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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reincarnation_and_karma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reincarnation_and_karma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Reincarnation and karma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reincarnation_and_karma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morality_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morality_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Morality and ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morality_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Ritual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historical development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-Blavatsky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Blavatsky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Post-Blavatsky </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Blavatsky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Influence on the arts and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_religious_and_esoteric_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_religious_and_esoteric_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Influence on other religious and esoteric groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_religious_and_esoteric_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Scholarly research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Theosophy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophie" title="Theosophie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Theosophie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثيوصوفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثيوصوفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofiya" title="Teosofiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teosofiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="দিব্যজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দিব্যজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тэасофія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэасофія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теософия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теософия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofia" title="Teosofia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teosofia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofie" title="Teosofie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teosofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosoffi" title="Theosoffi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Theosoffi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofi" title="Teosofi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Teosofi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophie_(Blavatsky)" title="Theosophie (Blavatsky) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theosophie (Blavatsky)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosoofia" title="Teosoofia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θεοσοφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεοσοφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosof%C3%ADa" title="Teosofía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teosofía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teozofio" title="Teozofio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teozofio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofia" title="Teosofia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teosofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="حکمت الاهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکمت الاهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9osophie" title="Théosophie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théosophie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosof%C3%ADa" title="Teosofía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teosofía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%A7%80%ED%95%99" title="신지학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신지학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թեոսոֆիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեոսոֆիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="थियोसोफी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थियोसोफी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teozofija" title="Teozofija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teozofija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teozofio" title="Teozofio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teozofio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofi" title="Teosofi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teosofi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophia" title="Theosophia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Theosophia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofia" title="Teosofia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teosofia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თეოსოფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოსოფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теософия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теософия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теософия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Теософия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophia" title="Theosophia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theosophia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teozofija" title="Teozofija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teozofija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofija" title="Teosofija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teosofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoz%C3%B3fia" title="Teozófia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Теозофија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теозофија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B4z%C3%B4fia" title="Teôzôfia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Teôzôfia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Теософи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Теософи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosofie" title="Theosofie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%99%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="神智学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神智学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofi" title="Teosofi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Teosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofiya" title="Teosofiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Teosofiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teozofia" title="Teozofia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teozofia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofia" title="Teosofia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teosofia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofie" title="Teosofie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teosofie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теософия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теософия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophie" title="Theosophie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Theosophie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A5%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="පරමවිඥානාර්ථවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරමවිