CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Arabian horse - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3dbe64e7-3c89-4007-9e90-9aaf865b751d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Arabian_horse","wgTitle":"Arabian horse","wgCurRevisionId":1258790170,"wgRevisionId":1258790170,"wgArticleId":292690, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Arabian_horse","wgRelevantArticleId":292690,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym": "Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym": "閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym": "eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym": "Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir": "rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym": "नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang": "pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym": "ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa", "autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp" ,"dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn", "ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q184138","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true, "historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg/800px-Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg/640px-Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="512"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Arabian horse - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Arabian_horse rootpage-Arabian_horse stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arabian+horse" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Arabian+horse" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arabian horse</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Arabian_horse" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arabian+horse" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arabian horse (disambiguation)">Arabian horse (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Arabian or Arab horse (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الحصان العربي <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[alħisˤaːn alʕarabijj]</a>, <a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DMG</a> al-ḥiṣān al-ʿarabī) is a <a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">breed</a> of horse with historic roots on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is also one of the oldest modern breeds. Although modern <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> cannot trace breed purity in the modern population beyond 200 years, there is archaeological evidence of horses in the Middle East with <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landrace</a> characteristics that resemble modern Arabians dating back 3,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian horses have spread around the world by both war and trade, used to improve other breeds by adding speed, refinement, endurance, and strong bone. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every modern breed of riding horse. <table class="infobox biota"><caption class="infobox-title breed">Arabian horse</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg/220px-Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg/330px-Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg/440px-Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800"></a><div class="infobox-caption">An Arabian mare</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Arabian, Arab</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Developed in the Middle East, most notably <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide from Middle East and North Africa origins<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DDD;">Traits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>800 to 1,000 lb (360 to 450 kg)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>14.1 to 15.1 <a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> (57 to 61 inches, 145 to 155 cm)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Bay, black, chestnut, or gray. Occasional <a href="/wiki/Dominant_white" title="Dominant white">dominant white</a>, sabino, or rabicano patterns.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distinguishing features</th><td class="infobox-data">Finely chiseled bone structure, concave profile, arched neck, comparatively level croup, high-carried tail.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#DDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Equus ferus caballus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Arabian developed in a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> climate and was prized by the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> people, often being brought inside the family tent for shelter and protection from theft. <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a> for traits, including an ability to form a cooperative relationship with humans, created a horse breed that is good-natured, quick to learn, and willing to please. The Arabian also developed the high spirit and alertness needed in a horse used for raiding and <a href="/wiki/War_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="War horse">war</a>. This combination of willingness and sensitivity requires modern Arabian horse owners to handle their horses with competence and respect. The Arabian is a versatile breed. Arabians dominate the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a> and compete today in many other fields of <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> sport. They are one of the top ten most popular <a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">horse breeds</a> in the world. They are now found worldwide, including the United States and Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, continental Europe, South America (especially Brazil), and their land of origin, the Middle East. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Breed_characteristics">1 Breed characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Skeletal_analysis">1.1 Skeletal analysis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Size">1.2 Size</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Temperament">1.3 Temperament</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Colors">1.4 Colors</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Gray_and_white">1.4.1 Gray and white</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sabino">1.4.2 Sabino</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Rabicano_or_roan">1.4.3 Rabicano or roan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Colors_that_do_not_exist_in_purebreds">1.4.4 Colors that do not exist in purebreds</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Genetic_disorders">1.5 Genetic disorders</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Legends">2 Legends</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Origins">3 Origins</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Desert_roots">3.1 Desert roots</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Strains_and_pedigrees">3.2 Strains and pedigrees</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Historic_development">4 Historic development</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Role_in_the_ancient_world">4.1 Role in the ancient world</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#In_Islamic_history">4.2 In Islamic history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Egypt">4.3 Egypt</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Arrival_in_Europe">5 Arrival in Europe</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Polish_and_Russian_breeding_programs">5.1 Polish and Russian breeding programs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Central_and_western_Europe">5.2 Central and western Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Rise_of_the_Crabbet_Park_Stud">5.3 Rise of the Crabbet Park Stud</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Early_20th-century_Europe">5.4 Early 20th-century Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Modern_warfare_and_its_impact_on_European_studs">5.5 Modern warfare and its impact on European studs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#After_the_Cold_War">5.6 After the Cold War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#In_America">6 In America</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Early_imports">6.1 Early imports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Development_of_purebred_breeding_in_America">6.2 Development of purebred breeding in America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Modern_trends">6.3 Modern trends</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#In_Australia">7 In Australia</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Early_imports_2">7.1 Early imports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#In_the_20th_and_21st_centuries">7.2 In the 20th and 21st centuries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Modern_breeding">8 Modern breeding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Influence_on_other_horse_breeds">9 Influence on other horse breeds</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Uses">10 Uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Competition">10.1 Competition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Other_activities">10.2 Other activities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Sources">11.1 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Breed_characteristics">Breed characteristics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Breed characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horse_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse anatomy">Horse anatomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gatsby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A light gray horse moving at a trot through an arena with all four feet off the ground. The tail is carried high and the neck is arched." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gatsby.jpg/220px-Gatsby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="245"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gatsby.jpg/220px-Gatsby.jpg" data-alt="A light gray horse moving at a trot through an arena with all four feet off the ground. The tail is carried high and the neck is arched." data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Gatsby.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A purebred Arabian stallion, showing dished profile, arched neck, level croup and high-carried tail </figcaption></figure> Arabian horses have refined, wedge-shaped heads, a broad forehead, large eyes, large nostrils, and small muzzles. Most display a distinctive concave, or "dished" profile. Many Arabians also have a slight forehead bulge between their eyes, called the jibbah by the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>, that adds additional sinus capacity, believed to have helped the Arabian horse in its native dry desert climate.<a href="#cite_note-Upton21-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archer89-3">[3]</a> Another breed characteristic is an arched neck with a large, well-set windpipe set on a refined, clean <a href="/wiki/Horse_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse anatomy">throatlatch</a>. This structure of the <a href="/wiki/Horse_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse anatomy">poll</a> and throatlatch was called the mitbah or mitbeh by the Bedouin. In the ideal Arabian, it is long, allowing flexibility in the <a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridle</a> and room for the windpipe.<a href="#cite_note-Archer89-3">[3]</a> Other distinctive features are a relatively long, level <a href="/wiki/Croup_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croup (horse)">croup</a>, or top of the hindquarters, and naturally high tail carriage. The USEF breed standard requires Arabians to have solid bone and standard correct <a href="/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">equine conformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USEF_AR-102-4">[4]</a> Well-bred Arabians have a deep, well-angled hip and well laid-back shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-Parkinson157-5">[5]</a> Within the breed, there are variations. Some individuals have wider, more powerfully muscled hindquarters suitable for intense bursts of activity in events such as <a href="/wiki/Reining" title="Reining">reining</a>, while others have longer, leaner muscling better suited for long stretches of flatwork such as <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Most have a compact body with a short back.<a href="#cite_note-Archer89-3">[3]</a> Arabians usually have dense, strong bone, and good <a href="/wiki/Hoof" title="Hoof">hoof</a> walls. They are especially noted for their endurance,<a href="#cite_note-Athletes-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-GBE73p245-8">[8]</a> and the superiority of the breed in endurance riding competition demonstrates that well-bred Arabians are strong, sound horses with superior stamina. At international <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">FEI</a>-sponsored endurance events, Arabians and half-Arabians are the dominant performers in distance competition.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeletal_analysis">Skeletal analysis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Skeletal analysis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabian_horse_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A defleshed skeleton of a horse put together in a standing position." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Arabian_horse_skeleton.jpg/220px-Arabian_horse_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1627"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Arabian_horse_skeleton.jpg/220px-Arabian_horse_skeleton.jpg" data-alt="A defleshed skeleton of a horse put together in a standing position." data-width="220" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Arabian_horse_skeleton.jpg/330px-Arabian_horse_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Arabian_horse_skeleton.jpg/440px-Arabian_horse_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mounted skeleton of an Arabian horse, showing underlying structure of breed characteristics including concave profile, short back, high-set tail, distinction between level croup and well-angulated hip. This specimen also has only 5 lumbar vertebrae. </figcaption></figure> Some Arabians, though not all, have 5 <a href="/wiki/Lumbar" title="Lumbar">lumbar</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a> instead of the usual 6, and 17 pairs of ribs rather than 18.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p27-10">[10]</a> A quality Arabian has both a relatively horizontal croup and a properly angled <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> as well as good croup length and depth to the hip (determined by the length of the pelvis), that allows agility and impulsion.<a href="#cite_note-Parkinson157-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> A misconception confuses the topline of the croup with the angle of the "hip" (the pelvis or <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a>), leading some to assert that Arabians have a flat pelvis angle and cannot use their hindquarters properly. However, the croup is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacral</a> vertebrae. The hip angle is determined by the attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a> to the spine, the structure and length of the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>, and other aspects of hindquarter anatomy, which is not correlated to the topline of the sacrum. Thus, the Arabian has <a href="/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">conformation</a> typical of other horse breeds built for speed and distance, such as the <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a>, where the angle of the ilium is more oblique than that of the croup.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_Anatomy_chapter_6-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parkinson121-14">[14]</a> Thus, the hip angle is not necessarily correlated to the topline of the croup. Horses bred to gallop need a good length of croup and good length of hip for proper attachment of muscles, and so unlike angle, length of hip and croup do go together as a rule.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards_Anatomy_chapter_6-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Size" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The breed standard stated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation" title="United States Equestrian Federation">United States Equestrian Federation</a>, describes Arabians as standing between 14.1 to 15.1 <a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> (57 to 61 inches, 145 to 155 cm) tall, "with the occasional individual over or under".<a href="#cite_note-USEF_AR-102-4">[4]</a> Thus, all Arabians, regardless of height, are classified as "horses", even though 14.2 <a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> (58 inches, 147 cm) is the traditional cutoff height between a horse and a <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> A common myth is that Arabians are not strong because they are relatively small and refined. However, the Arabian horse is noted for a greater density of bone than other breeds, short <a href="/wiki/Horse_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse anatomy">cannons</a>, sound feet, and a broad, short back,<a href="#cite_note-Archer89-3">[3]</a> all of which give the breed physical strength comparable to many taller animals.<a href="#cite_note-Ens96-16">[16]</a> Thus, even a smaller Arabian can carry a heavy rider. For tasks where the sheer weight of the horse matters, such as farm work done by a <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ens84-17">[17]</a> any lighter-weight horse is at a disadvantage.<a href="#cite_note-Ens84-17">[17]</a> However, for most purposes, the Arabian is a strong and hardy light horse breed able to carry any type of rider in most <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> pursuits.<a href="#cite_note-Ens96-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperament">Temperament</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Temperament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trottingarabiancolttwo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A dark horse moving towards the camera with head held high and legs striding forward." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Trottingarabiancolttwo.jpg/170px-Trottingarabiancolttwo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Trottingarabiancolttwo.jpg/170px-Trottingarabiancolttwo.jpg" data-alt="A dark horse moving towards the camera with head held high and legs striding forward." data-width="170" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Trottingarabiancolttwo.jpg/255px-Trottingarabiancolttwo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Trottingarabiancolttwo.jpg/340px-Trottingarabiancolttwo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Arabians are noted for both intelligence and a spirited disposition </figcaption></figure> For centuries, Arabian horses lived in the desert in close association with humans.<a href="#cite_note-ArabianToday-18">[18]</a> For shelter and protection from theft, prized war <a href="/wiki/Mare_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mare (horse)">mares</a> were sometimes kept in their owner's tent, close to children and everyday family life.<a href="#cite_note-Upton19-19">[19]</a> Only horses with a naturally good disposition were allowed to reproduce, with the result that Arabians today have a good temperament that, among other examples, makes them one of the few breeds where the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation" title="United States Equestrian Federation">United States Equestrian Federation</a> rules allow children to exhibit <a href="/wiki/Stallion_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stallion (horse)">stallions</a> in nearly all show ring classes, including those limited to riders under 18.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On the other hand, the Arabian is also classified as a "hot-blooded" breed, a category that includes other refined, spirited horses bred for speed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Akhal-Teke" title="Akhal-Teke">Akhal-Teke</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barb_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barb (horse)">Barb</a>, and the Thoroughbred. Like other hot-bloods, Arabians' sensitivity and intelligence enable quick learning and greater communication with their riders; however, their intelligence also allows them to learn bad habits as quickly as good ones,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and they do not tolerate inept or abusive training practices.<a href="#cite_note-Rashid-22">[22]</a> Some sources claim that it is more difficult to train a "hot-blooded" horse.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Though most Arabians have a natural tendency to cooperate with humans, when treated badly, like any horse, they can become excessively nervous or anxious, but seldom become vicious unless seriously spoiled or subjected to extreme abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Rashid-22">[22]</a> At the other end of the spectrum, romantic myths are sometimes told about Arabian horses that give them near-divine characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p28-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colors">Colors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">Equine coat color</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color_genetics" title="Equine coat color genetics">Equine coat color genetics</a></div> The Arabian Horse Association registers <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">purebred</a> horses with the coat colors <a href="/wiki/Bay_(horse)" title="Bay (horse)">bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray (horse)">gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_(coat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chestnut (coat)">chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black (horse)">black</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roan_(horse)" title="Roan (horse)">roan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Bay, gray and chestnut are the most common; black is less common.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The classic roan gene does not appear to exist in Arabians;<a href="#cite_note-Spon69-27">[27]</a> rather, Arabians registered by breeders as "roan" are usually expressing <a href="/wiki/Rabicano" title="Rabicano">rabicano</a> or, sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Sabino_horse" title="Sabino horse">sabino</a> patterns with roan features.<a href="#cite_note-Patterns-28">[28]</a> All Arabians, no matter their <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">coat color</a>, have black skin, except under white <a href="/wiki/Horse_markings" title="Horse markings">markings</a>. Black skin provided protection from the intense desert sun.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gray_and_white">Gray and white</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gray and white" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaMirage_body07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A horse with a white hair coat and dark skin showing around the nose, eyes and genitalia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LaMirage_body07.jpg/220px-LaMirage_body07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LaMirage_body07.jpg/220px-LaMirage_body07.jpg" data-alt="A horse with a white hair coat and dark skin showing around the nose, eyes and genitalia." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LaMirage_body07.jpg/330px-LaMirage_body07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LaMirage_body07.jpg/440px-LaMirage_body07.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A gray Arabian; note white hair coat but black skin</figcaption></figure> Although many Arabians appear to have a "white" hair coat, they are not genetically "white". This color is usually created by the natural action of the <a href="/wiki/Gray_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray (horse)">gray</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, and virtually all white-looking Arabians are actually grays.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A specialized colorization seen in some older gray Arabians is the so-called "bloody-shoulder", which is a particular type of <a href="/wiki/Gray_(horse)#The_%22flea-bitten%22_gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray (horse)">"flea-bitten" gray</a> with localized aggregations of pigment on the shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-LegUp-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-UptonWeb33-32">[32]</a> There are a very few Arabians registered as "white" defined as having a white coat, pink skin and dark eyes from birth. These animals are believed to manifest a form of <a href="/wiki/Dominant_white" title="Dominant white">dominant white</a>, W3, a result of a <a href="/wiki/Nonsense_mutation" title="Nonsense mutation">nonsense mutation</a> in DNA tracing to a single stallion foaled in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-haase2007-33">[33]</a> It is possible that white mutations have occurred in Arabians in the past and it is likely that mutations other than W3 exist but have not been verified by genetic testing.<a href="#cite_note-Patterns-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sabino">Sabino</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sabino" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sabino_horse" title="Sabino horse">Sabino horse</a></div> One spotting pattern, <a href="/wiki/Sabino_horse" title="Sabino horse">sabino</a>, does exist in purebred Arabians. Sabino coloring is characterized by white <a href="/wiki/Horse_markings" title="Horse markings">markings</a> such as "high white" above the knees and <a href="/wiki/Hock_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hock (zoology)">hocks</a>, irregular spotting on the legs, belly and face, white markings that extend beyond the eyes or under the chin and jaw, and sometimes lacy or roaned edges.<a href="#cite_note-Sabino1-34">[34]</a> The genetic mechanism that produces sabino patterning in Arabians is now thought to be a form of dominant white, and more than one gene may be involved.<a href="#cite_note-Patterns-28">[28]</a> However, studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a> indicate that Arabians do not appear to carry the <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominant_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant gene">dominant gene</a> "SB1" or sabino 1, that often produces bold spotting and some completely <a href="/wiki/White_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (horse)">white</a> horses in other breeds. The inheritance patterns observed in sabino-like Arabians also do not follow the same mode of inheritance as sabino 1.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rabicano_or_roan">Rabicano or roan</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rabicano or roan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rabicano" title="Rabicano">Rabicano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RabicanoArab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A trotting horse with dark reddish-brown coloring on the neck, upper back, chest and legs, but white hair on the middle of the body and at base of the tail." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/RabicanoArab.jpg/220px-RabicanoArab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1238"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/RabicanoArab.jpg/220px-RabicanoArab.jpg" data-alt="A trotting horse with dark reddish-brown coloring on the neck, upper back, chest and legs, but white hair on the middle of the body and at base of the tail." data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/RabicanoArab.jpg/330px-RabicanoArab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/RabicanoArab.jpg/440px-RabicanoArab.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A chestnut rabicano Arabian horse</figcaption></figure> There are very few Arabians registered as <a href="/wiki/Roan_(horse)" title="Roan (horse)">roan</a>, and according to researcher D. Phillip Sponenberg, roaning in purebred Arabians is actually the action of <a href="/wiki/Rabicano" title="Rabicano">rabicano</a> genetics.<a href="#cite_note-Spon69-27">[27]</a> Unlike a genetic roan, rabicano is a partial roan-like pattern; the horse does not have intermingled white and solid hairs over the entire body, only on the midsection and flanks, the head and legs are solid-colored.<a href="#cite_note-Spon69-27">[27]</a> Some people also confuse a young gray horse with a roan because of the intermixed hair colors common to both. However, a roan does not consistently lighten with age, while a gray does.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-UCDavisColorGenetics-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colors_that_do_not_exist_in_purebreds">Colors that do not exist in purebreds</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colors that do not exist in purebreds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There is pictorial evidence from pottery and tombs in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> suggesting that spotting patterns may have existed on ancestral Arabian-type horses in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p5-39">[39]</a> Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">purebred</a> Arabians today do not carry genes for <a href="/wiki/Pinto_horse" title="Pinto horse">pinto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leopard_complex" title="Leopard complex">Leopard complex</a> ("Appaloosa") spotting patterns, except for <a href="/wiki/Sabino_horse" title="Sabino horse">sabino</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Show_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A horse with brown and white spots being ridden by a woman in a dark suit at a horse show" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/National_Show_Horse.jpg/220px-National_Show_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="670"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/National_Show_Horse.jpg/220px-National_Show_Horse.jpg" data-alt="A horse with brown and white spots being ridden by a woman in a dark suit at a horse show" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/National_Show_Horse.jpg/330px-National_Show_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/National_Show_Horse.jpg/440px-National_Show_Horse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tobiano" title="Tobiano">tobiano</a> patterned <a href="/wiki/National_Show_Horse" title="National Show Horse">National Show Horse</a>, a type of partbred Arabian</figcaption></figure> Spotting or excess white was believed by many breeders to be a mark of impurity until <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> testing for verification of parentage became standard. For a time, horses with belly spots and other white markings deemed excessive were discouraged from registration and excess white was sometimes penalized in the show ring.<a href="#cite_note-Patterns-28">[28]</a> Purebred Arabians never carry <a href="/wiki/Dilution_gene" title="Dilution gene">dilution genes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Color98-40">[40]</a> Therefore, purebreds cannot be colors such as <a href="/wiki/Dun_gene" title="Dun gene">dun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream_gene" title="Cream gene">cremello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palomino" title="Palomino">palomino</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckskin (color)">buckskin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gower30-41">[41]</a> To produce horses with some Arabian characteristics but coat colors not found in purebreds, they have to be <a href="/wiki/Crossbred" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbred">crossbred</a> with other breeds.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Though the purebred Arabian produces a limited range of potential colors, they do not appear to carry any color-based lethal disorders such as the <a href="/wiki/Overo" title="Overo">frame overo</a> gene ("O") that can produce <a href="/wiki/Lethal_white_syndrome" title="Lethal white syndrome">lethal white syndrome</a> (LWS). Because purebred Arabians cannot produce LWS <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foals</a>, Arabian mares were used as a non-affected population in some of the studies seeking the gene that caused the condition in other breeds.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Nonetheless, partbred Arabian offspring can, in some cases, carry these genes if the non-Arabian parent was a carrier.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_disorders">Genetic disorders</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetic disorders" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are six known genetic disorders in Arabian horses. Two are inevitably fatal, two are not inherently fatal but are disabling and usually result in euthanasia of the affected animal; the remaining conditions can usually be treated. Three are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Autosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominance_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance relationship">recessive</a> conditions, which means that the flawed gene is not sex-linked and has to come from both parents for an affected foal to be born.<a href="#cite_note-Caution-45">[45]</a> One may be an autosomal <a href="/wiki/Dominance_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance relationship">dominant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aleman2-46">[46]</a> Arabians are not the only breed of horse to have problems with inherited diseases; partbred Arabians may inherit deleterious genetics from other breeds.<a href="#cite_note-Caution-45">[45]</a> Genetic diseases that can occur in purebred Arabians, or in partbreds with Arabian ancestry in both parents, are the following: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_combined_immunodeficiency_(non-human)" title="Severe combined immunodeficiency (non-human)">Severe Combined Immunodeficiency</a> (SCID). Recessive disorder, fatal when <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a>, carriers (<a href="/wiki/Heterozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous">heterozygotes</a>) show no signs. Similar to the "<a href="/wiki/Severe_combined_immunodeficiency" title="Severe combined immunodeficiency">bubble boy</a>" condition in humans, an affected foal is born with a complete lack of an immune system, and thus generally dies of an opportunistic infection, usually before the age of three months.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/DNA_test" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA test">DNA test</a> that can detect healthy horses who are carriers of the gene causing SCID, thus testing and careful, planned matings can now eliminate the possibility of an affected <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foal</a> ever being born.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Foal_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender Foal Syndrome">Lavender Foal Syndrome</a> (LFS), also called Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL). Recessive disorder, fatal when homozygous, carriers show no signs. The condition has its name because most affected foals are born with a coat color dilution that lightens the tips of the coat hairs, or even the entire hair shaft. Foals with LFS are unable to stand at birth, often have seizures, and are usually euthanized within a few days of birth.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fanelli-50">[50]</a> In November 2009, Cornell University announced that a DNA test has been developed to detect carriers of LFS. Simultaneously, the University of Pretoria also announced that they had also developed a DNA test.<a href="#cite_note-OPVGL-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_abiotrophy" title="Cerebellar abiotrophy">Cerebellar abiotrophy</a> (CA or CCA). Recessive disorder, homozygous horses are affected, carriers show no signs. An affected foal is usually born without clinical signs, but at some stage, usually after six weeks of age, develops severe incoordination, a head tremor, wide-legged stance and other symptoms related to the death of the <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">purkinje cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. Such foals are frequently diagnosed only after they have crashed into a fence or fallen over backwards, and often are misdiagnosed as suffering from a head injury caused by an accident. Severity varies, with some foals having fast onset of severe coordination problems, others showing milder signs. Mildly affected horses can live a full lifespan, but most are euthanized before adulthood because they are so accident-prone as to be dangerous. As of 2008, there is a genetic test that uses DNA markers associated with CA to detect both carriers and affected animals.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Clinical signs are distinguishable from other neurological conditions, and a diagnosis of CA can be verified by examining the brain after <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li>Occipital Atlanto-Axial Malformation (OAAM). This is a condition where the occiput, atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck and at the base of the skull are fused or malformed. Symptoms range from mild incoordination to the paralysis of both front and rear legs. Some affected foals cannot stand to nurse, in others the symptoms may not be seen for several weeks. This is the only cervical spinal cord disease seen in horses less than 1 month of age, and a radiograph can diagnose the condition. There is now a genetic test for OAAM.<a href="#cite_note-OAAM-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-OAAMtest-55">[55]</a></li> <li>Equine juvenile <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, or Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy, sometimes referred to as "benign" epilepsy, is not usually fatal. Foals appear normal between epileptic <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, and seizures usually stop occurring between 12 and 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-Fanelli-50">[50]</a> Affected foals may show signs of epilepsy anywhere from two days to six months from birth.<a href="#cite_note-Aleman-56">[56]</a> Seizures can be treated with traditional anti-seizure medications, which may reduce their severity.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Though the condition has been studied since 1985 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>, the genetic mode of inheritance is unclear, though the cases studied were all of one general bloodline group.<a href="#cite_note-Aleman-56">[56]</a> Recent research updates suggest that a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance relationship">dominant mode of inheritance</a> is involved in transmission of this trait.<a href="#cite_note-Aleman2-46">[46]</a> One researcher hypothesized that epilepsy may be linked in some fashion to Lavender Foal Syndrome due to the fact that it occurs in similar bloodlines and some horses have produced foals with both conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Fanelli-50">[50]</a></li> <li>Guttural Pouch Tympany (GPT) occurs in horses ranging from birth to 1 year of age and is more common in fillies than in colts. It is thought to be genetic in Arabians, possibly <a href="/wiki/Polygenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygenic">polygenic</a> in inheritance, but more study is needed.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Foals are born with a defect that causes the <a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">pharyngeal</a> opening of the <a href="/wiki/Eustachian_tube" title="Eustachian tube">eustachian tube</a> to act like a one-way valve – air can get in, but it cannot get out. The affected guttural pouch is distended with air and forms a characteristic nonpainful swelling. Breathing is noisy in severely affected animals.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and radiographic examination of the skull. Medical management with NSAID and antimicrobial therapy can treat upper respiratory tract inflammation. Surgical intervention is needed to correct the malformation of the guttural pouch opening, to provide a route for air in the abnormal guttural pouch to pass to the normal side and be expelled into the pharynx. Foals that are successfully treated may grow up to have fully useful lives.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Horse_Association" title="Arabian Horse Association">Arabian Horse Association</a> in the United States has created a foundation that supports research efforts to uncover the roots of genetic diseases.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The organization F.O.A.L. (Fight Off Arabian Lethals) is a clearinghouse for information on these conditions.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Additional information is available from the <a href="/wiki/World_Arabian_Horse_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Arabian Horse Association">World Arabian Horse Association</a> (WAHO).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Recent trends in halter breeding have given rise to Arabian horses with extremely concave features, raising concerns that the trait is detrimental to the animal's welfare.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Comparisons have been made to a similar trend with some dog breeds, where show judging awarding certain features has led to breeders seeking an ever more exaggerated form, with little concern as to the inherent function of the animal. Some veterinarians speculate that an extremely concave face is detrimental to a horse's breathing, but the issue has not been formally studied.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legends" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An unfinished painting of a saddled gray horse in profile moving away from something as if frightened." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Antoine-Jean_Gros_003.jpg/220px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1544"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Antoine-Jean_Gros_003.jpg/220px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_003.jpg" data-alt="An unfinished painting of a saddled gray horse in profile moving away from something as if frightened." data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Antoine-Jean_Gros_003.jpg/330px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Antoine-Jean_Gros_003.jpg/440px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An Arabian horse in the desert. <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1810</figcaption></figure> Arabian horses are the topic of many myths and legends. One origin story tells how <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> chose his foundation mares by a test of their courage and loyalty. While there are several variants on the tale, a common version states that after a long journey through the desert, Muhammad turned his herd of horses loose to race to an oasis for a desperately needed drink of water. Before the herd reached the water, Muhammad called for the horses to return to him. Only five mares responded. Because they faithfully returned to their master, though desperate with thirst, these mares became his favorites and were called <a href="/wiki/Al_Khamsa" title="Al Khamsa">Al Khamsa</a>, meaning, the five. These mares became the legendary founders of the five "strains" of the Arabian horse.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archer92-67">[67]</a> Although the Al Khamsa are generally considered fictional horses of legend,<a href="#cite_note-Upton12-68">[68]</a> some breeders today claim the modern Bedouin Arabian actually descended from these mares.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Another origin tale claims that King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> was given a pure Arabian-type mare named Safanad ("the pure") by the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Upton12-68">[68]</a> A different version says that Solomon gave a stallion, Zad el-Raheb or Zad-el-Rakib ("Gift to the Rider"), to the Banu <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a> people when they came to pay tribute to the king. This legendary stallion was said to be faster than the zebra and the gazelle, and every hunt with him was successful, thus when he was put to stud, he became a founding sire of legend.<a href="#cite_note-Chamberlin-70">[70]</a> Yet another creation myth puts the origin of the Arabian in the time of <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Archer2-71">[71]</a> In this story, the Angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibril</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>) descended from Heaven and awakened Ishmael with a "wind-spout" that whirled toward him. The Angel then commanded the thundercloud to stop scattering dust and rain, and so it gathered itself into a prancing, handsome creature - a horse - that seemed to swallow up the ground. Hence, the Bedouins bestowed the title "Drinker of the Wind" to the first Arabian horse.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Finally, a <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> story states that <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> created the Arabian horse from the south wind and exclaimed, "I create thee, Oh Arabian. To thy forelock, I bind Victory in battle. On thy back, I set a rich spoil and a Treasure in thy loins. I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth... I give thee flight without wings."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Other versions of the story claim <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> said to the South Wind: "I want to make a creature out of you. Condense." Then from the material condensed from the wind, he made a kamayt-colored animal (a <a href="/wiki/Bay_(horse)" title="Bay (horse)">bay</a> or burnt <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_(coat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chestnut (coat)">chestnut</a>) and said: "I call you Horse; I make you Arabian and I give you the chestnut color of the ant; I have hung happiness from the forelock which hangs between your eyes; you shall be the Lord of the other animals. Men shall follow you wherever you go; you shall be as good for flight as for pursuit; you shall fly without wings; riches shall be on your back and fortune shall come through your meditation."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Arabians are thought to be one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p28-24">[24]</a> Recent genetic studies of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> in Arabian horses of Polish and American breeding suggest that the modern breed has heterogeneous origins with ten <a href="/wiki/Haplogroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroups">haplogroups</a>. The modern concept of breed purity in the modern population cannot be traced beyond 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-G%C5%82a%C5%BCewska-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">progenitor</a> stock, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_horse" title="Oriental horse">Oriental subtype</a>, had characteristics similar to the modern Arabian. Horses with these features appeared in rock paintings and inscriptions in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> dating back 3500 years.<a href="#cite_note-SaudiEmbassy-76">[76]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>, horses with refined heads and high-carried tails were depicted in artwork, particularly that of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> in the 16th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p2-77">[77]</a> Some 20th-century scholars of the Arabian horse once theorized that the Arabian came from a separate subspecies of horse,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> known as equus caballus pumpelli.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett4ff-79">[79]</a> However, others, including Gladys Brown Edwards, a noted Arabian researcher, stated that the "dry" oriental horses of the desert, from which the modern Arabian developed, were <a href="/wiki/Equus_ferus_caballus" class="mw-redirect" title="Equus ferus caballus">Equus ferus caballus</a> with specific <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landrace</a> characteristics based on the environments in which they lived, rather than being a separate subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p27-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bennett4ff-79">[79]</a> Horses with similar, though not identical, physical characteristics include the <a href="/wiki/Marwari_horse" title="Marwari horse">Marwari horse</a> of India, the <a href="/wiki/Barb_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barb (horse)">Barb</a> of North Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Akhal-Teke" title="Akhal-Teke">Akhal-Teke</a> of western Asia and the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkoman Horse">Turkoman Horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett4ff-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desert_roots">Desert roots</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Desert roots" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raswan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of a mounted man on a dark horse. A hawk is perched on the man's outstretched hand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Raswan.jpg/170px-Raswan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 259px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Raswan.jpg/170px-Raswan.jpg" data-alt="A black-and-white photograph of a mounted man on a dark horse. A hawk is perched on the man's outstretched hand." data-width="170" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Raswan.jpg/255px-Raswan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Raswan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Raswan" title="Carl Raswan">Carl Raswan</a> pictured on an Anazeh warmare</figcaption></figure> There are different theories about where the ancestors of the Arabian originally lived. Most evidence suggests the proto-Arabian came from the area along the northern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett4ff-79">[79]</a> Another hypothesis suggests the southwestern corner of the Arabian peninsula, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, where three now-dry riverbeds indicate good natural pastures existed long ago, perhaps as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p6-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMH-81">[81]</a> This hypothesis has gained renewed attention following a 2010 discovery of artifacts dated between 6590 and 7250 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Al-Magar" title="Al-Magar">Al-Magar</a>, in southwestern Saudi Arabia, that appeared to portray horses.<a href="#cite_note-HarriganP-82">[82]</a> The proto-Arabian horse may have been <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domesticated</a> by the people of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> known today as the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>, some time after they learned to use the camel, approximately 4,000–5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-IMH-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> One theory is that this development occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Nejd</a> plateau in central Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-SaudiEmbassy-76">[76]</a> Other scholars, noting that horses were common in the Fertile Crescent but rare in the Arabian peninsula prior to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, theorize that the breed as it is known today only developed in large numbers when the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> to Islam in the 7th century brought knowledge of horse breeding and horsemanship to the Bedouin.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The oldest depictions in the Arabian Peninsula of horses that are clearly domesticated date no earlier than 1800-2000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-HarriganP-82">[82]</a> Regardless of origin, climate and culture ultimately created the Arabian. The desert environment required a domesticated horse to cooperate with humans to survive; humans were the only providers of food and water in certain areas, and even hardy Arabian horses needed far more water than camels in order to survive (most horses can only live about 72 hours without water). Where there was no pasture or water, the Bedouin fed their horses <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">dates</a> and camel's milk.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p24-85">[85]</a> The desert horse needed the ability to thrive on very little food, and to have anatomical traits to compensate for life in a dry climate with wide temperature extremes from day to night. Weak individuals were weeded out of the breeding pool, and the animals that remained were also honed by centuries of human warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Archer3-86">[86]</a> The Bedouin way of life depended on camels and horses: Arabians were bred to be <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">war horses</a> with speed, endurance, soundness, and intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Archer3-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Expert4-87">[87]</a> Because many raids required stealth, mares were preferred over stallions as they were quieter, and therefore would not give away the position of the fighters.<a href="#cite_note-Archer3-86">[86]</a> A good disposition was also critical; prized war mares were often brought inside family tents to prevent theft and for protection from weather and predators.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Though appearance was not necessarily a survival factor, the Bedouin bred for refinement and beauty in their horses as well as for more practical features.<a href="#cite_note-Expert4-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strains_and_pedigrees">Strains and pedigrees</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Strains and pedigrees" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> For centuries, the Bedouin tracked the ancestry of each horse through an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>. Horses of the purest blood were known as Asil and crossbreeding with non-Asil horses was forbidden. Mares were the most valued, both for riding and breeding, and pedigree families were traced through the female line. The Bedouin did not believe in <a href="/wiki/Gelding" title="Gelding">gelding</a> male horses, and considered <a href="/wiki/Stallion_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stallion (horse)">stallions</a> too intractable to be good war horses, thus they kept very few <a href="/wiki/Colt_(horse)" title="Colt (horse)">colts</a>, selling most, and culling those of poor quality.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73pp24%E2%80%9326-89">[89]</a> Over time, the Bedouin developed several sub-types or strains of Arabian horse, each with unique characteristics,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and traced through the maternal line only.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003104%E2%80%93105-91">[91]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Horse_Association" title="Arabian Horse Association">Arabian Horse Association</a>, the five primary strains were known as the Keheilan, Seglawi, Abeyan, Hamdani and Hadban.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Raswan" title="Carl Raswan">Carl Raswan</a>, a promoter and writer about Arabian horses from the middle of the 20th century, held the belief that there were only three strains, Kehilan, Seglawi and Muniqi. Raswan felt that these strains represented body "types" of the breed, with the Kehilan being "masculine", the Seglawi being "feminine" and the Muniqi being "speedy".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> There were also lesser strains, sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names.<a href="#cite_note-Forbis274-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Therefore, many Arabian horses were not only Asil, of pure blood, but also bred to be pure in strain, with crossbreeding between strains discouraged, though not forbidden, by some tribes. Purity of bloodline was very important to the Bedouin, and they also believed in <a href="/wiki/Telegony_(pregnancy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegony (pregnancy)">telegony</a>, believing if a mare was ever bred to a stallion of "impure" blood, the mare herself and all future offspring would be "contaminated" by the stallion and hence no longer Asil.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p22-96">[96]</a> This complex web of bloodline and strain was an integral part of Bedouin culture; they not only knew the pedigrees and history of their best war mares in detail, but also carefully tracked the breeding of their camels, <a href="/wiki/Saluki" title="Saluki">Saluki</a> dogs, and their own family or tribal history.<a href="#cite_note-WAHO-97">[97]</a> Eventually, written records began to be kept; the first written pedigrees in the Middle East that specifically used the term "Arabian" date to 1330 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Pyramid_Society-98">[98]</a> As important as strain was to the Bedouin, modern studies of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> suggest that Arabian horses alive today with records stating descent from a given strain may not actually share a common maternal ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Historic_development">Historic development</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historic development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_ancient_world">Role in the ancient world</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Role in the ancient world" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hittite_Chariot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A line drawing of a two-wheeled chariot drawn by two horses, with three men in the chariot. One of the men is holding a shield." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hittite_Chariot.jpg/220px-Hittite_Chariot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="291"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hittite_Chariot.jpg/220px-Hittite_Chariot.jpg" data-alt="A line drawing of a two-wheeled chariot drawn by two horses, with three men in the chariot. One of the men is holding a shield." data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hittite_Chariot.jpg/330px-Hittite_Chariot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hittite_Chariot.jpg/440px-Hittite_Chariot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> chariot (drawing of an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> relief)</figcaption></figure> Fiery <a href="/wiki/War_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="War horse">war horses</a> with dished faces and high-carried tails were popular artistic subjects in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, often depicted pulling chariots in war or for hunting. Horses with oriental characteristics appear in later artwork as far north as that of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. While this type of horse was not called an "Arabian" in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> until later,<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p16-100">[100]</a> these proto-Arabians shared many characteristics with the modern Arabian, including speed, endurance, and refinement. For example, a horse skeleton unearthed in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai peninsula</a>, dated to 1700 BC and probably brought by the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> invaders, is considered the earliest physical evidence of the horse in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>. This horse had a wedge-shaped head, large eye sockets and small muzzle, all characteristics of the Arabian horse.<a href="#cite_note-Upton10-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Islamic_history">In Islamic history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In Islamic history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a> in AD 622 (also sometimes spelled Hegira), the Arabian horse spread across the known world of the time, and became recognized as a distinct, named breed.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> It played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History of the Middle East</a> and of Islam. By 630, Muslim influence expanded across the Middle East and North Africa, by 711 <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim warriors</a> had reached Spain, and they controlled most of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> by 720. Their war horses were of various oriental types, including both Arabians and the <a href="/wiki/Barb_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barb (horse)">Barb</a> horse of North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-James-103">[103]</a> More Arabian horses were introduced to North Africa as a result of the migration of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Arabian horses also spread to the rest of the world via the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which rose in 1299. Though it never fully dominated the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, this <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> empire obtained many Arabian horses through trade, diplomacy and war.<a href="#cite_note-Greely26-105">[105]</a> The Ottomans encouraged formation of private <a href="/wiki/Stud_farm" title="Stud farm">stud farms</a> in order to ensure a supply of cavalry horses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2006106-106">[106]</a> and Ottoman nobles, such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> also collected pure, desert-bred Arabian horses.<a href="#cite_note-Greely26-105">[105]</a> El Naseri, or <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a> (1290–1342) imported and bred numerous Arabians in Egypt. A stud farm record was made of his purchases describing many of the horses as well as their abilities, and was deposited in his library, becoming a source for later study.<a href="#cite_note-Greely26-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archer6-107">[107]</a> Through the Ottomans, Arabian horses were often sold, traded, or given as <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_gift" title="Diplomatic gift">diplomatic gifts</a> to Europeans and, later, to Americans.<a href="#cite_note-IMH-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Egypt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabian_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Arabian (horse)">Egyptian Arabian (horse)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carle_Vernet_Mameluck_en_Attaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A mounted man on a dark horse attacking a line of mounted men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carle_Vernet_Mameluck_en_Attaque.jpg/220px-Carle_Vernet_Mameluck_en_Attaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1659"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carle_Vernet_Mameluck_en_Attaque.jpg/220px-Carle_Vernet_Mameluck_en_Attaque.jpg" data-alt="A mounted man on a dark horse attacking a line of mounted men" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carle_Vernet_Mameluck_en_Attaque.jpg/330px-Carle_Vernet_Mameluck_en_Attaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carle_Vernet_Mameluck_en_Attaque.jpg/440px-Carle_Vernet_Mameluck_en_Attaque.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Mameluck en Attaque" 18th-century painting by Carle Vernet</figcaption></figure> Historically, Egyptian breeders imported horses bred in the deserts of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a> as the source of their <a href="/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation bloodstock">foundation bloodstock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wentworth178-108">[108]</a> By the time that the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> dominated Egypt, the political elites of the region still recognized the need for quality bloodstock for both war and for <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, and some continued to return to the deserts to obtain pure-blooded Arabians. One of the most famous was <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, also known as Muhammad Ali Pasha, who established an extensive stud farm in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p268-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greely27-110">[110]</a> After his death, some of his stock was bred on by <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt" title="Abbas I of Egypt">Abbas I of Egypt</a>, also known as Abbas Pasha. However, after Abbas Pasha was assassinated in 1854, his heir, El Hami Pasha, sold most of his horses, often for crossbreeding, and gave away many others as diplomatic gifts.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p268-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greely27-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wentworth191-111">[111]</a> A remnant of the herd was obtained by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Sherif" title="Ali Pasha Sherif">Ali Pasha Sherif</a>, who then went back to the desert to bring in new bloodstock. At its peak, the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif had over 400 purebred Arabians.<a href="#cite_note-Greely27-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Unfortunately, an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/African_horse_sickness" title="African horse sickness">African horse sickness</a> in the 1870s that killed thousands of horses throughout Egypt decimated much of his herd, wiping out several irreplaceable bloodlines.<a href="#cite_note-Greely27-110">[110]</a> Late in his life, he sold several horses to Wilfred and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Anne Blunt">Lady Anne Blunt</a>, who exported them to <a href="/wiki/Crabbet_Arabian_Stud" title="Crabbet Arabian Stud">Crabbet Park Stud</a> in England. After his death, Lady Anne was also able to gather many remaining horses at her <a href="/wiki/Sheykh_Obeyd" title="Sheykh Obeyd">Sheykh Obeyd</a> stud.<a href="#cite_note-Greely41-113">[113]</a> Meanwhile, the passion brought by the Blunts to saving the pure horse of the desert helped Egyptian horse breeders to convince their government of the need to preserve the best of their own remaining pure Arabian bloodstock that descended from the horses collected over the previous century by Muhammad Ali Pasha, Abbas Pasha and Ali Pasha Sherif.<a href="#cite_note-EgyptianBloodlines-114">[114]</a> The government of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> formed the Royal Agricultural Society (RAS) in 1908,<a href="#cite_note-Greely137-115">[115]</a> which is known today as the Egyptian Agricultural Organization (EAO).<a href="#cite_note-Greely149-116">[116]</a> RAS representatives traveled to England during the 1920s and purchased eighteen descendants of the original Blunt exports from <a href="/wiki/Lady_Wentworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Wentworth">Lady Wentworth</a> at Crabbet Park, and brought them to Egypt in order to restore bloodlines had been lost.<a href="#cite_note-Greely137-115">[115]</a> Other than several horses purchased by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Babson" title="Henry Babson">Henry Babson</a> for importation to the United States in the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-Greely139-117">[117]</a> and one other small group exported to the US in 1947, relatively few Egyptian-bred Arabian horses were exported until the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/King_Farouk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Farouk I">King Farouk I</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003123-118">[118]</a> Many of the private stud farms of the princes were then confiscated and the animals taken over by the EAO.<a href="#cite_note-Greely149-116">[116]</a> In the 1960s and 1970s, as oil development brought more foreign investors to Egypt, some of whom were horse fanciers, Arabians were exported to Germany and to the United States, as well as to the former Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-AHARussian-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Legends-120">[120]</a> Today, the designation "Straight Egyptian" or "Egyptian Arabian" is popular with some Arabian breeders, and the modern Egyptian-bred Arabian is an <a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcross</a> used to add refinement in some breeding programs.<a href="#cite_note-EgyptianBloodlines-114">[114]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Arrival_in_Europe">Arrival in Europe</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arrival in Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Higueruela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A painting of a battle with a long line of mounted riders side by side in front of a line of marching men. In front of the riders are a number of individual horsemen fighting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Higueruela.jpg/220px-Higueruela.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2135" data-file-height="2377"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Higueruela.jpg/220px-Higueruela.jpg" data-alt="A painting of a battle with a long line of mounted riders side by side in front of a line of marching men. In front of the riders are a number of individual horsemen fighting." data-width="220" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Higueruela.jpg/330px-Higueruela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Higueruela.jpg/440px-Higueruela.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Higueruela" title="Battle of La Higueruela">Battle of La Higueruela</a>, 1431. Spanish fighting the Moorish forces of <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_IX,_Sultan_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed IX, Sultan of Granada">Muhammed IX</a> of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. Note the differences in tail carriage of the various horses in the painting. The Arabian's high-carried tail is a distinctive trait that is seen even in part-blooded offspring.</figcaption></figure> Probably the earliest horses with Arabian bloodlines to enter Europe came indirectly, through Spain and France. Others would have arrived with returning <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a><a href="#cite_note-Greely26-105">[105]</a>—beginning in 1095, European armies invaded <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> returned home with Arabian horses as spoils of war. Later, as knights and the heavy, armored <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">war horses</a> who carried them became obsolete, Arabian horses and their descendants were used to develop faster, agile <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> horses that were used in warfare into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-IMH-81">[81]</a> Another major infusion of Arabian horses into Europe occurred when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> sent 300,000 horsemen into Hungary in 1522, many of whom were mounted on pure-blooded Arabians, captured during raids into Arabia. By 1529, the Ottomans reached <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, where they were stopped by the Polish and Hungarian armies, who captured these horses from the defeated Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>. Some of these animals provided <a href="/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation bloodstock">foundation bloodstock</a> for the major studs of eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Harrigan-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003107-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_and_Russian_breeding_programs">Polish and Russian breeding programs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Polish and Russian breeding programs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> With the rise of light cavalry, the stamina and agility of horses with Arabian blood gave an enormous military advantage to any army who possessed them. As a result, many European monarchs began to support large breeding establishments that crossed Arabians on local stock, one example being <a href="/wiki/Knyszyn" title="Knyszyn">Knyszyna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stud_farm#State_stud_farms" title="Stud farm">royal stud</a> of Polish king <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_II_August" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygmunt II August">Zygmunt II August</a>, and another the Imperial Russian Stud of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrigan-121">[121]</a> European horse breeders also obtained Arabian stock directly from the desert or via trade with the Ottomans. In Russia, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Grigoryevich_Orlov" title="Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov">Count Alexey Orlov</a> obtained many Arabians, including <a href="/wiki/Smetanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Smetanka">Smetanka</a>, an Arabian stallion who became a foundation sire of the <a href="/wiki/Orlov_trotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov trotter">Orlov trotter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Russian-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greely178-124">[124]</a> Orlov then provided Arabian horses to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, who in 1772 owned 12 pure Arabian stallions and 10 mares.<a href="#cite_note-Russian-123">[123]</a> By 1889 two members of the Russian nobility, <a href="/wiki/Count_Stroganov" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Stroganov">Count Stroganov</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Borisovich_Shcherbatov" title="Nikolai Borisovich Shcherbatov">Nikolai Borisovich Shcherbatov</a>, established Arabian <a href="/wiki/Stud_farm" title="Stud farm">stud farms</a> to meet the continued need to breed Arabians as a source of pure bloodstock.