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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Armed formation in 19th-century UK</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For uses in fantasy settings, see <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeleton (undead)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clash_Royale" title="Clash Royale">Clash Royale</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeleton-salvation-armies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Skeleton-salvation-armies.jpg/260px-Skeleton-salvation-armies.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Skeleton-salvation-armies.jpg/390px-Skeleton-salvation-armies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9b/Skeleton-salvation-armies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Salvation Army being pursued by the Skeleton Army with its distinctive <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(military)" title="Skull and crossbones (military)">skull and crossbones</a> banner c. 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Skeleton Army</b> was a diffuse group from <a href="/wiki/Weston-super-Mare" title="Weston-super-Mare">Weston-super-Mare</a>, active particularly in <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a>, that opposed and disrupted <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a>'s marches against alcohol in the late 19th century and best known for an attack in <a href="/wiki/Bethnal_Green" title="Bethnal Green">Bethnal Green</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Clashes between the two groups led to the deaths of several Salvationists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Standard_of_the_Salvation_Army.svg/150px-Standard_of_the_Salvation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Standard_of_the_Salvation_Army.svg/225px-Standard_of_the_Salvation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Standard_of_the_Salvation_Army.svg/300px-Standard_of_the_Salvation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Background</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Movement">Holiness Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Organization</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Generals_of_The_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Generals of The Salvation Army">General</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Staff_of_The_Salvation_Army" title="Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army">Chief of the Staff</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/International_Headquarters_of_The_Salvation_Army" title="International Headquarters of The Salvation Army">International Headquarters</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_The_Salvation_Army" title="High Council of The Salvation Army">High Council</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_in_The_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner in The Salvation Army">Commissioners</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_The_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of The Salvation Army">Officer</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Soldier_of_The_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldier of The Salvation Army">Soldier</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army_corps" title="Salvation Army corps">Corps</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Prominent Salvationists</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/William_Booth" title="William Booth">William Booth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Booth" title="Catherine Booth">Catherine Booth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bramwell_Booth" title="Bramwell Booth">Bramwell Booth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Florence_Eleanor_Soper" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Eleanor Soper">Florence Booth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Booth" title="Evangeline Booth">Evangeline Booth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ballington_Booth" title="Ballington Booth">Ballington Booth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Bramwell-Booth" title="Catherine Bramwell-Booth">Catherine Bramwell-Booth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Booth-Tucker" title="Frederick Booth-Tucker">Frederick Booth-Tucker</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Booth-Clibborn" title="Arthur Booth-Clibborn">Arthur Booth-Clibborn</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cadman" title="Elijah Cadman">Elijah Cadman</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/George_Carpenter_(Salvation_Army)" title="George Carpenter (Salvation Army)">George Carpenter</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/James_Dowdle" title="James Dowdle">James Dowdle</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/John_Lawley" title="John Lawley">John Lawley</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/George_Scott_Railton" title="George Scott Railton">George Scott Railton</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/T._Henry_Howard" title="T. Henry Howard">T. Henry Howard</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jeffries" title="Charles Jeffries">Charles Jeffries</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Kitching" title="Theodore Kitching">Theodore Kitching</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Darkie_Hutton" title="Darkie Hutton">Darkie Hutton</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/William_Ridsdel" title="William Ridsdel">William Ridsdel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Steadman-Allen" title="Ray Steadman-Allen">Ray Steadman-Allen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Read_(Salvationist)" title="Harry Read (Salvationist)">Harry Read</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Eva_Burrows" title="Eva Burrows">Eva Burrows</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mapp" title="Henry Mapp">Henry Mapp</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/John_McMillan_(Salvation_Army_officer)" title="John McMillan (Salvation Army officer)">John McMillan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bulla" title="Stephen Bulla">Stephen Bulla</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Earle_Maxwell" title="Earle Maxwell">Earle Maxwell</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Other topics</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army_brass_band" title="Salvation Army brass band">Brass bands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Promoted_to_Glory" title="Promoted to Glory">Promoted to Glory</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Founder" title="Order of the Founder">Order of the Founder</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Limelight_Department" title="Limelight Department">Limelight Department</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Kettle" title="Christmas Kettle">Christmas Kettle</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_Cry" title="The War Cry">The War Cry</a></i> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldier's Covenant">Soldier's Covenant</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Bank" title="Reliance Bank">Reliance Bank</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Beggar" title="The Blind Beggar">The Blind Beggar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ray_%26_Joan_Kroc_Corps_Community_Centers" title="Ray & Joan Kroc Corps Community Centers">Kroc Centers</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sunbury_Court" title="Sunbury Court">Sunbury