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href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Chemical compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemical compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides_and_chalcogenides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides_and_chalcogenides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides_and_chalcogenides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides_and_oxyhalides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides_and_oxyhalides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Halides and oxyhalides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides_and_oxyhalides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_and_organometallic_complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_and_organometallic_complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Coordination and organometallic complexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_and_organometallic_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Electronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Catalysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Emerging applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Health effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ruthenium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" > 139 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%89%B4%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ሩቴኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሩቴኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="روثينيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روثينيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ruteniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ruteniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%C3%A9nium" title="Ruthénium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ruthénium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="রুথিনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুথিনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Рутэній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рутэній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Рутэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рутэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenyo" title="Rutenyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rutenyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="རུ་ཐེ་ནིམ་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རུ་ཐེ་ནིམ་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenij" title="Rutenij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rutenij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniom" title="Ruteniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ruteniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ruteni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenyo" title="Rutenyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rutenyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ruteniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwtheniwm" title="Rwtheniwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwtheniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="روثينيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روثينيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteenium" title="Ruteenium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruteenium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ρουθήνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουθήνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="روتنیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روتنیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%C3%A9nium" title="Ruthénium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruthénium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ruteni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruit%C3%A9iniam" title="Ruitéiniam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ruitéiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutainium" title="Rutainium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rutainium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="રુથેનિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રુથેનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Рүтениүм – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Рүтениүм" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%85%8C%EB%8A%84" title="루테늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루테늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ռութենիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռութենիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenij" title="Rutenij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rutenij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISalanqwali" title="ISalanqwali – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ISalanqwali" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAten" title="Rúten – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúten" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רותניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רותניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A8niyum" title="Rutèniyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rutèniyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%CA%8At%C9%9Bn%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Rʊtɛnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rʊtɛnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ರುಥೇನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರುಥೇನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რუთენიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუთენიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniom" title="Rutheniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rutheniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rutheni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutel" title="Rutel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rutel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBteny%C3%BBm" title="Rûtenyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûtenyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C4%93nijs" title="Rutēnijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rutēnijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenis" title="Rutenis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rutenis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutennio" title="Rutennio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rutennio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenii" title="Rutenii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Rutenii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rukyjinme" title="rukyjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rukyjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A9nium" title="Ruténium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruténium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рутениум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рутениум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="റുഥീനിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റുഥീനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="روثينيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روثينيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯔꯨꯊꯦꯅꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯨꯊꯦꯅꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Рутени – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рутени" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Рутени – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рутени" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ရက်သီနီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရက်သီနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ルテニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルテニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteenium" title="Ruteenium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruteenium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A8ni" title="Rutèni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rutèni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniy" title="Ruteniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruteniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰੂਥੇਨੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਥੇਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="روتھینیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روتھینیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="روتېنيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روتېنيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ruteni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten" title="Ruten – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruten" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%AAnio" title="Rutênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rutênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ruteniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthinyu" title="Ruthinyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruthinyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A8niu" title="Rutèniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rutèniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniumi" title="Rutheniumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rutheniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ruteniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A9nium" title="Ruténium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruténium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenij" title="Rutenij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rutenij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniyaam" title="Rutheniyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rutheniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ڕوتینیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوتینیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рутенијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рутенијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenijum" title="Rutenijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rutenijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutinyo" title="Rutinyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rutinyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உருத்தேனியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருத்தேனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="รูทีเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูทีเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenyum" title="Rutenyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rutenyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Рутеній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рутеній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="روتھینیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روتھینیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="رۇتېنىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رۇتېنىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenii" title="Rutenii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rutenii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rutheni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%95" title="釕 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釕" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenyo" title="Rutenyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rutenyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רוטעניום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוטעניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%95" title="釕 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="釕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">rutherfordium</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 44 (Ru)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Ruthenium, 44Ru</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg/220px-Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg/330px-Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg/440px-Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4216" data-file-height="2916" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Ruthenium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ruːˈθiːniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">roo-THEE-nee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery white metallic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Ru)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>101.07±0.02<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>101.07±0.02 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Ruthenium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> ↑ Ru ↓ <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> ← ruthenium → <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">44</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">group 8</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d7 5s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 15, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2607 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (2334 °C, 4233 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4423 K (4150 °C, 7502 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">12.364 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">10.65 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">38.59 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">619 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.06 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>2588 </td> <td>2811 </td> <td>3087 </td> <td>3424 </td> <td>3845 </td> <td>4388 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3, +4 −2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +5,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +6,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +7,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +8<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.2 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 710.2 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1620 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2747 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 134 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">146±7 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of ruthenium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for ruthenium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div>a = 270.58 pm c = 428.16 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.78×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">117 αa 5.77 αc 8.80 αavr 6.78 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">71 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-crc2-6">[5]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+39×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-crc2-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">447 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">173 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">220 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">5970 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.30 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2160 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-18-8 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">from Latin <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2019-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitchkov1996-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Claus" title="Karl Ernst Claus">Karl Ernst Claus</a> (1844)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ruthenium" title="Isotopes of ruthenium">Isotopes of ruthenium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_ruthenium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox ruthenium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_ruthenium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox ruthenium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[8]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">96Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.54% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">97Ru </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.9 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium-97" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium-97">97Tc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">γ</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">98Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.87% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">99Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">12.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">100Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">12.6% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">101Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">17.1% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">102Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">31.6% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">103Ru </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">39.26 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium-103" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium-103">103Rh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">γ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">104Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">18.6% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">106Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">373.59 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium-106" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium-106">106Rh</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ruthenium" title="Category:Ruthenium">Category: Ruthenium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_ruthenium" title="Template:Infobox ruthenium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_ruthenium" title="Template talk:Infobox ruthenium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_ruthenium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox ruthenium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ruthenium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Ru and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 44. It is a rare <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is unreactive to most chemicals. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Claus" title="Karl Ernst Claus">Karl Ernst Claus</a>, a Russian scientist of Baltic-German ancestry, discovered the element in 1844 at <a href="/wiki/Kazan_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan State University">Kazan State University</a> and named it in honor of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, using the Latin name <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>. Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> in 2009<a href="#cite_note-JMM-10">[9]</a> to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> and as a chemistry <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a>. A new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Photomask" title="Photomask">photomasks</a>. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> and in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in <a href="/wiki/Pentlandite" title="Pentlandite">pentlandite</a> extracted from <a href="/wiki/Sudbury,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudbury, Ontario">Sudbury, Ontario</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">pyroxenite</a> deposits in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20164.31-12">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ruthenium_crystals.jpg/220px-Ruthenium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ruthenium_crystals.jpg/330px-Ruthenium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ruthenium_crystals.jpg/440px-Ruthenium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>Gas phase grown crystals of ruthenium metal</figcaption></figure> Ruthenium, a <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)#Common_valences" title="Valence (chemistry)">polyvalent</a> hard white metal, is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> and is in <a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">group 8</a> of the periodic table: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Element</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">No. of electrons/shell</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a></td> <td>2, 8, 14, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>ruthenium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 15, 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2 </td></tr></tbody></table> Whereas all other group 8 elements have two electrons in the outermost shell, in ruthenium the outermost shell has only one electron (the final electron is in a lower shell). This anomaly is also observed in the neighboring metals <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> (41), <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> (42), and <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> (45). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> Ruthenium has four crystal modifications and does not tarnish at ambient conditions; it oxidizes upon heating to 800 °C (1,070 K). Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis to give ruthenates (RuO2− 4). It is not attacked by acids (even <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>) but is attacked by sodium hypochlorite at room temperature, and <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> at high temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20164.31-12">[11]</a> Ruthenium is most readily attacked by oxidizing agents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971076-13">[12]</a> Small amounts of ruthenium can increase the hardness of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> resistance of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> is increased markedly by the addition of a small amount of ruthenium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20164.31-12">[11]</a> The metal can be plated by <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> and by thermal decomposition. A ruthenium–<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> alloy is known to be <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductive</a> at temperatures below 10.6 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20164.31-12">[11]</a> Ruthenium is the only 4d transition metal that can assume the group oxidation state +8, and even then it is less stable there than the heavier congener osmium: this is the first group from the left of the table where the second and third-row transition metals display notable differences in chemical behavior. Like iron but unlike osmium, ruthenium can form aqueous cations in its lower oxidation states of +2 and +3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971078-14">[13]</a> Ruthenium is the first in a downward trend in the melting and boiling points and atomization enthalpy in the 4d transition metals after the maximum seen at <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, because the 4d subshell is more than half full and the electrons are contributing less to metallic bonding. (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a>, the previous element, has an exceptionally low value that is off the trend due to its half-filled [Kr]4d55s2 configuration, though it is not as far off the trend in the 4d series as <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> in the 3d transition series.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971075-15">[14]</a> Unlike the lighter congener iron, ruthenium is <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> at room temperature, as iron also is above its <a href="/wiki/Curie_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie point">Curie point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971074-16">[15]</a> The reduction potentials in acidic aqueous solution for some common ruthenium species are shown below:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971077-17">[16]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Potential</th> <th colspan="2">Reaction </th></tr> <tr> <td>0.455 V</td> <td>Ru2+ + 2e−</td> <td>↔ Ru </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.249 V</td> <td>Ru3+ + e−</td> <td>↔ Ru2+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.120 V</td> <td>RuO2 + 4H+ + 2e−</td> <td>↔ Ru2+ + 2H2O </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.563 V</td> <td>RuO2− 4 + 8H+ + 4e−</td> <td>↔ Ru2+ + 4H2O </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.368 V</td> <td>RuO− 4 + 8H+ + 5e−</td> <td>↔ Ru2+ + 4H2O </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.387 V</td> <td>RuO4 + 4H+ + 4e−</td> <td>↔ RuO2 + 2H2O </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ruthenium" title="Isotopes of ruthenium">Isotopes of ruthenium</a></div> Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>. Additionally, 34 <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive isotopes">radioactive isotopes</a> have been discovered. Of these <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a>, the most stable are 106Ru with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 373.59 days, 103Ru with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97Ru with a half-life of 2.9 days.<a href="#cite_note-n1-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-n2-19">[18]</a> Fifteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weights</a> ranging from 89.93 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a> (90Ru) to 114.928 Da (115Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes; the exceptions are 95Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours) and 105Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours).<a href="#cite_note-n1-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-n2-19">[18]</a> The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> while the primary mode after is <a href="/wiki/Beta_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta emission">beta emission</a>. The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay product</a> before 102Ru is <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> and the primary decay product after is <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-n1-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-n2-19">[18]</a> 106Ru is a product of fission of a nucleus of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>. High concentrations of detected atmospheric 106Ru were associated with an alleged <a href="/wiki/Airborne_radioactivity_increase_in_Europe_in_autumn_2017" title="Airborne radioactivity increase in Europe in autumn 2017">undeclared nuclear accident in Russia</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-pnas2019-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Ruthenium_minerals" title="Category:Ruthenium minerals">Category:Ruthenium minerals</a></div> Ruthenium is found in about 100 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_trillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per trillion">parts per trillion</a> in the Earth's crust, making it the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">78th most abundant element</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971071-21">[20]</a> It is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in <a href="/wiki/Pentlandite" title="Pentlandite">pentlandite</a> extracted from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, and in <a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">pyroxenite</a> deposits in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The native form of ruthenium is a very rare mineral (Ir replaces part of Ru in its structure).<a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-2006-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-CS-2008-23">[22]</a> Ruthenium has a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Fission_product_yield" title="Fission product yield">fission product yield</a> in nuclear fission; and given that its most long-lived radioisotope has a half life of "only" around a year, there are often proposals to recover ruthenium in a new kind of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">nuclear reprocessing</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Spent fuel">spent fuel</a>. An unusual ruthenium deposit can also be found at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">natural nuclear fission reactor</a> that was active in <a href="/wiki/Oklo" title="Oklo">Oklo</a>, Gabon, some two billion years ago. Indeed, the isotope ratio of ruthenium found there was one of several ways used to confirm that a nuclear fission chain reaction had indeed occurred at that site in the geological past. Uranium is no longer mined at Oklo, and there have never been serious attempts to recover any of the platinum group metals present there. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> Roughly 30 tonnes of ruthenium are mined each year,<a href="#cite_note-usgs-24">[23]</a> and world reserves are estimated at 5,000 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-25">[24]</a> The composition of the mined <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum group metal">platinum group metal</a> (PGM) mixtures varies widely, depending on the geochemical formation. For example, the PGMs mined in South Africa contain on average 11% ruthenium while the PGMs mined in the former USSR contain only 2% (1992).<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Ruthenium, osmium, and iridium are considered the minor platinum group metals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971074-16">[15]</a> Ruthenium, like the other platinum group metals, is obtained commercially as a by-product from processing of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and platinum metal ore. During <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction_techniques#Electrorefining" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper extraction techniques">electrorefining of copper</a> and nickel, noble metals such as silver, gold, and the platinum group metals precipitate as anode mud, the <a href="/wiki/Feedstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedstock">feedstock</a> for the extraction.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-2006-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-CS-2008-23">[22]</a> The metals are converted to ionized solutes by any of several methods, depending on the composition of the feedstock. One representative method is fusion with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">sodium peroxide</a> followed by dissolution in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, and solution in a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a>, ruthenium, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> are insoluble in aqua regia and readily precipitate, leaving the other metals in solution. Rhodium is separated from the residue by treatment with molten sodium bisulfate. The insoluble residue, containing Ru, Os, and Ir is treated with sodium oxide, in which Ir is insoluble, producing dissolved Ru and Os salts. After oxidation to the volatile oxides, RuO 4 is separated from OsO 4 by precipitation of (NH4)3RuCl6 with ammonium chloride or by distillation or extraction with organic solvents of the volatile osmium tetroxide.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> is used to reduce <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> ruthenium chloride, yielding a powder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20164.31-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-cotton-31">[30]</a> The product is reduced using hydrogen, yielding the metal as a powder or <a href="/wiki/Sponge_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge metal">sponge metal</a> that can be treated with <a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">powder metallurgy</a> techniques or <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Arc_welding" title="Arc welding">arc welding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20164.31-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunt_1969_126–138-32">[31]</a> Ruthenium is contained in <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a>, both as a direct <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">fission product</a> and as a product of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron absorption">neutron absorption</a> by <a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">long-lived fission product</a> <a href="/wiki/Technetium-99" title="Technetium-99">99 Tc</a>. After allowing the unstable <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ruthenium" title="Isotopes of ruthenium">isotopes of ruthenium</a> to decay, chemical extraction could yield ruthenium for use in all applications of ruthenium.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Ruthenium can also be produced by deliberate <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">nuclear transmutation</a> from 99 Tc. Given its relatively long half life, high <a href="/wiki/Fission_product_yield" title="Fission product yield">fission product yield</a> and high chemical mobility in the environment, 99 Tc is among the most often proposed non-<a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a> for commercial scale nuclear transmutation. 99 Tc has a relatively large <a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">neutron cross section</a>, and because technetium has no stable isotopes, there would not be a problem of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">neutron activation</a> of stable isotopes. Significant amounts of 99 Tc are produced in nuclear fission. They are also produced as a byproduct of the use of <a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">99m Tc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a>, because this isomer decays to 99 Tc. Exposing the 99 Tc target to strong enough <a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">neutron radiation</a> will eventually yield appreciable quantities of ruthenium, which can be chemically separated while consuming 99 Tc.