<a href="#cite_note-AHARussian-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russian-123">[123]</a> In Poland, notable imports from Arabia included those of Prince Hieronymous <a href="/wiki/Sanguszko" title="Sanguszko">Sanguszko</a> (1743–1812), who founded the Slawuta stud.<a href="#cite_note-Greely172-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003107%E2%80%93108-126">[126]</a> Poland's first state-run Arabian stud farm, <a href="/wiki/Jan%C3%B3w_Podlaski" title="Janów Podlaski">Janów Podlaski</a>, was established by the decree of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> in 1817,<a href="#cite_note-Janowhistory-127">[127]</a> and by 1850, the great stud farms of Poland were well-established, including Antoniny, owned by the Polish Count <a href="/wiki/Potocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Potocki">Potocki</a> (who had married into the Sanguszko family); later notable as the farm that produced the stallion <a href="/wiki/Skowronek_(horse)" title="Skowronek (horse)">Skowronek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003107%E2%80%93108-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archer56-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_and_western_Europe">Central and western Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Central and western Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko.jpg/170px-Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko.jpg/170px-Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko.jpg/255px-Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko.jpg/340px-Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Several noble families of Poland became major breeders of Arabian horses. <a href="/wiki/Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko" title="Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko">Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Kossak" title="Juliusz Kossak">Juliusz Kossak</a>.</figcaption></figure> The 18th century marked the establishment of most of the great Arabian studs of Europe, dedicated to preserving "pure" Arabian bloodstock. The <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussians</a> set up a royal stud in 1732, originally intended to provide horses for the royal stables, and other studs were established to breed animals for other uses, including mounts for the Prussian army. The foundation of these breeding programs was the crossing of Arabians on native horses; by 1873 some English observers felt that the Prussian cavalry mounts were superior in endurance to those of the British, and credited Arabian bloodlines for this superiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2006107%E2%80%93108-129">[129]</a> Other state studs included the Babolna Stud of Hungary, set up in 1789,<a href="#cite_note-Greely162-130">[130]</a> and the Weil stud in Germany (now Weil-Marbach or the <a href="/wiki/Marbach_stud" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbach stud">Marbach stud</a>), founded in 1817 by King <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William I of Württemberg">William I of Württemberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greely155-131">[131]</a> King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a> imported the first Arabian stallion, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Markham_Arabian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Markham Arabian (page does not exist)">Markham Arabian</a>, to England in 1616.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry200631-132">[132]</a> Arabians were also introduced into European race horse breeding, especially in England via the <a href="/wiki/Darley_Arabian" title="Darley Arabian">Darley Arabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byerly_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Byerly Turk">Byerly Turk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Godolphin_Arabian" title="Godolphin Arabian">Godolphin Arabian</a>, the three foundation stallions of the modern <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> breed, who were each brought to England during the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Archer104-133">[133]</a> Other monarchs obtained Arabian horses, often as personal mounts. One of the most famous Arabian stallions in Europe was <a href="/wiki/Marengo_(horse)" title="Marengo (horse)">Marengo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">war horse</a> ridden by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatArmyMuseum-134">[134]</a> During the mid-19th century, the need for Arabian blood to improve the breeding stock for light cavalry horses in Europe resulted in more excursions to the Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Isabel_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Isabel II">Queen Isabel II</a> of Spain sent representatives to the desert to purchase Arabian horses and by 1847 had established a stud book; her successor, <a href="/wiki/King_Alfonso_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alfonso XII">King Alfonso XII</a> imported additional bloodstock from other European nations. By 1893, the state military stud farm, <a href="/wiki/Yeguada_Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeguada Militar">Yeguada Militar</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba, Spain</a> for breeding both Arabian and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_horse" title="Iberian horse">Iberian horses</a>. The military remained heavily involved in the importation and breeding of Arabians in Spain well into the early 20th century, and the Yeguada Militar is still in existence today.<a href="#cite_note-Campiglio-135">[135]</a> This period also marked a phase of considerable travel to the Middle East by European civilians and minor nobility, and in the process, some travelers noticed that the Arabian horse as a pure breed of horse was under threat due to modern forms of warfare, <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> and other problems that were reducing the horse population of the Bedouin tribes at a rapid rate.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p23-136">[136]</a> By the late 19th century, the most farsighted began in earnest to collect the finest Arabian horses they could find in order to preserve the blood of the pure desert horse for future generations. The most famous example was <a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Anne Blunt">Lady Anne Blunt</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a> and granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wentworth70-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_Crabbet_Park_Stud">Rise of the Crabbet Park Stud</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rise of the Crabbet Park Stud" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crabbet_Arabian_Stud" title="Crabbet Arabian Stud">Crabbet Arabian Stud</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LadyAnneBlunt_and_Kasida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of a European woman dressed in Bedouin robes and head covering, standing in front of a dark horse equipped with a bridle and saddle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/LadyAnneBlunt_and_Kasida.jpg/170px-LadyAnneBlunt_and_Kasida.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/LadyAnneBlunt_and_Kasida.jpg/170px-LadyAnneBlunt_and_Kasida.jpg" data-alt="A black-and-white photograph of a European woman dressed in Bedouin robes and head covering, standing in front of a dark horse equipped with a bridle and saddle." data-width="170" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/LadyAnneBlunt_and_Kasida.jpg/255px-LadyAnneBlunt_and_Kasida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/LadyAnneBlunt_and_Kasida.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lady Anne Blunt with her favorite Arabian mare, Kasida</figcaption></figure> Perhaps the most famous of all Arabian breeding operations founded in Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Crabbet_Arabian_Stud" title="Crabbet Arabian Stud">Crabbet Park Stud</a> of England, founded 1878.<a href="#cite_note-Archer11-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Starting in 1877, <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Scawen_Blunt" title="Wilfrid Scawen Blunt">Wilfrid Scawen Blunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Anne Blunt">Lady Anne Blunt</a> made repeated journeys to the Middle East, including visits to the stud of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Sherif" title="Ali Pasha Sherif">Ali Pasha Sherif</a> in Egypt and to <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Nejd</a>, bringing the best Arabians they could find to England. Lady Anne also purchased and maintained the <a href="/wiki/Sheykh_Obeyd" title="Sheykh Obeyd">Sheykh Obeyd</a> stud farm in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Upon Lady Anne's death in 1917, the Blunts' daughter, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Blunt-Lytton,_16th_Baroness_Wentworth" title="Judith Blunt-Lytton, 16th Baroness Wentworth">Judith, Lady Wentworth</a>, inherited the Wentworth title and Lady Anne's portion of the estate, and obtained the remainder of the Crabbet Stud following a protracted legal battle with her father.<a href="#cite_note-Wentworth79-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exodus54-141">[141]</a> Lady Wentworth expanded the stud, added new bloodstock, and exported Arabian horses worldwide. Upon her death in 1957, the stud passed to her manager, Cecil Covey, who ran Crabbet until 1971, when a motorway was cut through the property, forcing the sale of the land and dispersal of the horses.<a href="#cite_note-Archer201-142">[142]</a> Along with Crabbet, the <a href="/wiki/Hanstead_Stud" title="Hanstead Stud">Hanstead Stud</a> of <a href="/wiki/Annie_Henrietta_Yule" title="Annie Henrietta Yule">Lady Yule</a> also produced horses of worldwide significance.<a href="#cite_note-Cadran2-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th-century_Europe">Early 20th-century Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Early 20th-century Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the early 20th century, the military was involved in the breeding of Arabian horses throughout Europe, particularly in Poland, Spain, Germany, and Russia; private breeders also developed a number of breeding programs.<a href="#cite_note-SchulzPoland-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-NeubauerGerm-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchulzSpain-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cadranell-147">[147]</a> Significant among the private <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">breeders</a> in continental Europe was Spain's Cristóbal Colón de Aguilera, XV <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Veragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Veragua">Duque de Veragua</a>, a direct descendant of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, who founded the Veragua Stud in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Campiglio-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greely198-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_warfare_and_its_impact_on_European_studs">Modern warfare and its impact on European studs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern warfare and its impact on European studs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Between World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a>, and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, many historic European stud farms were lost; in Poland, the Antoniny and Slawuta Studs were wiped out except for five mares.<a href="#cite_note-Greely176-149">[149]</a> Notable among the survivors was the <a href="/wiki/Jan%C3%B3w_Podlaski_Stud_Farm" title="Janów Podlaski Stud Farm">Janów Podlaski Stud Farm</a>. The Russian Revolution, combined with the effects of World War I, destroyed most of the breeding programs in Russia, but by 1921, the Soviet government reestablished an Arabian program, the <a href="/wiki/Tersk_Stud" title="Tersk Stud">Tersk Stud</a>, on the site of the former Stroganov estate,<a href="#cite_note-AHARussian-119">[119]</a> which included Polish bloodstock as well as some importations from the Crabbet Stud in England.<a href="#cite_note-Greely182-150">[150]</a> The programs that survived the war re-established their breeding operations and some added to their studs with new imports of desert-bred Arabian horses from the Middle East. Not all European studs recovered. The Weil stud of Germany, founded by <a href="/wiki/King_Wilhelm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Wilhelm I">King Wilhelm I</a>, went into considerable decline; by the time the Weil herd was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Marbach_stud" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbach stud">Marbach State Stud</a> in 1932, only 17 purebred Arabians remained.<a href="#cite_note-Greely155-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and World War II also had a devastating impact on horse breeding throughout Europe. The Veragua stud was destroyed, and its records lost, with the only survivors being the broodmares and the younger horses, who were rescued by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greely199-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003143%E2%80%93144-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crabbet_Arabian_Stud" title="Crabbet Arabian Stud">Crabbet Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tersk_Stud" title="Tersk Stud">Tersk</a>, and Janów Podlaski survived. Both the Soviet Union and the United States obtained valuable Arabian bloodlines as spoils of war, which they used to strengthen their breeding programs. The Soviets had taken steps to protect their breeding stock at <a href="/wiki/Tersk_Stud" title="Tersk Stud">Tersk Stud</a>, and by utilizing horses captured in Poland they were able to re-establish their breeding program soon after the end of World War II. The Americans brought Arabian horses captured in Europe to the United States, mostly to the Pomona <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Remount_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Remount Service">U.S. Army Remount</a> station, the former <a href="/wiki/W._K._Kellogg_Arabian_Horse_Center" title="W. K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center">W.K. Kellogg Ranch</a> in California.<a href="#cite_note-Upton72-154">[154]</a> In the postwar era, Poland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003117%E2%80%93118-155">[155]</a> Spain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003143%E2%80%93144-153">[153]</a> and Germany developed or re-established many well-respected Arabian stud farms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003126%E2%80%93127-156">[156]</a> The studs of Poland in particular were decimated by both the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> and the Soviets, but were able to reclaim some of their breeding stock and became particularly world-renowned for their quality Arabian horses, tested rigorously by racing and other performance standards.<a href="#cite_note-Archer58-157">[157]</a> During the 1950s, the Russians also obtained additional horses from Egypt to augment their breeding programs.<a href="#cite_note-Greely185-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Cold_War">After the Cold War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: After the Cold War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While only a few Arabians were exported from behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, those who did come to the west caught the eye of breeders worldwide. Improved international relations between eastern Europe and the west led to major imports of Polish and Russian-bred Arabian horses to western Europe and the United States in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003120%E2%80%93126-159">[159]</a> The collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, greater political stability in Egypt, and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> all increased international trade in Arabian horses. Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Arabian_Horse_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Arabian Horse Association">World Arabian Horse Association</a> (WAHO) created consistent standards for transferring the registration of Arabian horses between different nations. Today, Arabian horses are traded all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003139%E2%80%93155-160">[160]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="In_America">In America</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The first horses on the American mainland since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a> arrived with the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">Conquistadors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> brought 16 horses of <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_horse" title="Andalusian horse">Andalusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barb_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barb (horse)">Barb</a>, and Arabian ancestry to Mexico in 1519. Others followed, such as <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado">Francisco Vásquez de Coronado</a>, who brought 250 horses of similar breeding to America in 1540.<a href="#cite_note-Green-161">[161]</a> More horses followed with each new arrival of Conquistadors, <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>, and settlers. Many horses escaped or were stolen, becoming the foundation stock of the American <a href="/wiki/Mustang_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustang (horse)">Mustang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forbis15-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patten24-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_imports">Early imports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Early imports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Colonists from England also brought horses of Arabian breeding to the eastern seaboard. One example was Nathaniel Harrison, who imported a horse of Arabian, Barb and Turkish ancestry to America in 1747.<a href="#cite_note-Green-161">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeWashington1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Engraving of a uniformed man on a white horse lifting his hat as the horse moves towards a line of soldiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/GeorgeWashington1775.jpg/220px-GeorgeWashington1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="286"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/GeorgeWashington1775.jpg/220px-GeorgeWashington1775.jpg" data-alt="Engraving of a uniformed man on a white horse lifting his hat as the horse moves towards a line of soldiers" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/GeorgeWashington1775.jpg/330px-GeorgeWashington1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e5/GeorgeWashington1775.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Washington Taking Control of the American Army, at Cambridge, Massachusetts July 1775. Copy of lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1876.</figcaption></figure> One of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s primary mounts during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> was a gray half-Arabian horse named <a href="/wiki/Blueskin_(horse)" title="Blueskin (horse)">Blueskin</a>, sired by the stallion "Ranger", also known as "Lindsay's Arabian", said to have been obtained from the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hur-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Other Presidents are linked to ownership of Arabian horses; in 1840, President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> received two Arabians from the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Green-161">[161]</a> and in 1877, President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> obtained an Arabian stallion, Leopard, and a <a href="/wiki/Barb_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barb (horse)">Barb</a>, Linden Tree, as gifts from <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>, the "Sultan of Turkey".<a href="#cite_note-IMH-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-North_America-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archer71-167">[167]</a> A. Keene Richard was the first American known to have specifically bred Arabian horses. He traveled to the desert in 1853 and 1856 to obtain breeding stock, which he crossed on <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbreds" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoroughbreds">Thoroughbreds</a>, and also bred purebred Arabians. Unfortunately, his horses were lost during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and have no known purebred Arabian descendants today.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p29-168">[168]</a> Another major U.S. political figure, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> purchased four Arabians in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> in 1859, prior to becoming <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VanDeusen-169">[169]</a> Leopard is the only stallion imported prior to 1888 who left known purebred descendants in America.<a href="#cite_note-Archer72-170">[170]</a> In 1888 Randolph Huntington imported the desert-bred Arabian mare *Naomi, and bred her to Leopard, producing Leopard's only purebred Arabian son, Anazeh, who sired eight purebred Arabian foals, four of whom still appear in pedigrees today.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p30-171">[171]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_purebred_breeding_in_America">Development of purebred breeding in America</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Development of purebred breeding in America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_man_with_Arabian_horse_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of a man holding an unsaddled light gray horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Syrian_man_with_Arabian_horse_1893.jpg/220px-Syrian_man_with_Arabian_horse_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="984"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Syrian_man_with_Arabian_horse_1893.jpg/220px-Syrian_man_with_Arabian_horse_1893.jpg" data-alt="A black-and-white photograph of a man holding an unsaddled light gray horse" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Syrian_man_with_Arabian_horse_1893.jpg/330px-Syrian_man_with_Arabian_horse_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Syrian_man_with_Arabian_horse_1893.jpg/440px-Syrian_man_with_Arabian_horse_1893.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Exhibitor from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> holding an Arabian horse at the Hamidie Society exhibition, <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a>, 1893.</figcaption></figure> In 1908, the Arabian Horse Registry of America was established, recording 71 animals,<a href="#cite_note-North_America-166">[166]</a> and by 1994, the number had reached half a million. Today there are more Arabians registered in North America than in the rest of the world put together.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The origins of the registry date to 1893, when the Hamidie Society sponsored an exhibit of Arabian horses from what today is <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World Fair</a> in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-North_America-166">[166]</a> This exhibition raised considerable interest in Arabian horses. Records are unclear if 40 or 45 horses were imported for the exposition, but seven died in a fire shortly after arrival. The 28 horses that remained at the end of the exhibition stayed in America and were sold at auction when the Hamidie Society went bankrupt.<a href="#cite_note-CraverAHW-173">[173]</a> These horses caught the interest of American breeders,<a href="#cite_note-North_America-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2006137%E2%80%93139-174">[174]</a> including Peter Bradley of the Hingham Stock Farm, who purchased some Hamidie horses at the auction, and <a href="/wiki/Homer_Davenport" title="Homer Davenport">Homer Davenport</a>, another admirer of the Hamidie imports.<a href="#cite_note-CraverAHW-173">[173]</a> Major Arabian importations to the United States included those of Davenport and Bradley, who teamed up to purchase several stallions and mares directly from the Bedouin in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2006137%E2%80%93139-174">[174]</a> Spencer Borden of the Interlachen Stud made several importations between 1898 and 1911;<a href="#cite_note-North_America-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archer73-175">[175]</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Robinson_Brown" title="William Robinson Brown">W.R. Brown</a> of the Maynesboro Stud, interested in the Arabian as a cavalry mount, imported many Arabians over a period of years, starting in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-North_America-166">[166]</a> Another wave of imports came in the 1920s and 30s when breeders such as <a href="/wiki/Will_Keith_Kellogg" title="Will Keith Kellogg">W.K. Kellogg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Babson" title="Henry Babson">Henry Babson</a>, Roger Selby, James Draper, and others imported Arabian bloodstock from Crabbet Park Stud in England, as well as from Poland, Spain and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-North_America-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archer74-176">[176]</a> The breeding of Arabians was fostered by the <a href="/wiki/U._S._Army_Remount_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U. S. Army Remount Service">U. S. Army Remount Service</a>, which stood purebred stallions at public stud for a reduced rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2006236-177">[177]</a> Several Arabians, mostly of Polish breeding, were captured from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and imported to the U.S.A. following World War II.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p111-178">[178]</a> In 1957, two deaths in England led to more sales to the United States: first from Crabbet Stud on the demise of Lady Wentworth,<a href="#cite_note-Greely79-179">[179]</a> and then from Hanstead with the passing of Gladys Yule.<a href="#cite_note-Cadran2-143">[143]</a> As the tensions of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> eased, more Arabians were imported to America from Poland and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and in the late 1970s, as political issues surrounding import regulations and the recognition of stud books were resolved, many Arabian horses were imported from Spain and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-WAHO-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archer78-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_trends">Modern trends</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modern trends" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 1980s, Arabians became a popular <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a> and were marketed similarly to fine art.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Some individuals also used horses as a <a href="/wiki/Tax_shelter" title="Tax shelter">tax shelter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003129-182">[182]</a> Prices skyrocketed, especially in the United States, with a record-setting public auction price for a mare named <a href="/w/index.php?title=NH_Love_Potion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NH Love Potion (page does not exist)">NH Love Potion</a>, who sold for $2.55 million in 1984, and the largest syndication in history for an Arabian stallion, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padron_(horse)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padron (horse) (page does not exist)">Padron</a>, at $11 million.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The potential for profit led to over-breeding of the Arabian. When the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986" title="Tax Reform Act of 1986">Tax Reform Act of 1986</a> closed the tax-sheltering "<a href="/wiki/Passive_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive investment">passive investment</a>" loophole, limiting the use of horse farms as tax shelters,<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003129%E2%80%93138-185">[185]</a> the Arabian market was particularly vulnerable due to over-saturation and artificially inflated prices, and it collapsed, forcing many breeders into bankruptcy and sending many purebred Arabians to <a href="/wiki/Horse_slaughter" title="Horse slaughter">slaughter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003129%E2%80%93138-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Prices recovered slowly, with many breeders moving away from producing "living art" and towards a horse more suitable for amateur owners and many riding disciplines. By 2003, a survey found that 67% of purebred Arabian horses in America are owned for recreational riding purposes.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are more than 660,000 Arabians that have been registered in the United States, and the US has the largest number of Arabians of any nation in the world.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="In_Australia">In Australia</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_imports_2">Early imports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Early imports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hector.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Painting of a red colored horse with black mane and tail prancing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hector.jpg/220px-Hector.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="388"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hector.jpg/220px-Hector.jpg" data-alt="Painting of a red colored horse with black mane and tail prancing" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hector.jpg/330px-Hector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hector.jpg/440px-Hector.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Arabian stallion Hector, or "Old Hector" was an early import to Australia whose bloodlines are still found today in the <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">pedigrees</a> of some Australian Thoroughbreds.</figcaption></figure> Arabian horses were introduced to Australia in the earliest days of European Settlement. Early imports included both purebred Arabians and light Spanish "<a href="/wiki/Jennet" title="Jennet">jennets</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, many Arabians also came from India. Based on records describing stallions "of Arabic and Persian blood", the first Arabian horses were probably imported to Australia in several groups between 1788 and 1802.<a href="#cite_note-Upton74-189">[189]</a> About 1803, a merchant named Robert Campbell imported a bay Arabian stallion, Hector, from India;<a href="#cite_note-Upton74-189">[189]</a> Hector was said to have been owned by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a>, who later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington_(title)" title="Duke of Wellington (title)">Duke of Wellington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barrie-190">[190]</a> In 1804 two additional Arabians, also from India, arrived in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> one of whom, White William, sired the first purebred Arabian foal born in Australia, a stallion named Derwent.<a href="#cite_note-Upton74-189">[189]</a> Throughout the 19th century, many more Arabians came to Australia, though most were used to produce <a href="/wiki/Crossbred" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbred">crossbred</a> horses and left no recorded <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">purebred</a> descendants.<a href="#cite_note-Upton74-189">[189]</a> The first significant imports to be permanently recorded with offspring still appearing in modern purebred Arabian pedigrees were those of James Boucaut, who in 1891 imported several Arabians from <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Scawen_Blunt" title="Wilfrid Scawen Blunt">Wilfred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Anne Blunt">Lady Anne Blunt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crabbet_Arabian_Stud" title="Crabbet Arabian Stud">Crabbet Arabian Stud</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-Greely121-191">[191]</a> Purebred Arabians were used to improve racehorses and some of them became quite famous as such; about 100 Arabian sires are included in the Australian Stud Book (for <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> <a href="/wiki/Racehorse" class="mw-redirect" title="Racehorse">racehorses</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Barrie-190">[190]</a> The military was also involved in the promotion of breeding cavalry horses, especially around World War I.<a href="#cite_note-Greely121-191">[191]</a> They were part of the foundation of several breeds considered uniquely Australian, including the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Pony" title="Australian Pony">Australian Pony</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Waler" title="Waler">Waler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Stock_Horse" title="Australian Stock Horse">Australian Stock Horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_20th_and_21st_centuries">In the 20th and 21st centuries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In the 20th and 21st centuries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the early 20th century, more Arabian horses, mostly of Crabbet bloodlines, arrived in Australia. The first Arabians of Polish breeding arrived in 1966, and Egyptian lines were first imported in 1970. Arabian horses from the rest of the world followed, and today the Australian Arabian horse registry is the second largest in the world, next to that of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Modern_breeding">Modern breeding</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Modern breeding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1968_CPA_3599_stamp_(Arab_Horse_(Mare)_and_Dressage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A red postage stamp from the Soviet Union with Cyrillic lettering featuring a white line drawing of a horse's head with a silhouette of a black horse with a blue rider superimposed over the lower right-hand corner of the drawing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Soviet_Union_1968_CPA_3599_stamp_%28Arab_Horse_%28Mare%29_and_Dressage%29.jpg/170px-The_Soviet_Union_1968_CPA_3599_stamp_%28Arab_Horse_%28Mare%29_and_Dressage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="968"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Soviet_Union_1968_CPA_3599_stamp_%28Arab_Horse_%28Mare%29_and_Dressage%29.jpg/170px-The_Soviet_Union_1968_CPA_3599_stamp_%28Arab_Horse_%28Mare%29_and_Dressage%29.jpg" data-alt="A red postage stamp from the Soviet Union with Cyrillic lettering featuring a white line drawing of a horse's head with a silhouette of a black horse with a blue rider superimposed over the lower right-hand corner of the drawing" data-width="170" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Soviet_Union_1968_CPA_3599_stamp_%28Arab_Horse_%28Mare%29_and_Dressage%29.jpg/255px-The_Soviet_Union_1968_CPA_3599_stamp_%28Arab_Horse_%28Mare%29_and_Dressage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Soviet_Union_1968_CPA_3599_stamp_%28Arab_Horse_%28Mare%29_and_Dressage%29.jpg/340px-The_Soviet_Union_1968_CPA_3599_stamp_%28Arab_Horse_%28Mare%29_and_Dressage%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A postage stamp from the Soviet Union featuring the Arabian horse</figcaption></figure> Arabian horses today are found all over the world. They are no longer classified by Bedouin strain, but are informally classified by the nation of origin of famed horses in a given pedigree. Popular types of Arabians are labeled "Polish", "Spanish", "Crabbet", "Russian", "Egyptian", and "Domestic" (describing horses whose ancestors were imported to the United States prior to 1944, including those from programs such as <a href="/wiki/W.K._Kellogg" class="mw-redirect" title="W.K. Kellogg">Kellogg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer_Davenport" title="Homer Davenport">Davenport</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Robinson_Brown" title="William Robinson Brown">Maynesboro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Babson" title="Henry Babson">Babson</a>, Dickenson and Selby). In the US, a specific mixture of Crabbet, Maynesboro and Kellogg bloodlines has acquired the copyrighted designation "CMK".