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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="زيت شجرة الشاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيت شجرة الشاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tea tree oil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teebaum%C3%B6l" title="Teebaumöl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Teebaumöl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%8A%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Τεϊέλαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεϊέλαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="روغن درخت چای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روغن درخت چای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huile_essentielle_d%27arbre_%C3%A0_th%C3%A9" title="Huile essentielle d'arbre à thé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Huile essentielle d'arbre à thé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teafaolaj" title="Teafaolaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teafaolaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ടീ ട്രീ ഓയിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടീ ട്രീ ഓയിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theeboomolie" title="Theeboomolie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theeboomolie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olejek_herbaciany" title="Olejek herbaciany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Olejek herbaciany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93leo_de_melaleuca" title="Óleo de melaleuca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óleo de melaleuca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Масло чайного дерева – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Масло чайного дерева" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cajovn%C3%ADkov%C3%BD_olej" title="Čajovníkový olej – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čajovníkový olej" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teepuu%C3%B6ljy" title="Teepuuöljy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teepuuöljy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetr%C3%A4dolja" title="Teträdolja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Teträdolja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="தேயிலை மர எண்ணெய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேயிலை மர எண்ணெய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86" title="టీ ట్రీ నూనె – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టీ ట్రీ నూనె" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Олія 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Essential oil derived from leaves</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about essential oil isolated from the leaves of the tea tree, <i>Melaleuca alternifolia</i>. For the sweet seasoning oil pressed from <i>Camellia</i> seeds, <i>C. sinensis</i> or <i>C. oleifera</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">tea seed oil</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melaleuca_alternifolia_(Maria_Serena).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Melaleuca_alternifolia_%28Maria_Serena%29.jpg/220px-Melaleuca_alternifolia_%28Maria_Serena%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Melaleuca_alternifolia_%28Maria_Serena%29.jpg/330px-Melaleuca_alternifolia_%28Maria_Serena%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Melaleuca_alternifolia_%28Maria_Serena%29.jpg/440px-Melaleuca_alternifolia_%28Maria_Serena%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Origin of this <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a>, the tea tree, <i>Melaleuca alternifolia</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_tree_plantation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tea_tree_plantation.JPG/220px-Tea_tree_plantation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tea_tree_plantation.JPG/330px-Tea_tree_plantation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tea_tree_plantation.JPG/440px-Tea_tree_plantation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Tea tree plantation, <a href="/wiki/Coraki,_New_South_Wales" title="Coraki, New South Wales">Coraki, New South Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tea tree oil</b>, also known as <b>melaleuca oil</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> with a fresh, <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphoraceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odor</a> and a colour that ranges from pale yellow to nearly colourless and clear.<sup id="cite_ref-iso_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drugs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> of the tea tree, <i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_alternifolia" title="Melaleuca alternifolia">Melaleuca alternifolia</a></i>, native to southeast <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and the northeast coast of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia. The oil comprises many constituent chemicals, and its composition changes if it is exposed to air and <a href="/wiki/Oxidize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidize">oxidizes</a>. Commercial use of tea tree oil began in the 1920s, pioneered by the entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._Penfold" title="Arthur R. Penfold">Arthur Penfold</a>. </p><p>There is little evidence for the effectiveness of tea tree oil in treating <a href="/wiki/Demodex" title="Demodex">mite-infected</a> <a href="/wiki/Blepharitis" title="Blepharitis">crusting of eyelids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some claims of efficacy exist.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, it may be applied <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topically</a> in low concentrations for skin diseases, although there is little evidence for efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-euopinion_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euopinion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tea tree oil is neither a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> product nor an <a href="/wiki/Approved_drug" title="Approved drug">approved drug</a> in the United States, although it has been used in <a href="/wiki/Skin_care_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin care product">skin care products</a><sup id="cite_ref-drugs_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is approved as a complementary medicine for <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a> in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-tga-aus_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tga-aus-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisonous</a> if consumed by mouth and is unsafe for children.<sup id="cite_ref-poison_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poison-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_tree_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although tea tree oil is claimed to be useful for treating <a href="/wiki/Dandruff" title="Dandruff">dandruff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">acne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head_lice_infestation" title="Head lice infestation">lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes simplex">herpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect_bite" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bite">insect bites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">scabies</a>, and skin <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> infections,<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pazyar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pazyar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> insufficient evidence exists to support any of these claims due to the limited quality of research.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2015 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> review of acne complementary therapies found a single low-quality trial showing benefit on skin lesions compared to <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea tree oil was also used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to treat skin lesions of munitions factory workers.