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_compounds">Chemical compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemical compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Ruthenium_compounds" title="Category:Ruthenium compounds">Category:Ruthenium compounds</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> of ruthenium range from 0 to +8, and −2. The properties of ruthenium and osmium <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> are often similar. The +2, +3, and +4 states are the most common. The most prevalent precursor is <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium trichloride">ruthenium trichloride</a>, a red solid that is poorly defined chemically but versatile synthetically.<a href="#cite_note-cotton-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides_and_chalcogenides">Oxides and chalcogenides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oxides and chalcogenides">edit</a>]</div> Ruthenium can be <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidized</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(IV)_oxide" title="Ruthenium(IV) oxide">ruthenium(IV) oxide</a> (RuO2, oxidation state +4), which can, in turn, be oxidized by <a href="/wiki/Sodium_periodate" title="Sodium periodate">sodium metaperiodate</a> to the volatile yellow tetrahedral <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">ruthenium tetroxide</a>, RuO4, an aggressive, strong oxidizing agent with structure and properties analogous to <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">osmium tetroxide</a>. RuO4 is mostly used as an intermediate in the purification of ruthenium from ores and radiowastes.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Dipotassium ruthenate (K2RuO4, +6) and potassium perruthenate (KRuO4, +7) are also known.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-38">[37]</a> Unlike osmium tetroxide, ruthenium tetroxide is less stable, is strong enough as an oxidising agent to oxidise dilute <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and organic solvents like <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> at room temperature, and is easily reduced to ruthenate (RuO2− 4) in aqueous alkaline solutions; it decomposes to form the dioxide above 100 °C. Unlike iron but like osmium, ruthenium does not form oxides in its lower +2 and +3 oxidation states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971080–1081-39">[38]</a> Ruthenium forms di<a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide" title="Chalcogenide">chalcogenides</a>, which are diamagnetic semiconductors crystallizing in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971080–1081-39">[38]</a> Ruthenium sulfide (RuS2) occurs naturally as the mineral <a href="/wiki/Laurite" title="Laurite">laurite</a>. Like iron, ruthenium does not readily form oxoanions and prefers to achieve high coordination numbers with hydroxide ions instead. Ruthenium tetroxide is reduced by cold dilute <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> to form black potassium perruthenate, KRuO4, with ruthenium in the +7 oxidation state. Potassium perruthenate can also be produced by oxidising potassium ruthenate, K2RuO4, with chlorine gas. The perruthenate ion is unstable and is reduced by water to form the orange ruthenate. Potassium ruthenate may be synthesized by reacting ruthenium metal with molten potassium hydroxide and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082-40">[39]</a> Some mixed oxides are also known, such as MIIRuIVO3, Na3RuVO4, Na 2RuV 2O 7, and MII 2LnIII RuV O 6.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides_and_oxyhalides">Halides and oxyhalides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Halides and oxyhalides">edit</a>]</div> The highest known ruthenium halide is the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_hexafluoride" title="Ruthenium hexafluoride">hexafluoride</a>, a dark brown solid that melts at 54 °C. It hydrolyzes violently upon contact with water and easily disproportionates to form a mixture of lower ruthenium fluorides, releasing fluorine gas. <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_pentafluoride" title="Ruthenium pentafluoride">Ruthenium pentafluoride</a> is a tetrameric dark green solid that is also readily hydrolyzed, melting at 86.5 °C. The yellow <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetrafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium tetrafluoride">ruthenium tetrafluoride</a> is probably also polymeric and can be formed by reducing the pentafluoride with <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>. Among the binary compounds of ruthenium, these high oxidation states are known only in the oxides and fluorides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971083-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium trichloride">Ruthenium trichloride</a> is a well-known compound, existing in a black α-form and a dark brown β-form: the trihydrate is red.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971084-42">[41]</a> Of the known trihalides, trifluoride is dark brown and decomposes above 650 °C, tribromide is dark-brown and decomposes above 400 °C, and triiodide is black.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971083-41">[40]</a> Of the dihalides, difluoride is not known, dichloride is brown, dibromide is black, and diiodide is blue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971083-41">[40]</a> The only known oxyhalide is the pale green ruthenium(VI) oxyfluoride, RuOF4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971084-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination_and_organometallic_complexes">Coordination and organometallic complexes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coordination and organometallic complexes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organoruthenium_chemistry" title="Organoruthenium chemistry">Organoruthenium chemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)-chloride-powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg/220px-Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg/330px-Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg/440px-Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal formula of Grubbs' catalyst." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg/220px-Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg/330px-Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg/440px-Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grubbs%27_catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbs' catalyst">Grubbs' catalyst</a>, which earned a Nobel Prize for its inventor, is used in <a href="/wiki/Alkene_metathesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkene metathesis">alkene metathesis</a> reactions.</figcaption></figure> Ruthenium forms a variety of coordination complexes. Examples are the many pentaammine derivatives [Ru(NH3)5L]n+ that often exist for both Ru(II) and Ru(III). Derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Bipyridine" title="Bipyridine">bipyridine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpyridine" title="Terpyridine">terpyridine</a> are numerous, best known being the <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)_chloride" title="Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride">tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride</a>. Ruthenium forms a wide range compounds with carbon–ruthenium bonds. <a href="/wiki/Grubbs%27_catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbs' catalyst">Grubbs' catalyst</a> is used for alkene metathesis.