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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of how humans organize their free time</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ind%C3%ADgenas_contemplando_Quito_desde_El_Panecillo,_Ecuador,_2015-07-22,_DD_44.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Indigenous people peeling maize while overlooking Quito from El Panecillo, Ecuador." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ind%C3%ADgenas_contemplando_Quito_desde_El_Panecillo%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_44.JPG/350px-Ind%C3%ADgenas_contemplando_Quito_desde_El_Panecillo%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_44.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ind%C3%ADgenas_contemplando_Quito_desde_El_Panecillo%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_44.JPG/525px-Ind%C3%ADgenas_contemplando_Quito_desde_El_Panecillo%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_44.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ind%C3%ADgenas_contemplando_Quito_desde_El_Panecillo%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_44.JPG/700px-Ind%C3%ADgenas_contemplando_Quito_desde_El_Panecillo%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_44.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7619" data-file-height="4663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous people</a> peeling maize while overlooking <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> from <a href="/wiki/El_Panecillo" title="El Panecillo">El Panecillo</a>, Ecuador.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. 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Leisure includes a broad array of activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, and the playing of <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">games</a>. The sociology of leisure is closely tied to the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of work">sociology of work</a>, as each explores a different side of the work-leisure relationship. More recent studies in the field move away from this relationship, however, and focus on the relation between leisure and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>. </p><p>Studies of leisure have determined that observable patterns in human leisure behavior cannot be explained solely by socioeconomic variables such as age, income, occupation or education. The type of leisure activity is substantially influenced by the numerous more complex factors, such as presence or lack of family, religious beliefs and general cultural values one adheres to. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_theoretical_concerns">Definitions and theoretical concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and theoretical concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wilson_(sociologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wilson (sociologist) (page does not exist)">John Wilson</a> and others have noted, it is difficult to define <a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">leisure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scraton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its definitions are numerous and often mutually contradictory, for example as a discrete portion of one's time or as a quality of experience irrespective of time.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joffre_Dumazedier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joffre Dumazedier (page does not exist)">Joffre Dumazedier</a> distinguished four distinct definitions of leisure, which begin broadly and gradually narrow in scope.<sup id="cite_ref-parker_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first and broadest defines leisure as a style of behavior that may occur even at work, the second defines it as any non-work activity; the third further excludes family and household obligations; and, finally, the narrowest defines leisure as activities dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Self-fulfillment" title="Self-fulfillment">self-fulfillment</a>. Dumazedier's four definitions are not exhaustive.<sup id="cite_ref-parker_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incompatible definitions and measures are seen as a major factor accounting for occasionally contradictory research findings.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some unresolved questions concerning the definition of work: in particular, whether unpaid endeavors, such as volunteering or studying, are work.<sup id="cite_ref-scraton_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-work time should not be equated with free time, as it comprises not only free time, dedicated to leisure, but also time dedicated to certain obligatory activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Homemaking" title="Homemaking">housework</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dividing activities into free and dedicated time is not easy. For example, brushing one's teeth is neither work nor leisure; scholars differ in their classifications of activities such as eating a meal, shopping, repairing a car, attending a religious ceremony, or showering (various individuals may or may not classify such activities as leisure).<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relation between work and leisure can also be unclear: research indicates that some individuals find skills that they have acquired at work useful to their hobbies (and vice versa), and some individuals have used leisure activities to advance their work careers.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologists also disagree as to whether political or spiritual activities should be included in studies of leisure.<sup id="cite_ref-parker2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, among some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupational community (page does not exist)">occupational communities</a>, such as police officers or miners, it is common for colleagues to be off-time friends and to share similar, work-based leisure activities.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from a definition of leisure, there are other questions of theoretical concern to the sociologist of leisure. For example, quantifying the results is difficult, as time-budget studies have noted that a given amount of time (for example, an hour) may have different values, depending on when it occurs—within a day, a week, or a year.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, as with many other fields of inquiry in the social sciences, the study of the sociology of leisure is hampered by the lack of reliable data for comparative <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal studies</a>, as there was little to no standardized data-gathering on leisure throughout most of human history.<sup id="cite_ref-parker_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of longitudinal studies has been remedied in the last few decades by recurring national <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatistical_survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatistical survey (page does not exist)">surveys</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Household_Survey" title="General Household Survey">General Household Survey</a> in the United Kingdom (ongoing since 1971).<sup id="cite_ref-scraton_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to surveys, an increasing number of studies have been focusing on <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative methods</a> of research (<a href="/wiki/Interviews" class="mw-redirect" title="Interviews">interviews</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-scraton_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veblen3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Veblen3a.jpg/220px-Veblen3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Veblen3a.jpg/330px-Veblen3a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Veblen3a.jpg/440px-Veblen3a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a> was one of the first sociologists to study leisure</figcaption></figure> <p>Sociology of leisure is a fairly recent <a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfields of sociology">subfield of sociology</a>, compared to more traditional subfields such as <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of work">sociology of work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">sociology of the family</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">sociology of education</a>: it saw most of its development in the second half of the 20th century.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_anone"><a href="#endnote_anone">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parker_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scraton_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until then, leisure had often been seen as a relatively unimportant, minor feature of <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parker_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, however, it is now recognized as a major <a href="/wiki/Social_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Social institution">social institution</a>, deserving of serious sociological inquiry, particularly in Western societies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> One of the earliest theories of leisure originates from <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, whose theory was discussed through a 'realm of freedom'. Karl Marx's criticisms of capitalism, saw the structures of capital as in conflict with people truly reaching leisure.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Marx-Engels_Reader_1978_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Marx-Engels_Reader_1978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis of leisure is rooted in economics and politics, as those are intertwined also. In contrast to a more socialist approach, many would see leisure time as an excuse for unproductivity and as something you don't deserve. Not that it shouldn't be attained but shouldn't get in the way of economics. Therein lies our current structures that Marx's theories have not only remained relevant, but his criticisms of his time can remain true to this day. Marx's criticism of capitalism was rooted in the exploitation of the worker. As a conflict against the worker, class warfare in effect. In the Marx and Engels Reader, an overview of the writings and theories of Marxism, the 'realm of freedom' and 'realm of necessity' were heavily elaborated on as it was a new concept at the time. The realm of freedom is a true definition of leisure as it embraces doing activities out of the want, pleasure to do so. Whereas living to survive and work, eat, sleep would be in the realm of necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Marx-Engels_Reader_1978_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Marx-Engels_Reader_1978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VietnamCombatArtCAT04JamesPollockGICardgame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/VietnamCombatArtCAT04JamesPollockGICardgame.jpg/220px-VietnamCombatArtCAT04JamesPollockGICardgame.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/VietnamCombatArtCAT04JamesPollockGICardgame.jpg/330px-VietnamCombatArtCAT04JamesPollockGICardgame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/VietnamCombatArtCAT04JamesPollockGICardgame.jpg/440px-VietnamCombatArtCAT04JamesPollockGICardgame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>An example of a leisure activity: American soldiers playing a card game.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over time, emphasis in studies of leisure has shifted from the work-leisure relation, particularly in well-researched majorities, to study of minorities and the relation between leisure and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scraton_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall Gordon (page does not exist)">Marshall Gordon</a> noted that there are two approaches in the study of leisure: formal and historical-theoretical.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formal approach focuses on <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> questions, such as the shifting of leisure patterns over an individual's <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>, the relation between leisure and work, and specific forms of leisure (such as the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">sociology of sport</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical-theoretical approach studies the relation between leisure and <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a>, often from <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural functionalist">structural-functionalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxist">neo-Marxist</a> perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheila_Scraton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheila Scraton (page does not exist)">Sheila Scraton</a> provided a different analysis, comparing <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">British</a> studies.