<a href="#cite_note-Bloodlines-194">[194]</a> Each set of bloodlines has its own devoted followers, with the virtues of each hotly debated. Most debates are between those who value the Arabian most for its refined beauty and those who value the horse for its stamina and athleticism; there are also a number of breeders who specialize in <a href="/wiki/Preservation_breeding" title="Preservation breeding">preservation breeding</a> of various bloodlines. Controversies exist over the relative "purity" of certain animals; breeders argue about the genetic "purity" of various pedigrees, discussing whether some horses descend from "impure" animals that cannot be traced to the desert Bedouin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003139%E2%80%93155-160">[160]</a> The major factions are as follows: <ul><li>The Arabian Horse Association (AHA) states, "The origin of the purebred Arabian horse was the Arabian desert, and all Arabians ultimately trace their lineage to this source." In essence, all horses accepted for registration in the United States are deemed to be "purebred" Arabians by AHA.<a href="#cite_note-Bloodlines-194">[194]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/World_Arabian_Horse_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Arabian Horse Association">World Arabian Horse Association</a> (WAHO) has the broadest definition of a purebred Arabian. WAHO states, "A Purebred Arabian horse is one which appears in any purebred Arabian Stud Book or Register listed by WAHO as acceptable." By this definition, over 95% of the known purebred Arabian horses in the world are registered in stud books acceptable to WAHO.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> WAHO also researched the purity question in general, and its findings are on its web site, describing both the research and the political issues surrounding Arabian horse bloodlines, particularly in America.<a href="#cite_note-WAHO-97">[97]</a></li> <li>At the other end of the spectrum, organizations focused on bloodlines that are the most meticulously documented to desert sources have the most restrictive definitions. For example, The Asil Club in Europe only accepts "a horse whose pedigree is exclusively based on Bedouin breeding of the Arabian peninsula, without any crossbreeding with non-Arabian horses at any time".<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Khamsa" title="Al Khamsa">Al Khamsa</a> organization takes the position that "The horse...which are called "Al Khamsa Arabian Horses," are those horses in North America that can reasonably be assumed to descend entirely from bedouin Arabian horses bred by horse-breeding bedouin tribes of the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula without admixture from sources unacceptable to Al Khamsa."<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Most restrictive of all are horses identified as "straight Egyptian" by the Pyramid Society, which must trace in all lines to the desert and also to horses owned or bred by specific Egyptian breeding programs.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> By this definition, straight Egyptian Arabians constitute only 2% of all Arabian horses in America.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li>Ironically, some pure-blooded desert-bred Arabians in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> had enormous difficulties being accepted as registrable purebred Arabians because many of the Bedouin who owned them saw no need to obtain a piece of paper to verify the purity of their horses. However, eventually the Syrians developed a <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">stud book</a> for their animals that was accepted by the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Influence_on_other_horse_breeds">Influence on other horse breeds</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Influence on other horse breeds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darley_Arabian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Eighteenth-century painting of a dark brown horse being led by a man in blue clothes. The horse has a thin neck, tail carried high, and a small head." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Darley_Arabian.jpg/220px-Darley_Arabian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="348"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Darley_Arabian.jpg/220px-Darley_Arabian.jpg" data-alt="Eighteenth-century painting of a dark brown horse being led by a man in blue clothes. The horse has a thin neck, tail carried high, and a small head." data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Darley_Arabian.jpg/330px-Darley_Arabian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Darley_Arabian.jpg/440px-Darley_Arabian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Darley Arabian, a foundation sire of the <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a>.</figcaption></figure> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> strength of the desert-bred Arabian horse, Arabian bloodlines have played a part in the development of nearly every modern light horse breed, including the <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Archer104-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orlov_Trotter" title="Orlov Trotter">Orlov Trotter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Archer113-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morgan_horse" title="Morgan horse">Morgan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Archer115-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Saddlebred" title="American Saddlebred">American Saddlebred</a>,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse" title="American Quarter Horse">American Quarter Horse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Archer115-202">[202]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a> breeds such as the <a href="/wiki/Trakehner" title="Trakehner">Trakehner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Archer114-204">[204]</a> Arabian bloodlines have also influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Pony">Welsh Pony</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Archer115-202">[202]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Stock_Horse" title="Australian Stock Horse">Australian Stock Horse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Archer115-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Percheron" title="Percheron">Percheron</a> <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa">Appaloosa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Ranger" title="Colorado Ranger">Colorado Ranger</a> Horse.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Today, people cross Arabians with other breeds to add refinement, endurance, agility and beauty. In the US, Half-Arabians have their own registry within the Arabian Horse Association, which includes a special section for <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Arabian" title="Anglo-Arabian">Anglo-Arabians</a> (Arabian-Thoroughbred crosses).<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Some crosses originally registered only as Half-Arabians became popular enough to have their own breed registry, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Show_Horse" title="National Show Horse">National Show Horse</a> (an Arabian-Saddlebred cross),<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Quarab" title="Quarab">Quarab</a> (Arabian-Quarter Horse),<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pintabian" title="Pintabian">Pintabian</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Welara" title="Welara">Welara</a> (Arabian-Welsh Pony),<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Morab" title="Morab">Morab</a> (Arabian-Morgan).<a href="#cite_note-Morab-213">[213]</a> In addition, some Arabians and Half Arabians have been approved for breeding by some <a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a> registries, particularly the Trakehner registry.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> There is intense debate over the role the Arabian played in the development of other light horse breeds. Before DNA-based research developed, one hypothesis, based on body types and conformation, suggested the light, "dry", <a href="/wiki/Oriental_horse" title="Oriental horse">oriental horse</a> adapted to the desert climate had developed prior to domestication;<a href="#cite_note-Bennett7-215">[215]</a> DNA studies of multiple horse breeds now suggest that while domesticated horses arose from multiple mare lines, there is very little variability in the <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome">Y-chromosome</a> between breeds.<a href="#cite_note-Lindgren2004-216">[216]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication of the horse</a>, due to the location of the Middle East as a crossroads of the ancient world, and relatively near the earliest locations of domestication,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> oriental horses spread throughout Europe and Asia both in ancient and modern times. There is little doubt that humans crossed "oriental" blood on that of other types to create light riding horses; the only actual questions are at what point the "oriental" prototype could be called an "Arabian", how much Arabian blood was mixed with local animals, and at what point in history.<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p16-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-wentworth177-218">[218]</a> For some breeds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a>, Arabian influence of specific animals is documented in written stud books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003155-219">[219]</a> For older breeds, dating the influx of Arabian ancestry is more difficult. For example, while outside cultures, and the horses they brought with them, influenced the predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_horse" title="Iberian horse">Iberian horse</a> in both the time of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and again with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> invasions of the 8th century, it is difficult to trace precise details of the journeys taken by waves of conquerors and their horses as they traveled from the Middle East to North Africa and across Gibraltar to southern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> studies of modern <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_horse" title="Andalusian horse">Andalusian horses</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barb_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barb (horse)">Barb</a> horses of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and influenced one another.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Though these studies did not compare Andalusian and Barb <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> to that of Arabian horses, there is evidence that horses resembling Arabians, whether before or after the breed was called an "Arabian", were part of this genetic mix. Arabians and Barbs, though probably related to one another, are quite different in appearance,<a href="#cite_note-Wentworth36-221">[221]</a> and horses of both Arabian and Barb type were present in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> armies that occupied Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Campiglio-135">[135]</a> There is also historical documentation that Islamic invaders raised Arabian horses in Spain prior to the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>;<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> the Spanish also documented imports of Arabian horses in 1847, 1884 and 1885 that were used to improve existing Spanish stock and revive declining equine populations.<a href="#cite_note-Campiglio-135">[135]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Arabians are versatile horses that compete in many <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> fields, including <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse show</a> disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Saddle_seat" title="Saddle seat">saddle seat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_pleasure" title="Western pleasure">Western pleasure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hunt_seat" title="Hunt seat">hunt seat</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(sport)" title="Cutting (sport)">cutting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reining" title="Reining">reining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">eventing</a>, youth events such as <a href="/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">equitation</a>, and others. They are used as <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_riding" title="Pleasure riding">pleasure riding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trail_riding" title="Trail riding">trail riding</a>, and working <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranch</a> horses for those who are not interested in competition.<a href="#cite_note-Versatile-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition">Competition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Competition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Horse_Association" title="Arabian Horse Association">Arabian Horse Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">Endurance riding</a></div> Arabians dominate the sport of <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a> because of their stamina. They are the leading breed in competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/Tevis_Cup" title="Tevis Cup">Tevis Cup</a> that can cover up to 100 miles (160 km) in a day,<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> and they participate in <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">FEI</a>-sanctioned endurance events worldwide, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Equestrian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="World Equestrian Games">World Equestrian Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> There is an extensive series of <a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse shows</a> in the United States and Canada for Arabian, Half-Arabian, and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Arabian" title="Anglo-Arabian">Anglo-Arabian</a> horses, sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation" title="United States Equestrian Federation">USEF</a> in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Horse_Association" title="Arabian Horse Association">Arabian Horse Association</a>. Classes offered include <a href="/wiki/Western_pleasure" title="Western pleasure">Western pleasure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reining" title="Reining">reining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunt_seat" title="Hunt seat">hunter type</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saddle_seat" title="Saddle seat">saddle seat</a> <a href="/wiki/English_pleasure" title="English pleasure">English pleasure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halter_(horse_show)" title="Halter (horse show)">halter</a>, plus the very popular "Native" costume class.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Sport_horse" title="Sport horse">Sport horse</a>" events for Arabian horses have become popular in North America, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Horse_Association" title="Arabian Horse Association">Arabian Horse Association</a> began hosting a separate Arabian and Half Arabian Sport Horse National Championship in 2003<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> that by 2004 grew to draw 2000 entries.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> This competition draws Arabian and part-Arabian horses that perform in <a href="/wiki/Show_hunter" title="Show hunter">hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">jumper</a>, sport horse under saddle, sport horse in hand, <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Combined_driving" title="Combined driving">combined driving</a> competition.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_beautiful_Horse_and_Rider_at_the_2006_Arabian_Horse_Nationals_(2536434720).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A gray horse being ridden by a person in red, black, and white Arabic-styled robes with a white Arabic-style head covering. The saddle cloth and reins are also covered in ornamented cloth with tassels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_beautiful_Horse_and_Rider_at_the_2006_Arabian_Horse_Nationals_%282536434720%29.jpg/220px-A_beautiful_Horse_and_Rider_at_the_2006_Arabian_Horse_Nationals_%282536434720%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_beautiful_Horse_and_Rider_at_the_2006_Arabian_Horse_Nationals_%282536434720%29.jpg/220px-A_beautiful_Horse_and_Rider_at_the_2006_Arabian_Horse_Nationals_%282536434720%29.jpg" data-alt="A gray horse being ridden by a person in red, black, and white Arabic-styled robes with a white Arabic-style head covering. The saddle cloth and reins are also covered in ornamented cloth with tassels." data-width="220" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_beautiful_Horse_and_Rider_at_the_2006_Arabian_Horse_Nationals_%282536434720%29.jpg/330px-A_beautiful_Horse_and_Rider_at_the_2006_Arabian_Horse_Nationals_%282536434720%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_beautiful_Horse_and_Rider_at_the_2006_Arabian_Horse_Nationals_%282536434720%29.jpg/440px-A_beautiful_Horse_and_Rider_at_the_2006_Arabian_Horse_Nationals_%282536434720%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An Arabian horse in "native" costume, used in both exhibition and competition</figcaption></figure> Other nations also sponsor major shows strictly for purebred and partbred Arabians, including Great Britain<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> France,<a href="#cite_note-Mazz-232">[232]</a> Spain,<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Poland,<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Purebred Arabians have excelled in open events against other breeds. One of the most famous examples in the field of <a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">western riding</a> competition was the Arabian <a href="/wiki/Mare_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mare (horse)">mare</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronteza" title="Ronteza">Ronteza</a>, who defeated 50 horses of all breeds to win the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Working_cow_horse" title="Working cow horse">Reined Cow Horse</a> championship at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-GBE73p247-237">[237]</a> Another Arabian competitive against all breeds was the <a href="/wiki/Stallion_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stallion (horse)">stallion</a> Aaraf who won an all-breed <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(sport)" title="Cutting (sport)">cutting horse</a> competition at the <a href="/wiki/All_American_Quarter_Horse_Congress" title="All American Quarter Horse Congress">Quarter Horse Congress</a> in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Show_hunter" title="Show hunter">show hunter</a> competition, a number of Arabians have competed successfully against other breeds in open competition,<a href="#cite_note-GBE73p247-237">[237]</a> including the purebred <a href="/wiki/Gelding" title="Gelding">gelding</a> Russian Roulette, who has won multiple jumping classes against horses of all breeds on the open circuit,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> and in eventing, a purebred Arabian competed on the Brazilian team at the 2004 Athens Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Part-Arabians have also appeared at open sport horse events and even <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> level competition. The Anglo-Arabian Linon was ridden to an Olympic silver medal for France in Dressage in 1928 and 1932, as well as a team gold in 1932, and another French Anglo-Arabian, Harpagon, was ridden to a team gold medal and an individual silver in dressage at the 1948 Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Olympics</a>, the French rider Pierre d'Oriola won the Gold individual medal in <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a> on the Anglo-Arabian Ali Baba.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Another Anglo-Arabian, <a href="/wiki/Tamarillo_(horse)" title="Tamarillo (horse)">Tamarillo</a>, ridden by <a href="/wiki/William_Fox-Pitt" title="William Fox-Pitt">William Fox-Pitt</a>, represents the United Kingdom in FEI and Olympic competition, winning many awards, including first place at the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Badminton_Horse_Trials" title="Badminton Horse Trials">Badminton Horse Trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> More recently a gelding named <a href="/wiki/Theodore_O%27Connor" title="Theodore O'Connor">Theodore O'Connor</a>, nicknamed "Teddy", a 14.1 (or 14.2, sources vary) hand <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a>, Arabian, and <a href="/wiki/Shetland_pony" title="Shetland pony">Shetland pony</a> breeding, won two gold medals at the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a> and was finished in the top six at the 2007 and 2008 <a href="/wiki/Rolex_Kentucky_Three_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolex Kentucky Three Day">Rolex Kentucky Three Day</a> CCI competition.<a href="#cite_note-Ted-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ValentinoandJadaan.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Black and gray photograph of a man in bedouin costume standing in front of a saddled gray horse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ValentinoandJadaan.gif/220px-ValentinoandJadaan.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="249"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ValentinoandJadaan.gif/220px-ValentinoandJadaan.gif" data-alt="Black and gray photograph of a man in bedouin costume standing in front of a saddled gray horse." data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ValentinoandJadaan.gif/330px-ValentinoandJadaan.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/ValentinoandJadaan.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rudolph Valentino and Jadaan. Publicity shot for <a href="/wiki/The_Son_of_the_Sheik" title="The Son of the Sheik">The Son of the Sheik</a>, 1926</figcaption></figure> Arabians are involved in a wide variety of activities, including fairs, movies, parades, circuses and other places where horses are showcased. They have been popular in movies, dating back to the silent film era when <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino" title="Rudolph Valentino">Rudolph Valentino</a> rode the Kellogg Arabian stallion Jadaan in 1926's <a href="/wiki/Son_of_the_Sheik" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of the Sheik">Son of the Sheik</a>,<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> and have been seen in many other films, including <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Stallion_(film)" title="The Black Stallion (film)">The Black Stallion</a> featuring the stallion <a href="/wiki/Cass_Ole" title="Cass Ole">Cass Ole</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Black_Stallion" title="The Young Black Stallion">The Young Black Stallion</a>, which used over 40 Arabians during filming,<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(film)" title="Hidalgo (film)">Hidalgo</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> and the 1959 version of <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Arabians are mascots for football teams, performing crowd-pleasing activities on the field and sidelines. One of the horses who serves as <a href="/wiki/Traveler_(mascot)" title="Traveler (mascot)">"Traveler"</a>, the mascot for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> <a href="/wiki/USC_Trojans_football" title="USC Trojans football">Trojans</a>, has been a purebred Arabian. "<a href="/wiki/Thunder_(mascot)" title="Thunder (mascot)">Thunder</a>", a stage name for the purebred Arabian stallion J B Kobask, was mascot for the <a href="/wiki/Denver_Broncos" title="Denver Broncos">Denver Broncos</a> from 1993 until his retirement in 2004, when the Arabian gelding Winter Solstyce took over as "Thunder II".<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/California_State_Polytechnic_University,_Pomona" title="California State Polytechnic University, Pomona">Cal Poly Pomona's</a> <a href="/wiki/W.K._Kellogg_Arabian_Horse_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="W.K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center">W.K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center</a> Equestrian Unit has made Arabian horses a regular sight at the annual <a href="/wiki/Tournament_of_Roses_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tournament of Roses Parade">Tournament of Roses Parade</a> held each New Year's Day in Pasadena, California.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Arabians also are used on <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> teams and occasionally for police work. Some Arabians are used in <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> in the US and Europe, in the Turkish equestrian sport of Cirit (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[dʒiˈɾit]</a>), as well as in <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_horseback_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic horseback riding">therapeutic horseback riding</a> programs, and on <a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">guest ranches</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChaiklinGoodingCampbell2020" class="citation book cs1">Chaiklin, Martha; Gooding, Philip; Campbell, Gwyn (July 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5pTyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">Animal Trade Histories in the Indian Ocean World</a>. Springer Nature. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-42595-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-42595-1"><bdi>978-3-030-42595-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Trade+Histories+in+the+Indian+Ocean+World&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.isbn=978-3-030-42595-1&rft.aulast=Chaiklin&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Gooding%2C+Philip&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5pTyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upton21-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Upton21_2-0">^</a> Upton, Arabians pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer89-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archer89_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer89_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer89_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer89_3-3">d</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 89–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-USEF_AR-102-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USEF_AR-102_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USEF_AR-102_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usef.org/forms-pubs/GsE_juyIyuk/ar-arabian-half-arabian-and">"Chapter AR: Arabian, Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian Division Rule Book, Rule AR-102"</a>. 2023 Rule book. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation" title="United States Equestrian Federation">United States Equestrian Federation</a>. Retrieved November 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2023+Rule+book&rft.atitle=Chapter+AR%3A+Arabian%2C+Half-Arabian+and+Anglo-Arabian+Division+Rule+Book%2C+Rule+AR-102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usef.org%2Fforms-pubs%2FGsE_juyIyuk%2Far-arabian-half-arabian-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkinson157-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parkinson157_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkinson157_5-1">b</a> Edwards, Gladys Brown (January 1989). "How I Would 'Build' an Arabian Stallion". Arabian Horse World. p. 542. Reprinted in Parkinson, pp. 157–158 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Schofler, <a href="#Flight_Without_Wings">Flight Without Wings</a>, pp. 11–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Athletes-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Athletes_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612004529/http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert6.asp">"Arabians are beautiful, but are they good athletes? - The Versatile Arabian"</a>. AHA Website. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert6.asp">the original</a> on June 12, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AHA+Website&rft.atitle=Arabians+are+beautiful%2C+but+are+they+good+athletes%3F+-+The+Versatile+Arabian&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fhome%2Ffaq%2FAskExpert6.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p245-8"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p245_8-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 245–246 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Society_of_Australia" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Society of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430023657/http://ahsa.asn.au/endurance.htm">"Arabians In Endurance"</a>. AHSA Website. Arabian Horse Society of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahsa.asn.au/endurance.htm">the original</a> on April 30, 2008. Retrieved May 31, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AHSA+Website&rft.atitle=Arabians+In+Endurance&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Society+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahsa.asn.au%2Fendurance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p27-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p27_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p27_10-1">b</a> Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 27–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Schofler, <a href="#Flight_Without_Wings">Flight Without Wings</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Typically the hip angle is about 35 degrees, while the croup is about 25 degrees </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards_Anatomy_chapter_6-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_Anatomy_chapter_6_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_Anatomy_chapter_6_13-1">b</a> Edwards, "Chapter 6: The Croup", Anatomy and Conformation of the Horse, pp. 83–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkinson121-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Parkinson121_14-0">^</a> Edwards, Gladys Brown. "An Illustrated Guide to Arabian Horse Conformation." Arabian Horse World Quarterly, Spring, 1998, p. 86. Reprinted in Parkinson, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Plumb, Types and Breeds of Farm Animals, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ens96-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ens96_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ens96_16-1">b</a> Ensminger, Horses and Horsemanship p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ens84-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ens84_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ens84_17-1">b</a> Ensminger, Horses and Horsemanship p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-ArabianToday-18"><a href="#cite_ref-ArabianToday_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513200422/http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_today.asp">"The Arabian Horse Today"</a>. Arabian Horse History & Heritage. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_today.asp">the original</a> on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+History+%26+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Arabian+Horse+Today&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Feducation%2Feducation_history_today.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upton19-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Upton19_19-0">^</a> Upton, Arabians, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Stallions may be shown in most youth classes, except for 8 and under walk-trot: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/05-AR.pdf">2008 USEF Arabian, Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian Division Rule Book, Rule AR-112</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212448/http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/05-AR.pdf">Archived</a> March 3, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Breeds not allowing stallions in youth classes include, but are not limited to, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aqha.com/Resources/Handbook.aspx">Rule 404(c) American Quarter Horse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207080308/http://aqha.com/Resources/Handbook.aspx">Archived</a> February 7, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.com/pdfs/rulebook12.pdf">Rule 607 Appaloosa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120412215144/http://www.appaloosa.com/pdfs/rulebook12.pdf">Archived</a> April 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/26-SB.pdf">SB-126 Saddlebreds</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/23-PF.pdf">PF-106 Paso Finos - no children under 13</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/20-MO.pdf">MO-104 Morgans</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/19-JH.pdfJH">101 Children's and Junior Hunters</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/17-HP.pdf">HP-101 Hunter Pony</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/14-HK.pdf">HK-101 Hackney</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/13-FR.pdf">FR-101 Friesians</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/11-EQ.pdf">EQ-102 Equitation - stallions prohibited except if limited only to breeds that allow stallions</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/07-CP.pdf">CP-108 Carriage and Pleasure Driving</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/30-WS.pdf">WS 101 Western division</a>. Other breeds allowing stallions in youth classes include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/04-AL.pdf">AL-101, Andalusians</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/06-CO.pdf">CO-103 Connemaras</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/30-WS.pdf">(WL 115 and WL 139 Welch pony and cob</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Pavord, Handling and Understanding the Horse, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashid-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rashid_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashid_22-1">b</a> Rashid, A Good Horse Is Never a Bad Color, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314174344/http://www.horses-and-horse-information.com/articles/horses-hotbloods.shtml">"Hot-blooded Horses: What are the hotblood breeds?"</a>. American Horse Rider & Horses and Horse Information. 2007. (example of information claiming hot-blooded horses are hard to manage). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horses-and-horse-information.com/articles/horses-hotbloods.shtml">the original</a> on March 14, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hot-blooded+Horses%3A+What+are+the+hotblood+breeds%3F&rft.pages=%28example+of+information+claiming+hot-blooded+horses+are+hard+to+manage%29&rft.pub=American+Horse+Rider+%26+Horses+and+Horse+Information&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horses-and-horse-information.com%2Farticles%2Fhorses-hotbloods.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p28-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p28_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p28_24-1">b</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516050127/http://www.arabianhorses.org/registration/markings/index.asp">"How Do I... Determine Color & Markings?"</a>. Purebred Registration. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/registration/Markings/Index.asp">the original</a> on May 16, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Purebred+Registration&rft.atitle=How+Do+I...+Determine+Color+%26+Markings%3F&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fregistration%2FMarkings%2FIndex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Ammon, Historical Reports on Arab Horse Breeding and the Arabian Horse, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-Spon69-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spon69_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spon69_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spon69_27-2">c</a> Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Patterns-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patterns_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterns_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterns_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterns_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahler,_Brenda2011" class="citation web cs1">Wahler, Brenda (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929160511/http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/genetic/docs/11Genetic_Coat_Color_Patterns.pdf">"Arabian Coat Color Patterns"</a> (PDF). Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/genetic/docs/11Genetic_Coat_Color_Patterns.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabian+Coat+Color+Patterns&rft.pub=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Wahler%2C+Brenda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Feducation%2Fgenetic%2Fdocs%2F11Genetic_Coat_Color_Patterns.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Stewart, The Arabian Horse, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514145158/http://www.arabianhorses.org/registration/markings/Color.asp">"What Color Is My Horse?"</a>. Purebred Registration. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/registration/Markings/Color.asp">the original</a> on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Purebred+Registration&rft.atitle=What+Color+Is+My+Horse%3F&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fregistration%2FMarkings%2FColor.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LegUp-31"><a href="#cite_ref-LegUp_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917132119/http://arabianhorses.org/youth/docs/LegUp_Eval.pdf">"Leg Up"</a> (PDF). Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/youth/docs/LegUp_Eval.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 17, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leg+Up&rft.pub=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fyouth%2Fdocs%2FLegUp_Eval.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UptonWeb33-32"><a href="#cite_ref-UptonWeb33_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton,_Peter1987" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Peter (1987). The Classic Arabian. Arab Horse Society. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21241803">21241803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classic+Arabian&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Arab+Horse+Society&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21241803&rft.au=Upton%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haase2007-33"><a href="#cite_ref-haase2007_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaaseBrooksSchlumbaumAzor2007" class="citation journal cs1">Haase B, Brooks SA, Schlumbaum A, Azor PJ, Bailey E, et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2065884">"Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT Locus in Dominant White (W) Horses"</a>. PLOS Genetics. 3 (11): e195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0030195">10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2065884">2065884</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17997609">17997609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Allelic+Heterogeneity+at+the+Equine+KIT+Locus+in+Dominant+White+%28W%29+Horses&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e195&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2065884%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17997609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0030195&rft.aulast=Haase&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Brooks%2C+SA&rft.au=Schlumbaum%2C+A&rft.au=Azor%2C+PJ&rft.au=Bailey%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2065884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabino1-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Sabino1_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUC_Davis" class="citation web cs1">UC Davis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php">"Horse Coat Color Tests"</a>. Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California - Davis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117184933/http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Genetics+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Horse+Coat+Color+Tests&rft.au=UC+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vgl.ucdavis.edu%2Fservices%2Fcoatcolorhorse.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010182106/http://www.animalgenetics.us/Sabino1.htm">"Sabino 1"</a>. Animal Genetics Incorporated. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalgenetics.us/Sabino1.htm">the original</a> on October 10, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabino+1&rft.pub=Animal+Genetics+Incorporated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalgenetics.us%2FSabino1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUC_Davis" class="citation web cs1">UC Davis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolor.php">"Introduction to Coat Color Genetics"</a>. Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California - Davis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120014506/http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolor.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Genetics+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Coat+Color+Genetics&rft.au=UC+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vgl.ucdavis.edu%2Fservices%2Fcoatcolor.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorse_Genetics" class="citation web cs1">Horse Genetics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511195905/http://www.horse-genetics.com/roan-horses.html">"Roan Horses"</a>. The Horse Genetics Web Site. Horse Genetics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horse-genetics.com/roan-horses.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Horse+Genetics+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Roan+Horses&rft.au=Horse+Genetics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horse-genetics.com%2Froan-horses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCDavisColorGenetics-38"><a href="#cite_ref-UCDavisColorGenetics_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolor.php">"Introduction to Coat Color Genetics"</a>. University of California Davis Veterinary Genetics Lab. Retrieved September 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Coat+Color+Genetics&rft.pub=University+of+California+Davis+Veterinary+Genetics+Lab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vgl.ucdavis.edu%2Fservices%2Fcoatcolor.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p5-39"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p5_39-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Color98-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Color98_40-0">^</a> Beaver, Horse color, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gower30-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Gower30_41-0">^</a> Gower, Horse Color Explained, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Society_of_Australia" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Society of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722072522/http://www.ahsa.asn.au/pdfs/DerivativeStandard.pdf">"The Arabian Derivative Horse"</a> (PDF). Derivative Standard 2004. Arabian Horse Society of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahsa.asn.au/pdfs/DerivativeStandard.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 22, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Derivative+Standard+2004&rft.atitle=The+Arabian+Derivative+Horse&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Society+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahsa.asn.au%2Fpdfs%2FDerivativeStandard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Dawn1997" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Dawn (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212025916/http://www.apha.com/breed/lethalwhites01.html">"Lethal Whites: A Light at the End of the Tunnel"</a>. Paint Horse Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apha.com/breed/lethalwhites01.html">the original</a> on December 12, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paint+Horse+Journal&rft.atitle=Lethal+Whites%3A+A+Light+at+the+End+of+the+Tunnel&rft.date=1997-02&rft.au=Walker%2C+Dawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apha.com%2Fbreed%2Flethalwhites01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Parry, "xc overo/lethal white", Compendium, pp. 945–950 </li> <li id="cite_note-Caution-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caution_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caution_45-1">b</a> Goodwin-Campiglio, et al. "Caution and Knowledge", pp. 100–105 </li> <li id="cite_note-Aleman2-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aleman2_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aleman2_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleman,_Monica2006" class="citation journal cs1">Aleman, Monica (November–December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2006.tb00764.x">"Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy in Egyptian Arabian foals: 22 cases (1988-2005)"</a>. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 20 (6): 1443–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2006.tb00764.x">10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00764.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17186863">17186863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Veterinary+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Juvenile+idiopathic+epilepsy+in+Egyptian+Arabian+foals%3A+22+cases+%281988-2005%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1443-9&rft.date=2006-11%2F2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2006.tb00764.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17186863&rft.au=Aleman%2C+Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1939-1676.2006.tb00764.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horsemap/hgpdiseases.html">"Applications of Genome Study - Simple Hereditary Diseases"</a>. Horse Genome Project. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Applications+of+Genome+Study+-+Simple+Hereditary+Diseases&rft.pub=Horse+Genome+Project&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uky.edu%2FAg%2FHorsemap%2Fhgpdiseases.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetGen" class="citation web cs1">VetGen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vetgen.com/equine-scid-service.html">"SCID"</a>. List of Services. VetGen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524034741/http://www.vetgen.com/equine-scid-service.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=List+of+Services&rft.atitle=SCID&rft.au=VetGen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vetgen.com%2Fequine-scid-service.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird,_Helen" class="citation web cs1">Bird, Helen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabians-international.com/LFS.html">"Lavender Foal Syndrome Fact Sheet"</a>. James A Baker Institute for Animal Health. Cornell University. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+A+Baker+Institute+for+Animal+Health&rft.atitle=Lavender+Foal+Syndrome+Fact+Sheet&rft.au=Bird%2C+Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabians-international.com%2FLFS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fanelli-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fanelli_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanelli_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanelli_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanelli2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fanelli, H. H. (2010). "Coat colour dilution lethal ('lavender foal a'): Syndrome tetany syndrome of Arabian foals". Equine Veterinary Education. 17 (5): 260–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2042-3292.2005.tb00386.x">10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00386.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equine+Veterinary+Education&rft.atitle=Coat+colour+dilution+lethal+%28%27lavender+foal+a%27%29%3A+Syndrome+tetany+syndrome+of+Arabian+foals&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=260-263&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2042-3292.2005.tb00386.x&rft.aulast=Fanelli&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPVGL-51"><a href="#cite_ref-OPVGL_51-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=11671&articleID=3268">"Bierman, A., 4 November 2009, Lavender Foal Syndrome - Genetic test developed in South Africa"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001110023/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=11671&articleID=3268">Archived</a> October 1, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Robert_S.2008" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Robert S. (September 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=12746&nID=17&src=RA">"Test Allows Arabian Breeders to Scan for Inherited Neurologic Disorder"</a>. The Horse online edition. Blood-Horse Publications. Retrieved October 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Horse+online+edition&rft.atitle=Test+Allows+Arabian+Breeders+to+Scan+for+Inherited+Neurologic+Disorder&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Robert+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FID%3D12746%26nID%3D17%26src%3DRA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUC_Davis" class="citation web cs1">UC Davis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/genomic/cerebellar/">"Cerebellar Abiotrophy"</a>. Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California - Davis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620012443/http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/genomic/cerebellar/">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Genetics+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Cerebellar+Abiotrophy&rft.au=UC+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vgl.ucdavis.edu%2Fgenomic%2Fcerebellar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OAAM-54"><a href="#cite_ref-OAAM_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_A.GMayhew,_I.G.1986" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, A.G; Mayhew, I.G. (May 1986). "Familial congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in the Arabian horse". Spine. 11 (4): 334–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007632-198605000-00007">10.1097/00007632-198605000-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3750063">3750063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24162295">24162295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spine&rft.atitle=Familial+congenital+occipitoatlantoaxial+malformation+%28OAAM%29+in+the+Arabian+horse&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=334-339&rft.date=1986-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24162295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3750063&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007632-198605000-00007&rft.au=Watson%2C+A.G&rft.au=Mayhew%2C+I.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OAAMtest-55"><a href="#cite_ref-OAAMtest_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/labs/finno-laboratory/occipitoatlantoaxial-malformation-oaam">"Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation (OAAM) | School of Veterinary Medicine"</a>. UC Davis Veterinary Medicine. University of California, Davis. June 5, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Davis+Veterinary+Medicine&rft.atitle=Occipitoatlantoaxial+Malformation+%28OAAM%29+%7C+School+of+Veterinary+Medicine&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vetmed.ucdavis.edu%2Flabs%2Ffinno-laboratory%2Foccipitoatlantoaxial-malformation-oaam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aleman-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aleman_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aleman_56-1">b</a> Equus Staff, "Good news about recovery from foal epilepsy", Equus </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd,_Bob" class="citation web cs1">Judd, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2276">"Lavender Foal Syndrome"</a>. Texas Vet News. Veterinary Information Network. Retrieved November 24, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Vet+News&rft.atitle=Lavender+Foal+Syndrome&rft.au=Judd%2C+Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterinarypartner.com%2FContent.plx%3FP%3DA%26A%3D2276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlazyczek,_Ingild_Astrid" class="citation web cs1">Blazyczek, Ingild Astrid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/W44GH7IV7NWSKSJCES54FKFD4U3DIQIS">"Populationsgenetische Analyse der Luftsacktympanie beim Fohlen" (En: "Population genetic analysis of guttural pouch tympany in foals")"</a>. Dissertation. Hannover, Tierärztliche Hochschule. Retrieved February 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dissertation&rft.atitle=Populationsgenetische+Analyse+der+Luftsacktympanie+beim+Fohlen%22+%28En%3A+%22Population+genetic+analysis+of+guttural+pouch+tympany+in+foals%22%29&rft.au=Blazyczek%2C+Ingild+Astrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de%2Fitem%2FW44GH7IV7NWSKSJCES54FKFD4U3DIQIS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcella2006" class="citation web cs1">Marcella, Kenneth L. (January 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422054922/http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/2006/January/30/The-mysterious-guttural-pouch.aspx">"The mysterious guttural pouch"</a>. Thoroughbred Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/2006/January/30/The-mysterious-guttural-pouch.aspx">the original</a> on April 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thoroughbred+Times&rft.atitle=The+mysterious+guttural+pouch&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft.aulast=Marcella&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoroughbredtimes.com%2Fhorse-health%2F2006%2FJanuary%2F30%2FThe-mysterious-guttural-pouch.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Blazyczek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907035938/http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/3/195#F01P01">"Inheritance of Guttural Pouch Tympany in the Arabian Horse"</a>, Journal of Heredity, pp. 195–199 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrause,_Myron" class="citation web cs1">Krause, Myron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121121413/http://secure.arabianhorses.org/enews/pres_bulletin_200712.html">"HA President's Bulletin, December 2007"</a>. AHA Website. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secure.arabianhorses.org/enews/pres_bulletin_200712.html">the original</a> on January 21, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AHA+Website&rft.atitle=HA+President%27s+Bulletin%2C+December+2007&rft.au=Krause%2C+Myron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsecure.arabianhorses.org%2Fenews%2Fpres_bulletin_200712.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.O.A.L" class="citation web cs1">F.O.A.L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foal.org/">"Arabian Foal Association Homepage"</a>. AFA Homepage. Arabian F.O.A.L. Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529005848/http://www.foal.org/">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFA+Homepage&rft.atitle=Arabian+Foal+Association+Homepage&rft.au=F.O.A.L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foal.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin-Campiglio,_Lisa" class="citation web cs1">Goodwin-Campiglio, Lisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705105109/http://www.waho.org/History/GeneticResearch.html">"Genetic Disorders in Arabian Horses: Current Research Projects"</a>. World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) Website. World Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waho.org/History/GeneticResearch.html">the original</a> on July 5, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Arabian+Horse+Association+%28WAHO%29+Website&rft.atitle=Genetic+Disorders+in+Arabian+Horses%3A+Current+Research+Projects&rft.au=Goodwin-Campiglio%2C+Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waho.org%2FHistory%2FGeneticResearch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkham2017" class="citation news cs1">Barkham, Patrick (October 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/12/outcry-over-extreme-bred-horse-that-looks-like-an-aardvark">"Vets warn that 'extreme breeding' could harm horses"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vets+warn+that+%27extreme+breeding%27+could+harm+horses&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.aulast=Barkham&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Foct%2F12%2Foutcry-over-extreme-bred-horse-that-looks-like-an-aardvark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916022726/https://www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/trend-for-extreme-breeding-is-now-affecting-horses/">"Trend for extreme breeding is now affecting horses | BMJ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/trend-for-extreme-breeding-is-now-affecting-horses/">the original</a> on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trend+for+extreme+breeding+is+now+affecting+horses+%26%23124%3B+BMJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcompany%2Fnewsroom%2Ftrend-for-extreme-breeding-is-now-affecting-horses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Khamsa" class="citation web cs1">Al Khamsa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418081554/http://www.alkhamsa.org/site/legends.html">"Al Khamsa The Five"</a>. History and Legends. Al Khamsa, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alkhamsa.org/site/legends.html">the original</a> on April 18, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+and+Legends&rft.atitle=Al+Khamsa+The+Five&rft.au=Al+Khamsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alkhamsa.org%2Fsite%2Flegends.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer92-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer92_67-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-Upton12-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upton12_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upton12_68-1">b</a> Upton, Arabians, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Schofler, <a href="#Flight_Without_Wings">Flight Without Wings</a>, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlin-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlin_70-0">^</a> Chamberlin, Horse, pp. 166–167 </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer2-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer2_71-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Raswan, The Raswan Index and Handbook for Arabian Breeders, Section: "The Kuhaylat", p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck,_Andy" class="citation web cs1">Beck, Andy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041307/http://naturalhorseplanet.com/features/the-arabian.html">"The Arabian: a treasure of nature to be preserved"</a>. Natural Horse Planet. Planet Equitopia SARL. credited as Ancient Bedouin Legend per "Byford, et al. Origination of the Arabian Breed". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naturalhorseplanet.com/features/the-arabian.html">the original</a> on April 26, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natural+Horse+Planet&rft.atitle=The+Arabian%3A+a+treasure+of+nature+to+be+preserved&rft.pages=credited+as+Ancient+Bedouin+Legend+per+%22Byford%2C+et+al.+Origination+of+the+Arabian+Breed%22&rft.au=Beck%2C+Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaturalhorseplanet.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-arabian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Sumi, Description in Classical Arabic Poetry, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Głażewska-75"><a href="#cite_ref-G%C5%82a%C5%BCewska_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGłażewska2010" class="citation journal cs1">Głażewska, Iwona (April 1, 2010). "Speculations on the origin of the Arabian horse breed". Livestock Science. 129 (1–3): 49–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.livsci.2009.12.009">10.1016/j.livsci.2009.12.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1871-1413">1871-1413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Livestock+Science&rft.atitle=Speculations+on+the+origin+of+the+Arabian+horse+breed&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=49-55&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.livsci.2009.12.009&rft.issn=1871-1413&rft.aulast=G%C5%82a%C5%BCewska&rft.aufirst=Iwona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaudiEmbassy-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SaudiEmbassy_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SaudiEmbassy_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="citation web cs1">Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804104227/http://www.saudiembassy.net/Publications/MagSpring97/horse.htm">"Preserving the Arabian Horse in its Ancestral Land"</a>. Spring 2007 Publication. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/Publications/MagSpring97/horse.htm">the original</a> on August 4, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spring+2007+Publication&rft.atitle=Preserving+the+Arabian+Horse+in+its+Ancestral+Land&rft.au=Royal+Embassy+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2FPublications%2FMagSpring97%2Fhorse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p2-77"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p2_77-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett4ff-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett4ff_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett4ff_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett4ff_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett4ff_79-3">d</a> Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 4–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p6-80"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p6_80-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, pp.6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-IMH-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMH_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMH_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMH_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMH_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMH_81-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentucky_Horse_Park" class="citation web cs1">Kentucky Horse Park. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023073344/http://imh.org/museum/breeds.php?pageid=8&breed=10&alpha=One">"Arabian"</a>. International Museum of the Horse. Kentucky Horse Park. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imh.org/museum/breeds.php?pageid=8&breed=10&alpha=One">the original</a> on October 23, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Museum+of+the+Horse&rft.atitle=Arabian&rft.au=Kentucky+Horse+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imh.org%2Fmuseum%2Fbreeds.php%3Fpageid%3D8%26breed%3D10%26alpha%3DOne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarriganP-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarriganP_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarriganP_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414060048/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201203/discovery.at.al-magar.htm">"Discovery at al-Magar"</a>. Saudi Aramco World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201203/discovery.at.al-magar.htm">the original</a> on April 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Discovery+at+al-Magar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F201203%2Fdiscovery.at.al-magar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumpkin1999" class="citation web cs1">Lumpkin, Susan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523134029/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/1999/5/camelservicesurvival.cfm">"Camels: Of Service and Survival"</a>. Zoogoer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/1999/5/camelservicesurvival.cfm">the original</a> on May 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zoogoer&rft.atitle=Camels%3A+Of+Service+and+Survival&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Lumpkin&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalzoo.si.edu%2FPublications%2FZooGoer%2F1999%2F5%2Fcamelservicesurvival.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_Deb" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Deb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506052940/http://www.frankhopkins.com/mustangsA.html">"Introduction - Part 2: The Origin and Relationships of the Mustang, Barb, and Arabian Horse"</a>. The Spanish Mustang. The Horse of the Americas Registry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankhopkins.com/mustangsA.html">the original</a> on May 6, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spanish+Mustang&rft.atitle=Introduction+-+Part+2%3A+The+Origin+and+Relationships+of+the+Mustang%2C+Barb%2C+and+Arabian+Horse&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Deb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankhopkins.com%2FmustangsA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p24-85"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p24_85-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer3-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archer3_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer3_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer3_86-2">c</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 2–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Expert4-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Expert4_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Expert4_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612161108/http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert4.asp">"Arabian Type, Color and Conformation"</a>. FAQ. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert4.asp">the original</a> on June 12, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAQ&rft.atitle=Arabian+Type%2C+Color+and+Conformation&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fhome%2Ffaq%2FAskExpert4.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Schofler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/pressbox/images/magazine/pdf/9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b.pdf">"Daughters of the Desert"</a>, Equestrian Magazine </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73pp24–26-89"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73pp24%E2%80%9326_89-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 24–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119191913/http://alkhamsa.org/education/education/the-bedouin-horse.html">"The Horse of the Bedouin"</a>. The Bedouin Horse. Al Khamsa Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alkhamsa.org/education/education/the-bedouin-horse.html">the original</a> on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bedouin+Horse&rft.atitle=The+Horse+of+the+Bedouin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alkhamsa.org%2Feducation%2Feducation%2Fthe-bedouin-horse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003104–105-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003104%E2%80%93105_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715055654/http://www.arabianhorses.org/discover/arabian-horses/#Horse%20of%20the%20Desert%20Bedouin">"Horse of the Desert Bedouin"</a>. Arabian Horse History & Heritage. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/discover/arabian-horses/#Horse%20of%20the%20Desert%20Bedouin">the original</a> on July 15, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+History+%26+Heritage&rft.atitle=Horse+of+the+Desert+Bedouin&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fdiscover%2Farabian-horses%2F%23Horse%2520of%2520the%2520Desert%2520Bedouin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbis274-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbis274_94-0">^</a> Forbis Classic Arabian Horse pp. 274–289 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119192335/http://alkhamsa.org/education/education/the-bedouin-horse/asil.html">"The Bedouin Concept of Asil"</a>. The Bedouin Horse. Al Khamsa Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alkhamsa.org/education/education/the-bedouin-horse/asil.html">the original</a> on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bedouin+Horse&rft.atitle=The+Bedouin+Concept+of+Asil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alkhamsa.org%2Feducation%2Feducation%2Fthe-bedouin-horse%2Fasil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p22-96"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p22_96-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-WAHO-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WAHO_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WAHO_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WAHO_97-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705105054/http://www.waho.org/Purityissue.html">"WAHO Publication Number 21, January 1998: Is Purity the Issue?"</a>. World Arabian Horse Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waho.org/History.html">the original</a> on July 5, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Arabian+Horse+Organization&rft.atitle=WAHO+Publication+Number+21%2C+January+1998%3A+Is+Purity+the+Issue%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waho.org%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pyramid_Society-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Pyramid_Society_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_Barbara_S." class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Barbara S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060508005004/http://www.pyramidarabians.com/news/articles/arabianmystique.html">"Egyptian Arabians: The Mystique Unfolded"</a>. Arabians. Pyramid Arabians. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pyramidarabians.com/news/articles/arabianmystique.html">the original</a> on May 8, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabians&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Arabians%3A+The+Mystique+Unfolded&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Barbara+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyramidarabians.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Farabianmystique.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Bowling, "A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial d-loop DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses", Animal Genetics, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p16-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p16_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p16_100-1">b</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Upton10-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Upton10_101-0">^</a> Upton, Arabians, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Bennett, Conquerors, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-James-103"><a href="#cite_ref-James_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507173157/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-at.war.htm">"The Arabian Horse: At War"</a>. Saudi Aramco World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-at.war.htm">the original</a> on May 7, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Arabian+Horse%3A+At+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F198602%2Fthe.arabian.horse-at.war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaiklinGoodingCampbell2020" class="citation book cs1">Chaiklin, Martha; Gooding, Philip; Campbell, Gwyn (July 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5pTyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">Animal Trade Histories in the Indian Ocean World</a>. Springer Nature. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-42595-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-42595-1"><bdi>978-3-030-42595-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Trade+Histories+in+the+Indian+Ocean+World&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.isbn=978-3-030-42595-1&rft.aulast=Chaiklin&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Gooding%2C+Philip&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5pTyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely26-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greely26_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greely26_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greely26_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greely26_105-3">d</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2006106-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2006106_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2006">Derry 2006</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer6-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer6_107-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wentworth178-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Wentworth178_108-0">^</a> Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p268-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p268_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p268_109-1">b</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 268 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely27-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greely27_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greely27_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greely27_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greely27_110-3">d</a> Greely Arabian Exodus pp. 27–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wentworth191-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Wentworth191_111-0">^</a> Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 191–192 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Jobbins, "Straight Down the Line", Al-Ahram Weekly Online </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely41-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely41_113-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-EgyptianBloodlines-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EgyptianBloodlines_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EgyptianBloodlines_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_Barbara" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706133604/http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_egyptian.asp">"Egyptian Arabians"</a>. Arabian Horse - Bloodlines. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_egyptian.asp">the original</a> on July 6, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+-+Bloodlines&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Arabians&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Feducation%2Feducation_bloodlines_egyptian.