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenocene" title="Ruthenocene">Ruthenocene</a> is analogous to <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a> structurally, but exhibits distinctive redox properties. The colorless liquid <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_pentacarbonyl" title="Ruthenium pentacarbonyl">ruthenium pentacarbonyl</a> converts in the absence of CO pressure to the dark red solid <a href="/wiki/Triruthenium_dodecacarbonyl" title="Triruthenium dodecacarbonyl">triruthenium dodecacarbonyl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_chloride" title="Ruthenium(III) chloride">Ruthenium trichloride</a> reacts with carbon monoxide to give many derivatives including RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3 and Ru(CO)2(PPh3)3 (<a href="/wiki/Roper%27s_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Roper's complex">Roper's complex</a>). Heating solutions of ruthenium trichloride in alcohols with <a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine" title="Triphenylphosphine">triphenylphosphine</a> gives <a href="/wiki/Tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium_dichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium dichloride">tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium dichloride</a> (RuCl2(PPh3)3), which converts to the hydride complex chlorohydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) (RuHCl(PPh3)3).<a href="#cite_note-cotton-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Though naturally occurring platinum alloys containing all six <a href="/wiki/Platinum-group_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum-group metal">platinum-group metals</a> were used for a long time by <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> Americans and known as a material to European chemists from the mid-16th century, not until the mid-18th century was platinum identified as a pure element. That natural platinum contained palladium, rhodium, osmium and iridium was discovered in the first decade of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks8-44">[43]</a> Platinum in <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial sands</a> of Russian rivers gave access to raw material for use in plates and medals and for the minting of <a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">ruble</a> <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a>, starting in 1828.<a href="#cite_note-Roubles-45">[44]</a> Residues from platinum production for coinage were available in the Russian Empire, and therefore most of the research on them was done in Eastern Europe. It is possible that the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Jędrzej Śniadecki</a> isolated element 44 (which he called "vestium" after the asteroid <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> discovered shortly before) from South American platinum ores in 1807. He published an announcement of his discovery in 1808.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> His work was never confirmed, however, and he later withdrew his claim of discovery.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Berzelius">Jöns Berzelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Osann" title="Gottfried Osann">Gottfried Osann</a> nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> They examined residues that were left after dissolving crude platinum from the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>. Berzelius did not find any unusual metals, but Osann thought he found three new metals, which he called pluranium, ruthenium, and polinium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20164.31-12">[11]</a> This discrepancy led to a long-standing controversy between Berzelius and Osann about the composition of the residues.<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> As Osann was not able to repeat his isolation of ruthenium, he eventually relinquished his claims.<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osann2-50">[49]</a> The name "ruthenium" was chosen by Osann because the analysed samples stemmed from the Ural Mountains in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Osann-51">[50]</a> In 1844, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Claus" title="Karl Ernst Claus">Karl Ernst Claus</a>, a Russian scientist of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> descent, showed that the compounds prepared by Gottfried Osann contained small amounts of ruthenium, which Claus had <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovered</a> the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20164.31-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks8-44">[43]</a> Claus isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of rouble production while he was working in <a href="/wiki/Kazan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan University">Kazan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-48">[47]</a> the same way its heavier congener osmium had been discovered four decades earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971071-21">[20]</a> Claus showed that ruthenium oxide contained a new metal and obtained 6 grams of ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-48">[47]</a> Choosing the name for the new element, Claus stated: "I named the new body, in honour of my Motherland, ruthenium. I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry."<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The name itself derives from the Latin word <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis2019-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitchkov1996-8">[7]</a> In doing so, Claus started a trend that continues to this day – naming an element after a country.<a href="#cite_note-Meija-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Approximately 30.9 tonnes of ruthenium were consumed in 2016, 13.8 of them in electrical applications, 7.7 in catalysis, and 4.6 in electrochemistry.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-24">[23]</a> Because it hardens platinum and palladium alloys, ruthenium is used in <a href="/wiki/Switch#Contacts" title="Switch">electrical contacts</a>, where a thin film is sufficient to achieve the desired durability. With its similar properties to and lower cost than rhodium,<a href="#cite_note-Hunt_1969_126–138-32">[31]</a> electric contacts are a major use of ruthenium.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-2006-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The ruthenium plate is applied to the electrical contact and electrode base metal by electroplating<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Ruthenium dioxide with <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> ruthenates are used in thick-film chip resistors.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> These two electronic applications account for 50% of the ruthenium consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-25">[24]</a> Ruthenium is seldom alloyed with metals outside the platinum group, where small quantities improve some properties. The added corrosion resistance in <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> alloys led to the development of a special alloy with 0.1% ruthenium.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Ruthenium is also used in some advanced high-temperature single-crystal <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a>, with applications that include the turbines in <a href="/wiki/Jet_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet engines">jet engines</a>. Several nickel based superalloy compositions are described, such as EPM-102 (with 3% Ru), TMS-162 (with 6% Ru), TMS-138,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> and TMS-174,<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> the latter two containing 6% <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">Fountain pen</a> nibs are frequently tipped with ruthenium alloy. From 1944 onward, the <a href="/wiki/Parker_51" title="Parker 51">Parker 51</a> fountain pen was fitted with the "RU" nib, a 14K gold nib tipped with 96.2% ruthenium and 3.8% <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Ruthenium is a component of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-metal_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-metal oxide">mixed-metal oxide</a> (MMO) anodes used for cathodic protection of underground and submerged structures, and for electrolytic cells for such processes as <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_production" title="Chlorine production">generating chlorine</a> from salt water.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> of some ruthenium complexes is quenched by oxygen, finding use in <a href="/wiki/Optode" title="Optode">optode</a> sensors for oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a>, [(NH3)5Ru-O-Ru(NH3)4-O-Ru(NH3)5]6+, is a <a href="/wiki/Biological_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological stain">biological stain</a> used to stain <a href="/wiki/Polyanion" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyanion">polyanionic</a> molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acids">nucleic acids</a> for <a href="/wiki/Light_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Light microscopy">light microscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The beta-decaying isotope 106 of ruthenium is used in radiotherapy of eye tumors, mainly <a href="/wiki/Malignant_melanoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant melanoma">malignant melanomas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uvea" title="Uvea">uvea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Ruthenium-centered complexes are being researched for possible anticancer properties.