<sup id="cite_ref-scraton_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British approaches focus on input from <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralism</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_Marxism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical Marxism (page does not exist)">critical Marxism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>; the American approaches concentrate on the <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social-psychological</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-scraton_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rhona_Rapoport" title="Rhona Rapoport">Rhona</a> and Robert Rapoport studied the worklife balance and inequality in many countries, wrote many books in this area and help influence policy and legislation to change practices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Findings">Findings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many sociologists have assumed that a given type of leisure activity<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is most easily explained by <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> variables such as <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">occupation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has yielded fewer results than expected; income is associated with total money spent on such activities, but otherwise only determines what type of activities are affordable.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupation has a similar effect, because most occupations heavily influence a person's income (for example, membership in a prestigious occupation and "<a href="/wiki/Country_club" title="Country club">country-club</a>" activities such as golf or sailing are significantly <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlated</a>—but so is membership in those occupations and high income, and those activities with high cost).<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education is correlated with having a wide range of leisure activities, and with higher dedication to them.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Kelly noted, "Predicting a person's leisure behavior on the basis of his socioeconomic position is all but impossible."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, type of leisure activity is substantially influenced by the individual's immediate situation—whether he has a family, whether there are recreational facilities nearby, and age.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early family influences, particularly involving the more social leisure activities, can be profound.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of leisure activity also depends on the individual's current place in the <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the framework of the family, leisure time has been researched to measure the effect of families during weekend work. What was found was families in which parents had to work on the weekend had a negative effect on the family, more particularly the children. It was written that many of the parents who had to work on the weekend were less educated and had lower income. This could have implications for the family and society.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific findings in sociological studies of leisure are illustrated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Robinson_(sociologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Robinson (sociologist) (page does not exist)">John Robinson</a>'s late-1970s study of American leisure. Robinson found that Americans, on average, have four hours of leisure time each weekday, and more on weekends—six hours on Saturdays, almost eight on Sundays.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amount of leisure time diminishes with age, work, marriage, and children.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the amount of free time does not significantly depend on an individual's wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People desire less free time if they are uncertain of their economic future, or if their job is their central interest.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the second half of the twentieth century, watching <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> became a major leisure activity, causing a substantial decrease in the time dedicated to other activities; in the early 1970s the average American had 4 hours of leisure per day, and spent 1.5 of them watching television.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shared leisure activities increase marital satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different forms of leisure time and their benefits are not always clear, but generally, there is consensus that in moderation, they tend to have various positive effects. For example, going to the movies, alone or with friends can improve health and well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pay,_work_and_leisure"><span id="Pay.2C_work_and_leisure"></span>Pay, work and leisure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pay, work and leisure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals make trade-offs between pay, work and leisure. However, the timing and scale of those trade-offs varies with the occupations and incomes of individuals. They also vary over time and from society to society. In societies, substantial across the board rises in pay can increase the working hours of male blue-collar workers with young children but reduce those of middle class women with husbands in well-paid full-time jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet#Leisure" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociological investigations of leisure on the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhona_Rapoport" title="Rhona Rapoport">Rhona Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai">Ikigai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>a</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_anone"><a href="#ref_anone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> There were few sociological studies of leisure before the second half of the 20th century. One of the earliest and most celebrated was <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></i> (1899).<sup id="cite_ref-scraton_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-scraton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scraton_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scraton_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scraton_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scraton_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scraton_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scraton_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scraton_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scraton_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scraton_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheila Scraton, "Leisure," in George Ritzer, ed., <i>Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781405165518?query=Sociology+of+Leisure&widen=1&result_number=1&from=search&id=g9781405124331_chunk_g978140512433118_ss1-30&type=std&fuzzy=0&slop=1">Online</a>. Last accessed on 20 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wilson, "The Sociology of Leisure," <i>Annual Review of Sociology</i>, vol. 6, August 1980, pp. 21–40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.so.06.080180.000321">Online</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946003">JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parker-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parker_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parker_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parker_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parker_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parker_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Parker, "The Sociology of Leisure: Progress and Problems," <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i>, vol. 26, no. 1, March 1975, pp. 91–101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/589245">JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parker2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parker2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.R. Parker, "Sociology of Leisure," <i>Sociology</i>, 10 (1), 1976, Oxford (0038-0385), p. 166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soc.sagepub.com+166.pdf">Online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon Marshall, "Leisure, sociological studies of," <i>A Dictionary of Sociology</i>, 1998, Encyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-leisuresociologicalstudsf.html">Online</a>. Last accessed on 20 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James H. Frey, David R. Dickens, "Leisure as a Primary Institution," <i>Sociological Inquiry.</i> vol. 60, no. 3, 1990, pp. 264–73, ON: 1475-682X, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-682X.1990.tb00144.x">10.1111/j.1475-682X.1990.tb00144.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1990.tb00144.x">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Marx-Engels_Reader_1978-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Marx-Engels_Reader_1978_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Marx-Engels_Reader_1978_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Marx-Engels Reader. New York : Norton, 1978. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruitt2012" class="citation news cs1">Pruitt, Bettye (10 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/jan/10/rhona-rapoport">"Rhona Rapoport obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rhona+Rapoport+obituary&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Pruitt&rft.aufirst=Bettye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2012%2Fjan%2F10%2Frhona-rapoport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASociology+of+leisure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freizeitradar.de/">"Leisure activities"</a> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leisure+activities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreizeitradar.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASociology+of+leisure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Kelly, "Socialization toward Leisure: a Developmental Approach," <i>Journal of Leisure Research</i>, vol. 6, 1974, pp. 181–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigBrown2014" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, Lyn; Brown, Judith E. (August 2014). "Weekend Work and Leisure Time With Family and Friends: Who Misses Out?: Weekend Work and Shared Leisure Time". <i>Journal of Marriage and Family</i>. <b>76</b> (4): 710–727. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjomf.12127">10.1111/jomf.12127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marriage+and+Family&rft.atitle=Weekend+Work+and+Leisure+Time+With+Family+and+Friends%3A+Who+Misses+Out%3F%3A+Weekend+Work+and+Shared+Leisure+Time&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=710-727&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjomf.12127&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Lyn&rft.au=Brown%2C+Judith+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASociology+of+leisure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Robinson, <i>How Americans Use Their Time: A Social-Psychological Analysis of Everyday Behavior</i>, New York, Praeger, 1977, pp. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robinson-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robinson_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson and P. Converse, "Social Change Reflected in the Use of Time," in A. Campbell and P. Converse, eds., <i>The Human Meaning of Social Change</i>, New York, Russell Sage, 1972, pp. 17–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbalánGarcía-PeñasLimiñanaMartín-Brufau2014" class="citation journal cs1">Corbalán, J.; García-Peñas, V.; Limiñana, R.; Martín-Brufau, R.; Patró, R. (April 2014). "Health and cinema. Healthy leisure profile". <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>. <b>60</b>: S58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2013.07.246">10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-8869">0191-8869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Health+and+cinema.+Healthy+leisure+profile&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=S58&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paid.2013.07.246&rft.issn=0191-8869&rft.aulast=Corbal%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Pe%C3%B1as%2C+V.&rft.au=Limi%C3%B1ana%2C+R.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn-Brufau%2C+R.