of USSR ALEXANDER BARYKIN</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Habekost, C. ". (1990, REGGAE SUNSPLASH GERMANY. <i>The Beat, 9</i>, 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCibula2013" class="citation web cs1">Cibula, Matt (7 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popmatters.com/pm/feature/165332-why-2012-is-the-year-of-ethiopian-hybrid-music/">"Why 2012 Is the Year of Ethiopian Hybrid Music"</a>. <i>PopMatters.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117231726/http://www.popmatters.com/pm/feature/165332-why-2012-is-the-year-of-ethiopian-hybrid-music">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PopMatters.com&rft.atitle=Why+2012+Is+the+Year+of+Ethiopian+Hybrid+Music&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft.aulast=Cibula&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopmatters.com%2Fpm%2Ffeature%2F165332-why-2012-is-the-year-of-ethiopian-hybrid-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/12582-a-town-called-addis/">"Pitchfork media review of Ethiopia's Dub Collosus"</a>. <i>Pitchfork.com</i>. 15 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604182350/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/12582-a-town-called-addis/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork.com&rft.atitle=Pitchfork+media+review+of+Ethiopia%27s+Dub+Collosus&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Freviews%2Falbums%2F12582-a-town-called-addis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Denselow2008" class="citation news cs1">Robin Denselow (21 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/nov/21/dub-colossus-town-called-addis">"The Guardian's review of Dub Collosus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029230935/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/nov/21/dub-colossus-town-called-addis">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Guardian%27s+review+of+Dub+Collosus&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft.au=Robin+Denselow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2008%2Fnov%2F21%2Fdub-colossus-town-called-addis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131209205531/http://cokestudioindia.mobi/season3/e03-s03.html?WT.cl=1&WT.mn=Kalapi">"Kalapi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cokestudioindia.mobi/season3/e03-s03.html?WT.cl=1&WT.mn=Kalapi">the original</a> on 9 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalapi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcokestudioindia.mobi%2Fseason3%2Fe03-s03.html%3FWT.cl%3D1%26WT.mn%3DKalapi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121228053351/http://www.reggae-vibes.com/concert/reggaeindia/reggaeindia.htm">"Reggae in India"</a>. 28 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reggae-vibes.com/concert/reggaeindia/reggaeindia.htm">the original</a> on 28 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reggae+in+India&rft.date=2012-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reggae-vibes.com%2Fconcert%2Freggaeindia%2Freggaeindia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigg2010" class="citation web cs1">Bigg, Margot (2010-08-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rollingstoneindia.com/inna-reggae-rajahs-style/">"Inna Reggae Rajahs Style"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone+India&rft.atitle=Inna+Reggae+Rajahs+Style&rft.date=2010-08-10&rft.aulast=Bigg&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frollingstoneindia.com%2Finna-reggae-rajahs-style%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theideaslab.com/reggae-rajahs-raghav-dang-bringing-reggae-rage-india/">"Reggae Rajahs: Raghav Dang On Bringing The Reggae Rage To India"</a>. <i>The Ideas Lab</i>. 2017-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ideas+Lab&rft.atitle=Reggae+Rajahs%3A+Raghav+Dang+On+Bringing+The+Reggae+Rage+To+India&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheideaslab.com%2Freggae-rajahs-raghav-dang-bringing-reggae-rage-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridge" class="citation web cs1">Bridge, Thaikkudam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thaikkudambridge.com/">"Thaikkudam Bridge, reggae"</a>. <i>Thaikkudambridge.com</i>. Govind Menon, Siddhart Menon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150314191633/http://thaikkudambridge.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thaikkudambridge.com&rft.atitle=Thaikkudam+Bridge%2C+reggae&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=Thaikkudam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthaikkudambridge.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vidarasta.com/frases-de-bob-marley/">Bob Marley Quotes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520025030/http://www.vidarasta.com/frases-de-bob-marley/">Archived</a> 20 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The online biography</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, M. (2006, Reggae in paradise: New Zealand vibes. <i>The Beat, 25</i>, 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoop.com.au/dancehall-reggae-chart-launched/">"New interactive music chart for dancehall and reggae launched"</a>. <i>Scoop</i>. 2017-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scoop&rft.atitle=New+interactive+music+chart+for+dancehall+and+reggae+launched&rft.date=2017-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscoop.com.au%2Fdancehall-reggae-chart-launched%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/splash/dj-ragz_109624?profile=1116">"DJ Ragz charts destiny (Jamaica Observer)"</a>. <i>Jamaica Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=DJ+Ragz+charts+destiny+%28Jamaica+Observer%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fsplash%2Fdj-ragz_109624%3Fprofile%3D1116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/keeping-the-beat-alive-down-under_111016?profile=1116">"Jamaica Observer Limited"</a>. <i>Jamaica Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Jamaica+Observer+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fentertainment%2Fkeeping-the-beat-alive-down-under_111016%3Fprofile%3D1116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralia" class="citation web cs1">Australia, Dancehall Reggae. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dancehallreggae.com.au/australian-dancehall-reggae-chart/">"Australia's first music chart dedicated to Dancehall and Reggae"</a>. Dancehall Reggae Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+first+music+chart+dedicated+to+Dancehall+and+Reggae.&rft.pub=Dancehall+Reggae+Australia&rft.aulast=Australia&rft.aufirst=Dancehall+Reggae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdancehallreggae.com.au%2Faustralian-dancehall-reggae-chart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoop.com.au/dancehall-reggae-chart-launched/">"New interactive music chart for dancehall and reggae launched"</a>. <i>Scoop</i>. 2017-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scoop&rft.atitle=New+interactive+music+chart+for+dancehall+and+reggae+launched&rft.date=2017-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscoop.com.au%2Fdancehall-reggae-chart-launched%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini (2008). <i>Les origines du reggae: retour aux sources. Mento, ska, rocksteady, early reggae</i>, L'Harmattan, coll. Univers musical. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-06252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-06252-8">978-2-296-06252-8</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini (2011). <i>Vibrations jamaïcaines. L'Histoire des musiques populaires jamaïcaines au XXe siècle</i>, Camion Blanc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35779-157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35779-157-2">978-2-35779-157-2</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel,_Peter,_with_Kenneth_Bilby_and_Michael_Largey2006" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter, with Kenneth Bilby and Michael Largey (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caribbeancurrents00manuel"><i>Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae (2nd edition). Temple University Press, 2006</i></a></span>. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-463-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-463-2"><bdi>978-1-59213-463-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Currents%3A+Caribbean+Music+from+Rumba+to+Reggae+%282nd+edition%29.+Temple+University+Press%2C+2006&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-463-2&rft.au=Manuel%2C+Peter%2C+with+Kenneth+Bilby+and+Michael+Largey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaribbeancurrents00manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien_Chang,_KevinChen,_Wayne1998" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien Chang, Kevin & Chen, Wayne (1998). <i>Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music</i>. Ian Randle Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-8100-67-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-8100-67-2"><bdi>978-976-8100-67-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reggae+Routes%3A+The+Story+of+Jamaican+Music&rft.pub=Ian+Randle+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-976-8100-67-2&rft.au=O%27Brien+Chang%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (1996). <i>Du tango au reggae: musiques noires d'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes</i>. Paris: Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2082108133" title="Special:BookSources/978-2082108133"><bdi>978-2082108133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Du+tango+au+reggae%3A+musiques+noires+d%27Am%C3%A9rique+latine+et+des+Cara%C3%AFbes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-2082108133&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (1998). <i>Músicas del Caribe</i>. Madrid: Akal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8440677051" title="Special:BookSources/978-8440677051"><bdi>978-8440677051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%BAsicas+del+Caribe&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Akal&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8440677051&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin,_Colin1998" class="citation book cs1">Larkin, Colin, ed. (1998). <i>The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae</i>. Virgin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0242-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0242-6"><bdi>978-0-7535-0242-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgin+Encyclopedia+of+Reggae&rft.pub=Virgin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-0242-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow,_Steve_&_Dalton,_Peter2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barrow" title="Steve Barrow">Barrow, Steve</a> & Dalton, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoregg00barr"><i>The Rough Guide to Reggae</i></a> (3rd ed.). Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-329-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-329-0"><bdi>978-1-84353-329-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Reggae&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-329-0&rft.au=Barrow%2C+Steve+%26+Dalton%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetoregg00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow,_Chris1999" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, Chris (1999). <i>Stir It Up: Reggae Cover Art</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28154-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28154-3"><bdi>978-0-500-28154-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stir+It+Up%3A+Reggae+Cover+Art&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28154-3&rft.au=Morrow%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahn,_BrianWeber,_Tom1998" class="citation book cs1">Jahn, Brian & Weber, Tom (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reggaeislandjama00jahn"><i>Reggae Island: Jamaican Music in the Digital Age</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80853-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80853-1"><bdi>978-0-306-80853-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reggae+Island%3A+Jamaican+Music+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80853-1&rft.au=Jahn%2C+Brian&rft.au=Weber%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freggaeislandjama00jahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurford,_Ray1987" class="citation book cs1">Hurford, Ray, ed. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moreaxe00blac"><i>More Axe</i></a>. Erikoispaino Oy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-99841-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-99841-4-8"><bdi>978-951-99841-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Axe&rft.pub=Erikoispaino+Oy&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-951-99841-4-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoreaxe00blac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotash,_Chris1997" class="citation book cs1">Potash, Chris, ed. (1997). <i>Reggae, Rasta, Revolution: Jamaican Music from Ska to Dub</i>. Schirmer Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8256-7212-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8256-7212-5"><bdi>978-0-8256-7212-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reggae%2C+Rasta%2C+Revolution%3A+Jamaican+Music+from+Ska+to+Dub&rft.pub=Schirmer+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8256-7212-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaek,_HenrikHedegard,_Hans1999" class="citation book cs1">Baek, Henrik & Hedegard, Hans (1999). <i>Dancehall Explosion, Reggae Music into the Next Millennium</i>. Samler Borsen Publishing, Denmark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-981684-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-981684-3-0"><bdi>978-87-981684-3-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancehall+Explosion%2C+Reggae+Music+into+the+Next+Millennium&rft.pub=Samler+Borsen+Publishing%2C+Denmark&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-87-981684-3-0&rft.au=Baek%2C+Henrik&rft.au=Hedegard%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz,_David2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Katz_(author)" title="David Katz (author)">Katz, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplefunnyboy00katz"><i>People Funny Boy: The Genius of Lee Scratch Perry</i></a>. Payback Press, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-854-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-854-0"><bdi>978-0-86241-854-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+Funny+Boy%3A+The+Genius+of+Lee+Scratch+Perry&rft.pub=Payback+Press%2C+UK&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-86241-854-0&rft.au=Katz%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplefunnyboy00katz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesser,_Beth2002" class="citation book cs1">Lesser, Beth (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingjammys00less"><i>King Jammy's</i></a>. ECW Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-525-9"><bdi>978-1-55022-525-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Jammy%27s&rft.pub=ECW+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55022-525-9&rft.au=Lesser%2C+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingjammys00less&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolzoff,_Norman_C.2000" class="citation