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely137-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greely137_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greely137_115-1">b</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely149-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greely149_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greely149_116-1">b</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely139-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely139_117-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003123-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003123_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-AHARussian-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHARussian_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHARussian_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHARussian_119-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimes,_Cheryl" class="citation web cs1">Himes, Cheryl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080712200309/http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_russian.asp">"Russian Arabians"</a>. Arabian Horse - Bloodlines. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_russian.asp">the original</a> on July 12, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+-+Bloodlines&rft.atitle=Russian+Arabians&rft.au=Himes%2C+Cheryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Feducation%2Feducation_bloodlines_russian.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legends-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Legends_120-0">^</a> Carpenter Arabian Legends p. 102-111 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrigan-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrigan_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrigan_121-1">b</a> Harrigan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/717/feature.htm">"The Polish Quest For Arabian Horses"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013203252/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/717/feature.htm">Archived</a> October 13, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Saudi Aramco World </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003107-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003107_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-Russian-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russian_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russian_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russian_123-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroika" class="citation web cs1">Troika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000530204151/http://www.horses.ru/arabian/hist_main.htm">"History of the Russian Arabian"</a>. Russian Arabians. Mekka Consulting. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horses.ru/arabian/hist_main.htm">the original</a> on May 30, 2000. Retrieved May 9, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Arabians&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Russian+Arabian&rft.au=Troika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horses.ru%2Farabian%2Fhist_main.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely178-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely178_124-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely172-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely172_125-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003107–108-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003107%E2%80%93108_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003107%E2%80%93108_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Janowhistory-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Janowhistory_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzysztalowicz,_Andrzej" class="citation web cs1">Krzysztalowicz, Andrzej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janow.arabians.pl/en/history/stud.php">"History of the Stud"</a>. Janów Podlaski Website. <a href="/wiki/Jan%C3%B3w_Podlaski_Stud_Farm" title="Janów Podlaski Stud Farm">Janów Podlaski Stud Farm</a>. Retrieved June 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jan%C3%B3w+Podlaski+Website&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Stud&rft.au=Krzysztalowicz%2C+Andrzej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janow.arabians.pl%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fstud.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer56-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer56_128-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 56–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2006107–108-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2006107%E2%80%93108_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2006">Derry 2006</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely162-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely162_130-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely155-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greely155_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greely155_131-1">b</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry200631-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry200631_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2006">Derry 2006</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer104-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archer104_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer104_133-1">b</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 104–109 </li> <li id="cite_note-NatArmyMuseum-134"><a href="#cite_ref-NatArmyMuseum_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206035951/http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/changingTheWorld/page2-1.shtml">"Changing the World 1784–1904: Key Objects"</a>. National Army Museum Exhibitions: Changing the World 1784–1904. National Army Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/changingTheWorld/page2-1.shtml">the original</a> on December 6, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Army+Museum+Exhibitions%3A+Changing+the+World+1784%E2%80%931904&rft.atitle=Changing+the+World+1784%E2%80%931904%3A+Key+Objects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.national-army-museum.ac.uk%2Fexhibitions%2FchangingTheWorld%2Fpage2-1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campiglio-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campiglio_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campiglio_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campiglio_135-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campiglio_135-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampiglio,_Elizabeth_G." class="citation web cs1">Campiglio, Elizabeth G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114005302/http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_spanish.asp">"Spanish Arabians"</a>. Arabian Horse - Bloodlines. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_spanish.asp">the original</a> on November 14, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+-+Bloodlines&rft.atitle=Spanish+Arabians&rft.au=Campiglio%2C+Elizabeth+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Feducation%2Feducation_bloodlines_spanish.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p23-136"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p23_136-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wentworth70-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Wentworth70_137-0">^</a> Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer11-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer11_138-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 11–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612234105/http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_crabbet.asp">"Crabbet Arabians"</a>. Arabian Horse - Bloodlines. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_crabbet.asp">the original</a> on June 12, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+-+Bloodlines&rft.atitle=Crabbet+Arabians&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Feducation%2Feducation_bloodlines_crabbet.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wentworth79-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Wentworth79_140-0">^</a> Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 79–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-Exodus54-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Exodus54_141-0">^</a> Greely Arabian Exodus p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer201-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer201_142-0">^</a> Archer et al., The Crabbet Arabian Stud: Its History and Influence, pp. 201-202 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cadran2-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cadran2_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cadran2_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadranell1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cadranell, R.J. (March–April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmkarabians.com/2006/07/05/hanstead-horses/">"Hanstead Horses"</a>. Arabian Visions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Visions&rft.atitle=Hanstead+Horses&rft.date=1997-03%2F1997-04&rft.aulast=Cadranell&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmkarabians.com%2F2006%2F07%2F05%2Fhanstead-horses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchulzPoland-144"><a href="#cite_ref-SchulzPoland_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz,_Carol_M.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Schulz, Carol M. (March–April 1995). "Arabian Horse Breeding Around the World: Poland". Arabian Visions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Visions&rft.atitle=Arabian+Horse+Breeding+Around+the+World%3A+Poland&rft.date=1995-03%2F1995-04&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Carol+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeubauerGerm-145"><a href="#cite_ref-NeubauerGerm_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewbauer,_Carol_D.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Newbauer, Carol D. (March–April 1995). "Arabian Horse Breeding Around the World: Germany". Arabian Visions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Visions&rft.atitle=Arabian+Horse+Breeding+Around+the+World%3A+Germany&rft.date=1995-03%2F1995-04&rft.au=Newbauer%2C+Carol+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchulzSpain-146"><a href="#cite_ref-SchulzSpain_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz,_Carol_M.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Schulz, Carol M. (March–April 1995). "Arabian Horse Breeding Around the World: Spain". Arabian Visions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Visions&rft.atitle=Arabian+Horse+Breeding+Around+the+World%3A+Spain&rft.date=1995-03%2F1995-04&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Carol+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cadranell-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Cadranell_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadranell,_R.J.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Cadranell, R.J. (March–April 1995). "Arabian Horse Breeding Around the World: Russia". Arabian Visions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Visions&rft.atitle=Arabian+Horse+Breeding+Around+the+World%3A+Russia&rft.date=1995-03%2F1995-04&rft.au=Cadranell%2C+R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely198-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely198_148-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 198–199 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely176-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely176_149-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely182-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely182_150-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 182–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowell,_Christine2003" class="citation web cs1">Cowell, Christine (April 7, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100911083750/http://www.landwirtschaft-bw.info/servlet/PB/menu/1196171_l1/index1154079742120.html">"History of the Stud"</a>. Haupt- und Landgestüt Marbach website. Haupt- und Landgestüt Marbach. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landwirtschaft-bw.info/servlet/PB/menu/1196171_l1/index1154079742120.html">the original</a> on September 11, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haupt-+und+Landgest%C3%BCt+Marbach+website&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Stud&rft.date=2003-04-07&rft.au=Cowell%2C+Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landwirtschaft-bw.info%2Fservlet%2FPB%2Fmenu%2F1196171_l1%2Findex1154079742120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely199-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely199_152-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 199–201 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003143–144-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003143%E2%80%93144_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003143%E2%80%93144_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, pp. 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-Upton72-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Upton72_154-0">^</a> Upton, Arabians, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003117–118-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003117%E2%80%93118_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003126–127-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003126%E2%80%93127_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer58-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer58_157-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 58–61 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely185-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely185_158-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003120–126-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003120%E2%80%93126_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, pp. 120–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003139–155-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003139%E2%80%93155_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003139%E2%80%93155_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, pp. 139–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_161-2">c</a> Green, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.america.htm">"The Arabian Horse in America"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060322175837/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.america.htm">Archived</a> March 22, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Saudi Aramco World </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbis15-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbis15_162-0">^</a> Forbis Classic Arabian Horse p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Patten24-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Patten24_163-0">^</a> Patten Light Horse Breeds p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hur-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Hur_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHur2006" class="citation web cs1">Hur, Ben (July 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmkarabians.com/2006/07/05/washingtons-best-saddle-horse/">"Washington's Best Saddle Horse"</a>. Western Horseman. Retrieved December 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Horseman&rft.atitle=Washington%27s+Best+Saddle+Horse&rft.date=2006-07-05&rft.aulast=Hur&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmkarabians.com%2F2006%2F07%2F05%2Fwashingtons-best-saddle-horse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Virginia" class="citation web cs1">University of Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213152658/http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/faq/govern.html">"Frequently Asked Questions: Military/Government"</a>. The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/faq/govern.html">the original</a> on December 13, 2006. Retrieved November 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Papers+of+George+Washington&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+Military%2FGovernment&rft.au=University+of+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgwpapers.virginia.edu%2Fproject%2Ffaq%2Fgovern.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_America-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North_America_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_America_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_America_166-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_America_166-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_America_166-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_America_166-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_America_166-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513201028/http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_north.asp">"Introduction of Arabian Horses to North America"</a>. Arabian Horse History & Heritage. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_north.asp">the original</a> on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+History+%26+Heritage&rft.atitle=Introduction+of+Arabian+Horses+to+North+America&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Feducation%2Feducation_history_north.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer71-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer71_167-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p29-168"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p29_168-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-VanDeusen-169"><a href="#cite_ref-VanDeusen_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Deusen1967" class="citation book cs1">Van Deusen, Glyndon (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamhenrysewa00vand">William Henry Seward</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamhenrysewa00vand/page/212">212</a>–213. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/426046">426046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Henry+Seward&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=212-213&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F426046&rft.aulast=Van+Deusen&rft.aufirst=Glyndon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamhenrysewa00vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer72-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer72_170-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p30-171"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p30_171-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabdatasource.com/FactDisplay.asp?id=4">"Country Stats"</a>. Arabian Horse Statistics. Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614061207/http://www.arabdatasource.com/FactDisplay.asp?id=4">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+Statistics&rft.atitle=Country+Stats&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabdatasource.com%2FFactDisplay.asp%3Fid%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CraverAHW-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CraverAHW_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CraverAHW_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraverCraver,_Jeanne1989" class="citation web cs1">Craver, Charles; Craver, Jeanne (September 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112150441/http://ambararabians.davenporthorses.org/ambararabians.com/articles/WhiteCityI.shtml">"Horses of the White City"</a>. Arabian Horse World. pp. 178–191, 209–211. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ambararabians.davenporthorses.org/ambararabians.com//articles/WhiteCityI.shtml">the original</a> on January 12, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+World&rft.atitle=Horses+of+the+White+City&rft.pages=178-191%2C+209-211&rft.date=1989-09&rft.aulast=Craver&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Craver%2C+Jeanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fambararabians.davenporthorses.org%2Fambararabians.com%2F%2Farticles%2FWhiteCityI.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2006137–139-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2006137%E2%80%93139_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2006137%E2%80%93139_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2006">Derry 2006</a>, pp. 137–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer73-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer73_175-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 72–73 </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer74-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer74_176-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 73–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2006236-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2006236_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2006">Derry 2006</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p111-178"><a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p111_178-0">^</a> Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 111–114 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely79-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Greely79_179-0">^</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer78-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer78_180-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 78–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19820418&id=DJoTAAAAIBAJ&pg=7076,989374">"Arabian Horse Show Attracting Celebrities"</a>. Ocala Star-Banner. April 18, 1982. Retrieved September 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ocala+Star-Banner&rft.atitle=Arabian+Horse+Show+Attracting+Celebrities&rft.date=1982-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1356%26dat%3D19820418%26id%3DDJoTAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7076%2C989374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003129-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003129_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidwest" class="citation web cs1">Midwest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226050817/http://www.midwestarabian.com/whats-new/2005/index.html">"What's New at Midwest"</a>. What's New. Midwest Station II. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midwestarabian.com/whats-new/2005/index.html">the original</a> on December 26, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=What%27s+New&rft.atitle=What%27s+New+at+Midwest&rft.au=Midwest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midwestarabian.com%2Fwhats-new%2F2005%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Calvin_H" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Calvin H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/calvinjohnson/68tn879.htm">"What's a Tax Shelter?"</a>. Tax Analysts. University of Texas Law School. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tax+Analysts&rft.atitle=What%27s+a+Tax+Shelter%3F&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Calvin+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Flaw%2Ffaculty%2Fcalvinjohnson%2F68tn879.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003129–138-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003129%E2%80%93138_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003129%E2%80%93138_185-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, pp. 129–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedkey,_Lizzie" class="citation web cs1">Redkey, Lizzie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/talkinghistory/arch2002jan-june.html">"Radio Program 05/09/2002: Reaganomics on the Hoof: The Arabian Horse Industry in the 1980s"</a>. Talking History Web Archive. University of Albany, State University of New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513045011/http://www.albany.edu/talkinghistory/arch2002jan-june.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talking+History+Web+Archive&rft.atitle=Radio+Program+05%2F09%2F2002%3A+Reaganomics+on+the+Hoof%3A+The+Arabian+Horse+Industry+in+the+1980s&rft.au=Redkey%2C+Lizzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albany.edu%2Ftalkinghistory%2Farch2002jan-june.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_TomJoseph,_Steve2003" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Tom & Joseph, Steve (October–November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiwfarm.com/Survey_of_Arabian_Horse_Owners.html">"Results of An Important Survey of Arabian Horse Owners Completed Summer, 2003"</a>. Originally published in Arabian Horse. Windt im Wald Farm (republished). p. 154. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531094107/http://www.wiwfarm.com/Survey_of_Arabian_Horse_Owners.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Originally+published+in+Arabian+Horse&rft.atitle=Results+of+An+Important+Survey+of+Arabian+Horse+Owners+Completed+Summer%2C+2003&rft.pages=154&rft.date=2003-10%2F2003-11&rft.au=Jones%2C+Tom&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiwfarm.com%2FSurvey_of_Arabian_Horse_Owners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/at-large-tom-lamarra/archive/2013/09/24/breeders-cup-and-arabian-racing.aspx">"Breeders' Cup and Arabian Racing"</a>. BloodHorse.com. Retrieved September 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breeders%27+Cup+and+Arabian+Racing&rft.pub=BloodHorse.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.bloodhorse.com%2Fblogs%2Fat-large-tom-lamarra%2Farchive%2F2013%2F09%2F24%2Fbreeders-cup-and-arabian-racing.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upton74-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upton74_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upton74_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upton74_189-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upton74_189-3">d</a> Upton, Arabians, pp. 74–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrie-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrie_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrie_190-1">b</a> Barrie, The Australian Bloodhorse, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greely121-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greely121_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greely121_191-1">b</a> Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Gordon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianlines.com/online_mag/apr2006/april%20edition%202006.htm">"A Condensed History of the Arabian Horse Society of Australia"</a>, Arabian Lines </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Society_of_Australia" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Society of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522055242/http://www.ahsa.asn.au/member_statistics.htm">"Member Statistics"</a>. Arabian Horse Society of Australia Web Site. Arabian Horse Society of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahsa.asn.au/member_statistics.htm">the original</a> on May 22, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+Society+of+Australia+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Member+Statistics&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Society+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahsa.asn.au%2Fmember_statistics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloodlines-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloodlines_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloodlines_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612164127/http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_overview.asp">"Introduction"</a>. Arabian Horse Bloodlines. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_overview.asp">the original</a> on June 12, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+Bloodlines&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Feducation%2Feducation_bloodlines_overview.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Arabian_Horse_Organization" class="citation web cs1">World Arabian Horse Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509084911/http://www.waho.org/Definition.html">"Arabian Horse Definition 2007"</a>. WAHO Website. World Arabian Horse Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waho.org/Definition.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WAHO+Website&rft.atitle=Arabian+Horse+Definition+2007&rft.au=World+Arabian+Horse+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waho.org%2FDefinition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228005533/http://all-the-pretty-horses.com/index.php/Definitions/asil-club.html">"Asil Club/Definitions"</a>. Asil Club. 2008–2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://all-the-pretty-horses.com/index.php/Definitions/asil-club.html">the original</a> on February 28, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asil+Club%2FDefinitions&rft.pub=Asil+Club&rft.date=2008%2F2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fall-the-pretty-horses.com%2Findex.php%2FDefinitions%2Fasil-club.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Khamsa" class="citation web cs1">Al Khamsa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613142815/http://www.alkhamsa.org/site/roster/roster.html">"The Roster of Al Khamsa Arabian Horses"</a>. Al Khamsa Website. Al Khamsa, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alkhamsa.org/site/roster/roster.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Khamsa+Website&rft.atitle=The+Roster+of+Al+Khamsa+Arabian+Horses&rft.au=Al+Khamsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alkhamsa.org%2Fsite%2Froster%2Froster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109031913/http://www.pyramidsociety.org/articles/category/the-pyramid-society-definitions">"The Pyramid Society Definitions"</a>. The Pyramid Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pyramidsociety.org/articles/category/the-pyramid-society-definitions">the original</a> on January 9, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pyramid+Society+Definitions&rft.pub=The+Pyramid+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyramidsociety.org%2Farticles%2Fcategory%2Fthe-pyramid-society-definitions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Arabian Horse - Bloodlines: Egyptian Arabians". Arabian Horse Association-Education. Arabian Horse Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabian+Horse+-+Bloodlines%3A+Egyptian+Arabians&rft.btitle=Arabian+Horse+Association-Education&rft.pub=Arabian+Horse+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyk,_Marie-Louise_van" class="citation web cs1">Wyk, Marie-Louise van. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510171139/http://www.arabhorsesa.co.za/wahoconf.html">"2007 WAHO Conference - Damascus – SYRIA"</a>. International - World Arab Horse Organization. Arab Horse Society of South Africa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabhorsesa.co.za/wahoconf.html">the original</a> on May 10, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+-+World+Arab+Horse+Organization&rft.atitle=2007+WAHO+Conference+-+Damascus+%E2%80%93+SYRIA&rft.au=Wyk%2C+Marie-Louise+van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabhorsesa.co.za%2Fwahoconf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer113-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer113_201-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, pp.113–114 </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer115-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archer115_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer115_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer115_202-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer115_202-3">d</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Arabian influence via the Thoroughbred <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127083703/http://www.asha.net/ASHA-Overview">"About The American Saddlebred Horse Association"</a>. American Saddlebred Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asha.net/ASHA-Overview">the original</a> on January 27, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+American+Saddlebred+Horse+Association&rft.pub=American+Saddlebred+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asha.net%2FASHA-Overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer114-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Archer114_204-0">^</a> Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Percheron_Horse_Society" class="citation web cs1">British Percheron Horse Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.percheron.org.uk/about/">"History of the British Percheron Horse Society"</a>. British Percheron Horse Society website. British Percheron Horse Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418021902/http://www.percheron.org.uk/about/">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Percheron+Horse+Society+website&rft.atitle=History+of+the+British+Percheron+Horse+Society&rft.au=British+Percheron+Horse+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.percheron.org.uk%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowling,_Michael" class="citation web cs1">Bowling, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906194226/http://cmkarabians.com/articles/LeopardLindenTreeI.html">"*Leopard the Arab and *Linden Tree the Barb"</a>. Arabian Horse World, July, 1979. Arabian Horse World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmkarabians.com/articles/LeopardLindenTreeI.html">the original</a> on September 6, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+World%2C+July%2C+1979&rft.atitle=%2ALeopard+the+Arab+and+%2ALinden+Tree+the+Barb&rft.au=Bowling%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmkarabians.com%2Farticles%2FLeopardLindenTreeI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColorado_Ranger_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Colorado Ranger Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coloradoranger.com/History.html">"CRHA History"</a>. CRHA Website. Colorado Ranger Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513205547/http://coloradoranger.com/History.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CRHA+Website&rft.atitle=CRHA+History&rft.au=Colorado+Ranger+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coloradoranger.com%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612164635/http://www.arabianhorses.org/registration/hareg/reg_haquick_facts.asp">"Quick Facts"</a>. Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian Registration. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/registration/hareg/reg_haquick_facts.asp">the original</a> on June 12, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Half-Arabian+and+Anglo-Arabian+Registration&rft.atitle=Quick+Facts&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fregistration%2Fhareg%2Freg_haquick_facts.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Show_Horse_Registry" class="citation web cs1">National Show Horse Registry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202132756/http://nshregistry.org/StaticPageDisp.asp?ID=35">"2008 National Show Horse Registry Rules & Regulations"</a>. Breed Rules. National Show Horse Registry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nshregistry.org/StaticPageDisp.asp?ID=35">the original</a> on February 2, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breed+Rules&rft.atitle=2008+National+Show+Horse+Registry+Rules+%26+Regulations&rft.au=National+Show+Horse+Registry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nshregistry.org%2FStaticPageDisp.asp%3FID%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Quarab_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">International Quarab Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509160823/http://www.quarabs.org/">"What Is A Quarab?"</a>. IQHA Website. International Quarab Horse Association (IQHA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quarabs.org/">the original</a> on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IQHA+Website&rft.atitle=What+Is+A+Quarab%3F&rft.au=International+Quarab+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quarabs.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintabian_Horse_Registry" class="citation web cs1">Pintabian Horse Registry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pintabianregistry.com/">"Pintabian Horse Registry"</a>. Pintabian Registry Website. Pintabian Horse Registry. Retrieved May 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pintabian+Registry+Website&rft.atitle=Pintabian+Horse+Registry&rft.au=Pintabian+Horse+Registry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pintabianregistry.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Welara_Pony_Registry" class="citation web cs1">American Welara Pony Registry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welararegistry.com/">"American Welara Pony Registry"</a>. AWPR Website. American Welara Pony Registry (AWPR). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603100745/http://www.welararegistry.com/">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AWPR+Website&rft.atitle=American+Welara+Pony+Registry&rft.au=American+Welara+Pony+Registry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welararegistry.