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Herbal_Medicinal_Products" title="Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products">Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products</a> (CHMP) of the <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a>, traditional usage suggests that tea tree oil is a possible treatment for "small, superficial wounds, insect bites, and small boils" and that it may reduce itching in minor cases of athlete's foot. The CHMP states that tea tree oil products should not be used on people under 12 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-chmp_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chmp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tea tree oil is not recommended for treating <a href="/wiki/Nail_fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail fungus">nail fungus</a> because it is yet to be proven effective,<sup id="cite_ref-fungal-nail_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fungal-nail-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not recommended for treating head lice in children because its effectiveness and safety have not been established and it could cause skin irritation or <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhs_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ped_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ped-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tea_tree_oil&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of 5-50% tea tree oil as an effective treatment for <a href="/wiki/Demodex" title="Demodex">demodex</a> mite infestations, although products claiming efficacy exist.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_tree_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tea tree oil is highly toxic when ingested orally.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acs_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may cause drowsiness, confusion, hallucinations, coma, unsteadiness, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, blood-cell abnormalities, and severe rashes. It should be kept away from pets and children.<sup id="cite_ref-acs_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should not be used in or around the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poison_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poison-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Application of tea tree oil to the skin can cause an allergic reaction in some,<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the potential for which increases as the oil ages and its chemical composition changes.<sup id="cite_ref-allergic_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allergic-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adverse effects include skin irritation, allergic contact dermatitis, systemic <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linear_IgA_bullous_dermatosis" title="Linear IgA bullous dermatosis">linear immunoglobulin A disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">erythema multiforme</a>-like reactions, and systemic <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pazyar_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pazyar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allergic reactions may be due to the various oxidation products that are formed by exposure of the oil to light and air.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aberer2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aberer2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, oxidized tea tree oil should not be used.<sup id="cite_ref-rirdc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rirdc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, tea tree oil is one of the many <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> causing poisoning, mostly of children. From 2014 to 2018, 749 cases were reported in New South Wales, accounting for 17% of essential oil poisoning incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormonal_effects">Hormonal effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_tree_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hormonal effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tea tree oil potentially poses a risk for causing <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">abnormal breast enlargement</a> in men<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ecgyn_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecgyn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prepubertal children.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 study by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences" title="National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a> found four of the constituent chemicals (<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">eucalyptol</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-terpineol" class="mw-redirect" title="4-terpineol">4-terpineol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipentene" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipentene">dipentene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-terpineol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-terpineol">alpha-terpineol</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptors</a>, raising concerns of potential <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a> impacts from the oil.<sup id="cite_ref-ecnew_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecnew-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_animals">In animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_tree_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In dogs and cats, death<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or transient signs of toxicity (lasting two to three days), such as lethargy, weakness, incoordination, and muscle tremors, have been reported after external application at high doses.<sup id="cite_ref-Villar1994_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villar1994-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a test of <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> by oral intake, the <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> (LD<sub>50</sub>) in rats is 1.9–2.4 ml/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-carson_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_characteristics">Composition and characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_tree_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composition and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="clear: right;float: right;margin: .5em 0 1.3em 1.4em;"> <caption>Tea tree oil composition,<br />as per ISO 4730 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-iso_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Component </th> <th>Concentration </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terpinen-4-ol" title="Terpinen-4-ol">terpinen-4-ol</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">35.0–48.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terpinene" title="Terpinene">γ-terpinene</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">14–28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terpinene" title="Terpinene">α-terpinene</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.0–12.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">1,8-cineole</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">traces–10.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terpinene" title="Terpinene">terpinolene</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.5–5.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terpineol" title="Terpineol">α-terpineol</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.0–5.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-pinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-pinene">α-pinene</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.0–4.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P-Cymene" title="P-Cymene"><i>p</i>-cymene</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.5–8.