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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geʽez writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geʽez_writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geʽez writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geʽez_writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geʽez_abjad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geʽez_abjad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geʽez abjad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geʽez_abjad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geʽez_abugida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geʽez_abugida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Geʽez abugida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geʽez_abugida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labiovelar_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labiovelar_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Labiovelar variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labiovelar_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations_to_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations_to_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adaptations to other languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations_to_other_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adaptations to other languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations_to_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additional_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Additional letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters_used_in_modern_abugidas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_used_in_modern_abugidas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Letters used in modern abugidas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_used_in_modern_abugidas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tone marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digitizing_Ge'ez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digitizing_Ge'ez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Digitizing Ge'ez</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digitizing_Ge'ez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_western_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_western_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In western culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_western_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geʽez script</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez-skrif" title="Ge'ez-skrif – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ge'ez-skrif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A3%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%8D" title="የኣማርኛ ፊደል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኣማርኛ ፊደል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حروف جعزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حروف جعزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura_et%C3%ADope" title="Escritura etíope – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escritura etíope" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B7_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Геез (писменост) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геез (писменост)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skritur_etiopek" title="Skritur etiopek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skritur etiopek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_amh%C3%A0ric" title="Alfabet amhàric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet amhàric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Etiopské písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Etiopské písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez-alfabetet" title="Ge'ez-alfabetet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ge'ez-alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84thiopische_Schrift" title="Äthiopische Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Äthiopische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_et%C3%ADope" title="Alfabeto etíope – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto etíope" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia_skribo" title="Etiopia skribo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Etiopia skribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%DA%AF%D8%B9%D8%B2" title="خط گعز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط گعز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_gu%C3%A8ze" title="Alphasyllabaire guèze – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphasyllabaire guèze" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_ge%27ez" title="Alfabeto ge'ez – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto ge'ez" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EC%9C%BC%EC%A6%88_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="그으즈 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그으즈 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="गीइज़ लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गीइज़ लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Ge%CA%BDez" title="Aksara Geʽez – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Geʽez" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_ge%CA%BDez" title="Alfabeto geʽez – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto geʽez" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96" title="כתב געז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב געז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ეთიოპიური დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეთიოპიური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83" title="Эфиоп жазуусу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эфиоп жазуусу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezo_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Gezo raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gezo raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_itiopian" title="Alfabeta itiopian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta itiopian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Гиско писмо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гиско писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Ge%27ez" title="Aksara Ge'ez – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aksara Ge'ez" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopisch_schrift" title="Ethiopisch schrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ethiopisch schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ゲエズ文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲエズ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geez-skrift" title="Geez-skrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geez-skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel" title="Fidel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fidel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfasillabari_etiopian" title="Alfasillabari etiopian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfasillabari etiopian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiop_yozuvi" title="Efiop yozuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Efiop yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਗੇਈਜ਼ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੇਈਜ਼ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="گعز لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گعز لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_etiopskie" title="Pismo etiopskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo etiopskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita_ge%27ez" title="Escrita ge'ez – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escrita ge'ez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Эфиопское письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эфиопское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" title="Ge'ez script – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ge'ez script" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeceda_giz" title="Abeceda giz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abeceda giz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopialainen_kirjaimisto" title="Etiopialainen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etiopialainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_(skrift)" title="Ge'ez (skrift) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ge'ez (skrift)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_Ge%27ez" title="Sulat Ge'ez – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat Ge'ez" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%8B" title="อักษรกืออึซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรกืออึซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_alfabesi" title="Ge'ez alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ge'ez alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Ефіопське письмо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефіопське письмо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="گعز رسم الخط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گعز رسم الخط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%8C%B2%E5%AD%97" title="吉茲字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吉茲字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%8C%B2%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="吉茲字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉茲字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf_Ge%27ez" title="Huruf Ge'ez – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Huruf Ge'ez" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopic_alphabet&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic alphabet">Ethiopic alphabet</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Script used for languages in Ethiopia and Eritrea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the script. For the language, see <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hahu" redirects here. For the airport with the ICAO code "HAHU", see <a href="/wiki/Humera_Airport" title="Humera Airport">Humera Airport</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Geʽez<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Geez_script_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Geez_script_sample.svg/220px-Geez_script_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Geez_script_sample.svg/330px-Geez_script_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Geez_script_sample.svg/440px-Geez_script_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">The base characters of Geʽez</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1st century CE</span> to present (abjad until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th century CE</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257634?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a>. <p>Generally <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethio/Eritrean Semitic languages</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurage_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage languages">Guragigna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a>, etc.), but also some <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Me%CA%BCen_language" title="Meʼen language">Meʼen</a>, as one of two scripts in <a href="/wiki/Anuak_language" title="Anuak language">Anuak</a>, are examples, and unofficially used in other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">languages of Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eritrea" title="Languages of Eritrea">languages of Eritrea</a>. <br /> </p> Native to: the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_scripts" title="South Semitic scripts">South Semitic scripts</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Geʽez</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a> and various other alphabets of Ethiopia and Eritrea</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Ethi</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(430)</span>, Ethiopic (Geʻez)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ethiopic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1200.pdf">U+1200–U+137F</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ethiopic</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1380.pdf">U+1380–U+139F</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ethiopic Supplement</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2D80.pdf">U+2D80–U+2DDF</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ethiopic Extended</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAB00.pdf">U+AB00–U+AB2F</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ethiopic Extended-A</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E7E0.pdf">U+1E7E0–U+1E7FF</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ethiopic Extended-B</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Geʽez</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: <span lang="gez">ግዕዝ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Gəʽəz</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gez-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɡɨʕɨz]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0c\/Ge%27ez.ogg\/Ge%27ez.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ge'ez.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Ge%27ez.ogg/Ge%27ez.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ge%27ez.ogg" title="File:Ge'ez.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a script used as an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> (alphasyllabary) for several <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> languages of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. It originated as an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> (consonantal alphabet) and was first used to write the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Geʽez language">Geʽez language</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian Catholic Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> Jewish community in Ethiopia. In the languages <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, the script is often called <i><b><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">fidäl</i></span></b></i> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ፊደል</span></span>), meaning "script" or "letter". Under the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode Standard">Unicode Standard</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a>, it is defined as <b>Ethiopic</b> text. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1223039320">.mw-parser-output .abchis-body{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .abchis-title{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></i></span> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></i></span> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></i></span> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a></i></span> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th c. BCE</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(<span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1601</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"><span class="anchor" id="tp-abchistory-phx"></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></i></span> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 940</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Ethiopic characters.</div></div> </div> <p>The Geʽez script has been adapted to write other languages, mostly <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiosemitic</a>, particularly Amharic in Ethiopia, and Tigrinya in both Eritrea and Ethiopia. It has also been used to write <a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Gurage_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage languages">Gurage languages</a> and at least 20 other languages of Ethiopia. In Eritrea it has traditionally been used for <a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a> and just recently for <a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen</a>. The Geʽez script has also recently been used to write <a href="/wiki/Anuak_language" title="Anuak language">Anuak</a>, and used in limited extent to write some other <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a> languages, including <a href="/wiki/Majang_language" title="Majang language">Majang</a> languages. It was also used in the past to write some <a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Wolaytta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolaytta language">Wolaytta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bench_language" title="Bench language">Bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamer_language" title="Hamer language">Hamer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kafa_language" title="Kafa language">Kafa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the representation of sounds, this article uses a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a>. This differs somewhat from the conventions of the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. See the articles on the individual languages for information on the pronunciation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_origins">History and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Scroll_comprising_prayers_against_various_ailments_Wellcome_L0031387.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ethiopian_Scroll_comprising_prayers_against_various_ailments_Wellcome_L0031387.jpg/170px-Ethiopian_Scroll_comprising_prayers_against_various_ailments_Wellcome_L0031387.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ethiopian_Scroll_comprising_prayers_against_various_ailments_Wellcome_L0031387.jpg/255px-Ethiopian_Scroll_comprising_prayers_against_various_ailments_Wellcome_L0031387.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ethiopian_Scroll_comprising_prayers_against_various_ailments_Wellcome_L0031387.jpg/340px-Ethiopian_Scroll_comprising_prayers_against_various_ailments_Wellcome_L0031387.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="6030" /></a><figcaption>A painting of <a href="/wiki/Gello#Legend_of_Saint_Sisinnios" title="Gello">St. Sisinnios</a> on horseback spearing the demon Wǝrzalyā on a Geʻez prayer scroll meant to dispel evil spirits that were thought to cause various ailments, <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Collection" title="Wellcome Collection">Wellcome Collection</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geʽez script</a> was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a> which originated in the region centred around what is now <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. The earliest inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> date to the 9th century BCE and are known as Epigraphic South Arabian (ESA), an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> shared with contemporary kingdoms in the <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">Southern part of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. </p><p>After the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, variants of the South Arabian script arose, evolving in the direction of the later Geʻez <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> or alphasyllabary. This evolution can be seen most clearly in evidence from inscriptions (mainly graffiti on rocks and caves) in the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a> in northern Ethiopia and in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> mainly in the former province of <a href="/wiki/Akele_Guzay" class="mw-redirect" title="Akele Guzay">Akele Guzay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known example of the Geʽez script is the <a href="/wiki/Hawulti_(monument)" title="Hawulti (monument)">Hawulti</a> obelisk in <a href="/wiki/Matara,_Eritrea" title="Matara, Eritrea">Matara, Eritrea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the first centuries CE,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> what is called "Old Ethiopic" or the "Old Geʻez writing system" arose, an abjad written <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left">right-to-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a> like ESA) with letters basically identical to the first-order forms of the modern vocalized writing system (e.g. "k" in the form of "kä"). There were also minor differences, such as the letter "g" facing to the right instead of to the left as in vocalized Geʻez, and a shorter left leg of "l", as in ESA, instead of equally-long legs in vocalized Geʻez (somewhat resembling the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek letter</a> <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vocalization" class="extiw" title="wikt:vocalization">Vocalization</a> of Geʻez occurred in the 4th century, and though the first completely vocalized texts known are inscriptions by Ezana, vocalized letters predate him by some years, as an individual vocalized letter exists in a <a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">coin</a> of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Wazeba_of_Axum" title="Wazeba of Axum">Wazeba of Axum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Munro-Hay_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist Roger Schneider has also pointed out in an unpublished early 1990s paper anomalies in the known inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana of Axum</a> that imply that he was consciously employing an archaic style during his reign, indicating that vocalization could have occurred much earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2013)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a result, some <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that the vocalization may have been adopted to preserve the pronunciation of Geʻez texts due to the already moribund or extinct status of Geʻez, and that, by that time, the common language of the people were already later the Eritrean and Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic languages</a>. At least one of Wazeba's coins from the late 3rd or early 4th century contains a vocalized letter, some 30 or so years before Ezana.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kobishchanov, <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Peter T. Daniels</a>, and others have suggested possible influence from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a> in vocalization, as they are also <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> was an important part of major trade routes involving <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English-Amharic-Spanish_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/English-Amharic-Spanish_sign.jpg/220px-English-Amharic-Spanish_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/English-Amharic-Spanish_sign.jpg/330px-English-Amharic-Spanish_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/English-Amharic-Spanish_sign.jpg/440px-English-Amharic-Spanish_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="138" /></a><figcaption>Geʻez script used to advertise <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a> (<span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am">እንጀራ</span></span>) to the Eritrean and Ethiopian diaspora in the US</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, the original consonantal form of the Geʻez <i>fidäl</i> was divinely revealed to <a href="/wiki/Enos_(biblical_figure)" title="Enos (biblical figure)">Enos</a> "as an instrument for codifying the laws", and the present system of vocalisation is attributed to a team of Aksumite scholars led by <a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a> (<i>Abba Selama</i>), the same missionary said to have converted King Ezana to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that the vowel marking pattern of the script reflects a South Asian system such as would have been known by Frumentius.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A separate tradition, recorded by Aleqa Taye, holds that the Geʻez consonantal writing system was first adapted by Zegdur, a legendary king of the Agʻazyan <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaean</a> dynasty held to have ruled in Abyssinia (Eritrea and Ethiopia) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geʻez has 26 consonantal letters. Compared to the inventory of 29 consonants in the South Arabian writing system, the continuants <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%A0ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ġayn">ġ</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẓāʼ">ẓ</a></i>, and South Arabian <i><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">s<sup>3</sup></a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himjar_za.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Himjar_za.PNG/14px-Himjar_za.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Himjar_za.PNG/21px-Himjar_za.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Himjar_za.PNG/28px-Himjar_za.PNG 2x" data-file-width="57" data-file-height="80" /></a></span> (Geʻez Sawt ሠ being derived from South Arabian <i><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">s<sup>2</sup></a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himjar_shin.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Himjar_shin.PNG/14px-Himjar_shin.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Himjar_shin.PNG/21px-Himjar_shin.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Himjar_shin.PNG/28px-Himjar_shin.PNG 2x" data-file-width="57" data-file-height="80" /></a></span>) are missing, as are <i><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">z</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṯāʼ">ṯ</a></i>; these last two absences reflect the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Interdental_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdental fricative">interdental</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar fricative">alveolar fricatives</a>. On the other hand, emphatic <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">P̣ait</i></span> ጰ, a Geʻez innovation, is a modification of <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">Ṣädai</i></span> ጸ, while Psa ፐ is based on Tawe ተ. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meskel_Adebabay_Millennium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Meskel_Adebabay_Millennium.jpg/200px-Meskel_Adebabay_Millennium.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Meskel_Adebabay_Millennium.jpg/300px-Meskel_Adebabay_Millennium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Meskel_Adebabay_Millennium.jpg/400px-Meskel_Adebabay_Millennium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Sign in <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> using the Geʻez script at the Ethiopian millennium celebration</figcaption></figure> <p>Thus, there are 24 correspondences of Geʻez and the South Arabian writing system: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><big>Transliteration</big> </th> <th><big>Geʽez</big> </th> <th><big>South Arabian</big> </th></tr> <tr> <th><big>h [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ሀ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩠</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>l [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">l</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ለ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩡</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ḥ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ሐ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩢</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>m [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>መ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩣</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ś [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless lateral fricative">ɬ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ሠ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩦</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>r [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">r</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ረ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩧</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>s [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ሰ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩪</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>q [<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">k'</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ቀ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩤</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>b [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>በ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩨</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>t [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives">t</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ተ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩩</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>h̬ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ኀ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩭</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>n [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals">n</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ነ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩬</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>' [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>አ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩱</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>k [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ከ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩫</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>w [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ወ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩥</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ʿ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ዐ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩲</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>z [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ዘ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩹</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>y [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>የ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩺</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>d [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiced dental and alveolar plosives">d</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ደ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩵</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>g [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ገ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩴</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ṭ [<a href="/wiki/Dental_and_alveolar_ejective_stops" title="Dental and alveolar ejective stops">t'</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ጠ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩷</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ṣ [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡s'</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ጸ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩮</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ḍ [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ፀ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩳</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>f [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ፈ</big> </td> <td><big>𐩰</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many of the letter names are cognate with those of <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>, and may thus be assumed for the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geʽez_writing_system"><span id="Ge.CA.BDez_writing_system"></span>Geʽez writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geʽez writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two writing systems were used to write the Geʽez language: an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> and, later, an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geʽez_abjad"><span id="Ge.CA.BDez_abjad"></span>Geʽez abjad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geʽez abjad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abjad, used until the advent of Christianity (ca. AD 350), had 26 consonantal letters: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">h, l, ḥ, m, ś, r, s, ḳ, b, t, ḫ, n, ʾ, k, w, ʿ, z, y, d, g, ṭ, p̣, ṣ, ṣ́, f, p</i></span></dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>It was properly written right-to-left.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vowels were not indicated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geʽez_abugida"><span id="Ge.CA.BDez_abugida"></span>Geʽez abugida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geʽez abugida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopic_genesis_(ch._29,_v._11-16),_15th_century_(The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII,_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg/200px-Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg/300px-Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg/400px-Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 29.11–16 in Geʽez</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Geʽez is written from left to right. </p><p>During the adoption or introduction of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the Geʽez abugida developed under the influence of Christian scripture by adding obligatory vocalic diacritics to the consonantal letters. The diacritics for the vowels, <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">u, i, a, e, ə, o</i></span>, were fused with the consonants in a recognizable but slightly irregular way, so that the system is laid out as a syllabary. The original form of the consonant was used when the vowel was <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ä</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span>), the so-called <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a>. The resulting forms are shown below in their traditional order. For most consonants there is an eighth form for the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <i><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">-wa</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">-oa</i></span></i>, and for a number of those a ninth form for <i><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">-jä</i></span></i>. </p><p>To represent a consonant with no following phonemic vowel, for example at the end of a syllable or in a <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a>, the <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ə</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span>) form is used (the character in the sixth column). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th colspan="2"><big> </big></th> <th><big>ä [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>u [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</big></th> <th><big>i [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</big></th> <th><big>a [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</big></th> <th><big>e [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</big></th> <th><big>ə [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>o [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</big></th> <th><big>wa [waː]</big></th> <th><big>jä [jæ]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hoy</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>h [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</big> </th> <td>ሀ</td> <td>ሁ</td> <td>ሂ</td> <td>ሃ</td> <td>ሄ </td> <td>ህ</td> <td>ሆ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Läwe</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>l [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">l</a>]</big> </th> <td>ለ</td> <td>ሉ</td> <td>ሊ</td> <td>ላ</td> <td>ሌ </td> <td>ል</td> <td>ሎ</td> <td>ሏ</td> <td style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth (letter)">Ḥäwt</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>ḥ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</big> </th> <td>ሐ</td> <td>ሑ</td> <td>ሒ</td> <td>ሓ</td> <td>ሔ </td> <td>ሕ</td> <td>ሖ</td> <td>ሗ</td> <td style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">May</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>m [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</big> </th> <td>መ</td> <td>ሙ</td> <td>ሚ</td> <td>ማ</td> <td>ሜ </td> <td>ም</td> <td>ሞ</td> <td>ሟ</td> <td>ፙ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aawt" title="Śawt">Śäwt</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>ś [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless lateral fricative">ɬ</a>]</big> </th> <td>ሠ</td> <td>ሡ</td> <td>ሢ</td> <td>ሣ</td> <td>ሤ </td> <td>ሥ</td> <td>ሦ</td> <td>ሧ</td> <td style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><big> </big> </th> <th><big>ä [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>u [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>i [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>a [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>e [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>ə [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>o [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>wa [waː]</big> </th> <th><big>jä [jæ]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Rəʾs</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>r [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">r</a>]</big> </th> <td>ረ</td> <td>ሩ</td> <td>ሪ</td> <td>ራ</td> <td>ሬ </td> <td>ር</td> <td>ሮ</td> <td>ሯ</td> <td>ፘ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sat_(letter)" title="Sat (letter)">Sat</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>s [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big> </th> <td>ሰ</td> <td>ሱ</td> <td>ሲ</td> <td>ሳ</td> <td>ሴ </td> <td>ስ</td> <td>ሶ</td> <td>ሷ</td> <td style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Ḳaf</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>q [<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">k'</a>]</big> </th> <td>ቀ</td> <td>ቁ</td> <td>ቂ</td> <td>ቃ</td> <td>ቄ </td> <td>ቅ</td> <td>ቆ</td> <td>ቋ</td> <td style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (letter)">Bet</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>b [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</big> </th> <td>በ</td> <td>ቡ</td> <td>ቢ</td> <td>ባ</td> <td>ቤ </td> <td>ብ</td> <td>ቦ</td> <td>ቧ</td> <td style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">Täwe</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>t [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives">t</a>]</big> </th> <td>ተ</td> <td>ቱ</td> <td>ቲ</td> <td>ታ</td> <td>ቴ </td> <td>ት</td> <td>ቶ</td> <td>ቷ</td> <td style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><big> </big> </th> <th><big>ä [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>u [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>i [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>a [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>e [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>ə [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>o [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>wa [waː]</big> </th> <th><big>jä [jæ]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫarm">Ḫarm</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>h̬ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</big> </th> <td>ኀ</td> <td>ኁ</td> <td>ኂ</td> <td>ኃ</td> <td>ኄ </td> <td>ኅ</td> <td>ኆ</td> <td>ኋ</td> <td style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nähas</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>n [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals">n</a>]</big> </th> <td>ነ</td> <td>ኑ</td> <td>ኒ</td> <td>ና</td> <td>ኔ </td> <td>ን</td> <td>ኖ</td> <td>ኗ</td> <td style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (letter)">ʼÄlf</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>' [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</big> </th> <td>አ</td> <td>ኡ</td> <td>ኢ</td> <td>ኣ</td> <td>ኤ </td> <td>እ</td> <td>ኦ</td> <td>ኧ</td> <td style="background:#cccccc"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>k [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big> </th> <td>ከ </td> <td>ኩ </td> <td>ኪ </td> <td>ካ </td> <td>ኬ </td> <td>ክ </td> <td>ኮ </td> <td>ኳ </td> <td style="background:#cccccc"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Wäwe</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>w [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</big> </th> <td>ወ </td> <td>ዉ </td> <td>ዊ </td> <td>ዋ </td> <td>ዌ </td> <td>ው </td> <td>ዎ </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><big> </big> </th> <th><big>ä [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>u [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>i [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>a [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>e [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>ə [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>o [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>wa [waː]</big> </th> <th><big>jä [jæ]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʽÄyn</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>ʿ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>]</big> </th> <td>ዐ </td> <td>ዑ </td> <td>ዒ </td> <td>ዓ </td> <td>ዔ </td> <td>ዕ </td> <td>ዖ </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zäy</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>z [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</big> </th> <td>ዘ </td> <td>ዙ </td> <td>ዚ </td> <td>ዛ </td> <td>ዜ </td> <td>ዝ </td> <td>ዞ </td> <td>ዟ </td> <td style="background:#cccccc"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yämän</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>y [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</big> </th> <td>የ </td> <td>ዩ </td> <td>ዪ </td> <td>ያ </td> <td>ዬ </td> <td>ይ </td> <td>ዮ </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Daleth" class="mw-redirect" title="Daleth">Dänt</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>d [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiced dental and alveolar plosives">d</a>]</big> </th> <td>ደ </td> <td>ዱ </td> <td>ዲ </td> <td>ዳ </td> <td>ዴ </td> <td>ድ </td> <td>ዶ </td> <td>ዷ </td> <td style="background:#cccccc"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gäml</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>g [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</big> </th> <td>ገ </td> <td>ጉ </td> <td>ጊ </td> <td>ጋ </td> <td>ጌ </td> <td>ግ </td> <td>ጎ </td> <td>ጓ </td> <td style="background:#cccccc"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><big> </big> </th> <th><big>ä [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>u [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>i [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>a [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>e [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>ə [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>o [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>wa [waː]</big> </th> <th><big>jä [jæ]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Ṭäyt</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>ṭ [<a href="/wiki/Dental_and_alveolar_ejective_stops" title="Dental and alveolar ejective stops">t'</a>]</big> </th> <td>ጠ </td> <td>ጡ </td> <td>ጢ </td> <td>ጣ </td> <td>ጤ </td> <td>ጥ </td> <td>ጦ </td> <td>ጧ </td> <td style="background:#cccccc"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">P̣äyt</i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>p̣ [<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">p'</a>]</big> </th> <td>ጰ </td> <td>ጱ </td> <td>ጲ </td> <td>ጳ </td> <td>ጴ </td> <td>ጵ </td> <td>ጶ </td> <td>ጷ </td> <td style="background:#cccccc"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Ṣädäy</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>ṣ [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡s'</a>]</big> </th> <td>ጸ </td> <td>ጹ </td> <td>ጺ </td> <td>ጻ </td> <td>ጼ </td> <td>ጽ </td> <td>ጾ </td> <td>ጿ </td> <td style="background:#cccccc"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ṣ́äppä</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>ṣ́ [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a>]</big> </th> <td>ፀ </td> <td>ፁ </td> <td>ፂ </td> <td>ፃ </td> <td>ፄ </td> <td>ፅ </td> <td>ፆ </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Äf</a></i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>f [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</big> </th> <td>ፈ </td> <td>ፉ </td> <td>ፊ </td> <td>ፋ </td> <td>ፌ </td> <td>ፍ </td> <td>ፎ </td> <td>ፏ </td> <td>ፚ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">Psa</i></span></big> </th> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>p [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</big> </th> <td>ፐ </td> <td>ፑ </td> <td>ፒ </td> <td>ፓ </td> <td>ፔ </td> <td>ፕ </td> <td>ፖ </td> <td>ፗ </td> <td style="background:#cccccc"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labiovelar_variants">Labiovelar variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Labiovelar variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letters for the <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labialized velar</a> consonants are variants of the non-labialized velar consonants: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Consonant </th> <th><big>q [<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">k'</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>h̬ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>g [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>k [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>ቀ</td> <td>ኀ</td> <td>ገ</td> <td>ከ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Labialized variant </th> <th><big>ḳw' [kʷˈ]</big> </th> <th><big>h̬w [χʷ]</big> </th> <th><big>gw [ɡʷ]</big></th> <th><big>kw [kʷ]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>ቈ</td> <td>ኈ</td> <td>ጐ</td> <td>ኰ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unlike the other consonants, these labiovelar ones can be combined with only five different vowels: </p> <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><big> </big></th> <th><big>ä [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>i [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</big></th> <th><big>a [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</big></th> <th><big>e [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</big></th> <th><big>ə [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>qw [kʷˈ]</big> </th> <td>ቈ</td> <td>ቊ</td> <td>ቋ</td> <td>ቌ</td> <td>ቍ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>h̬w [χʷ]</big> </th> <td>ኈ</td> <td>ኊ</td> <td>ኋ</td> <td>ኌ</td> <td>ኍ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>gw [ɡʷ]</big> </th> <td>ጐ</td> <td>ጒ</td> <td>ጓ</td> <td>ጔ</td> <td>ጕ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><big>kw [kʷ]</big> </th> <td>ኰ</td> <td>ኲ</td> <td>ኳ</td> <td>ኴ</td> <td>ኵ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations_to_other_languages">Adaptations to other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adaptations to other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Geʽez abugida has been adapted to several modern languages of Eritrea and Ethiopia, frequently requiring additional letters. It has been speculated by some scholars in African studies that the Geʽez script had an influence on the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a> after it may have been introduced to Armenia at the end of the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_letters">Additional letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some letters were modified to create additional consonants for use in languages other than Geʽez. This is typically done by adding a horizontal line at the top of a similar-sounding consonant. </p> <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Consonant </th> <th><big>b [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</big></th> <th><big>t [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives">t</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>d [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiced dental and alveolar plosives">d</a>]</big></th> <th><big>ṭ [<a href="/wiki/Dental_and_alveolar_ejective_stops" title="Dental and alveolar ejective stops">t'</a>]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>በ</td> <td>ተ</td> <td>ደ</td> <td>ጠ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Affricated variant </th> <th><big>v [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</big></th> <th><big>č [t͡ʃ]</big> </th> <th><big>ǧ [d͡ʒ]</big></th> <th><big>č̣ [t͡ʃ']</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>ቨ</td> <td>ቸ</td> <td>ጀ</td> <td>ጨ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Consonant </th> <th><big>q [<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">k'</a>]</big></th> <th><big>k [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>ቀ</td> <td>ከ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Affricated variant </th> <th><big>qʰ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</big></th> <th><big>x [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>ቐ</td> <td>ኸ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Labialized variant </th> <th><big>qʰʷ [qʷ]</big></th> <th><big>xʷ [xʷ]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>ቘ</td> <td>ዀ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Consonant </th> <th><big>s [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></th> <th><big>n [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals">n</a>]</big></th> <th><big>z [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>ሰ</td> <td>ነ</td> <td>ዘ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Palatalized variant </th> <th><big>š [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>ñ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>ž [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>ሸ</td> <td>ኘ</td> <td>ዠ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Consonant </th> <th><big>g [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>gw [ɡʷ]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>ገ</td> <td>ጐ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Nasal variant </th> <th><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>[ŋʷ]</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <td>ጘ</td> <td>ⶓ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The vocalised forms are shown below. Like the other labiovelars, these labiovelars can only be combined with five vowels. </p> <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><big> </big></th> <th><big>ä [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>u [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</big></th> <th><big>i [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</big></th> <th><big>a [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</big></th> <th><big>e [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</big></th> <th><big>ə [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>o [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</big></th> <th><big>wa [waː]</big> </th></tr> <tr> <th><big>š [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ሸ</big> </td> <td><big>ሹ</big> </td> <td><big>ሺ</big> </td> <td><big>ሻ</big> </td> <td><big>ሼ</big> </td> <td><big>ሽ</big> </td> <td><big>ሾ</big> </td> <td><big>ሿ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>qʰ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ቐ</big> </td> <td><big>ቑ</big> </td> <td><big>ቒ</big> </td> <td><big>ቓ</big> </td> <td><big>ቔ</big> </td> <td><big>ቕ</big> </td> <td><big>ቖ</big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>qʰʷ [qʷ]</big> </th> <td><big>ቘ</big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td> <td><big>ቚ</big> </td> <td><big>ቛ</big> </td> <td><big>ቜ</big> </td> <td><big>ቝ</big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>v [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ቨ</big> </td> <td><big>ቩ</big> </td> <td><big>ቪ</big> </td> <td><big>ቫ</big> </td> <td><big>ቬ</big> </td> <td><big>ቭ</big> </td> <td><big>ቮ</big> </td> <td><big>ቯ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>č [t͡ʃ]</big> </th> <td><big>ቸ</big> </td> <td><big>ቹ</big> </td> <td><big>ቺ</big> </td> <td><big>ቻ</big> </td> <td><big>ቼ</big> </td> <td><big>ች</big> </td> <td><big>ቾ</big> </td> <td><big>ቿ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>[ŋʷ]</big> </th> <td><big>ⶓ</big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td> <td><big>ⶔ</big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td> <td><big>ⶕ</big> </td> <td><big>ⶖ</big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ñ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ኘ</big> </td> <td><big>ኙ</big> </td> <td><big>ኚ</big> </td> <td><big>ኛ</big> </td> <td><big>ኜ</big> </td> <td><big>ኝ</big> </td> <td><big>ኞ</big> </td> <td><big>ኟ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>x [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ኸ</big> </td> <td><big>ኹ</big> </td> <td><big>ኺ</big> </td> <td><big>ኻ</big> </td> <td><big>ኼ</big> </td> <td><big>ኽ</big> </td> <td><big>ኾ</big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>xʷ [xʷ]</big> </th> <td><big>ዀ</big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td> <td><big>ዂ</big> </td> <td><big>ዃ</big> </td> <td><big>ዄ</big> </td> <td><big>ዅ</big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td> <td><big> </big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ž [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ዠ</big> </td> <td><big>ዡ</big> </td> <td><big>ዢ</big> </td> <td><big>ዣ</big> </td> <td><big>ዤ</big> </td> <td><big>ዥ</big> </td> <td><big>ዦ</big> </td> <td><big>ዧ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ǧ [d͡ʒ]</big> </th> <td><big>ጀ</big> </td> <td><big>ጁ</big> </td> <td><big>ጂ</big> </td> <td><big>ጃ</big> </td> <td><big>ጄ</big> </td> <td><big>ጅ</big> </td> <td><big>ጆ</big> </td> <td><big>ጇ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</big> </th> <td><big>ጘ</big> </td> <td><big>ጙ</big> </td> <td><big>ጚ</big> </td> <td><big>ጛ</big> </td> <td><big>ጜ</big> </td> <td><big>ጝ</big> </td> <td><big>ጞ</big> </td> <td><big>ጟ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>č̣ [t͡ʃ']</big> </th> <td><big>ጨ</big> </td> <td><big>ጩ</big> </td> <td><big>ጪ</big> </td> <td><big>ጫ</big> </td> <td><big>ጬ</big> </td> <td><big>ጭ</big> </td> <td><big>ጮ</big> </td> <td><big>ጯ</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_used_in_modern_abugidas">Letters used in modern abugidas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Letters used in modern abugidas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Amharic#Alphabet" title="Amharic">Amharic abugida</a> uses all the basic consonants plus the ones indicated below. Some of the Geʽez labiovelar variants are also used. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language#Writing_system" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya abugida</a> has all the basic consonants, the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants, except for <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḫʷ</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኈ</span></span>), plus the ones indicated below. A few of the basic consonants are falling into disuse in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> (as they used "ጸ" for "ፀ"). See <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language#Writing_system" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya language#Writing system</a> for details. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tigre_language#Writing_system" title="Tigre language">Tigre abugida</a> uses the basic consonants except for <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ś</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ሠ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḫ</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኀ</span></span>) and <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḍ</i></span> (ፀ). It also uses the ones indicated below. It does not use the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bilen_language#Writing_system" title="Bilen language">Bilen abugida</a> uses the basic consonants except for <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ś</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ሠ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḫ</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኀ</span></span>) and <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḍ</i></span> (ፀ). It also uses the ones indicated below and the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Harari_language#Modified_Geʽez_script" title="Harari language">Harari abugida</a> uses the basic consonants except for <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ś</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ሠ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḫ</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኀ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʽ</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ዐ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">p̣</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ጰ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ጸ</span></span>), and <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḍ</i></span> (ፀ). Although <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">h</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ሀ</span></span>) is occasionally used, <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥ</i></span> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ሐ</span></span>) is strongly favored. As Harari used the Arabic script before adopting the Geʽez script, Arabic phonemes entered the language due to loanwords and language contact and were ascribed to specific consonant forms when the Geʽez script was first adopted for the language. <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥ</i></span> from (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ح</span></span>) was assigned to (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ሐ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṫ</i></span> from (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ث</span></span>) to (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ሠ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">gh</i></span> from (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غ</span></span>) to (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኀ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">kh</i></span> from (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خ</span></span>) to (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኸ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʽ</i></span> from (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ع</span></span>) to (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ዐ</span></span>), <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">dˁ</i></span> from (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ض</span></span>) to (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ጰ</span></span>), and <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">dh</i></span> from (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ذ</span></span>) to (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ፀ</span></span>). It also uses the ones indicated below. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><big> </big> </th> <th><big>š [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>qʰ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</big></th> <th><big>qʰʷ [qʷ]</big> </th> <th><big>v [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</big></th> <th><big>č [t͡ʃ]</big></th> <th><big>[ŋʷ]</big> </th> <th><big>ñ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>x [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</big></th> <th><big>xʷ [xʷ]</big></th> <th><big>ž [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</big> </th> <th><big>ǧ [d͡ʒ]</big></th> <th><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</big></th> <th><big>č̣ [t͡ʃ']</big> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th><big> </big> </th> <td>ሸ</td> <td>ቐ</td> <td>ቘ </td> <td>ቨ</td> <td>ቸ</td> <td>ⶓ </td> <td>ኘ </td> <td>ኸ</td> <td>ዀ</td> <td>ዠ </td> <td>ጀ</td> <td>ጘ</td> <td>ጨ </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>Amharic</big> </th> <td>✓</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>  </td> <td>✓ </td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓ </td> <td>✓</td> <td> </td> <td>✓ </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>Tigrinya</big> </th> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓ </td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>  </td> <td>✓ </td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓ </td> <td>✓</td> <td> </td> <td>✓ </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>Tigre</big> </th> <td>✓</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>✓</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>✓</td> <td> </td> <td>✓ </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>Bilen</big> </th> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>  </td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓ </td> <td>✓</td> <td> </td> <td>✓ </td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓ </td> <td>✓ </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>Harari</big> </th> <td>✓</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>  </td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>✓</td> <td>  </td> <td>✓ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: "V" is used for words of foreign origin except for in some <a href="/wiki/Gurage_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage languages">Gurage languages</a>, e.g. <i>cravat</i> 'tie' from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. The consonant symbol "ኸ" is pronounced as "h" in Amharic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_order">List order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Geʽez, Amharic, Tigrinya and Tigre, the usual <a href="/wiki/Sort_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Sort order">sort order</a> is called <i>halähamä</i> (h–l–ħ–m). Where the labiovelar variants are used, these come immediately after the basic consonant and are followed by other variants. In Tigrinya, for example, the letters based on <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ከ</span></span> come in this order: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ከ, ኰ, ኸ, ዀ</span></span>. In Bilen, the sorting order is slightly different. </p><p>The alphabetical order is similar to that found in other <a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_scripts" title="South Semitic scripts">South Semitic scripts</a>, as well as in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic alphabet</a>, which attests both the southern Semitic h-l-ħ-m order and the northern Semitic ʼ–b–g–d (<i>abugida</i>) order over three thousand years ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia,_matonya_(0.01_birr),_1897,_Menelik_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ethiopia%2C_matonya_%280.01_birr%29%2C_1897%2C_Menelik_II.jpg/260px-Ethiopia%2C_matonya_%280.01_birr%29%2C_1897%2C_Menelik_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ethiopia%2C_matonya_%280.01_birr%29%2C_1897%2C_Menelik_II.jpg/390px-Ethiopia%2C_matonya_%280.01_birr%29%2C_1897%2C_Menelik_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ethiopia%2C_matonya_%280.01_birr%29%2C_1897%2C_Menelik_II.jpg/520px-Ethiopia%2C_matonya_%280.01_birr%29%2C_1897%2C_Menelik_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> is the date <span style="font-size:large;">፲፰፻፹፱</span> (1889). Punctuation marks in the text of the legend: <span style="font-size:large;">፡</span> and <span style="font-size:large;">።</span></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Numeral_systems" title="Category:Numeral systems">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">Place-value notation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numerals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Western Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_numerals" title="Gujarati numerals">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi numerals">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_numerals" title="Odia numerals">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_numerals" title="Sinhala numerals">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_numerals" title="Malayalam numerals">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script#Numerals" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script#Numerals" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_numerals" title="Dzongkha numerals">Dzongkha</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_numerals" title="Balinese numerals">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerals" title="Burmese numerals">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_numerals" title="Javanese numerals">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_numerals" title="Khmer numerals">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script#Numerals" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_numerals" title="Mongolian numerals">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_numerals" title="Sundanese numerals">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">East Asian systems</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_numerals" title="Suzhou numerals">Suzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_numerals" title="Hokkien numerals">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_numerals" title="Vietnamese numerals">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counting_rods" title="Counting rods">Counting rods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_numerals" title="Tangut numerals">Tangut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other systems</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">History</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_cuneiform_numerals" title="Babylonian cuneiform numerals">Babylonian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_numerals" title="Cistercian numerals">Cistercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadic_numerals" title="Pentadic numerals">Pentadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_Numeral_Symbols" title="Rumi Numeral Symbols">Rumi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary#Numerals" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaktovik_numerals" title="Kaktovik numerals">Kaktovik</a> (Iñupiaq)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">radix/base</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Common radices/bases</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system" title="Ternary numeral system">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_numeral_system" title="Quaternary numeral system">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinary" title="Quinary">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senary" title="Senary">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodecimal" title="Duodecimal">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal" title="Sexagesimal">60</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Non-standard_positional_numeral_systems" title="Non-standard positional numeral systems">Non-standard radices/bases</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijective_numeration" title="Bijective numeration">Bijective</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Unary_numeral_system" title="Unary numeral system">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed-digit_representation" title="Signed-digit representation">Signed-digit</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Balanced_ternary" title="Balanced ternary">balanced ternary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_radix" title="Mixed radix">Mixed</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Factorial_number_system" title="Factorial number system">factorial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_base" title="Negative base">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex-base_system" title="Complex-base system">Complex</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Quater-imaginary_base" title="Quater-imaginary base">2<i>i</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-integer_base_of_numeration" title="Non-integer base of numeration">Non-integer</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio_base" title="Golden ratio base">φ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sign-value_notation" title="Sign-value notation">Sign-value notation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Non-alphabetic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_numerals" title="Aegean numerals">Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script#Numerals" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_numerals" title="Brahmi numerals">Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_numerals" title="Chuvash numerals">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_numerals" title="Egyptian numerals">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_numerals" title="Etruscan numerals">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharosthi numerals">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-cuneiform" title="Proto-cuneiform">Proto-cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_marks" title="Tally marks">Tally marks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_numeral_system" title="Alphabetic numeral system">Alphabetic</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_numerals" title="Armenian numerals">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabic_numeral_system" title="Alphasyllabic numeral system">Alphasyllabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksharapalli" title="Aksharapalli">Akṣarapallī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration" title="Āryabhaṭa numeration">Āryabhaṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system">Kaṭapayādi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic numerals">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_numerals" title="Cyrillic numerals">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Numerals">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_numerals" title="Glagolitic numerals">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">List of numeral systems</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numeral_systems" title="Template:Numeral systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numeral_systems" title="Template talk:Numeral systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numeral_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numeral systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Geʽez uses an additional <a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_numeral_system" title="Alphabetic numeral system">alphabetic numeral system</a> comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew</a>, Arabic <a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">abjad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>. It is reduced from these systems in that it lacks digits for the multiples of 100. For example, 475 is written (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">፬፻፸፭</span></span>, that is "4-100-70-5", and 83,692 is (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">፰፼፴፮፻፺፪</span></span> "8–10,000-30-6-100-90-2". The digits historically are Greek letters over- and under-lined with a <a href="/wiki/Vinculum_(symbol)" title="Vinculum (symbol)">vinculum</a>. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9 </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em;line-height:1.3"> <th style="font-size:0.5em;text-align:right">× 1 </th> <td>፩</td> <td>፪</td> <td>፫</td> <td>፬</td> <td>፭</td> <td>፮</td> <td>፯</td> <td>፰</td> <td>፱ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em;line-height:1.2"> <th style="font-size:0.5em;text-align:right">× 10 </th> <td>፲</td> <td>፳</td> <td>፴</td> <td>፵</td> <td>፶</td> <td>፷</td> <td>፸</td> <td>፹</td> <td>፺ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em;line-height:1.3"> <th style="font-size:0.5em;text-align:right">× 100 </th> <td>፻</td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="2" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em;line-height:1.3"> <th style="font-size:0.5em;text-align:right">× 10,000 </th> <td>፼ </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Ethiopian numerals were borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>, possibly via <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic uncial letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table style="font-size:200%;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:50%"> <th></th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>20</th> <th>30</th> <th>40</th> <th>50</th> <th>60</th> <th>70</th> <th>80</th> <th>90</th> <th>100 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:50%">Ethiopic</th> <th>፩</th> <th>፪</th> <th>፫</th> <th>፬</th> <th>፭</th> <th>፮</th> <th>፯</th> <th>፰</th> <th>፱</th> <th>፲</th> <th>፳</th> <th>፴</th> <th>፵</th> <th>፶</th> <th>፷</th> <th>፸</th> <th>፹</th> <th>፺</th> <th>፻ </th></tr> <tr style="font-family:serif"> <th style="font-size:50%;font-family:sans-serif">Greek </th> <td>Α</td> <td>Β</td> <td>Γ</td> <td>Δ</td> <td>Ε</td> <td>Ϛ</td> <td>Ζ</td> <td>Η</td> <td>Θ</td> <td>Ι</td> <td>Κ</td> <td>Λ</td> <td>Μ</td> <td>Ν</td> <td>Ξ</td> <td>Ο</td> <td>Π</td> <td>Ϙ</td> <td>Ρ </td></tr> <tr style="font-family:sans-serif"> <th style="font-size:50%;font-family:serif">Coptic </th> <td>Ⲁ</td> <td>Ⲃ</td> <td>Ⲅ</td> <td>Ⲇ</td> <td>Ⲉ</td> <td>Ⲋ</td> <td>Ⲍ</td> <td>Ⲏ</td> <td>Ⲑ</td> <td>Ⲓ</td> <td>Ⲕ</td> <td>Ⲗ</td> <td>Ⲙ</td> <td>Ⲛ</td> <td>Ⲝ</td> <td>Ⲟ</td> <td>Ⲡ</td> <td>Ϥ</td> <td>Ⲣ </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Punctuation, much of it modern, includes </p> <dl><dd>፠ section mark</dd> <dd>፡ <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">word separator</a></dd> <dd>። <a href="/wiki/Full_stop#Full_stops_in_other_scripts" title="Full stop">full stop</a> (period)</dd> <dd>፣ comma</dd> <dd>፥ colon</dd> <dd>፤ semicolon</dd> <dd>፦ preface colon. Uses:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>In transcribed interviews, after the name of the speaker whose transcribed speech immediately follows; compare the colon in western text</dd> <dd>In ordered lists, after the ordinal symbol (such as a letter or number), separating it from the text of the item; compare the colon, period, or right parenthesis in western text</dd> <dd>Many other functions of the colon in western text</dd></dl></dd> <dd>፧ question mark</dd> <dd>፨ paragraph separator</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tone_marks">Tone marks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tone marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tone marks for multiline scored layout are: </p> <dl><dd>᎐ <i>yizet</i></dd> <dd>᎑ <i>deret</i></dd> <dd>᎒ <i>rikrik</i></dd> <dd>᎓ short <i>rikrik</i></dd> <dd>᎔ <i>difat</i></dd> <dd>᎕ <i>kenat</i></dd> <dd>᎖ <i>chiret</i></dd> <dd>᎗ <i>hidet</i></dd> <dd>᎘ <i>deret-hidet</i></dd> <dd>᎙ <i>kurt</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_(Unicode_block)" title="Ethiopic (Unicode block)">Ethiopic (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Supplement" title="Ethiopic Supplement">Ethiopic Supplement (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Extended" title="Ethiopic Extended">Ethiopic Extended (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Extended-A" title="Ethiopic Extended-A">Ethiopic Extended-A (Unicode block)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Extended-B" title="Ethiopic Extended-B">Ethiopic Extended-B (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Ethiopic has been assigned <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> 3.0 codepoints between U+1200 and U+137F (decimal 4608–4991), containing the consonantal letters for Geʽez, Amharic and Tigrinya, punctuation and numerals. Additionally, in Unicode 4.1, there is the supplement range from U+1380 to U+139F (decimal 4992–5023) containing letters for <a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet</a> and tonal marks, and the extended range between U+2D80 and U+2DDF (decimal 11648–11743) containing letters needed for writing Sebat Bet, <a href="/wiki/Me%CA%BCen_language" title="Meʼen language">Meʼen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen</a>. In Unicode 6.0, there is the extended-A range from U+AB00 to U+AB2F (decimal 43776–43823) containing letters for <a href="/wiki/Gamo-Gofa-Dawro_language" title="Gamo-Gofa-Dawro language">Gamo-Gofa-Dawro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketo_language" title="Basketo language">Basketo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gumuz_language" title="Gumuz language">Gumuz</a>. Finally in Unicode 14.0, there is the extended-B range from U+1E7E0 to U+1E7FF (decimal 124896–124927) containing additional letters for <a href="/wiki/Gurage_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage languages">Gurage languages</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_(Unicode_block)" title="Ethiopic (Unicode block)">Ethiopic</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1200_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1200_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1200_grey"><a href="#endnote_U1200_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1200.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+120x </td> <td title="U+1200: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HA">ሀ </td> <td title="U+1201: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HU">ሁ </td> <td title="U+1202: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HI">ሂ </td> <td title="U+1203: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HAA">ሃ </td> <td title="U+1204: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HEE">ሄ </td> <td title="U+1205: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HE">ህ </td> <td title="U+1206: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HO">ሆ </td> <td title="U+1207: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HOA">ሇ </td> <td title="U+1208: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LA">ለ </td> <td title="U+1209: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LU">ሉ </td> <td title="U+120A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LI">ሊ </td> <td title="U+120B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LAA">ላ </td> <td title="U+120C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LEE">ሌ </td> <td title="U+120D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LE">ል </td> <td title="U+120E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LO">ሎ </td> <td title="U+120F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LWA">ሏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+121x </td> <td title="U+1210: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHA">ሐ </td> <td title="U+1211: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHU">ሑ </td> <td title="U+1212: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHI">ሒ </td> <td title="U+1213: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHAA">ሓ </td> <td title="U+1214: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHEE">ሔ </td> <td title="U+1215: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHE">ሕ </td> <td title="U+1216: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHO">ሖ </td> <td title="U+1217: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWA">ሗ </td> <td title="U+1218: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MA">መ </td> <td title="U+1219: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MU">ሙ </td> <td title="U+121A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MI">ሚ </td> <td title="U+121B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MAA">ማ </td> <td title="U+121C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MEE">ሜ </td> <td title="U+121D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ME">ም </td> <td title="U+121E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MO">ሞ </td> <td title="U+121F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWA">ሟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+122x </td> <td title="U+1220: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZA">ሠ </td> <td title="U+1221: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZU">ሡ </td> <td title="U+1222: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZI">ሢ </td> <td title="U+1223: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZAA">ሣ </td> <td title="U+1224: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZEE">ሤ </td> <td title="U+1225: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZE">ሥ </td> <td title="U+1226: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZO">ሦ </td> <td title="U+1227: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZWA">ሧ </td> <td title="U+1228: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RA">ረ </td> <td title="U+1229: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RU">ሩ </td> <td title="U+122A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RI">ሪ </td> <td title="U+122B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RAA">ራ </td> <td title="U+122C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE REE">ሬ </td> <td title="U+122D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RE">ር </td> <td title="U+122E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RO">ሮ </td> <td title="U+122F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RWA">ሯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+123x </td> <td title="U+1230: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SA">ሰ </td> <td title="U+1231: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SU">ሱ </td> <td title="U+1232: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SI">ሲ </td> <td title="U+1233: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SAA">ሳ </td> <td title="U+1234: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEE">ሴ </td> <td title="U+1235: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SE">ስ </td> <td title="U+1236: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SO">ሶ </td> <td title="U+1237: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SWA">ሷ </td> <td title="U+1238: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHA">ሸ </td> <td title="U+1239: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHU">ሹ </td> <td title="U+123A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHI">ሺ </td> <td title="U+123B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHAA">ሻ </td> <td title="U+123C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHEE">ሼ </td> <td title="U+123D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHE">ሽ </td> <td title="U+123E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHO">ሾ </td> <td title="U+123F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHWA">ሿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+124x </td> <td title="U+1240: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QA">ቀ </td> <td title="U+1241: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QU">ቁ </td> <td title="U+1242: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QI">ቂ </td> <td title="U+1243: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QAA">ቃ </td> <td title="U+1244: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QEE">ቄ </td> <td title="U+1245: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QE">ቅ </td> <td title="U+1246: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QO">ቆ </td> <td title="U+1247: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QOA">ቇ </td> <td title="U+1248: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWA">ቈ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+124A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWI">ቊ </td> <td title="U+124B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWAA">ቋ </td> <td title="U+124C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWEE">ቌ </td> <td title="U+124D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWE">ቍ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+125x </td> <td title="U+1250: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHA">ቐ </td> <td title="U+1251: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHU">ቑ </td> <td title="U+1252: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHI">ቒ </td> <td title="U+1253: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHAA">ቓ </td> <td title="U+1254: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHEE">ቔ </td> <td title="U+1255: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHE">ቕ </td> <td title="U+1256: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHO">ቖ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1258: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWA">ቘ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+125A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWI">ቚ </td> <td title="U+125B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWAA">ቛ </td> <td title="U+125C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWEE">ቜ </td> <td title="U+125D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWE">ቝ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+126x </td> <td title="U+1260: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BA">በ </td> <td title="U+1261: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BU">ቡ </td> <td title="U+1262: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BI">ቢ </td> <td title="U+1263: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BAA">ባ </td> <td title="U+1264: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BEE">ቤ </td> <td title="U+1265: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BE">ብ </td> <td title="U+1266: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BO">ቦ </td> <td title="U+1267: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWA">ቧ </td> <td title="U+1268: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VA">ቨ </td> <td title="U+1269: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VU">ቩ </td> <td title="U+126A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VI">ቪ </td> <td title="U+126B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VAA">ቫ </td> <td title="U+126C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VEE">ቬ </td> <td title="U+126D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VE">ቭ </td> <td title="U+126E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VO">ቮ </td> <td title="U+126F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VWA">ቯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+127x </td> <td title="U+1270: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TA">ተ </td> <td title="U+1271: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TU">ቱ </td> <td title="U+1272: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TI">ቲ </td> <td title="U+1273: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TAA">ታ </td> <td title="U+1274: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TEE">ቴ </td> <td title="U+1275: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TE">ት </td> <td title="U+1276: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TO">ቶ </td> <td title="U+1277: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TWA">ቷ </td> <td title="U+1278: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CA">ቸ </td> <td title="U+1279: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CU">ቹ </td> <td title="U+127A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CI">ቺ </td> <td title="U+127B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CAA">ቻ </td> <td title="U+127C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CEE">ቼ </td> <td title="U+127D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CE">ች </td> <td title="U+127E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CO">ቾ </td> <td title="U+127F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CWA">ቿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+128x </td> <td title="U+1280: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XA">ኀ </td> <td title="U+1281: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XU">ኁ </td> <td title="U+1282: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XI">ኂ </td> <td title="U+1283: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XAA">ኃ </td> <td title="U+1284: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XEE">ኄ </td> <td title="U+1285: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XE">ኅ </td> <td title="U+1286: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XO">ኆ </td> <td title="U+1287: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XOA">ኇ </td> <td title="U+1288: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWA">ኈ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+128A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWI">ኊ </td> <td title="U+128B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWAA">ኋ </td> <td title="U+128C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWEE">ኌ </td> <td title="U+128D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWE">ኍ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+129x </td> <td title="U+1290: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NA">ነ </td> <td title="U+1291: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NU">ኑ </td> <td title="U+1292: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NI">ኒ </td> <td title="U+1293: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NAA">ና </td> <td title="U+1294: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NEE">ኔ </td> <td title="U+1295: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NE">ን </td> <td title="U+1296: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NO">ኖ </td> <td title="U+1297: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NWA">ኗ </td> <td title="U+1298: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYA">ኘ </td> <td title="U+1299: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYU">ኙ </td> <td title="U+129A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYI">ኚ </td> <td title="U+129B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYAA">ኛ </td> <td title="U+129C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYEE">ኜ </td> <td title="U+129D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYE">ኝ </td> <td title="U+129E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYO">ኞ </td> <td title="U+129F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYWA">ኟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+12Ax </td> <td title="U+12A0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL A">አ </td> <td title="U+12A1: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL U">ኡ </td> <td title="U+12A2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL I">ኢ </td> <td title="U+12A3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL AA">ኣ </td> <td title="U+12A4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL EE">ኤ </td> <td title="U+12A5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL E">እ </td> <td title="U+12A6: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL O">ኦ </td> <td title="U+12A7: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL WA">ኧ </td> <td title="U+12A8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KA">ከ </td> <td title="U+12A9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KU">ኩ </td> <td title="U+12AA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KI">ኪ </td> <td title="U+12AB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KAA">ካ </td> <td title="U+12AC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KEE">ኬ </td> <td title="U+12AD: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KE">ክ </td> <td title="U+12AE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KO">ኮ </td> <td title="U+12AF: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KOA">ኯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+12Bx </td> <td title="U+12B0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWA">ኰ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+12B2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWI">ኲ </td> <td title="U+12B3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWAA">ኳ </td> <td title="U+12B4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWEE">ኴ </td> <td title="U+12B5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWE">ኵ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+12B8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXA">ኸ </td> <td title="U+12B9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXU">ኹ </td> <td title="U+12BA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXI">ኺ </td> <td title="U+12BB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXAA">ኻ </td> <td title="U+12BC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXEE">ኼ </td> <td title="U+12BD: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXE">ኽ </td> <td title="U+12BE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXO">ኾ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+12Cx </td> <td title="U+12C0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWA">ዀ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+12C2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWI">ዂ </td> <td title="U+12C3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWAA">ዃ </td> <td title="U+12C4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWEE">ዄ </td> <td title="U+12C5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWE">ዅ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+12C8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WA">ወ </td> <td title="U+12C9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WU">ዉ </td> <td title="U+12CA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WI">ዊ </td> <td title="U+12CB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WAA">ዋ </td> <td title="U+12CC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WEE">ዌ </td> <td title="U+12CD: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WE">ው </td> <td title="U+12CE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WO">ዎ </td> <td title="U+12CF: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WOA">ዏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+12Dx </td> <td title="U+12D0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL A">ዐ </td> <td title="U+12D1: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL U">ዑ </td> <td title="U+12D2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL I">ዒ </td> <td title="U+12D3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL AA">ዓ </td> <td title="U+12D4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL EE">ዔ </td> <td title="U+12D5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL E">ዕ </td> <td title="U+12D6: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL O">ዖ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+12D8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZA">ዘ </td> <td title="U+12D9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZU">ዙ </td> <td title="U+12DA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZI">ዚ </td> <td title="U+12DB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZAA">ዛ </td> <td title="U+12DC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZEE">ዜ </td> <td title="U+12DD: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZE">ዝ </td> <td title="U+12DE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZO">ዞ </td> <td title="U+12DF: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZWA">ዟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+12Ex </td> <td title="U+12E0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHA">ዠ </td> <td title="U+12E1: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHU">ዡ </td> <td title="U+12E2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHI">ዢ </td> <td title="U+12E3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHAA">ዣ </td> <td title="U+12E4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHEE">ዤ </td> <td title="U+12E5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHE">ዥ </td> <td title="U+12E6: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHO">ዦ </td> <td title="U+12E7: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHWA">ዧ </td> <td title="U+12E8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YA">የ </td> <td title="U+12E9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YU">ዩ </td> <td title="U+12EA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YI">ዪ </td> <td title="U+12EB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YAA">ያ </td> <td title="U+12EC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YEE">ዬ </td> <td title="U+12ED: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YE">ይ </td> <td title="U+12EE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YO">ዮ </td> <td title="U+12EF: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YOA">ዯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+12Fx </td> <td title="U+12F0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DA">ደ </td> <td title="U+12F1: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DU">ዱ </td> <td title="U+12F2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DI">ዲ </td> <td title="U+12F3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DAA">ዳ </td> <td title="U+12F4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DEE">ዴ </td> <td title="U+12F5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DE">ድ </td> <td title="U+12F6: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DO">ዶ </td> <td title="U+12F7: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DWA">ዷ </td> <td title="U+12F8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDA">ዸ </td> <td title="U+12F9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDU">ዹ </td> <td title="U+12FA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDI">ዺ </td> <td title="U+12FB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDAA">ዻ </td> <td title="U+12FC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDEE">ዼ </td> <td title="U+12FD: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDE">ዽ </td> <td title="U+12FE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDO">ዾ </td> <td title="U+12FF: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDWA">ዿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+130x </td> <td title="U+1300: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JA">ጀ </td> <td title="U+1301: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JU">ጁ </td> <td title="U+1302: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JI">ጂ </td> <td title="U+1303: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JAA">ጃ </td> <td title="U+1304: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JEE">ጄ </td> <td title="U+1305: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JE">ጅ </td> <td title="U+1306: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JO">ጆ </td> <td title="U+1307: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JWA">ጇ </td> <td title="U+1308: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GA">ገ </td> <td title="U+1309: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GU">ጉ </td> <td title="U+130A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GI">ጊ </td> <td title="U+130B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GAA">ጋ </td> <td title="U+130C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GEE">ጌ </td> <td title="U+130D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GE">ግ </td> <td title="U+130E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GO">ጎ </td> <td title="U+130F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GOA">ጏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+131x </td> <td title="U+1310: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWA">ጐ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1312: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWI">ጒ </td> <td title="U+1313: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWAA">ጓ </td> <td title="U+1314: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWEE">ጔ </td> <td title="U+1315: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWE">ጕ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1318: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGA">ጘ </td> <td title="U+1319: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGU">ጙ </td> <td title="U+131A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGI">ጚ </td> <td title="U+131B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGAA">ጛ </td> <td title="U+131C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGEE">ጜ </td> <td title="U+131D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGE">ጝ </td> <td title="U+131E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGO">ጞ </td> <td title="U+131F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWAA">ጟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+132x </td> <td title="U+1320: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THA">ጠ </td> <td title="U+1321: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THU">ጡ </td> <td title="U+1322: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THI">ጢ </td> <td title="U+1323: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THAA">ጣ </td> <td title="U+1324: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THEE">ጤ </td> <td title="U+1325: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THE">ጥ </td> <td title="U+1326: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THO">ጦ </td> <td title="U+1327: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THWA">ጧ </td> <td title="U+1328: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHA">ጨ </td> <td title="U+1329: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHU">ጩ </td> <td title="U+132A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHI">ጪ </td> <td title="U+132B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHAA">ጫ </td> <td title="U+132C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHEE">ጬ </td> <td title="U+132D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHE">ጭ </td> <td title="U+132E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHO">ጮ </td> <td title="U+132F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHWA">ጯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+133x </td> <td title="U+1330: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHA">ጰ </td> <td title="U+1331: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHU">ጱ </td> <td title="U+1332: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHI">ጲ </td> <td title="U+1333: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHAA">ጳ </td> <td title="U+1334: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHEE">ጴ </td> <td title="U+1335: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHE">ጵ </td> <td title="U+1336: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHO">ጶ </td> <td title="U+1337: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHWA">ጷ </td> <td title="U+1338: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSA">ጸ </td> <td title="U+1339: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSU">ጹ </td> <td title="U+133A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSI">ጺ </td> <td title="U+133B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSAA">ጻ </td> <td title="U+133C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSEE">ጼ </td> <td title="U+133D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSE">ጽ </td> <td title="U+133E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSO">ጾ </td> <td title="U+133F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSWA">ጿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+134x </td> <td title="U+1340: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZA">ፀ </td> <td title="U+1341: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZU">ፁ </td> <td title="U+1342: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZI">ፂ </td> <td title="U+1343: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZAA">ፃ </td> <td title="U+1344: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZEE">ፄ </td> <td title="U+1345: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZE">ፅ </td> <td title="U+1346: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZO">ፆ </td> <td title="U+1347: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZOA">ፇ </td> <td title="U+1348: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FA">ፈ </td> <td title="U+1349: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FU">ፉ </td> <td title="U+134A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FI">ፊ </td> <td title="U+134B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FAA">ፋ </td> <td title="U+134C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FEE">ፌ </td> <td title="U+134D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FE">ፍ </td> <td title="U+134E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FO">ፎ </td> <td title="U+134F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWA">ፏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+135x </td> <td title="U+1350: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PA">ፐ </td> <td title="U+1351: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PU">ፑ </td> <td title="U+1352: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PI">ፒ </td> <td title="U+1353: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PAA">ፓ </td> <td title="U+1354: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PEE">ፔ </td> <td title="U+1355: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PE">ፕ </td> <td title="U+1356: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PO">ፖ </td> <td title="U+1357: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWA">ፗ </td> <td title="U+1358: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RYA">ፘ </td> <td title="U+1359: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MYA">ፙ </td> <td title="U+135A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FYA">ፚ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+135D: ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK">፝ </td> <td title="U+135E: ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK">፞ </td> <td title="U+135F: ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK">፟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+136x </td> <td title="U+1360: ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK">፠ </td> <td title="U+1361: ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE">፡ </td> <td title="U+1362: ETHIOPIC FULL STOP">። </td> <td title="U+1363: ETHIOPIC COMMA">፣ </td> <td title="U+1364: ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON">፤ </td> <td title="U+1365: ETHIOPIC COLON">፥ </td> <td title="U+1366: ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON">፦ </td> <td title="U+1367: ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK">፧ </td> <td title="U+1368: ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR">፨ </td> <td title="U+1369: ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE">፩ </td> <td title="U+136A: ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO">፪ </td> <td title="U+136B: ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE">፫ </td> <td title="U+136C: ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR">፬ </td> <td title="U+136D: ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE">፭ </td> <td title="U+136E: ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX">፮ </td> <td title="U+136F: ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN">፯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+137x </td> <td title="U+1370: ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT">፰ </td> <td title="U+1371: ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE">፱ </td> <td title="U+1372: ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN">፲ </td> <td title="U+1373: ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY">፳ </td> <td title="U+1374: ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY">፴ </td> <td title="U+1375: ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY">፵ </td> <td title="U+1376: ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY">፶ </td> <td title="U+1377: ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY">፷ </td> <td title="U+1378: ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY">፸ </td> <td title="U+1379: ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY">፹ </td> <td title="U+137A: ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY">፺ </td> <td title="U+137B: ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED">፻ </td> <td title="U+137C: ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND">፼ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1200_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1200_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1200_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U1200_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Supplement" title="Ethiopic Supplement">Ethiopic Supplement</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1380_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1380_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1380_grey"><a href="#endnote_U1380_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1380.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+138x </td> <td title="U+1380: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT MWA">ᎀ </td> <td title="U+1381: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWI">ᎁ </td> <td title="U+1382: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWEE">ᎂ </td> <td title="U+1383: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWE">ᎃ </td> <td title="U+1384: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT BWA">ᎄ </td> <td title="U+1385: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWI">ᎅ </td> <td title="U+1386: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWEE">ᎆ </td> <td title="U+1387: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWE">ᎇ </td> <td title="U+1388: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT FWA">ᎈ </td> <td title="U+1389: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWI">ᎉ </td> <td title="U+138A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWEE">ᎊ </td> <td title="U+138B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWE">ᎋ </td> <td title="U+138C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT PWA">ᎌ </td> <td title="U+138D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWI">ᎍ </td> <td title="U+138E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWEE">ᎎ </td> <td title="U+138F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWE">ᎏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+139x </td> <td title="U+1390: ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK YIZET">᎐ </td> <td title="U+1391: ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DERET">᎑ </td> <td title="U+1392: ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK RIKRIK">᎒ </td> <td title="U+1393: ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK SHORT RIKRIK">᎓ </td> <td title="U+1394: ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DIFAT">᎔ </td> <td title="U+1395: ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK KENAT">᎕ </td> <td title="U+1396: ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK CHIRET">᎖ </td> <td title="U+1397: ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK HIDET">᎗ </td> <td title="U+1398: ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DERET-HIDET">᎘ </td> <td title="U+1399: ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK KURT">᎙ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1380_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1380_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1380_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U1380_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Extended" title="Ethiopic Extended">Ethiopic Extended</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U2D80_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U2D80_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U2D80_grey"><a href="#endnote_U2D80_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2D80.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+2D8x </td> <td title="U+2D80: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LOA">ⶀ </td> <td title="U+2D81: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MOA">ⶁ </td> <td title="U+2D82: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ROA">ⶂ </td> <td title="U+2D83: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SOA">ⶃ </td> <td title="U+2D84: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHOA">ⶄ </td> <td title="U+2D85: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BOA">ⶅ </td> <td title="U+2D86: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TOA">ⶆ </td> <td title="U+2D87: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE COA">ⶇ </td> <td title="U+2D88: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NOA">ⶈ </td> <td title="U+2D89: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYOA">ⶉ </td> <td title="U+2D8A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL OA">ⶊ </td> <td title="U+2D8B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZOA">ⶋ </td> <td title="U+2D8C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DOA">ⶌ </td> <td title="U+2D8D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDOA">ⶍ </td> <td title="U+2D8E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JOA">ⶎ </td> <td title="U+2D8F: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THOA">ⶏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+2D9x </td> <td title="U+2D90: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHOA">ⶐ </td> <td title="U+2D91: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHOA">ⶑ </td> <td title="U+2D92: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE POA">ⶒ </td> <td title="U+2D93: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWA">ⶓ </td> <td title="U+2D94: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWI">ⶔ </td> <td title="U+2D95: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWEE">ⶕ </td> <td title="U+2D96: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWE">ⶖ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+2DAx </td> <td title="U+2DA0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSA">ⶠ </td> <td title="U+2DA1: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSU">ⶡ </td> <td title="U+2DA2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSI">ⶢ </td> <td title="U+2DA3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSAA">ⶣ </td> <td title="U+2DA4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSEE">ⶤ </td> <td title="U+2DA5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSE">ⶥ </td> <td title="U+2DA6: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSO">ⶦ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+2DA8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCA">ⶨ </td> <td title="U+2DA9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCU">ⶩ </td> <td title="U+2DAA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCI">ⶪ </td> <td title="U+2DAB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCAA">ⶫ </td> <td title="U+2DAC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCEE">ⶬ </td> <td title="U+2DAD: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCE">ⶭ </td> <td title="U+2DAE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCO">ⶮ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+2DBx </td> <td title="U+2DB0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZA">ⶰ </td> <td title="U+2DB1: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZU">ⶱ </td> <td title="U+2DB2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZI">ⶲ </td> <td title="U+2DB3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZAA">ⶳ </td> <td title="U+2DB4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZEE">ⶴ </td> <td title="U+2DB5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZE">ⶵ </td> <td title="U+2DB6: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZO">ⶶ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+2DB8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHA">ⶸ </td> <td title="U+2DB9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHU">ⶹ </td> <td title="U+2DBA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHI">ⶺ </td> <td title="U+2DBB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHAA">ⶻ </td> <td title="U+2DBC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHEE">ⶼ </td> <td title="U+2DBD: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHE">ⶽ </td> <td title="U+2DBE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHO">ⶾ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+2DCx </td> <td title="U+2DC0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYA">ⷀ </td> <td title="U+2DC1: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYU">ⷁ </td> <td title="U+2DC2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYI">ⷂ </td> <td title="U+2DC3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYAA">ⷃ </td> <td title="U+2DC4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYEE">ⷄ </td> <td title="U+2DC5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYE">ⷅ </td> <td title="U+2DC6: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYO">ⷆ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+2DC8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYA">ⷈ </td> <td title="U+2DC9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYU">ⷉ </td> <td title="U+2DCA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYI">ⷊ </td> <td title="U+2DCB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYAA">ⷋ </td> <td title="U+2DCC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYEE">ⷌ </td> <td title="U+2DCD: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYE">ⷍ </td> <td title="U+2DCE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYO">ⷎ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+2DDx </td> <td title="U+2DD0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYA">ⷐ </td> <td title="U+2DD1: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYU">ⷑ </td> <td title="U+2DD2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYI">ⷒ </td> <td title="U+2DD3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYAA">ⷓ </td> <td title="U+2DD4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYEE">ⷔ </td> <td title="U+2DD5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYE">ⷕ </td> <td title="U+2DD6: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYO">ⷖ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+2DD8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYA">ⷘ </td> <td title="U+2DD9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYU">ⷙ </td> <td title="U+2DDA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYI">ⷚ </td> <td title="U+2DDB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYAA">ⷛ </td> <td title="U+2DDC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYEE">ⷜ </td> <td title="U+2DDD: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYE">ⷝ </td> <td title="U+2DDE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYO">ⷞ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U2D80_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U2D80_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U2D80_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U2D80_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Extended-A" title="Ethiopic Extended-A">Ethiopic Extended-A</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UAB00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_UAB00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UAB00_grey"><a href="#endnote_UAB00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAB00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AB0x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+AB01: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHU">ꬁ </td> <td title="U+AB02: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHI">ꬂ </td> <td title="U+AB03: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHAA">ꬃ </td> <td title="U+AB04: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHEE">ꬄ </td> <td title="U+AB05: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHE">ꬅ </td> <td title="U+AB06: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHO">ꬆ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+AB09: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHU">ꬉ </td> <td title="U+AB0A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHI">ꬊ </td> <td title="U+AB0B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHAA">ꬋ </td> <td title="U+AB0C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHEE">ꬌ </td> <td title="U+AB0D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHE">ꬍ </td> <td title="U+AB0E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHO">ꬎ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AB1x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+AB11: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZU">ꬑ </td> <td title="U+AB12: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZI">ꬒ </td> <td title="U+AB13: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZAA">ꬓ </td> <td title="U+AB14: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZEE">ꬔ </td> <td title="U+AB15: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZE">ꬕ </td> <td title="U+AB16: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZO">ꬖ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AB2x </td> <td title="U+AB20: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHA">ꬠ </td> <td title="U+AB21: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHU">ꬡ </td> <td title="U+AB22: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHI">ꬢ </td> <td title="U+AB23: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHAA">ꬣ </td> <td title="U+AB24: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHEE">ꬤ </td> <td title="U+AB25: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHE">ꬥ </td> <td title="U+AB26: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHO">ꬦ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+AB28: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBA">ꬨ </td> <td title="U+AB29: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBU">ꬩ </td> <td title="U+AB2A: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBI">ꬪ </td> <td title="U+AB2B: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBAA">ꬫ </td> <td title="U+AB2C: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBEE">ꬬ </td> <td title="U+AB2D: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBE">ꬭ </td> <td title="U+AB2E: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBO">ꬮ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UAB00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_UAB00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UAB00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_UAB00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Extended-B" title="Ethiopic Extended-B">Ethiopic Extended-B</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1E7E0_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1E7E0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1E7E0_grey"><a href="#endnote_U1E7E0_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E7E0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1E7Ex </td> <td title="U+1E7E0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYA">𞟠 </td> <td title="U+1E7E1: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYU">𞟡 </td> <td title="U+1E7E2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYI">𞟢 </td> <td title="U+1E7E3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYAA">𞟣 </td> <td title="U+1E7E4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYEE">𞟤 </td> <td title="U+1E7E5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYE">𞟥 </td> <td title="U+1E7E6: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYO">𞟦 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1E7E8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE HHWA">𞟨 </td> <td title="U+1E7E9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWI">𞟩 </td> <td title="U+1E7EA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWEE">𞟪 </td> <td title="U+1E7EB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWE">𞟫 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1E7ED: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE MWI">𞟭 </td> <td title="U+1E7EE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE MWEE">𞟮 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1E7Fx </td> <td title="U+1E7F0: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWI">𞟰 </td> <td title="U+1E7F1: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWEE">𞟱 </td> <td title="U+1E7F2: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWE">𞟲 </td> <td title="U+1E7F3: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE BWI">𞟳 </td> <td title="U+1E7F4: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE BWEE">𞟴 </td> <td title="U+1E7F5: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWI">𞟵 </td> <td title="U+1E7F6: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWEE">𞟶 </td> <td title="U+1E7F7: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWE">𞟷 </td> <td title="U+1E7F8: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWI">𞟸 </td> <td title="U+1E7F9: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWEE">𞟹 </td> <td title="U+1E7FA: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWE">𞟺 </td> <td title="U+1E7FB: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE FWI">𞟻 </td> <td title="U+1E7FC: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE FWEE">𞟼 </td> <td title="U+1E7FD: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE PWI">𞟽 </td> <td title="U+1E7FE: ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE PWEE">𞟾 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1E7E0_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1E7E0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1E7E0_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U1E7E0_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digitizing_Ge'ez"><span id="Digitizing_Ge.27ez"></span>Digitizing Ge'ez</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digitizing Ge'ez"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sheba:Makeda is an open Source program that runs on Linux, Windows, and Macintosh leveraging the Unicode 16.0 standard to digitize Ge'ez texts.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_Window_of_Sheba-Makeda_program_for_Ge%27ez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front of Sheba:Makeda program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Title_Window_of_Sheba-Makeda_program_for_Ge%27ez.jpg/220px-Title_Window_of_Sheba-Makeda_program_for_Ge%27ez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Title_Window_of_Sheba-Makeda_program_for_Ge%27ez.jpg/330px-Title_Window_of_Sheba-Makeda_program_for_Ge%27ez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Title_Window_of_Sheba-Makeda_program_for_Ge%27ez.jpg/440px-Title_Window_of_Sheba-Makeda_program_for_Ge%27ez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>This is the title page for Sheba:Makeda</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_interface_for_initial_consonant_choice..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_interface_for_initial_consonant_choice..jpg/220px-The_interface_for_initial_consonant_choice..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_interface_for_initial_consonant_choice..jpg/330px-The_interface_for_initial_consonant_choice..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_interface_for_initial_consonant_choice..jpg/440px-The_interface_for_initial_consonant_choice..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>The interface for initial consonant choice.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_interface_for_initial_labiovelar_(and_other_additional)_symbol_choice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_interface_for_initial_labiovelar_%28and_other_additional%29_symbol_choice.png/220px-The_interface_for_initial_labiovelar_%28and_other_additional%29_symbol_choice.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_interface_for_initial_labiovelar_%28and_other_additional%29_symbol_choice.png/330px-The_interface_for_initial_labiovelar_%28and_other_additional%29_symbol_choice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_interface_for_initial_labiovelar_%28and_other_additional%29_symbol_choice.png/440px-The_interface_for_initial_labiovelar_%28and_other_additional%29_symbol_choice.png 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The interface for initial labiovelar (and other additional) symbol choice</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_interface_for_adding_vowel_markers_to_Ethiopic_syllabics..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_interface_for_adding_vowel_markers_to_Ethiopic_syllabics..jpg/220px-The_interface_for_adding_vowel_markers_to_Ethiopic_syllabics..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_interface_for_adding_vowel_markers_to_Ethiopic_syllabics..jpg/330px-The_interface_for_adding_vowel_markers_to_Ethiopic_syllabics..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_interface_for_adding_vowel_markers_to_Ethiopic_syllabics..jpg/440px-The_interface_for_adding_vowel_markers_to_Ethiopic_syllabics..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>The interface for adding vowel markers to Ethiopic syllabics</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Sheba: Makeda may be downloaded here:</li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/rfvfvxjapix0ngq0spm6s/ACuqR5uEQEWkSVpGNOUba9o?rlkey=zz20d7sffu2ya24kep6qtirdw&st=aoth3kpj&dl=0">https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/rfvfvxjapix0ngq0spm6s/ACuqR5uEQEWkSVpGNOUba9o?rlkey=zz20d7sffu2ya24kep6qtirdw&st=aoth3kpj&dl=0</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_western_culture">In western culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In western culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Geʽez is a sacred script in the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">Roots reggae</a> musicians have used it in <a href="/wiki/Album_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Album art">album art</a>.</li> <li>The films <i><a href="/wiki/500_Years_Later" title="500 Years Later">500 Years Later</a></i> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">፭፻-ዓመታት በኋላ</span></span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Motherland_(2010_film)" title="Motherland (2010 film)">Motherland</a></i> (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">እናት ሀገር</span></span>) are the first two mainstream <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> documentaries to use Geʽez characters in the titles. The script also appears in the trailer and promotional material of the films.</li> <li>In October 2020, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_on_Twitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump on Twitter">tweets by Donald Trump</a> relating to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_COVID-19_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump's COVID-19 infection">his COVID-19 infection</a> attracted responses with an uncanny image accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Copypasta" title="Copypasta">copypasta</a> Geʽez script, often an Amharic curse, which sought to <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">troll</a> Trump's <a href="/wiki/Christian_Trumpism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Trumpism">Christian supporters</a>. The implication that Geʽez script looks demonic or <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">satanic</a> was condemned by Ethiopians and others as <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Othering" class="mw-redirect" title="Othering">othering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmha2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Azeb_Amha" title="Azeb Amha">Amha</a>, Azeb (2010). "On loans and additions to the fidäl (Ethiopic) writing system". In de Voogt, Alexander J.; Finkel, Irving L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/16643"><i>The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity</i></a>. Brill. pp. 179–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004174467.i-396.52">10.1163/ej.9789004174467.i-396.52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2792-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2792-6"><bdi>978-90-474-2792-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+loans+and+additions+to+the+fid%C3%A4l+%28Ethiopic%29+writing+system&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Writing%3A+Play+and+Complexity&rft.pages=179-196&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004174467.i-396.52&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2792-6&rft.aulast=Amha&rft.aufirst=Azeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F16643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1921" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Cohen" title="Marcel Cohen">Cohen, Marcel</a> (October–December 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k932990">"La prononciation traditionnelle du Guèze (éthiopien classique)"</a>. <i>Journal Asiatique</i>. 11. <b>18</b>: 217–269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=La+prononciation+traditionnelle+du+Gu%C3%A8ze+%28%C3%A9thiopien+classique%29&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=217-269&rft.date=1921-10%2F1921-12&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k932990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScelta2001" class="citation report cs1">Scelta, Gabe F. (2001-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisisgabes.com/images/stories/docs/gscelta_geez.pdf">The Comparative Origin and Usage of the Geʽez writing system of Ethiopia</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Comparative+Origin+and+Usage+of+the+Ge%26%23x02BD%3Bez+writing+system+of+Ethiopia&rft.date=2001-12-14&rft.aulast=Scelta&rft.aufirst=Gabe+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisgabes.com%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fdocs%2Fgscelta_geez.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimelfarb2000" class="citation journal cs1">Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. (Jan–Feb 2000). "First Alphabet Found in Egypt". <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=First+Alphabet+Found+in+Egypt&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2000-01%2F2000-02&rft.aulast=Himelfarb&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/89"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. 89, 98, 569–570. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=89%2C+98%2C+569-570&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195079937%2Fpage%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGragg2004" class="citation book cs1">Gragg, Gene (2004). "Geʽez (Aksum)". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56256-0"><bdi>978-0-521-56256-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ge%CA%BDez+%28Aksum%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Ancient+Languages&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56256-0&rft.aulast=Gragg&rft.aufirst=Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodolfo Fattovich, "Akkälä Guzay" in Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. <i>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C</i>. Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz, 2003, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllendorff1951" class="citation journal cs1">Ullendorff, Edward (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25222457">"The Obelisk of Maṭara"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i> (1/2): 26–32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X">0035-869X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25222457">25222457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Obelisk+of+Ma%E1%B9%ADara&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=26-32&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25222457%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-869X&rft.aulast=Ullendorff&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25222457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/ethiopic">"Ethiopic"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>Since the 4th cent. AD, when Ethiopia was Christianized, the Ethiopic script has been written from left to right, though previously the direction of writing was from right to left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Ethiopic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fliterature-and-arts%2Flanguage-linguistics-and-literary-terms%2Flanguage-and-linguistics%2Fethiopic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernandDrewesSchneider1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bernand, Etienne; Drewes, A. J.; Schneider, Roger (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recueildesinscri0000bern_c7z9/"><i>Recueil des inscriptions de l'Ethiopie des périodes pré-axoumite et axoumite</i></a></span>. Vol. Tome I: Les documents. Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94111006">94111006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+des+inscriptions+de+l%27Ethiopie+des+p%C3%A9riodes+pr%C3%A9-axoumite+et+axoumite&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Inscriptions+et+Belles-Lettres&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94111006&rft.aulast=Bernand&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rft.au=Drewes%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecueildesinscri0000bern_c7z9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson" class="citation journal cs1">Hudson, Grover. "Aspects of the history of Ethiopic writing". <i>Bulletin of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies</i>. <b>25</b>: 1–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+the+history+of+Ethiopic+writing&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=1-12&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Grover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munro-Hay-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Munro-Hay_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro-Hay1991" class="citation book cs1">Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030501053851/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf"><i>Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Edinburgh: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0106-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0106-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0106-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2003-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksum%3A+A+Civilization+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6&rft.aulast=Munro-Hay&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dskmariam.org%2Fartsandlitreature%2Flitreature%2Fpdf%2Faksum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiotrans.com/new_page_6.htm">"Geʻez translations"</a>. Ethiopic Translation and Localization Services<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ge%CA%BBez+translations&rft.pub=Ethiopic+Translation+and+Localization+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethiotrans.com%2Fnew_page_6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro-Hay1991" class="citation book cs1">Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030501053851/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf#page=207&zoom=auto,-76,535"><i>Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Edinburgh: University Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0106-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0106-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0106-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf#page=207&zoom=auto,-76,535">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2003-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksum%3A+A+Civilization+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6&rft.aulast=Munro-Hay&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dskmariam.org%2Fartsandlitreature%2Flitreature%2Fpdf%2Faksum.pdf%23page%3D207%26zoom%3Dauto%2C-76%2C535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri M. Kobishchanov. <i>Axum</i> (Joseph W. Michels, editor; Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, translator). University Park, Pennsylvania, Penn State University Press, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00531-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00531-7">978-0-271-00531-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter T. Daniels, William Bright, "The World's Writing Systems", Oxford University Press. Oxford, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eotc-patriarch.org/">Official website of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Unseth. Missiology and Orthography: The Unique Contribution of Christian Missionaries in Devising New Scripts. <i>Missiology</i> 36.3: 357–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleqa Taye, <i>History of the Ethiopian People</i>, 1914</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pankhurst. 1998. The Ethiopians: A History. p25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekerie2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bekerie, Ayele (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828819">"Historical Overview of Ethiopic Writing System's Possible Influence on the Development of the Armenian Alphabet"</a>. <i>International Journal of Ethiopian Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 33–58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-4133">1543-4133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828819">27828819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=Historical+Overview+of+Ethiopic+Writing+System%27s+Possible+Influence+on+the+Development+of+the+Armenian+Alphabet&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-58&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27828819%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1543-4133&rft.aulast=Bekerie&rft.aufirst=Ayele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27828819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuḫtār1995" class="citation book cs1">Muḫtār, Muḥammad Ǧamāl-ad-Dīn, ed. (1995). <i>Ancient civilizations of Africa</i>. General history of Africa / UNESCO, International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (Repr ed.). London: Heinemann [u.a.] p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-101708-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-101708-7"><bdi>978-92-3-101708-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+civilizations+of+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.series=General+history+of+Africa+%2F+UNESCO%2C+International+Scientific+Committee+for+the+Drafting+of+a+General+History+of+Africa&rft.pages=399&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Heinemann+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-92-3-101708-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&q=Ethiopian+numerals+coptic&pg=PA148">"Ethiopian numerals Coptic" at Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910072607/http://www.abyssiniagateway.net/fidel/l10n/">"Notes on Ethiopic Localization"</a>. <i>The Abyssinia Gateway</i>. 2013-07-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abyssiniagateway.net/fidel/l10n/">the original</a> on 2014-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Abyssinia+Gateway&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Ethiopic+Localization&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabyssiniagateway.net%2Ffidel%2Fl10n%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSung2020" class="citation web cs1">Sung, Morgan (2 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/article/trump-covid-amharic-copypasta-explainer">"Twitter spams Trump's COVID tweet with copypasta in Amharic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=Twitter+spams+Trump%27s+COVID+tweet+with+copypasta+in+Amharic&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Farticle%2Ftrump-covid-amharic-copypasta-explainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2020" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Samantha (2 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/amp/en/article/akzx7g/trump-covid-coronavirus-positive-test-demon-memes">"OK, Chill Out with the 'Demonic' Posts Under Trump's Coronavirus Tweet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice (website)">Vice</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=OK%2C+Chill+Out+with+the+%27Demonic%27+Posts+Under+Trump%27s+Coronavirus+Tweet&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Famp%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fakzx7g%2Ftrump-covid-coronavirus-positive-test-demon-memes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahir2020" class="citation web cs1">Dahir, Ikran (12 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/amphtml/ikrd/people-have-been-using-the-alphabet-of-amharic-an-ethiopian">"People Have Been Using the Alphabet of Amharic, an Ethiopian Language, as a Meme. Here is Why It's Wrong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_News" title="BuzzFeed News">BuzzFeed News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=People+Have+Been+Using+the+Alphabet+of+Amharic%2C+an+Ethiopian+Language%2C+as+a+Meme.+Here+is+Why+It%27s+Wrong&rft.date=2020-10-12&rft.aulast=Dahir&rft.aufirst=Ikran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Famphtml%2Fikrd%2Fpeople-have-been-using-the-alphabet-of-amharic-an-ethiopian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGe%CA%BDez+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BDez_script&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Fonts for Geʽez script</b>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.sil.org/abyssinica/download/"><i>Abyssinica SIL</i>.</a> Covers all blocks through Extended-B. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.sil.org/abyssinica/charset/">Character set support</a>)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Sans+Ethiopic">Noto Sans Ethiopic</a></i> (multiple weights and widths). Covers blocks through Extended-A.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Serif+Ethiopic">Noto Serif Ethiopic</a></i> (multiple weights and widths). Covers blocks through Extended-A.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syllabary.sourceforge.net/Ethiopic/Geez.html">Chart</a> correlating <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> values for the Amharic alphabet</li> <li>Unicode specification <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1200.pdf">Ethiopic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1380.pdf">Ethiopic Supplement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2D80.pdf">Ethiopic Extended</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAB00.pdf">Ethiopic Extended-A</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E7E0.pdf">Ethiopic Extended-B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geez.org/Numerals/">A Look at Ethiopic Numerals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26053652/Names_of_Geez_Letters">The Names of Geʽez Letters</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_orthographies" title="Template talk:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><b>Orthographies</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_alphabet" title="West Frisian alphabet">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language#Orthography" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language#Orthography" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language#Orthography" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_alphabet" title="Istro-Romanian alphabet">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Phonology & ortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_orthography" title="Walloon orthography">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Classical orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li>Polish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_alphabet" title="Sorbian alphabet">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_orthography" title="Estonian orthography">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish</a></li> <li>Hungarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_alphabet" title="Karelian alphabet">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_alphabets" title="Komi alphabets">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_alphabets" title="Mansi alphabets">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Sámi orthography">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Kildin Sámi orthography">Kildin Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_alphabets" title="Udmurt alphabets">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet" title="Gagauz alphabet">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_alphabets" title="Khakas alphabets">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_alphabets" title="Nogai alphabets">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_scripts" title="Yakut scripts">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungus—Manchu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_alphabets" title="Even alphabets">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_orthography" title="Evenki orthography">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_alphabets" title="Udege alphabets">Udege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargin_writing" title="Dargin writing">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_orthography" title="Sesotho orthography">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_scripts" title="Okinawan scripts">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan alphabet">Dungan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_alphabets" title="Nivkh alphabets">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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