Court</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Legislation</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army_Act_1931" title="Salvation Army Act 1931">Salvation Army Act 1931</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army_Act_1963" title="Salvation Army Act 1963">Salvation Army Act 1963</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army_Act_1980" title="Salvation Army Act 1980">Salvation Army Act 1980</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Related organizations</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Workers" title="American Rescue Workers">American Rescue Workers</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Volunteers_of_America" title="Volunteers of America">Volunteers of America</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Skeleton Army</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a><hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Salvation_Army" title="Template:The Salvation Army"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Salvation_Army" title="Template talk:The Salvation Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Salvation_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Salvation Army"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeleton-gazette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Skeleton-gazette.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><i>The "Skeleton"</i>, a Skeleton Army <a href="/wiki/Gazette" title="Gazette">gazette</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest reference to an organised opposition to The Salvation Army was in August 1880 in <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a>, when The Unconverted Salvation Army was founded with its flag and motto of "Be just and fear not". </p><p>In 1881, Skeleton Armies were raised in <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weston-super-Mare" title="Weston-super-Mare">Weston-super-Mare</a>, and the name was quickly taken up elsewhere as other groups were formed in the south of England; there are no records of Skeleton Armies north of London. Membership was predominantly lower to middle working-class.<sup id="cite_ref-Horridge_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horridge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 'Blood on the Flag', Major Nigel Bovey identifies 21 towns and cities that are north of London -- three in Scotland -- in which the Skeleton Army opposed The Salvation Army.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Skeletons" recognised each other by various insignia used to distinguish themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-sac_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sac-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skeletons used banners with skulls and crossbones; sometimes there were two coffins and a statement like, "Blood and Thunder" (mocking the Salvation Army's war cry "Blood and Fire") or the three Bs: "Beef", "Beer" and "<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Bacca</a>" – again mocking the Salvation Army's three S's – "Soup", "Soap" and "Salvation". Banners also had pictures of monkeys, rats and the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a>. Skeletons further published so-called "gazettes" considered libellous as well as <a href="/wiki/Obscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscene">obscene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blasphemous" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasphemous">blasphemous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sac_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sac-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heritage_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several techniques were employed by the "Skeletons" to disrupt Salvation Army meetings and marches; these included throwing rocks and dead rats, marching while loudly playing musical instruments or shouting, and physically assaulting Salvation Army members at their meetings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confrontation">Confrontation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeleton_Army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Confrontation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/George_Scott_Railton" title="George Scott Railton">George Scott Railton</a>, second in command of the Salvation Army, claimed the Skeleton Army first started in <a href="/wiki/Weston-super-Mare" title="Weston-super-Mare">Weston-super-Mare</a> in 1881,<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contemporary press reports show that it first appeared in Exeter in October 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Weston-super-Mare, in March 1882 Captain William Beatty, Thomas Bowden and William Mullins were given a three-month prison sentence by the <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace" title="Breach of the peace">breach of the peace</a> when they broke a local ban on processions.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This led to the case of <i>Beatty v Gillbanks</i> (1882), which held that the Salvation Army was acting lawfully when marching, despite knowing that their assembly could well lead to riots. As their intentions were ultimately peaceful and unrelated to the cause of inciting riot, the court found their actions to be within the limits of the law. That it was known that their marching may cause riots was not found to be a breach of the law, as it was the actions of antagonistic parties including the Skeleton Army which led directly to the riotous behaviour. The convictions against Beatty and the two other Salvationists were later quashed by the High Court and costs were awarded against the sentencing magistrates. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeleton_Army_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Skeleton_Army_1884.jpg/220px-Skeleton_Army_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Skeleton_Army_1884.jpg/330px-Skeleton_Army_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Skeleton_Army_1884.jpg/440px-Skeleton_Army_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>The Skeleton Army rioting in Worthing in 1884</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theskeletonarmy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Theskeletonarmy.jpg/220px-Theskeletonarmy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Theskeletonarmy.jpg/330px-Theskeletonarmy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Theskeletonarmy.jpg/440px-Theskeletonarmy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>The Skeleton Army at <a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a> in 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>The action was reported by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>; at the appeal hearing it was erroneously stated that the Skeleton Army was founded in <a href="/wiki/Weston-super-Mare" title="Weston-super-Mare">Weston-super-Mare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of an attack in <a href="/wiki/Bethnal_Green" title="Bethnal Green">Bethnal Green</a> in November 1882 the <i>Bethnal Green Eastern Post</i> stated: </p> <blockquote><p>A genuine rabble of 'roughs' pure and unadulterated has been infesting the district for several weeks past. These <a href="/wiki/Vagabond_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagabond (person)">vagabonds</a> style themselves the 'Skeleton Army'.... The 'skeletons' have their collectors and their collecting sheets and one of them was thrust into my hands... it contained a number shopkeepers' names... I found that <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">publicans</a>, beer sellers and butchers are subscribing to this imposture... the collector told me that the object of the Skeleton Army was to put down the Salvationists by following them about everywhere, by beating a drum and burlesquing their songs, to render the conduct of their processions and services impossible... Amongst the Skeleton rabble there is a large percentage of the most consummate loafers and unmitigated <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blackguards" class="extiw" title="wikt:blackguards">blackguards</a> London can produce...worthy of the disreputable class of publicans who hate the <a href="/wiki/London_School_Board" title="London School Board">London School Board</a>, education and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/temperance" class="extiw" title="wikt:temperance">temperance</a> and who, seeing the beginning of the end of their immoral traffic, and prepared for the most desperate enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Both sources agree <a href="/wiki/Salvationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvationist">Salvationists</a> were pelted with missiles. At Bethnal Green, such items as flour, rotten eggs, stones and brickbats were among those used, and many Salvationists were manhandled and beaten. When news of trouble in London spread, Skeleton riots took place in other parts of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, when in April 1884 the owner of an alcohol shop in <a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a> objected to Salvation Army criticism concerning the selling of alcoholic beverages, 4,000 "Skeletons" joined in that town in direct opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Salvationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvationist">Salvationists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black, sticky tar was painted onto the wall of the alley which the entrance to the Salvation Army barracks shared with the alcohol shop. This damaged Salvation Army uniforms as they marched through it. Also eggs filled with blue paint were thrown at the "Sally Army". Many in Worthing approved of these confrontational activities, but the Salvation Army continued unabated.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain Ada Smith led those who faced the "Skeletons" in Worthing. <a href="/wiki/William_Booth" title="William Booth">General Booth</a> requested police protection for the Salvation Army in that town and ordered Captain Smith and her soldiers to remain in their barracks until they got it. However, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Vernon_Harcourt_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Vernon Harcourt (politician)">Sir William Harcourt</a>, said it was outside his jurisdiction to offer such protection. Finally General Booth ordered Captain Smith and her group to march on Sundays unprotected by the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-worthing_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worthing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Sunday, 17 August 1884, the police, the Salvation Army and the Skeletons confronted each other in Worthing. For an hour the police kept the peace, then the Skeletons rioted. The area was filled with screaming men, brick dust and broken glass. The Salvationists returned to their "barracks" and the Skeletons tried to burn it down. The landlord of the barracks, George Head, a Salvation Army supporter, defended his property and the people there with a revolver, wounding several Skeletons. Head was later brought before the <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> on a charge of feloniously and maliciously wounding a young man named Olliver.<sup id="cite_ref-worthing_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worthing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> were at first unhelpful. The <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Metropolitan Police Commissioner</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Henderson" title="Edmund Henderson">Edmund Henderson</a> denied what happened.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public eventually demanded action and Skeleton riots in London were belatedly put down. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_stages">Final stages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeleton_Army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Final stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skeleton riots continued elsewhere until 1893 when they faded out.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, at least 669 Salvation Army members were assaulted, including 251 women.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gospel_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gospel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one occasion, while defending themselves, 86 Salvation Army members were arrested and imprisoned on disorderly conduct charges.<sup id="cite_ref-Gospel_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gospel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a new Salvation Army Corps was opened in <a href="/wiki/Potton" title="Potton">Potton</a> in Bedfordshire on 1 June 1890, large contingents of the Skeleton Army made fun of the local Salvationists. <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_Cry" title="The War Cry">The War Cry</a></i> reported: </p> <blockquote><p>... the skeletons did all the shouting and we had only the opportunity of blessing them by showing unruffled love in answer to the disturbance in our proceedings"...."The skeleton flag was out with its coffin, skull and cross-bones as well as the whole Skeleton force, uniformed, beating a drum, playing flutes, whirling rattles and screaming through trumpets. One of their chosen leaders was carried shoulder high, ringing a bell and attired in an untrimmed coal-scuttle bonnet. I noticed that the publicans looked pleased to see this array and several waved their hats. But we were good friends of the skeletons, twelve of whom sat at our tea table... Their leaders were very courteous and sincerely desirous of keeping their somewhat rabble followers within bounds. Almost implicit obedience was given them. Their skeleton War Cry was freely sold, but doesn't quite beat the original.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 'Blood on the Flag', Major Nigel Bovey states that there is no contemporary evidence for a Salvationist being killed directly by a member of the Skeleton Army. He records that Captain Sarah Jane Broadhurst was hit during an attack by the Skeletons in Shoreham on Sunday 12 October 1884. The captain died on 6 February 1892, some eight years later.