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabinene" title="Sabinene">sabinene</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">traces–3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">limonene</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.5–1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromadendrene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromadendrene (page does not exist)">aromadendrene</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.2–3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=(syn.viridiflorene)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(syn.viridiflorene) (page does not exist)">ledene</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.1–3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globulol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globulol (page does not exist)">globulol</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">traces–1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viridiflorol" title="Viridiflorol">viridiflorol</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">traces–1.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tea tree oil is defined by the International Standard <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 4730 ("Oil of <i>Melaleuca</i>, <a href="/wiki/Terpinen-4-ol" title="Terpinen-4-ol">terpinen-4-ol</a> type"), containing terpinen-4-ol, γ-<a href="/wiki/Terpinene" title="Terpinene">terpinene</a>, and α-terpinene as about 70% to 90% of whole oil, while <a href="/wiki/P-Cymene" title="P-Cymene"><i>p</i>-cymene</a>, terpinolene, α-terpineol, and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pinene">α-pinene</a> collectively account for some 15% of the oil (table).<sup id="cite_ref-iso_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-euopinion_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euopinion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil has been described as colorless to pale yellow<sup id="cite_ref-iso_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drugs_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having a fresh, <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>-like smell.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp2013_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp2013-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tea tree oil products contain various <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, among which <a href="/wiki/Terpinen-4-ol" title="Terpinen-4-ol">terpinen-4-ol</a> is the major component.<sup id="cite_ref-iso_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drugs_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-euopinion_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euopinion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adverse reactions diminish with lower <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">eucalyptol</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-Pazyar_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pazyar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_extraction">History and extraction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_tree_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History and extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "tea tree" is used for several plants, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, from the family <a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Myrtus" title="Myrtus">myrtle</a>. The use of the name probably originated from <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Captain James Cook</a>'s description of one of these shrubs that he used to make an <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> to drink in place of <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commercial tea tree oil industry originated in the 1920s when Australian chemist <a href="/wiki/A._R._Penfold" class="mw-redirect" title="A. R. Penfold">Arthur Penfold</a> investigated the business potential of a number of native extracted oils; he reported that tea tree oil had promise, as it exhibited <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-carson_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tea tree oil was first <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extracted</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_alternifolia" title="Melaleuca alternifolia">Melaleuca alternifolia</a></i> in Australia, and this species remains the most important commercially. In the 1970s and 1980s, commercial plantations began to produce large quantities of tea tree oil from <i>M. alternifolia</i>. Many of these plantations are located in New South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-carson_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s and 80s, the industry has expanded to include several other species for their extracted oil: <i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_armillaris" title="Melaleuca armillaris">Melaleuca armillaris</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_styphelioides" title="Melaleuca styphelioides">Melaleuca styphelioides</a></i> in Tunisia and Egypt; <i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_leucadendra" title="Melaleuca leucadendra">Melaleuca leucadendra</a></i> in Egypt, Malaysia, and Vietnam; <i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_acuminata" title="Melaleuca acuminata">Melaleuca acuminata</a></i> in Tunisia; <i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_ericifolia" title="Melaleuca ericifolia">Melaleuca ericifolia</a></i> in Egypt; and <i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_quinquenervia" title="Melaleuca quinquenervia">Melaleuca quinquenervia</a></i> in the United States (considered an invasive species in Florida<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Similar oils can also be produced by water distillation from <i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_linariifolia" title="Melaleuca linariifolia">Melaleuca linariifolia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_dissitiflora" title="Melaleuca dissitiflora">Melaleuca dissitiflora</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the availability and <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">nonproprietary</a> nature of tea tree oil would make it – if proved effective – particularly well-suited to a disease such as scabies that affects poor people disproportionately, those same characteristics diminish corporate interest in its development and validation.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_tree_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajeput_oil" title="Cajeput oil">Cajeput oil</a> — derived from <i>M. cajuputi</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_tree_oil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iso-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sis.se/api/document/preview/921469">"Essential oil of <i>Melaleuca</i>, terpene-4-ol (tea tree oil): ISO 4730: 2017 (E)"</a>. 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<b>30</b> (7): 401–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-865020150060000005">10.1590/S0102-865020150060000005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26108028">26108028</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Template:Medicinal herbs and fungi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Template talk:Medicinal herbs and fungi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicinal herbs and fungi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medicinal herbs and fungi</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Herbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">Alfalfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">Aloe vera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borututu" title="Borututu">Borututu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_hirta" title="Euphorbia hirta">Asthma-plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalus_propinquus" class="mw-redirect" title="Astragalus propinquus">Astragalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">Chamomile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larrea_tridentata" title="Larrea tridentata">Chaparral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacetum_parthenium" title="Tanacetum parthenium">Feverfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flaxseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldenseal" title="Goldenseal">Goldenseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendula_officinalis" title="Calendula officinalis">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althaea_officinalis" title="Althaea officinalis">Marsh-mallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Neem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Opium poppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea_purpurea" title="Echinacea purpurea">Purple coneflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicium_verum" title="Illicium verum">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_savory" title="Summer savory">Summer savory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tea tree oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelargonium_sidoides" title="Pelargonium sidoides">Umckaloabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbena" title="Verbena">Verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">White willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achillea_millefolium" title="Achillea millefolium">Yarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fungi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_subrufescens" title="Agaricus subrufescens">Almond mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inonotus_obliquus" title="Inonotus obliquus">Chaga mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echigoshirayukidake_(Basidiomycetes-X)" title="Echigoshirayukidake (Basidiomycetes-X)">Echigoshirayukidake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingzhi mushroom">Lingzhi mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grifola_frondosa" title="Grifola frondosa">Maitake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshimakobu" title="Meshimakobu">Meshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella_esculenta" title="Morchella esculenta">Morel mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiitake" title="Shiitake">Shiitake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Indian herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kampo_herbs" title="List of kampo herbs">Japanese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine#Herbal_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean herbology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Herb garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">Herbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">Herbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">List of plants used in herbalism</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acne-treating_agents_(D10)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acne-treating_agents" title="Template:Acne-treating agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acne-treating_agents" title="Template talk:Acne-treating agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acne-treating_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acne-treating agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acne-treating_agents_(D10)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne</a>-treating agents (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D10" title="ATC code D10">D10</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">Antibacterial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azelaic_acid" title="Azelaic acid">Azelaic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide" title="Benzoyl peroxide">Benzoyl peroxide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Hydroxyquinoline" title="8-Hydroxyquinoline">8-Hydroxyquinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">Blue light therapy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tea tree oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keratolytic" title="Keratolytic">Keratolytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolic_acid" title="Glycolic acid">Glycolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_(pharmacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur (pharmacy)">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide" title="Benzoyl peroxide">Benzoyl peroxide</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">Niacinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">Red light therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">Clindamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapsone" title="Dapsone">Dapsone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfacetamide" title="Sulfacetamide">Sulfacetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracycline_antibiotics" title="Tetracycline antibiotics">Tetracyclines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lymecycline" title="Lymecycline">Lymecycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">Doxycycline</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapalene" title="Adapalene">Adapalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotretinoin" title="Isotretinoin">Isotretinoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motretinide" title="Motretinide">Motretinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazarotene" title="Tazarotene">Tazarotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretinoin" title="Tretinoin">Tretinoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifarotene" title="Trifarotene">Trifarotene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epristeride" title="Epristeride">Epristeride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesulfen" title="Mesulfen">Mesulfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelretin" title="Pelretin">Pelretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridex" title="Stridex">Stridex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioxolone" title="Tioxolone">Tioxolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapalene/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide">Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin/adapalene/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Clindamycin/adapalene/benzoyl peroxide">Clindamycin/adapalene/benzoyl peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide">Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin/tretinoin" title="Clindamycin/tretinoin">Clindamycin/tretinoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Erythromycin/benzoyl peroxide">Erythromycin/benzoyl peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin/isotretinoin" title="Erythromycin/isotretinoin">Erythromycin/isotretinoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfacetamide/sulfur" title="Sulfacetamide/sulfur">Sulfacetamide/sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretinoin/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Tretinoin/benzoyl peroxide">Tretinoin/benzoyl peroxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antifungals_(D01_and_J02)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antifungals" title="Template:Antifungals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antifungals" title="Template talk:Antifungals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antifungals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antifungals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antifungals_(D01_and_J02)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">Antifungals</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D01" title="ATC code D01">D01</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J02" title="ATC code J02">J02</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wall/<br />membrane</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ergosterol" title="Ergosterol">Ergosterol</a><br />inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azole" title="Azole">Azoles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lanosterol_14%CE%B1-demethylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanosterol 14α-demethylase">lanosterol 14α-<br />demethylase</a> inhibitors)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Topical: <a href="/wiki/Bifonazole" title="Bifonazole">bifonazole</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butoconazole" title="Butoconazole">butoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormidazole" title="Chlormidazole">chlormidazole</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbazole" title="Climbazole">climbazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">clotrimazole</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croconazole" title="Croconazole">croconazole</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberconazole" title="Eberconazole">eberconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econazole" title="Econazole">econazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenticonazole" title="Fenticonazole">fenticonazole</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutrimazole" title="Flutrimazole">flutrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoconazole" title="Isoconazole">isoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luliconazole" title="Luliconazole">luliconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miconazole" title="Miconazole">miconazole</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neticonazole" title="Neticonazole">neticonazole</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoconazole" title="Omoconazole">omoconazole</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxiconazole" title="Oxiconazole">oxiconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertaconazole" title="Sertaconazole">sertaconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulconazole" title="Sulconazole">sulconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioconazole" title="Tioconazole">tioconazole</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Systemic: ketoconazole</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triazole" title="Triazole">Triazoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Topical: <a href="/wiki/Efinaconazole" title="Efinaconazole">efinaconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terconazole" title="Terconazole">terconazole</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Systemic: <a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfluconazole" title="Fosfluconazole">fosfluconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosravuconazole" title="Fosravuconazole">fosravuconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaconazole" title="Hexaconazole">hexaconazole</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isavuconazonium" title="Isavuconazonium">isavuconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itraconazole" title="Itraconazole">itraconazole</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oteseconazole" title="Oteseconazole">oteseconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posaconazole" title="Posaconazole">posaconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voriconazole" title="Voriconazole">voriconazole</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown: <a href="/wiki/Albaconazole" title="Albaconazole">albaconazole</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravuconazole" title="Ravuconazole">ravuconazole</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thiazole" title="Thiazole">Thiazoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Topical: <a href="/wiki/Abafungin" title="Abafungin">abafungin</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polyene_antimycotic" title="Polyene antimycotic">Polyene antimycotics</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ergosterol" title="Ergosterol">ergosterol</a> binding)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Topical: <a href="/wiki/Hamycin" title="Hamycin">hamycin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natamycin" title="Natamycin">natamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nystatin" title="Nystatin">nystatin</a><sup>#</sup><br />Systemic: <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">amphotericin B</a><sup>#</sup>, hamycin<sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squalene_monooxygenase" title="Squalene monooxygenase">Squalene monooxygenase</a><br />inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allylamine" title="Allylamine">Allylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Topical: <a href="/wiki/Naftifine" title="Naftifine">naftifine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbinafine" title="Terbinafine">terbinafine</a><br />Systemic: terbinafine</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzylamine" title="Benzylamine">Benzylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Topical: <a href="/wiki/Butenafine" title="Butenafine">butenafine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Topical: <a href="/wiki/Amorolfine" title="Amorolfine">amorolfine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1,3-Beta-glucan_synthase" title="1,3-Beta-glucan synthase">β-glucan synthase</a><br />inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Systemic: <a href="/wiki/Echinocandin" title="Echinocandin">echinocandins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anidulafungin" title="Anidulafungin">anidulafungin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspofungin" title="Caspofungin">caspofungin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilofungin" title="Cilofungin">cilofungin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micafungin" title="Micafungin">micafungin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezafungin" title="Rezafungin">rezafungin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrexafungerp" title="Ibrexafungerp">ibrexafungerp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_analogue" title="Pyrimidine analogue">Pyrimidine analogues</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Thymidylate_synthase_inhibitor" title="Thymidylate synthase inhibitor">thymidylate synthase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Systemic: <a href="/wiki/Flucytosine" title="Flucytosine">flucytosine</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_inhibitor" title="Mitotic inhibitor">Mitotic inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Systemic: <a href="/wiki/Griseofulvin" title="Griseofulvin">griseofulvin</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase" title="Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase">Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase</a> inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Topical: <a href="/wiki/Tavaborole" title="Tavaborole">tavaborole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromochlorosalicylanilide" title="Bromochlorosalicylanilide">bromochlorosalicylanilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophetanol" title="Chlorophetanol">chlorophetanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenesin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorphenesin">chlorphenesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclopirox" title="Ciclopirox">ciclopirox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_violet" title="Crystal violet">crystal violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimazole" title="Dimazole">dimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylparaben" title="Ethylparaben">ethylparaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloprogin" title="Haloprogin">haloprogin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynoxylin" title="Polynoxylin">polynoxylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">potassium iodide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_disulfide" title="Selenium disulfide">selenium disulfide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">sodium thiosulfate</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulbentine" title="Sulbentine">sulbentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurolidine" title="Taurolidine">taurolidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticlatone" title="Ticlatone">ticlatone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolciclate" title="Tolciclate">tolciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolnaftate" title="Tolnaftate">tolnaftate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromometacresol" title="Tribromometacresol">tribromometacresol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undecylenic_acid" title="Undecylenic acid">undecylenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitfield%27s_ointment" title="Whitfield's ointment">Whitfield's ointment</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citronella_oil" title="Citronella oil">citronella oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon grass">lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_myrtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon myrtle">lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_oil" title="Orange oil">orange oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchouli" title="Patchouli">patchouli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">tea tree oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">PCP</a>: <a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapsone" title="Dapsone">dapsone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">pentamidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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