&rft.au=Patr%C3%B3%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASociology+of+leisure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, Lewis F. <i>Theories of the Labour Market and Employment: A Review</i>, ISR/Google Books, 2013,2020. Chapter 6, "Educational, Family and Leisure Influences",, pages 175,176.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abbott, Lewis F. <i>Theories of the Labour Market and Employment: A Review</i>, ISR/Google Books, 2013,2020. Chapter 6, "Educational, Family and Leisure Influences".</li> <li>Bennet M. Bergero, "The Sociology of Leisure: Some Suggestions," <i>Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society</i>, vol. 1, issue 2, May 2008, pp. 31–45.</li> <li>Tony Blackshaw, <i>Leisure Life: Myth, Masculinity and Modernity</i>, Routledge, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27072-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27072-3">0-415-27072-3</a>.</li> <li>József Böröcz, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Leisure-Migration-Sociological-Tourism-Science/dp/0080425607">Leisure Migration. A Sociological Study on Tourism</a>." Elsevier Science, 1996. 0-080-42560-7</li> <li>Neil H. Cheek, Jr., "Toward a Sociology of Not-Work," <i>The Pacific Sociological Review</i>, vol. 14, no. 3, July 1971, pp. 245–258. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388640">JSTOR</a></li> <li>C. Critcher, Peter Bramham, Alan Tomlinson, <i>Sociology of Leisure: A Reader</i>, Taylor & Francis, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-419-19420-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-419-19420-7">0-419-19420-7</a>.</li> <li>Joffre Dumazedier, <i>Sociology of Leisure</i>, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1974, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-41226-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-41226-3">0-444-41226-3</a>.</li> <li>Joffre Dumazedier, <i>Towards a Sociology of Leisure</i>, Macmillan, 1967.</li> <li>John R. Kelly, "Counterpoints in the Sociology of Leisure," <i>Leisure Sciences</i>, vol. 14, issue 3, 1992, pp. 247–53.</li> <li>John Robert Kelly, Geoffrey Godbey, <i>The Sociology of Leisure</i>, Venture Pub., 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910251-56-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-910251-56-8">0-910251-56-8</a>. <ul><li>Review of the above book: Margaret Carlisle Duncan, "The Sociology of Leisure," <i>Journal of Leisure Research</i>, vol. 25, no. 4, Fall 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3702/is_n4_v25/ai_n28632481/">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Stanley R. Parker, <i>Leisure and Work</i>, Allen & Unwin, 1985.</li> <li>Orlov Alexandr S. <i>The Sociology of Recreation</i>, Nauka, Moscow, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-013607-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-013607-7">5-02-013607-7</a>.</li> <li>Gilles Pronovost, <i>The Sociology of Leisure. Trend Report</i>, Sage Publications, 1998.</li> <li>Rhona Rapoport and Robert N. Rapoport, "Four Themes in the Sociology of Leisure," <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i>, vol. 25, no. 2, June 1974, pp. 215–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/589313">JSTOR</a></li> <li>Kenneth Roberts, <i>Leisure in Contemporary Society</i>, CABI, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84593-069-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84593-069-X">1-84593-069-X</a>.</li> <li>Chris Rojek, "Leisure and Tourism," in Craig J. Calhoun, Chris Rojek, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_S._Turner_(sociologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryan S. Turner (sociologist)">Bryan S. Turner</a>, eds., <i>The Sage Handbook of Sociology</i>, SAGE, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-6821-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-6821-0">0-7619-6821-0</a>.</li> <li>Chris Rojek, <i>Decentring Leisure: Rethinking Leisure Theory</i>, SAGE, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-8813-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8039-8813-3">0-8039-8813-3</a>.</li> <li>Snape, R. and Pussard, H. 'Theorisations of Leisure in Interwar Britain' Leisure Studies, 2013, 32 (1) pp. 1–18.</li> <li>Stebbins, Robert A. "Serious Leisure: A Perspective for Our Time." New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2007 (paperback edition with new Preface, 2015).</li> <li>Stebbins, Robert A. "The Idea of Leisure: First Principles." New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2012.</li> <li>The Marx-Engels Reader. New York : Norton, 1978. Print.</li> <li>Craig, L., & Brown, J. E. (2014). Weekend work and leisure time with family and friends: Who misses out? Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(4), 710–727. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12127">Weekend Work and Leisure Time With Family and Friends: Who Misses Out?</a></li> <li>Corbalán, J, et al. “Health and Cinema. Healthy Leisure Profile.” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 60, 2014, p. S58.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isa-sociology.org/rc13.htm">ISA: Research Committee on Sociology of Leisure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/journal/41978">International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091227014841/http://www.britsoc.co.uk/specialisms/Leisure.htm">BSA: Leisure & Recreation Study Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilderdom.com/journals/journalsRecreation&Leisure.htm">Peer-Reviewed Journals in Recreation & Leisure Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605200017/http://www.wilderdom.com/journals/journalsRecreation%26Leisure.htm">Archived</a> 5 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119045949/http://www.rpts.tamu.edu/journals/JLR/">Journal of Leisure Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/02614367.asp">Leisure Studies</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&oldid=1259161618">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_leisure&oldid=1259161618</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subfields_of_sociology" title="Category:Subfields of sociology">Subfields of sociology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leisure" title="Category:Leisure">Leisure</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2018">Articles with dead external links from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2019">Use dmy dates from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 18:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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