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mayor of <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a> stated he would, "put down this Salvation Army business" with help from the Skeleton Army if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skeletons attacked many Salvationists. Salvationists considered it incompatible with Christian principles to defend themselves but thought the police should protect them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skeleton_to_Salvationist">Skeleton to Salvationist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeleton_Army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Skeleton to Salvationist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jeffries" title="Charles Jeffries">Charles Jeffries</a> was a 'lieutenant' in the Skeleton Army in <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a> in 1881, and was well known for disrupting Salvation Army public meetings and on occasion had assaulted Salvation Army <a href="/wiki/Soldier_in_The_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldier in The Salvation Army">Soldiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Officer_in_The_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer in The Salvation Army">Officers</a>. Then Jeffries was proselytised and started to attend a <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army_corps" title="Salvation Army corps">Salvation Army corps</a>, soon becoming an active Soldier, and then after attending training college, became an Officer. He served in many countries including China and Australia and eventually rose to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_in_The_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner in The Salvation Army">Commissioner</a>, serving as the head of corps work as British Commissioner in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Claughton_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claughton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A two-person off-Broadway musical created by Neil Leduke was written in 2019 by John Copeland and Len Ballantine about Charles Jeffries' dramatic transformation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeleton_Army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Horridge-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horridge_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horridge, Glenn K., <i>The Salvation Army Origins and Early Days 1865–1900</i> Ammonite Books (1993) pg 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blood on the Flag</i>, Nigel Bovey, Shield Books.2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sac-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sac_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sac_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacollectables.com/eastbourne.html">Salvation Army Collectables website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025162859/http://www.sacollectables.com/eastbourne.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heritage-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heritage_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heritage_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heritage_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heritage_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heritage_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heritage_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.salvationarmy.org/heritage.nsf/0/4be78290d9a20b738025697c0051c5b2?OpenDocument">The Salvation Army International Heritage Centre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051023202407/http://www1.salvationarmy.org/heritage.nsf/0/4be78290d9a20b738025697c0051c5b2?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 23 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawreportsqueen08unkngoog/page/n344/mode/2up">Queens Bench Division Vol IX pp. 308–315</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/ArchivesAndRecordOffice/CommunityArchives/Potton/PottonSalvationArmy.aspx">Potton Salvation Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_County_Council" title="Bedfordshire County Council">Bedfordshire County Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916121855/http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/ArchivesAndRecordOffice/CommunityArchives/Potton/PottonSalvationArmy.aspx">Archived</a> 16 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOjt7Rycb_YC&dq=skeleton+army+salvation+army&pg=PA185">Swift, Roger (Editor) 'Victorian Chester: Essays in Social History 1830–1900' Published by Liverpool University Press (1996) pg 185</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-661-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-661-5">0-85323-661-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1260460">JSTOR <i>Folklore</i> Vol. 99, No. 2 (1988) pgs 221–231</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worthing-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worthing_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-worthing_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worthingsalvationarmy.org.uk/Corps/Corps%20History.htm">History of Worthing Salvation Army Corps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827235036/http://www.worthingsalvationarmy.org.uk/Corps/Corps%20History.htm">Archived</a> 27 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Surrey Advertiser and County Times</i> 23 September 1893, 1ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEJIc5nnc0gC&dq=1889+at+least+669+Salvation+Army+members+were+assaulted&pg=PA479">Hughes, R. Kent, <i>John: That You May Believe, Volume 43</i></a> Crossway Books (1999) pg 479 <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gospel-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gospel_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gospel_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gospeltruth.net/booth/boothbioshort.htm">'William Bramwell Booth: His Life and Ministry' on The Gospel Truth website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/ArchivesAndRecordOffice/CommunityArchives/Potton/PottonSalvationArmy.aspx">Potton Salvation Army</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_County_Council" title="Bedfordshire County Council">Bedfordshire County Council</a> website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916121855/http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/ArchivesAndRecordOffice/CommunityArchives/Potton/PottonSalvationArmy.aspx">Archived</a> 16 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claughton-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Claughton_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaughton1946" class="citation news cs1">Claughton, lilian M. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2288256">"Charles H. Jeffries from "Skeleton" to Salvationist Leader"</a>. Judd Street, King's Cross, London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, Ltd. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Charles+H.+Jeffries+from+%22Skeleton%22+to+Salvationist+Leader&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Claughton&rft.aufirst=lilian+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2FRecord%2F2288256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkeleton+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeleton_Army&oldid=1251303891">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeleton_Army&oldid=1251303891</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protests_in_England" title="Category:Protests in England">Protests in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temperance_movement" title="Category:Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Salvation_Army" title="Category:The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victorian_era" title="Category:Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alcohol_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Alcohol in the United Kingdom">Alcohol in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1884" title="Category:Organizations established in 1884">Organizations established in 1884</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_February_2014" title="Category:EngvarB from February 2014">EngvarB from February 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2014">Use dmy dates from February 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 October 2024, at 13:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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