book cs1">Stolzoff, Norman C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waketowntellpeop00stol"><i>Wake The Town And Tell The People</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2514-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2514-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-2514-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wake+The+Town+And+Tell+The+People&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2514-7&rft.au=Stolzoff%2C+Norman+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaketowntellpeop00stol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis,_StephenSimon,_Peter1979" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Stephen & Simon, Peter (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reggaebloodlines00davi"><i>Reggae Bloodlines: In Search of the Music and Culture of Jamaica</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80496-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80496-0"><bdi>978-0-306-80496-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reggae+Bloodlines%3A+In+Search+of+the+Music+and+Culture+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80496-0&rft.au=Davis%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Simon%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freggaebloodlines00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz,_David2003" class="citation book cs1">Katz, David (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/solidfoundationo00katz"><i>Solid Foundation - An Oral history of Reggae</i></a></span>. Bloomsburry, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-143-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-143-9"><bdi>978-1-58234-143-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solid+Foundation+-+An+Oral+history+of+Reggae&rft.pub=Bloomsburry%2C+UK&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58234-143-9&rft.au=Katz%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsolidfoundationo00katz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_KoninghCane-Honeysett2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_de_Koningh" title="Michael de Koningh">de Koningh, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Cane-Honeysett" title="Laurence Cane-Honeysett">Cane-Honeysett, Laurence</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/younggiftedblack00deko"><i>Young Gifted and Black - The Story of Trojan Records</i></a>. Sanctuary Publishing, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86074-464-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86074-464-8"><bdi>978-1-86074-464-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Gifted+and+Black+-+The+Story+of+Trojan+Records&rft.pub=Sanctuary+Publishing%2C+UK&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86074-464-8&rft.aulast=de+Koningh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Cane-Honeysett%2C+Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyounggiftedblack00deko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Koningh,_MichaelGriffiths,_Marc2003" class="citation book cs1">de Koningh, Michael & Griffiths, Marc (2003). <i>Tighten Up - The History of Reggae in the UK</i>. Sanctuary Publishing, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86074-559-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86074-559-1"><bdi>978-1-86074-559-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tighten+Up+-+The+History+of+Reggae+in+the+UK&rft.pub=Sanctuary+Publishing%2C+UK&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86074-559-1&rft.au=de+Koningh%2C+Michael&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley,_Lloyd2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bradley" title="Lloyd Bradley">Bradley, Lloyd</a> (2001). <i>Bass Culture. When Reggae Was King</i>. Penguin Books Ltd, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023763-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023763-4"><bdi>978-0-14-023763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bass+Culture.+When+Reggae+Was+King&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd%2C+UK&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-023763-4&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley,_Lloyd2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bradley" title="Lloyd Bradley">Bradley, Lloyd</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisisreggaemusi00brad"><i>This Is Reggae Music. The Story of Jamaica's Music</i></a>. Penguin Books Ltd, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-802-13828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-802-13828-6"><bdi>978-0-802-13828-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Is+Reggae+Music.+The+Story+of+Jamaica%27s+Music&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd%2C+UK&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-802-13828-6&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisisreggaemusi00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang,_Jeff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chang_(journalist)" title="Jeff Chang (journalist)">Chang, Jeff</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Stop,_Won%27t_Stop:_A_History_of_the_Hip-Hop_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation"><i>Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation</i></a>. St. Martin's Press, 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-30143-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-30143-9"><bdi>978-0-312-30143-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can%27t+Stop%2C+Won%27t+Stop%3A+A+History+of+the+Hip-Hop+Generation&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press%2C+2005&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-312-30143-9&rft.au=Chang%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReggae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bradley, Lloyd (1996). <i>Reggae on CD: The Essential Collection</i>. London: Kyle-Cathie. 368 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85636-577-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85636-577-8">1-85636-577-8</a>. The ISBN is from the back cover; the ISBN on the verso of the t.p. is incomplete.</li> <li>Smith, Horane. <i>Reggae Silver</i> Bedside Books. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/art-culture/bookends-feb-05-2012page-one-inside-checking-in-with-horane-smithpage-twobookshelfchecking-in-with-horane-smith/">https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/art-culture/bookends-feb-05-2012page-one-inside-checking-in-with-horane-smithpage-twobookshelfchecking-in-with-horane-smith/</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggae&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reggae" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Reggae">Reggae</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reggae" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: green; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reggae" title="Template:Reggae"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reggae" title="Template talk:Reggae"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reggae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reggae"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reggae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Reggae</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: green; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reggae_genres" title="Reggae genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Genres</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall_pop" title="Dancehall pop">Dancehall pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dembow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dembow">Dembow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">Dub</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dub_poetry" title="Dub poetry">Dub poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psydub" title="Psydub">Psydub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_reggae" title="Gospel reggae">Gospel reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_rock" title="Lovers rock">Lovers rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyabinghi_rhythm" title="Nyabinghi rhythm">Nyabinghi rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">Ragga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ragga_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragga jungle">Ragga jungle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Reggae en Español">Reggae en Español</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_fusion" title="Reggae fusion">Reggae fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C3%A9" title="Alté">Alté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall_pop" title="Dancehall pop">Dancehall pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahton" title="Moombahton">Moombahton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragga jungle">Ragga jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_rock" title="Reggae rock">Reggae rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_punk" title="Reggae punk">Reggae punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaestep" title="Reggaestep">Reggaestep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">Roots reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_reggae" title="Samba reggae">Samba reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seggae" title="Seggae">Seggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singjay" title="Singjay">Singjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">Two-tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: green; color: white;;width:1%">Characteristics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">Delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_drop_rhythm" title="One drop rhythm">One drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singjay" title="Singjay">Singjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_stroke" title="Ska stroke">Skank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">Toasting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey#Reggae_deejays" title="Disc jockey">Deejay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">Walking bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: green; color: white;;width:1%">People and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Reggae_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album">Reggae Grammy winners 1985-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_musicians" title="List of reggae musicians">Reggae musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_rock_artists" title="List of reggae rock artists">Reggae rock artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_fusion_artists" title="List of reggae fusion artists">Reggae fusion artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roots_reggae_artists" title="List of roots reggae artists">Roots reggae artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dub_artists" title="List of dub artists">Dub artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_record_producers" title="List of Jamaican record producers">Jamaican record producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_bands_from_the_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of reggae bands from the Virgin Islands">Reggae bands from the Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: green; color: white;;width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_reggae" title="African reggae">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_music_in_Kenya" title="Reggae music in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seggae" title="Seggae">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_reggae" title="Nigerian reggae">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimdancehall" title="Zimdancehall">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_reggae" title="Australian reggae">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_reggae" title="Japanese reggae">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_reggae" title="New Zealand reggae">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_reggae" title="Pacific reggae">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_reggae" title="Pinoy reggae">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_reggae" title="Polish reggae">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: green; color: white;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_festivals" title="List of reggae festivals">List of reggae festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean music in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">Rude boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">Skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suedehead_(subculture)" title="Suedehead (subculture)">Suedehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_Hall_(Jamaican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance Hall (Jamaican)">Dance Hall (venue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubplate" title="Dubplate">Dubplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound system (Jamaican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)" title="Sound system (DJ)">Sound system (DJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">Riddim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(record_label)" title="Studio One (record label)">Studio One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Records" title="Trojan Records">Trojan Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Beat_Records" title="Blue Beat Records">Blue Beat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: green; color: white;"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/48px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/64px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity:_Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Template talk:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity:_Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>: Music</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_people#Music" title="Aka people">Aka polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Albanian folk iso-polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqyn" title="Aqyn">Aqyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ashiqs of Azerbaijan">Ashiqs of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">Azerbaijani tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul#Baul_music" title="Baul">Baul music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C4%87arac" title="Bećarac">Bećarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigwala" title="Bigwala">Bigwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyelgee" title="Biyelgee">Biyelgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistritsa_Babi" title="Bistritsa Babi">Bistritsa Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranhão" title="Bumba Meu Boi">Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Beijing opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore" title="Cantu a tenore">Cantu a tenore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremona_violins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremona violins">Cremona violins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshuva" title="Eshuva">Eshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagok" title="Gagok">Gagok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_music" title="Garifuna music">Garifuna music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)#Traditional_vocal_polyphony" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgian vocal polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_of_gong_culture" title="Space of gong culture">Gong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">Gwoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Hua'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudhud_chants" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudhud chants">Hudhud chants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_jerye" title="Jongmyo jerye">Jongmyo Jereyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Maqam">Iraqi Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_scale" title="Istrian scale">Istrian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgal_Laox" class="mw-redirect" title="Kgal Laox">Kgal Laox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Khuumii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">Klapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Khorasan Bakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumi_odori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumi odori">Kumi odori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_song" title="Long song">Long song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">Morin khuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Nanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungmul" title="Pungmul">Nongak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojkanje" title="Ojkanje">Ojkanje singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">Pansori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirekua" title="Pirekua">Pirekua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">Radif</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_de_roda" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba de roda">Samba de roda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Seto Leelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">Shashmaqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Silbo Gomero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovácko Verbuňk">Slovácko Verbuňk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Song of Sana'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosso_Bala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso Bala">Sosso Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania#Sutartinės" title="Music of Lithuania">Sutartinės</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">Táncház</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl" title="The Song of the Sibyl">The Song of the Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumba_francesa" title="Tumba francesa">Tumba francesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Vedic chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang#Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang">Wayang kulit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_guyue" title="Xi'an guyue">Xi'an guyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoan_singing" title="Xoan singing">Xoan singing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balafon_Jamie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gum-rubber mallets on a balafon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/80px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/120px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/160px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rastafari" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rastafari" title="Template:Rastafari"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rastafari" title="Template talk:Rastafari"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rastafari" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rastafari"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rastafari" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis#Rastafari" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Cannabis use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadlocks" title="Dreadlocks">Dreadlocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyaric" title="Iyaric">Iyaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livity_(spiritual_concept)" title="Livity (spiritual concept)">Livity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897%E2%80%931974).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A green, gold, and red vertical tricolor with a lion in the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/85px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/128px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/170px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menen_Asfaw" title="Menen Asfaw">Menen Asfaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Life_and_Ethiopia%27s_Progress" title="My Life and Ethiopia's Progress">My Life and Ethiopia's Progress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Promised_Key" title="The Promised Key">The Promised Key</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Piby" title="Holy Piby">Holy Piby</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Parchment_Scroll_of_Black_Supremacy" title="Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy">Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mansions_of_Rastafari" title="Mansions of Rastafari">Mansions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_Ashanti" title="Bobo Ashanti">Bobo Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyabinghi_(Mansion_of_Rastafari)" title="Nyabinghi (Mansion of Rastafari)">Nyabinghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel_(Rastafari)" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel (Rastafari)">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashamane" title="Shashamane">Shashamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounation_Day" title="Grounation Day">Grounation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement#Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Reasoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Howell" title="Leonard Howell">Leonard Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hibbert" title="Joseph Hibbert">Joseph Hibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Dunkley" title="Archibald Dunkley">Archibald Dunkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Planno" title="Mortimer Planno">Mortimer Planno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Carrington" title="Vernon Carrington">Vernon Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edwards_(Rastafari)" title="Charles Edwards (Rastafari)">Charles Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tosh" title="Peter Tosh">Peter Tosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Rastafari" title="Judaism and Rastafari">Relation to Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">In the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rastafari" title="Category:Rastafari">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalice_(pipe)" title="Chalice (pipe)">Chalice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ites_Gold_and_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Ites Gold and Green">Ites Gold and Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastacap" title="Rastacap">Rastacap</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reggae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">Roots reggae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ska" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ska" title="Template:Ska"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ska" title="Template talk:Ska"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ska" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ska"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ska" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ska" title="Christian ska">Christian ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouge" title="Spouge">Spouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska#Third_wave_ska" title="Ska">Third wave ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">Two-tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_ska" title="Australian ska">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_ska" title="Japanese ska">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County_ska" title="Orange County ska">Orange County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_record_producers" title="List of Jamaican record producers">Jamaican record producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(record_label)" title="Studio One (record label)">Studio One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Records" title="Trojan Records">Trojan Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Beat_Records" title="Blue Beat Records">Blue Beat Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Tone_Records" title="2 Tone Records">2 Tone Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Ska_Records" title="Moon Ska Records">Moon Ska Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Man_Records" title="Asian Man Records">Asian Man Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">Rude boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooterboy" title="Scooterboy">Scooterboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">Skinhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_skinhead" title="Trojan skinhead">Trojan skinhead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suedehead_(subculture)" title="Suedehead (subculture)">Suedehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean music in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jamaica" title="Culture of Jamaica">Culture of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_Hall_(Jamaican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance Hall (Jamaican)">Dance hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">List of Caribbean music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ska_musicians" title="List of ska musicians">List of ska musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Business_Suit_Levitating_emoji" title="Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji">Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skank_(dance)" title="Skank (dance)">Skank (dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_stroke" title="Ska stroke">Ska stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound system (Jamaican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calypso_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calypso_music" title="Template:Calypso music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calypso_music" title="Template talk:Calypso music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calypso_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calypso music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calypso_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benna_(genre)" title="Benna (genre)">Benna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brega_pop" title="Brega pop">Brega pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadence-lypso" title="Cadence-lypso">Cadence-lypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extempo" title="Extempo">Extempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jw%C3%A9" title="Jwé">Jwé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiso" title="Kaiso">Kaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanto" title="Shanto">Shanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Costa Rican</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_de_El_Callao" title="Calypso de El Callao">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_tent" title="Calypso tent">Calypso tents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canboulay" title="Canboulay">Canboulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo_(dance)" title="Limbo (dance)">Limbo dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_Canada" title="Caribbean music in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom#Music_from_Trinidad" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Music of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">Music of West Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouge" title="Spouge">Spouge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Carnival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calypsonian" title="Calypsonian">Calypsonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9794#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85112348">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01024473">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="reggae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph224432&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000290908&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529442005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reggae&oldid=1258499207">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reggae&oldid=1258499207</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reggae" title="Category:Reggae">Reggae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jamaican_styles_of_music" title="Category:Jamaican styles of music">Jamaican styles of music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity">Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_music" title="Category:1960s in music">1960s in music</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: URL">CS1 errors: URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2018">Articles needing additional references from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 02:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reggae&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-z27g8","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.213","walltime":"1.383","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9235,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":268474,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11714,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":383136,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1131.442 1 -total"," 34.95% 395.473 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.07% 204.496 39 Template:Cite_web"," 10.74% 121.497 27 Template:Cite_book"," 8.86% 100.239 3 Template:Lang"," 8.25% 93.383 3 Template:Sidebar"," 6.89% 77.921 1 Template:Infobox_music_genre"," 6.66% 75.321 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.37% 72.076 1 Template:Music_of_Jamaica"," 6.07% 68.663 1 Template:Music_of_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.731","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17907875,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-8p8br","timestamp":"20241122140734","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Reggae","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reggae","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9794","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9794","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-13T20:45:34Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T02:20:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5e\/Bob-Marley.jpg","headline":"music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s"}</script> </body> </html>