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morab-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Morab_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorab_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Morab Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526155556/http://www.morabs.com/history.htm">"History of the Morab Breed"</a>. The Morab Horse Association and Register. Morab Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morabs.com/history.htm">the original</a> on May 26, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Morab+Horse+Association+and+Register&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Morab+Breed&rft.au=Morab+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morabs.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Trakehner_Association" class="citation web cs1">American Trakehner Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704065037/http://www.americantrakehner.com/faqs/FAQsPilotProgramMares.htm">"Thoroughbred and Arab Mare Inspection for Breeding Approval"</a>. Frequently Asked Questions. American Trakehner Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americantrakehner.com/faqs/FAQsPilotProgramMares.htm">the original</a> on July 4, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=Thoroughbred+and+Arab+Mare+Inspection+for+Breeding+Approval&rft.au=American+Trakehner+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americantrakehner.com%2Ffaqs%2FFAQsPilotProgramMares.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett7-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Bennett7_215-0">^</a> Bennett, Conquerors, p.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindgren2004-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindgren2004_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindgrenBackströmSwinburneHellborg2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lindgren, Gabriella; Backström, Niclas; Swinburne, June; Hellborg, Linda; Einarsson, Annika; Sandberg, Kaj; Cothran, Gus; Vilà, Carles; Binns, Matthew; Ellegren, Hans (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1326">"Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Genetics" title="Nature Genetics">Nature Genetics</a>. 36 (4): 335–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1326">10.1038/ng1326</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15034578">15034578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Limited+number+of+patrilines+in+horse+domestication&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=335-336&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng1326&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15034578&rft.aulast=Lindgren&rft.aufirst=Gabriella&rft.au=Backstr%C3%B6m%2C+Niclas&rft.au=Swinburne%2C+June&rft.au=Hellborg%2C+Linda&rft.au=Einarsson%2C+Annika&rft.au=Sandberg%2C+Kaj&rft.au=Cothran%2C+Gus&rft.au=Vil%C3%A0%2C+Carles&rft.au=Binns%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Ellegren%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fng1326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Matossian Shaping World History p. 43 See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/">"Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction"</a>. Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC Radio</a>. March 7, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100915112430/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quirks+and+Quarks+Podcast+with+Bob+Macdonald&rft.atitle=Horsey-aeology%2C+Binary+Black+Holes%2C+Tracking+Red+Tides%2C+Fish+Re-evolution%2C+Walk+Like+a+Man%2C+Fact+or+Fiction&rft.date=2009-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fquirks%2Fepisode%2F2009%2F03%2F07%2Fhorsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wentworth177-218"><a href="#cite_ref-wentworth177_218-0">^</a> Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 177–182 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry2003155-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry2003155_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry2003">Derry 2003</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Royo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228072022/http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/96/6/663">"The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA"</a>, Journal of Heredity, pp. 663–669 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wentworth36-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Wentworth36_221-0">^</a> Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 36–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557573/Spain">"Spain"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spain&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F557573%2FSpain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Versatile-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Versatile_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612164137/http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_versatile.asp">"The Versatile Arabian"</a>. AHA Website. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_versatile.asp">the original</a> on June 12, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AHA+Website&rft.atitle=The+Versatile+Arabian&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Feducation%2Feducation_versatile.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618153350/http://www.arabianhorses.org/competitions/distance/distance_rides.asp">"Distance Riding"</a>. Competitions. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/competitions/distance/distance_rides.asp">the original</a> on June 18, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Competitions&rft.atitle=Distance+Riding&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fcompetitions%2Fdistance%2Fdistance_rides.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubai_Equestrian_Club" class="citation web cs1">Dubai Equestrian Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endurance.net/2006wec/results/IndividualFinal.pdf">"FEI World Individual Endurance Championship"</a> (PDF). FEI World Equestrian Games Aachen 2006. Dubai Equestrian Club. Retrieved May 31, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FEI+World+Equestrian+Games+Aachen+2006&rft.atitle=FEI+World+Individual+Endurance+Championship&rft.au=Dubai+Equestrian+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endurance.net%2F2006wec%2Fresults%2FIndividualFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003254/http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert7.asp">"Horse Shows"</a>. Frequently Asked Questions:"What types of classes are seen at Arabian horse shows?". Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert7.asp">the original</a> on May 12, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A%22What+types+of+classes+are+seen+at+Arabian+horse+shows%3F%22&rft.atitle=Horse+Shows&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fhome%2Ffaq%2FAskExpert7.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705154024/http://www.arabianhorses.org/competitions/nationalevents/canadiannationals/2008/">"Arabian & Half-Arabian Championship Horse Show"</a>. Canadian Nationals. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/competitions/nationalevents/canadiannationals/2008/">the original</a> on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Nationals&rft.atitle=Arabian+%26+Half-Arabian+Championship+Horse+Show&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fcompetitions%2Fnationalevents%2Fcanadiannationals%2F2008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705072548/http://www.arabianhorses.org/competitions/nationalevents/sporthorse/2008/">"Arabian & Half-Arabian Championship Horse Show"</a>. Sport Horse National. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/competitions/nationalevents/sporthorse/2008/">the original</a> on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sport+Horse+National&rft.atitle=Arabian+%26+Half-Arabian+Championship+Horse+Show&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fcompetitions%2Fnationalevents%2Fsporthorse%2F2008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Honi2004" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Honi (December 20, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equisearch.com/equiwire_news/arabianwestern_122004/">"Arabian Western 2004 National Champions, 2005 Shows"</a>. EquiWire News. Source Interlink Media, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610110825/http://www.equisearch.com/equiwire_news/arabianwestern_122004/">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EquiWire+News&rft.atitle=Arabian+Western+2004+National+Champions%2C+2005+Shows&rft.date=2004-12-20&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Honi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.equisearch.com%2Fequiwire_news%2Farabianwestern_122004%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809052021/http://www.arabianhorses.org/competitions/nationalevents/sporthorse/2012/docs/12SHN_Schedule.pdf">"2012 Sport Horse Nationals Class List"</a> (PDF). Sport Horse National. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/competitions/nationalevents/sporthorse/2012/docs/12SHN_Schedule.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 9, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sport+Horse+National&rft.atitle=2012+Sport+Horse+Nationals+Class+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Fcompetitions%2Fnationalevents%2Fsporthorse%2F2012%2Fdocs%2F12SHN_Schedule.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahsshowsandevents.com/">"Shows & Events Committee"</a>. Arabian Horse Society of Great Britain. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shows+%26+Events+Committee&rft.pub=Arabian+Horse+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahsshowsandevents.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazz-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Mazz_232-0">^</a> Mazzawi "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.europe.htm">The Arabian Horse In Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616102700/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.europe.htm">Archived</a> June 16, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Saudi Aramco World </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin-campiglio,_Lisa" class="citation web cs1">Goodwin-campiglio, Lisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanisharabianhorsesociety.org/SpHist_SpNatlShowResults.html">"Spanish National Championships Show Results"</a>. Spanish Arabian Horse Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703192817/http://www.spanisharabianhorsesociety.org/SpHist_SpNatlShowResults.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+National+Championships+Show+Results&rft.pub=Spanish+Arabian+Horse+Society&rft.au=Goodwin-campiglio%2C+Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanisharabianhorsesociety.org%2FSpHist_SpNatlShowResults.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawlowski,_LidiaPawlowski,_Wieslaw" class="citation web cs1">Pawlowski, Lidia; Pawlowski, Wieslaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janow.arabians.pl/en/shows/">"Arabian horse shows"</a>. Janów Podlaski Web site. <a href="/wiki/Jan%C3%B3w_Podlaski_Stud_Farm" title="Janów Podlaski Stud Farm">Janów Podlaski Stud Farm</a>. Retrieved September 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jan%C3%B3w+Podlaski+Web+site&rft.atitle=Arabian+horse+shows&rft.au=Pawlowski%2C+Lidia&rft.au=Pawlowski%2C+Wieslaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janow.arabians.pl%2Fen%2Fshows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmirates_Arabian_Horse_Society" class="citation web cs1">Emirates Arabian Horse Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eahs.org/Results/Result_Title.htm">"Show Results"</a>. EAHS Website. Emirates Arabian Horse Society (EAHS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708140812/http://www.eahs.org/Results/Result_Title.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EAHS+Website&rft.atitle=Show+Results&rft.au=Emirates+Arabian+Horse+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eahs.org%2FResults%2FResult_Title.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarian,_Sheila" class="citation web cs1">Varian, Sheila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060325100806/http://www.varianarabians.com/history/Ronteza.asp">"Ronteza at the Cow Palace"</a>. Varian Arabians Website. Varian Arabians. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varianarabians.com/history/ronteza.asp">the original</a> on March 25, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Varian+Arabians+Website&rft.atitle=Ronteza+at+the+Cow+Palace&rft.au=Varian%2C+Sheila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.varianarabians.com%2Fhistory%2Fronteza.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBE73p247-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p247_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBE73p247_237-1">b</a> Edwards, The Arabian, p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> "America's First Lady of Arabs", Women and Horses, pp. 21–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDance,_Priscilla" class="citation web cs1">Dance, Priscilla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313045357/http://www.bridleandbit.com/artman/publish/printer_12611.shtml">"Arabians Over Fences at Scottsdale"</a>. Bridle&Bit Website. Bridle&Bit. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bridleandbit.com/artman/publish/printer_12611.shtml">the original</a> on March 13, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bridle%26Bit+Website&rft.atitle=Arabians+Over+Fences+at+Scottsdale&rft.au=Dance%2C+Priscilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bridleandbit.com%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Fprinter_12611.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabian_Horse_Society_of_Australia" class="citation web cs1">Arabian Horse Society of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612214952/http://www.ahsa.asn.au/eventing.htm">"Arabians In Eventing"</a>. AHSA Website. Arabian Horse Society of Australia (AHSA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahsa.asn.au/eventing.htm">the original</a> on June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AHSA+Website&rft.atitle=Arabians+In+Eventing&rft.au=Arabian+Horse+Society+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahsa.asn.au%2Feventing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314105510/http://search.fei.org/olympics/results/PastResults/Documents/Medallists_Dressage_1912_2008-updated19Aug08.pdf">"Olympic Medallists 1912-2008 Dressage"</a> (PDF). International Federation of. August 19, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.fei.org/olympics/results/PastResults/Documents/Medallists_Dressage_1912_2008-updated19Aug08.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 14, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympic+Medallists+1912-2008+Dressage&rft.pub=International+Federation+of&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.fei.org%2Folympics%2Fresults%2FPastResults%2FDocuments%2FMedallists_Dressage_1912_2008-updated19Aug08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglo-arabians.com/AAs.htm">"The Anglo-Arabian Story"</a>. Starstruck Farms. Retrieved November 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Arabian+Story&rft.pub=Starstruck+Farms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglo-arabians.com%2FAAs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberbeck,_Andreas" class="citation web cs1">Haberbeck, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/HistoricSires/JumpSires/JumpShowroots.html">"The Thoroughbred Roots of Modern Show Jumpers"</a>. Historic Sires. Thoroughbred Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617221551/http://www.tbheritage.com/HistoricSires/JumpSires/JumpShowroots.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Sires&rft.atitle=The+Thoroughbred+Roots+of+Modern+Show+Jumpers&rft.au=Haberbeck%2C+Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbheritage.com%2FHistoricSires%2FJumpSires%2FJumpShowroots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes,_Rob2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Rob (August 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918082412/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article614123.ece">"Equestrianism: Tamarillo the Wonder Horse"</a>. The Sunday Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article614123.ece">the original</a> on September 18, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Equestrianism%3A+Tamarillo+the+Wonder+Horse&rft.date=2006-08-20&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fsport%2Farticle614123.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ted-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Ted_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErin_Ryder2008" class="citation web cs1">Erin Ryder (May 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=11964">"Theodore O'Connor Euthanized"</a>. The Horse Magazine. Retrieved September 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodore+O%27Connor+Euthanized&rft.pub=The+Horse+Magazine&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft.au=Erin+Ryder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FID%3D11964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Roeder, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csupomona.edu/~library/specialcollections/history/jadaan.html">"Jadaan, The Sheik, and the Cereal Baron"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011143028/http://www.csupomona.edu/~library/specialcollections/history/jadaan.html">Archived</a> October 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Cal Poly Scholar, pp. 99–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKael,_Pauline" class="citation web cs1">Kael, Pauline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080702054414/http://www.theblackstallion.com/movie_n.html">"The Movie - The Black Stallion (1979)"</a>. Movies. The Black Stallion, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theblackstallion.com/movie_n.html">the original</a> on July 2, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Movies&rft.atitle=The+Movie+-+The+Black+Stallion+%281979%29&rft.au=Kael%2C+Pauline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theblackstallion.com%2Fmovie_n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Black_Stallion,_Inc" class="citation web cs1">The Black Stallion, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704123724/http://www.theblackstallion.com/ybs_about_n.html">"About the "Young Black Stallion" Movie"</a>. Movies. The Black Stallion, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theblackstallion.com/ybs_about_n.html">the original</a> on July 4, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Movies&rft.atitle=About+the+%22Young+Black+Stallion%22+Movie&rft.au=The+Black+Stallion%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theblackstallion.com%2Fybs_about_n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Francaviglia, et al., Lights, camera, history, p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Cyrino, Big Screen Rome, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Train, "Thundering Down the Field", Arabian Horse Magazine, pp. 94–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley,_Charles" class="citation web cs1">Bentley, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212430/http://www.csupomona.edu/~news/releases/pdf-0203/R0203-056.pdf">"Students, Horses Resume W.K. Kellogg Tradition as Cal Poly Pomona Equestrian Unit Returns to Rose Parade Lineup"</a> (PDF). News Release. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csupomona.edu/~news/releases/pdf-0203/R0203-056.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 3, 2009. Retrieved June 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Release&rft.atitle=Students%2C+Horses+Resume+W.K.+Kellogg+Tradition+as+Cal+Poly+Pomona+Equestrian+Unit+Returns+to+Rose+Parade+Lineup&rft.au=Bentley%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csupomona.edu%2F~news%2Freleases%2Fpdf-0203%2FR0203-056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bazy_Tankersley" title="Bazy Tankersley">"America's First Lady of Arabs: Bazy Tankersley and the Horses of Al-Marah"</a>. Women and Horses. 1 (3). September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+and+Horses&rft.atitle=America%27s+First+Lady+of+Arabs%3A+Bazy+Tankersley+and+the+Horses+of+Al-Marah&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2005-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmon,_Karl_Wilhelm1993" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Karl Wilhelm (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-NJJ7bmvlpcC&q=arabian+horse+color&pg=PA151">Historical Reports on Arab Horse Breeding and the Arabian Horse: Collected Reports from Early Travellers to Arabia</a>. Translated by H. Staubli. Georg Olms Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-08261-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-08261-5"><bdi>978-3-487-08261-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Reports+on+Arab+Horse+Breeding+and+the+Arabian+Horse%3A+Collected+Reports+from+Early+Travellers+to+Arabia&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-487-08261-5&rft.au=Ammon%2C+Karl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-NJJ7bmvlpcC%26q%3Darabian%2Bhorse%2Bcolor%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher,_Rosemary1992" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Rosemary (1992). The Arabian Horse. Allen Breed Series. London: J. A. Allen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85131-549-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85131-549-2"><bdi>978-0-85131-549-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Horse&rft.place=London&rft.series=Allen+Breed+Series&rft.pub=J.+A.+Allen&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85131-549-2&rft.au=Archer%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher,_RosemaryColin_PearsonCecil_Covey1978" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Rosemary; Colin Pearson; Cecil Covey (1978). The Crabbet Arabian Stud: Its History and Influence. Northleach. Gloucestershire: Alexander Heriot & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906382-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906382-00-4"><bdi>978-0-906382-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crabbet+Arabian+Stud%3A+Its+History+and+Influence&rft.place=Northleach.+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Alexander+Heriot+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-906382-00-4&rft.au=Archer%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=Colin+Pearson&rft.au=Cecil+Covey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrie,_Douglas_M.1956" class="citation book cs1">Barrie, Douglas M. (1956). The Australian Bloodhorse. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Bloodhorse&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Barrie%2C+Douglas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaver,_Bonnie_V._G.Sponenberg,_D._Phillip1983" class="citation book cs1">Beaver, Bonnie V. G.; Sponenberg, D. Phillip (1983). Horse color. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-155-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-155-1"><bdi>978-0-89096-155-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse+color&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-155-1&rft.au=Beaver%2C+Bonnie+V.+G.&rft.au=Sponenberg%2C+D.+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_Deb.1998" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Deb. (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (1st ed.). Lincoln: Amigo Publications Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9658533-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9658533-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9658533-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+The+Roots+of+New+World+Horsemanship&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Amigo+Publications+Inc&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9658533-0-9&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Deb.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlazyczek,_I.H._HamannB._OhnesorgeE._Deegen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blazyczek, I.; H. Hamann; B. Ohnesorge; E. Deegen; O. Distl (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesh041">"Inheritance of Guttural Pouch Tympany in the Arabian Horse"</a>. Journal of Heredity. 95 (3): 195–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesh041">10.1093/jhered/esh041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15220385">15220385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=Inheritance+of+Guttural+Pouch+Tympany+in+the+Arabian+Horse&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-9&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesh041&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15220385&rft.au=Blazyczek%2C+I.&rft.au=H.+Hamann&rft.au=B.+Ohnesorge&rft.au=E.+Deegen&rft.au=O.+Distl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjhered%252Fesh041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowling,_A._T.A._Del_ValleM._Bowling2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bowling, A. T.; A. Del Valle; M. Bowling (January 2000). "A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial d-loop DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses". Animal Genetics. 31 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2052.2000.00558.x">10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00558.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10690354">10690354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+pedigree-based+study+of+mitochondrial+d-loop+DNA+sequence+variation+among+Arabian+horses&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2052.2000.00558.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10690354&rft.au=Bowling%2C+A.+T.&rft.au=A.+Del+Valle&rft.au=M.+Bowling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1999" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Marian K (1999). Close, Pat (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabianlegends00mari">Arabian Legends: Outstanding Arabian Stallions and Mares</a>. Colorado Springs, CO: Western Horseman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0911647481" title="Special:BookSources/0911647481"><bdi>0911647481</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26455473M">26455473M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabian+Legends%3A+Outstanding+Arabian+Stallions+and+Mares&rft.place=Colorado+Springs%2C+CO&rft.pub=Western+Horseman&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26455473M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0911647481&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Marian+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabianlegends00mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin,_J._Edward2006" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlin, J. Edward (2006). Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations. Bluebridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9742405-9-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9742405-9-6"><bdi>978-0-9742405-9-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse%3A+How+the+Horse+Has+Shaped+Civilizations&rft.pub=Bluebridge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9742405-9-6&rft.au=Chamberlin%2C+J.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrino,_Monica_Silveira2005" class="citation book cs1">Cyrino, Monica Silveira (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32gPTvDhLAMC">Big Screen Rome</a>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1684-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1684-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-1684-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Screen+Rome&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1684-8&rft.au=Cyrino%2C+Monica+Silveira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32gPTvDhLAMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerry2003" class="citation book cs1">Derry, Margaret Elsinor (2003). Bred for Perfection: Shorthorn Cattle, Collies, and Arabian Horses since 1800. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7344-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7344-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-7344-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bred+for+Perfection%3A+Shorthorn+Cattle%2C+Collies%2C+and+Arabian+Horses+since+1800&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7344-7&rft.aulast=Derry&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Elsinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerry2006" class="citation book cs1">Derry, Margaret Elsinor (2006). Horses in Society: A Story of Animal Breeding and Marketing, 1800–1920. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9112-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-9112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horses+in+Society%3A+A+Story+of+Animal+Breeding+and+Marketing%2C+1800%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9112-3&rft.aulast=Derry&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Elsinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards,_Gladys_Brown1973" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Gladys Brown (1973) [1966, 1967]. Anatomy and Conformation of the Horse. Dreenan Press, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88376-025-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88376-025-3"><bdi>978-0-88376-025-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5430483M">5430483M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+Conformation+of+the+Horse&rft.pub=Dreenan+Press%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5430483M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-88376-025-3&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Gladys+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards,_Gladys_Brown1973" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Gladys Brown (1973). The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse (Revised Collector's ed.). Covina, California: Rich Publishing, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian%3A+War+Horse+to+Show+Horse&rft.place=Covina%2C+California&rft.edition=Revised+Collector%27s&rft.pub=Rich+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Gladys+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquus_Staff2007" class="citation journal cs1">Equus Staff (April 2007). "Good news about recovery from foal epilepsy". Equus. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equus&rft.atitle=Good+news+about+recovery+from+foal+epilepsy&rft.volume=335&rft.date=2007-04&rft.au=Equus+Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"> citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleman,_Monica2006" class="citation journal cs1">Aleman, Monica (November–December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2006.tb00764.x">"Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy in Egyptian Arabian foals: 22 cases (1988–2005)"</a>. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 20 (6): 1443–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2006.tb00764.x">10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00764.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17186863">17186863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Veterinary+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Juvenile+idiopathic+epilepsy+in+Egyptian+Arabian+foals%3A+22+cases+%281988%E2%80%932005%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1443-9&rft.date=2006-11%2F2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2006.tb00764.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17186863&rft.au=Aleman%2C+Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1939-1676.2006.tb00764.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanelli,_H.H.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fanelli, H.H. (2005). "Coat Color Dilution Lethal ("lavender foal syndrome"): A Tetany Condition of Arabian Foals". Equine Veterinary Education. 17 (5): 260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2042-3292.2005.tb00386.x">10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00386.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equine+Veterinary+Education&rft.atitle=Coat+Color+Dilution+Lethal+%28%22lavender+foal+syndrome%22%29%3A+A+Tetany+Condition+of+Arabian+Foals&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=260&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2042-3292.2005.tb00386.x&rft.au=Fanelli%2C+H.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbis,_Judith1976" class="citation book cs1">Forbis, Judith (1976). The Classic Arabian Horse. New York: Liveright. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-612-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-612-5"><bdi>978-0-87140-612-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classic+Arabian+Horse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-612-5&rft.au=Forbis%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancaviglia,_RichardJerry_RodnitzkyPeter_C._RollinsRobert_A._Rosenstone2007" class="citation book cs1">Francaviglia, Richard; Jerry Rodnitzky; Peter C. Rollins; Robert A. Rosenstone (2007). Lights, camera, history: portraying the past in film. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-580-6"><bdi>978-1-58544-580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lights%2C+camera%2C+history%3A+portraying+the+past+in+film&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-580-6&rft.au=Francaviglia%2C+Richard&rft.au=Jerry+Rodnitzky&rft.au=Peter+C.+Rollins&rft.au=Robert+A.+Rosenstone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">General Stud Book. London: C. & J. Weatherby. 1858. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58896847">58896847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Stud+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+%26+J.+Weatherby&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58896847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin-Campiglio,_LisaBeth_MinnichBrenda_WahlerAHA_Equine_Stress2007" class="citation journal cs1">Goodwin-Campiglio, Lisa; Beth Minnich; Brenda Wahler; AHA Equine Stress (August–September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212430/http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/genetic/docs/Caution%26Knowledge.pdf">"Caution and Knowledge"</a> (PDF). Modern Arabian Horse. Research Education Committee: 100–105. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/genetic/docs/Caution&Knowledge.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 3, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Arabian+Horse&rft.atitle=Caution+and+Knowledge&rft.pages=100-105&rft.date=2007-08%2F2007-09&rft.au=Goodwin-Campiglio%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Beth+Minnich&rft.au=Brenda+Wahler&rft.au=AHA+Equine+Stress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianhorses.org%2Feducation%2Fgenetic%2Fdocs%2FCaution%26Knowledge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Coralie2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Coralie (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianlines.com/online_mag/apr2006/april%20edition%202006.htm">"A Condensed History of the Arabian Horse Society of Australia"</a>. Arabian Lines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517172107/http://www.arabianlines.com/online_mag/apr2006/april%20edition%202006.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Lines&rft.atitle=A+Condensed+History+of+the+Arabian+Horse+Society+of+Australia&rft.date=2006-04&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Coralie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianlines.com%2Fonline_mag%2Fapr2006%2Fapril%2520edition%25202006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGower,_Jeanette2000" class="citation book cs1">Gower, Jeanette (2000). Horse Color Explained. North Pomfret, Vt: Trafalgar Square Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57076-162-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57076-162-1"><bdi>978-1-57076-162-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse+Color+Explained&rft.place=North+Pomfret%2C+Vt&rft.pub=Trafalgar+Square+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57076-162-1&rft.au=Gower%2C+Jeanette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreely1975" class="citation book cs1">Greely, Margaret (1975). Arabian Exodus (Revised edition 1985 ed.). London: J A Allen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85131-223-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85131-223-1"><bdi>978-0-85131-223-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5256794M">5256794M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabian+Exodus&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised+edition+1985&rft.pub=J+A+Allen&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5256794M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-85131-223-1&rft.aulast=Greely&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen,_Betty_PatchinSusann_Heidrich1986" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Betty Patchin; Susann Heidrich (March–April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829140946/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.america.htm">"The Arabian Horse in America"</a>. Saudi Aramco World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.america.htm">the original</a> on August 29, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Arabian+Horse+in+America&rft.date=1986-03%2F1986-04&rft.au=Green%2C+Betty+Patchin&rft.au=Susann+Heidrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F198602%2Fthe.arabian.horse-in.america.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrigan,_Peter2001" class="citation journal cs1">Harrigan, Peter (November–December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120201027/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200106/the.polish.quest.for.arabian.horses.htm">"The Polish Quest For Arabian Horses"</a>. Saudi Aramco World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200106/the.polish.quest.for.arabian.horses.htm">the original</a> on November 20, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Polish+Quest+For+Arabian+Horses&rft.date=2001-11%2F2001-12&rft.au=Harrigan%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200106%2Fthe.polish.quest.for.arabian.horses.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHur,_Ben1946" class="citation journal cs1">Hur, Ben (January–February 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121131910/http://cmkarabians.com/articles/BHWashingtonsRanger.html">"Washington's Best Saddle Horse"</a>. Western Horseman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmkarabians.com/articles/BHWashingtonsRanger.html">the original</a> on November 21, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Horseman&rft.atitle=Washington%27s+Best+Saddle+Horse&rft.date=1946-01%2F1946-02&rft.au=Hur%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmkarabians.com%2Farticles%2FBHWashingtonsRanger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobbins,_Jenny2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jobbins, Jenny (November 18–24, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013203252/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/717/feature.htm">"Straight Down the Line"</a>. Al-Ahram Weekly Online (717). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/717/feature.htm">the original</a> on October 13, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram+Weekly+Online&rft.atitle=Straight+Down+the+Line&rft.issue=717&rft.date=2004-11-18%2F2004-11-24&rft.au=Jobbins%2C+Jenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2004%2F717%2Ffeature.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzawi,_Rosalind1986" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzawi, Rosalind (March–April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616102700/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.europe.htm">"The Arabian Horse in Europe"</a>. Saudi Aramco World. 37 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.europe.htm">the original</a> on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Arabian+Horse+in+Europe&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1986-03%2F1986-04&rft.au=Mazzawi%2C+Rosalind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F198602%2Fthe.arabian.horse-in.europe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry,_Nicola2005" class="citation journal cs1">Parry, Nicola (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108232352/http://www.vetgen.com/equine-xc-overo.html">"xc overo/lethal white"</a>. Compendium. 27 (12). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vetgen.com/equine-xc-overo.html">the original</a> on November 8, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compendium&rft.atitle=xc+overo%2Flethal+white&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2005-12&rft.au=Parry%2C+Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vetgen.com%2Fequine-xc-overo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatten,_John_W.1959" class="citation book cs1">Patten, John W. (1959). The Light Horse Breeds: Their Origin, Characteristics, and Principal Uses. New York: Bonanza Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Light+Horse+Breeds%3A+Their+Origin%2C+Characteristics%2C+and+Principal+Uses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bonanza+Books&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Patten%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson,_Mary_Jane2006" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, Mary Jane (2006). Gladys Brown Edwards: Artist, Scholar, Author. Cambria, California: Arabian Horse World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929164-38-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929164-38-7"><bdi>978-1-929164-38-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladys+Brown+Edwards%3A+Artist%2C+Scholar%2C+Author&rft.place=Cambria%2C+California&rft.pub=Arabian+Horse+World&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-929164-38-7&rft.au=Parkinson%2C+Mary+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavord,_MarcyTony_Pavord2001" class="citation book cs1">Pavord, Marcy; Tony Pavord (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG4uX8Jq2_wC&q=hot+blood+horse+training&pg=PA19">Handling and Understanding the Horse</a>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-369-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-369-8"><bdi>978-1-58574-369-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handling+and+Understanding+the+Horse&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58574-369-8&rft.au=Pavord%2C+Marcy&rft.au=Tony+Pavord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG4uX8Jq2_wC%26q%3Dhot%2Bblood%2Bhorse%2Btraining%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumb,_Charles_Sumner1920" class="citation book cs1">Plumb, Charles Sumner (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typesbreedsoffar01plum">Types and Breeds of Farm Animals</a>. Ginn. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typesbreedsoffar01plum/page/168">168</a>. <q>horse pony height.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Types+and+Breeds+of+Farm+Animals&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Ginn&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Plumb%2C+Charles+Sumner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftypesbreedsoffar01plum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid,_Mark1996" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Mark (1996). A Good Horse Is Never a Bad Color. Lincoln: Johnson Printing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Good+Horse+Is+Never+a+Bad+Color&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=Johnson+Printing&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Rashid%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaswan,_Carl1990" class="citation book cs1">Raswan, Carl (1990) [1967, 1969]. The Raswan Index and Handbook for Arabian Breeders. Vol. 1 (1990 ed.). Richmond, Virginia: The William Byrd Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Raswan+Index+and+Handbook+for+Arabian+Breeders&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=1990&rft.pub=The+William+Byrd+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Raswan%2C+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder,_Walter_H.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Roeder, Walter H. (Fall 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011143028/http://www.csupomona.edu/~library/specialcollections/history/jadaan.html">"Jadaan, The Sheik, and the Cereal Baron"</a>. The Cal Poly Scholar. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csupomona.edu/~library/specialcollections/history/jadaan.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cal+Poly+Scholar&rft.atitle=Jadaan%2C+The+Sheik%2C+and+the+Cereal+Baron&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Roeder%2C+Walter+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csupomona.edu%2F~library%2Fspecialcollections%2Fhistory%2Fjadaan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyoAlvarezBeja-PereiraMolina2005" class="citation journal cs1">Royo, LJ; Alvarez, I; Beja-Pereira, A; Molina, A; Fernández, I; Jordana, J; Gómez, E; Gutiérrez, JP; Goyache, F (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesi116">"The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA"</a>. Journal of Heredity. 96 (6): 663–669. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesi116">10.1093/jhered/esi116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16251517">16251517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Iberian+Horses+Assessed+via+Mitochondrial+DNA&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=663-669&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesi116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16251517&rft.aulast=Royo&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+I&rft.au=Beja-Pereira%2C+A&rft.au=Molina%2C+A&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+I&rft.au=Jordana%2C+J&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+E&rft.au=Guti%C3%A9rrez%2C+JP&rft.au=Goyache%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjhered%252Fesi116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofler,_Patti2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schofler, Patti (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/_staffIframes/pressbox/images/magazine/pdf/9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b.pdf">"Daughters of the Desert"</a> (PDF). Equestrian. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equestrian&rft.atitle=Daughters+of+the+Desert&rft.date=2004-11&rft.au=Schofler%2C+Patti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usef.org%2F_staffIframes%2Fpressbox%2Fimages%2Fmagazine%2Fpdf%2F9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Flight_Without_Wings" class="citation book cs1">Schofler, Patti (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHjTCwAAQBAJ">Flight Without Wings: The Arabian Horse and the Show World</a>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-800-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-800-7"><bdi>978-1-59228-800-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight+Without+Wings%3A+The+Arabian+Horse+and+the+Show+World&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59228-800-7&rft.aulast=Schofler&rft.aufirst=Patti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHjTCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSponenberg,_Dan_Phillip2003" class="citation book cs1">Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). Equine Color Genetics (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0759-1"><bdi>978-0-8138-0759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equine+Color+Genetics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-0759-1&rft.au=Sponenberg%2C+Dan+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Gail1995" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Gail (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabianhorse0000stew">The Arabian Horse</a>. Capstone Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabianhorse0000stew/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56065-244-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56065-244-1"><bdi>978-1-56065-244-1</bdi></a>. <q>arabian horse color.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Horse&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Capstone+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56065-244-1&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabianhorse0000stew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumi,_Akiko_Motoyoshi.2003" class="citation book cs1">Sumi, Akiko Motoyoshi. (2003). ""Contest as ceremony: A pre-Islamic Poetic Contest in horse description of Imru' Al-Qays vs 'Alqaman Al-Fahl" Quoting Letter of the Emir Abd-el-Kader to General E. Daumas in Daumas, The Horses of the Sahara.". Description in Classical Arabic Poetry: Waṣf, Ekphrasis, and Interarts. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12922-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12922-1"><bdi>978-90-04-12922-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Contest+as+ceremony%3A+A+pre-Islamic+Poetic+Contest+in+horse+description+of+Imru%27+Al-Qays+vs+%27Alqaman+Al-Fahl%22+Quoting+Letter+of+the+Emir+Abd-el-Kader+to+General+E.+Daumas+in+Daumas%2C+The+Horses+of+the+Sahara.&rft.btitle=Description+in+Classical+Arabic+Poetry%3A+Wa%E1%B9%A3f%2C+Ekphrasis%2C+and+Interarts&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12922-1&rft.au=Sumi%2C+Akiko+Motoyoshi.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrain2006" class="citation journal cs1">Train, Amy (December 2006). "Thundering Down the Field". Arabian Horse Magazine. 28 (6). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-8597">1543-8597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Horse+Magazine&rft.atitle=Thundering+Down+the+Field&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=1543-8597&rft.aulast=Train&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton,_Peter2006" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Peter (2006) [1998]. Amirsadeghi, Hossein (ed.). Arabians. Lincoln: First Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-5401-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-5401-6"><bdi>978-0-8118-5401-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabians&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=First+Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-5401-6&rft.au=Upton%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Dawn1997" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Dawn (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212025916/http://www.apha.com/breed/lethalwhites01.html">"Lethal Whites: A Light at the End of the Tunnel"</a>. Paint Horse Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apha.com/breed/lethalwhites01.html">the original</a> on December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paint+Horse+Journal&rft.atitle=Lethal+Whites%3A+A+Light+at+the+End+of+the+Tunnel&rft.date=1997-02&rft.au=Walker%2C+Dawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apha.com%2Fbreed%2Flethalwhites01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonMayhew1986" class="citation journal cs1">Watson AG, Mayhew IG (May 1986). "Familial congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in the Arabian horse". Spine. 11 (4): 334–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007632-198605000-00007">10.1097/00007632-198605000-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3750063">3750063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24162295">24162295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spine&rft.atitle=Familial+congenital+occipitoatlantoaxial+malformation+%28OAAM%29+in+the+Arabian+horse&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=334-9&rft.date=1986-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24162295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3750063&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007632-198605000-00007&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Mayhew%2C+IG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWentworth,_Judith_Anne_Dorothea_Blunt-Lytton1979" class="citation book cs1">Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton (1979). The Authentic Arabian Horse (3rd ed.). George Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Authentic+Arabian+Horse&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Wentworth%2C+Judith+Anne+Dorothea+Blunt-Lytton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudiansky,_Stephen1997" class="citation book cs1">Budiansky, Stephen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureofhorsesex00budi">The Nature of Horses</a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82768-1"><bdi>978-0-684-82768-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Horses&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82768-1&rft.au=Budiansky%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureofhorsesex00budi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+horse" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse" class="extiw" title="commons:Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabian_horse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arabian horse">category</a>)</div></div> </div> Registries and related organizations <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorses.org/">Arabian Horse Association (USA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianhorsebreeders.org/">Arabian Horse Breeders Alliance (USA)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503022549/http://www.arabianhorsebreeders.org/">Archived</a> May 3, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahsa.asn.au/">Arabian Horse Society of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509102201/http://www.aacca.com.ar/">Argentine Arabian Horse Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifahr.net/">International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing Authorities (IFAHR)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbys.co.uk/">Weatherbys (UK) Maintainer of the General Stud Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sccau.com.uy/">Arabian Horse Society of Uruguay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waho.org/">World Arabian Horse Organisation</a></li></ul> Educational organizations and articles <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alkhamsa.org/">Al Khamsa Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612161108/http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert4.asp">Frequently asked questions about Arabian horses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108165807/http://www.hyksosarabians.com/index.php?pr=Original_Colonials">"History of the Australian Colonial Arabian"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pyramidsociety.org/horse">"The Egyptian Arabian Horse" - The Pyramid Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101013957/http://www.pyramidsociety.org/horse">Archived</a> January 1, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://korona.com/">Korona Polish Arabian Breeders society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanisharabianhorsesociety.org/">Spanish Arabian Horse Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206024431/http://www.csupomona.edu/~wkkahl/">W.K.Kellogg Arabian Horse Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&oldid=1258790170">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&oldid=1258790170</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 17:22 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabierperd" title="Arabierperd – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arabierperd" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خيل عربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيل عربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballu_%C3%A1rabe" title="Caballu árabe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caballu árabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_at%C4%B1" title="Ərəb atı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb atı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আরবি ঘোড়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরবি ঘোড়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ғәрәп аты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәрәп аты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Арабская парода – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арабская парода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Арабски кон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабски кон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araber-Ro%C3%9F" title="Araber-Roß – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Araber-Roß" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavall_%C3%A0rab" title="Cavall àrab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cavall àrab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Араб лаши – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Араб лаши" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%BD_plnokrevn%C3%ADk" title="Arabský plnokrevník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabský plnokrevník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araber_(hesterace)" title="Araber (hesterace) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Araber (hesterace)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vollblutaraber" title="Vollblutaraber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vollblutaraber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_hobune" title="Araabia hobune – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia hobune" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballo_%C3%A1rabe" title="Caballo árabe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caballo árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_%C4%89evalo" title="Araba ĉevalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba ĉevalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar_zaldi" title="Arabiar zaldi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar zaldi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اسب عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسب عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe_(cheval)" title="Arabe (cheval) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabe (cheval)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabalo_%C3%A1rabe" title="Cabalo árabe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cabalo árabe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%A2%85" title="아랍종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B1%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82_%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Արաբական զտարյուն ձիու ցեղատեսակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբական զտարյուն ձիու ցեղատեսակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_konj" title="Arapski konj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapski konj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda_arab" title="Kuda arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuda arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavallo_arabo" title="Cavallo arabo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cavallo arabo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99" title="סוס ערבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוס ערבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="არაბული ცხენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბული ცხენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Араб жылқысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араб жылқысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesp%C3%AA_kih%C3%AAl_%C3%AA_ereb%C3%AE" title="Hespê kihêl ê erebî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hespê kihêl ê erebî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Арап жылкысы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арап жылкысы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_zirgs" title="Arābu zirgs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābu zirgs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%B3_arkliai" title="Arabų arkliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arabų arkliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_teliv%C3%A9r" title="Arab telivér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arab telivér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9A" title="Арапски коњ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапски коњ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0" title="അറേബ്യൻ കുതിര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറേബ്യൻ കുതിര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda_Arab" title="Kuda Arab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuda Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯑꯥꯔꯕ ꯁꯀꯣꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯔꯕ ꯁꯀꯣꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabier_(paard)" title="Arabier (paard) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabier (paard)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E7%A8%AE" title="アラブ種 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラブ種" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araberhest" title="Araberhest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Araberhest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabarhest" title="Arabarhest – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arabarhest" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_ot" title="Arabi ot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arabi ot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%98%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਰਬੀ ਘੋੜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬੀ ਘੋੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%84_czystej_krwi_arabskiej" title="Koń czystej krwi arabskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koń czystej krwi arabskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalo_%C3%A1rabe" title="Cavalo árabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cavalo árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_arab" title="Cal arab – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cal arab" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Арабская чистокровная лошадь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабская чистокровная лошадь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_arab" title="Kali arab – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kali arab" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arabian horse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%BD_plnokrvn%C3%ADk" title="Arabský plnokrvník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabský plnokrvník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabski_konj" title="Arabski konj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arabski konj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_konj" title="Arapski konj – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Arapski konj" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_konj" title="Arapski konj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapski konj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabianhevonen" title="Arabianhevonen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabianhevonen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiskt_fullblod" title="Arabiskt fullblod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arabiskt fullblod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="அரேபியக் குதிரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரேபியக் குதிரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Гарәп аты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарәп аты" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Аспи арабӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аспи арабӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_at%C4%B1" title="Arap atı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arap atı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Арабський кінь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабський кінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%88%DA%91%D8%A7" title="عربی گھوڑا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عربی گھوڑا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%B1a_%E1%BA%A2_r%E1%BA%ADp" title="Ngựa Ả rập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngựa Ả rập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%A9%AC" title="阿拉伯马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉伯马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%A6%AC" title="阿拉伯馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉伯馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estor%C3%AA_Ereban" title="Estorê Ereban – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Estorê Ereban" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%A6%AC" title="阿拉伯馬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯馬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 17:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fr84h","wgBackendResponseTime":288,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.389","walltime":"2.632","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13395,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":337949,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8618,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":631387,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2242.843 1 -total"," 42.92% 962.553 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.70% 531.472 99 Template:Cite_web"," 13.43% 301.243 36 Template:Cite_book"," 8.65% 194.047 32 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.55% 169.403 22 Template:Sfn"," 5.36% 120.266 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.35% 119.886 1 Template:Langx"," 4.25% 95.247 1 Template:Infobox_horse"," 4.08% 91.552 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.505","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26261928,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAl_Khamsa\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAleman,_Monica2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAmerican_Trakehner_Association\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmerican_Welara_Pony_Registry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmmon,_Karl_Wilhelm1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArabian_Horse_Association\"] = 16,\n [\"CITEREFArabian_Horse_Society_of_Australia\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFArcher,_Rosemary1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArcher,_RosemaryColin_PearsonCecil_Covey1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrie,_Douglas_M.1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaver,_Bonnie_V._G.Sponenberg,_D._Phillip1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck,_Andy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett,_Deb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett,_Deb.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBentley,_Charles\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBird,_Helen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlazyczek,_I.H._HamannB._OhnesorgeE._Deegen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlazyczek,_Ingild_Astrid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowling,_A._T.A._Del_ValleM._Bowling2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowling,_Michael\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Percheron_Horse_Society\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudiansky,_Stephen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCadranell,_R.J.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCadranell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampiglio,_Elizabeth_G.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaiklinGoodingCampbell2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlin,_J._Edward2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColorado_Ranger_Horse_Association\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowell,_Christine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraverCraver,_Jeanne1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyrino,_Monica_Silveira2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDance,_Priscilla\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerry2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerry2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubai_Equestrian_Club\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards,_Gladys_Brown1973\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEmirates_Arabian_Horse_Society\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEquus_Staff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErin_Ryder2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF.O.A.L\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanelli,_H.H.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanelli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbis,_Judith1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancaviglia,_RichardJerry_RodnitzkyPeter_C._RollinsRobert_A._Rosenstone2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin-Campiglio,_Lisa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin-Campiglio,_LisaBeth_MinnichBrenda_WahlerAHA_Equine_Stress2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin-campiglio,_Lisa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon,_Coralie2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGower,_Jeanette2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreely1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen,_Betty_PatchinSusann_Heidrich1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGłażewska2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaaseBrooksSchlumbaumAzor2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberbeck,_Andreas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrigan,_Peter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimes,_Cheryl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorse_Genetics\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes,_Rob2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHur,_Ben1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHur2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Quarab_Horse_Association\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJobbins,_Jenny2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_Calvin_H\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_Robert_S.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_TomJoseph,_Steve2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudd,_Bob\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKael,_Pauline\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKentucky_Horse_Park\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrause,_Myron\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrzysztalowicz,_Andrzej\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis,_Barbara\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis,_Barbara_S.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindgrenBackströmSwinburneHellborg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLumpkin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcella2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazzawi,_Rosalind1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMidwest\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorab_Horse_Association\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Show_Horse_Registry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewbauer,_Carol_D.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinson,_Mary_Jane2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry,_Nicola2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatten,_John_W.1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavord,_MarcyTony_Pavord2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawlowski,_LidiaPawlowski,_Wieslaw\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintabian_Horse_Registry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumb,_Charles_Sumner1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashid,_Mark1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaswan,_Carl1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedkey,_Lizzie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts,_Honi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoeder,_Walter_H.1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyoAlvarezBeja-PereiraMolina2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofler,_Patti2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulz,_Carol_M.1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSponenberg,_Dan_Phillip2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart,_Gail1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumi,_Akiko_Motoyoshi.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Black_Stallion,_Inc\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroika\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUC_Davis\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Virginia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpton,_Peter1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpton,_Peter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Deusen1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarian,_Sheila\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVetGen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahler,_Brenda2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker,_Dawn1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWatson,_A.GMayhew,_I.G.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatsonMayhew1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWentworth,_Judith_Anne_Dorothea_Blunt-Lytton1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Arabian_Horse_Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyk,_Marie-Louise_van\"] = 1,\n [\"Flight_Without_Wings\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Asof\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 99,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Arabian Horse\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Hands\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox horse\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","18.4"],["?","240","15.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","15.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.6"],["[others]","340","22.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-trxbb","timestamp":"20241122141437","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arabian horse","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabian_horse","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184138","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184138","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-09T19:05:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T17:22:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/54\/Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg","headline":"horse breed"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>