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Compared with platinum complexes, those of ruthenium show greater resistance to hydrolysis and more selective action on tumors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">Ruthenium tetroxide</a> exposes latent fingerprints by reacting on contact with fatty oils or fats with sebaceous contaminants and producing brown/black ruthenium dioxide pigment.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electronics">edit</a>]</div> Electronics is the largest use of ruthenium.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-24">[23]</a> Ru metal is particularly nonvolatile, which is advantageous in <a href="/wiki/Microelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectronic">microelectronic</a> devices. Ru and its main oxide RuO2 have comparable electrical resistivities.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Copper can be directly electroplated onto ruthenium,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> particular applications include <a href="/wiki/Barrier_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier layer">barrier layers</a>, transistor gates, and interconnects.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Ru films can be deposited by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a> using volatile complexes such as <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">ruthenium tetroxide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organoruthenium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoruthenium compound">organoruthenium compound</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyclohexadiene" title="Cyclohexadiene">cyclohexadiene</a>)Ru(CO)3.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalysis">Catalysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Catalysis">edit</a>]</div> Many ruthenium-containing compounds exhibit useful catalytic properties. Solutions containing <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium trichloride">ruthenium trichloride</a> are highly active for <a href="/wiki/Olefin_metathesis" title="Olefin metathesis">olefin metathesis</a>. Such catalysts are used commercially for the production of polynorbornene for example.<a href="#cite_note-KO-76">[75]</a> Well defined ruthenium <a href="/wiki/Carbene" title="Carbene">carbene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkylidene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkylidene">alkylidene</a> complexes show similar reactivity but are only used on small-scale.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grubbs%27_catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbs' catalyst">Grubbs' catalysts</a> for example have been employed in the preparation of drugs and advanced materials. <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polynbornene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Polynbornene.png/440px-Polynbornene.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Polynbornene.png/660px-Polynbornene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Polynbornene.png/880px-Polynbornene.png 2x" data-file-width="3661" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>RuCl3-catalyzed <a href="/wiki/Ring-opening_metathesis_polymerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring-opening metathesis polymerization">ring-opening metathesis polymerization</a> reaction giving polynorbornene</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> Some ruthenium complexes are highly active catalysts for <a href="/wiki/Transfer_hydrogenation" title="Transfer hydrogenation">transfer hydrogenations</a> (sometimes referred to as "borrowing hydrogen" reactions). <a href="/wiki/Chiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral">Chiral</a> ruthenium complexes, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ryoji_Noyori" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryoji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a>, are employed for the <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_hydrogenation" title="Asymmetric hydrogenation">enantioselective hydrogenation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imine" title="Imine">imines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-citation_21-78">[77]</a> A typical catalyst is (cymene)Ru(S,S-Ts<a href="/wiki/DPEN" class="mw-redirect" title="DPEN">DPEN</a>):<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a>A <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> was awarded in 2001 to <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryōji Noyori</a> for contributions to the field of <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_hydrogenation" title="Asymmetric hydrogenation">asymmetric hydrogenation</a>. <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RuCl(S,S-TsDPEN)(cymene)-catalysed_R,R-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg/440px-RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg/660px-RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg/880px-RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption> [RuCl(S,S-TsDPEN)(cymene)]-catalysed (R,R)-hydrobenzoin synthesis (yield 100%, <a href="/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess" title="Enantiomeric excess">ee</a> >99%)</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> Ruthenium-promoted cobalt catalysts are used in <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_applications">Emerging applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Emerging applications">edit</a>]</div> Ruthenium-based compounds are components of <a href="/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell" title="Dye-sensitized solar cell">dye-sensitized solar cells</a>, which are proposed as <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_solar_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-cost solar cell">low-cost solar cell</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Health effects">edit</a>]</div> Little is known about the health effects of ruthenium<a href="#cite_note-:0-83">[82]</a> and it is relatively rare for people to encounter ruthenium compounds.<a href="#cite_note-:1-84">[83]</a> Metallic ruthenium is <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">inert</a> (is not <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">chemically reactive</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:0-83">[82]</a> Some compounds such as <a href="/wiki/RuO4" class="mw-redirect" title="RuO4">ruthenium oxide (RuO4)</a> are highly toxic and volatile.<a href="#cite_note-:1-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_radioactivity_increase_in_Europe_in_autumn_2017" title="Airborne radioactivity increase in Europe in autumn 2017">Airborne radioactivity increase in Europe in autumn 2017</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The thermal expansion is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are αa = 5.77×10−6/K, αc = 8.80×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV = 6.78×10−6/K.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/ruthenium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Ruthenium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Ruthenium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fruthenium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. 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Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 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Applied Catalysis A: General. 186 (1–2): 3–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0926-860X%2899%2900160-X">10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00160-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Catalysis+A%3A+General&rft.atitle=Short+history+and+present+trends+of+Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch+synthesis&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0926-860X%2899%2900160-X&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuangItoWengerKlein2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kuang, Daibin; Ito, Seigo; Wenger, Bernard; Klein, Cedric; Moser, Jacques-E; Humphry-Baker, Robin; Zakeeruddin, Shaik M.; Grätzel, Michael (2006). "High Molar Extinction Coefficient Heteroleptic Ruthenium Complexes for Thin Film Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (12): 4146–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja058540p">10.1021/ja058540p</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16551124">16551124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39111991">39111991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=High+Molar+Extinction+Coefficient+Heteroleptic+Ruthenium+Complexes+for+Thin+Film+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4146-54&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39111991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16551124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja058540p&rft.aulast=Kuang&rft.aufirst=Daibin&rft.au=Ito%2C+Seigo&rft.au=Wenger%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Klein%2C+Cedric&rft.au=Moser%2C+Jacques-E&rft.au=Humphry-Baker%2C+Robin&rft.au=Zakeeruddin%2C+Shaik+M.&rft.au=Gr%C3%A4tzel%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espimetals.com/index.php/msds/237-Ruthenium">"Ruthenium"</a>. espimetals.com. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=espimetals.com&rft.atitle=Ruthenium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espimetals.com%2Findex.php%2Fmsds%2F237-Ruthenium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ru.htm">"Ruthenium (Ru) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects"</a>. lenntech.com. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lenntech.com&rft.atitle=Ruthenium+%28Ru%29+-+Chemical+properties%2C+Health+and+Environmental+effects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenntech.com%2Fperiodic%2Felements%2Fru.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2016" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (97th ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498754293" title="Special:BookSources/9781498754293"><bdi>9781498754293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=97th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781498754293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ruthenium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ruthenium">ruthenium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/044.htm">Ruthenium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brightsurf.com/news/headlines/32014/Nano-layer_of_ruthenium_stabilizes_magnetic_sensors.html">Nano-layer of ruthenium stabilizes magnetic sensors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405094548/http://www.brightsurf.com/news/headlines/32014/nano-layer_of_ruthenium_stabilizes_magnetic_sensors.html">Archived</a> 5 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" 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title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ruthenium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruthenium_compounds" title="Template:Ruthenium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruthenium_compounds" title="Template talk:Ruthenium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruthenium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruthenium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ruthenium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_compounds" title="Ruthenium compounds">Ruthenium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ru(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_pentacarbonyl" title="Ruthenium pentacarbonyl">Ru(CO)5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triruthenium_dodecacarbonyl" title="Triruthenium dodecacarbonyl">Ru3(CO)12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(0)" title="Dicarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(0)">Ru(P(C6H5)3)3(CO)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ru(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shvo_catalyst" title="Shvo catalyst">(C5(C6H5)4O)2H(Ru(CO)2)2H</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ru(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(II)_chloride" title="Ruthenium(II) chloride">RuCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_boride" title="Ruthenium boride">RuB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasodium_tris(bathophenanthroline_disulfonate)ruthenium(II)" title="Tetrasodium tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)ruthenium(II)">Na4Ru(N2C12H6(C6H4SO3)2)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)_chloride" title="Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride">(Ru((NC5H4)2)3)Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)" title="Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)">Ru(P(C6H5)3)3Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorotetrakis(dimethylsulfoxide)ruthenium(II)" title="Dichlorotetrakis(dimethylsulfoxide)ruthenium(II)">Ru(SO(CH3)2)4Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Cymene)ruthenium_dichloride_dimer" title="(Cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer">(RuCl2C6H4CH3CH(CH3)2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium" title="Chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium">RuClC5H5(P(C6H5)3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grubbs_catalyst" title="Grubbs catalyst">C43H72Cl2P2Ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenocene" title="Ruthenocene">(C5H5)2Ru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ru(II,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diruthenium_tetraacetate_chloride" title="Diruthenium tetraacetate chloride">[Ru2(O2CCH3)4]Cl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ru(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_acetate" title="Ruthenium(III) acetate">Ru(CH3COO)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_acetylacetonate" title="Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate">Ru(O2C5H7)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_fluoride" title="Ruthenium(III) fluoride">RuF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_chloride" title="Ruthenium(III) chloride">RuCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_bromide" title="Ruthenium(III) bromide">RuBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_iodide" title="Ruthenium(III) iodide">RuI3</a></li> <li>Ru(NO3)3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ru(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(IV)_oxide" title="Ruthenium(IV) oxide">RuO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monostrontium_ruthenate" title="Monostrontium ruthenate">SrRuO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrontium_ruthenate" title="Distrontium ruthenate">Sr2RuO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_ruthenate" title="Lithium ruthenate">Li2RuO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_ruthenate" title="Barium ruthenate">BaRuO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetrachloride" title="Ruthenium tetrachloride">RuCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(IV)_fluoride" title="Ruthenium(IV) fluoride">RuF 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ru(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_pentafluoride" title="Ruthenium pentafluoride">RuF5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ru(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_hexafluoride" title="Ruthenium hexafluoride">RuF6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ru(VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapropylammonium_perruthenate" title="Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate">N(C3H7)4RuO4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ru(VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">RuO4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1086#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4178766-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116086">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12226709p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12226709p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569816">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph202575&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548526805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&oldid=1257669587">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&oldid=1257669587</a>"</div></div> 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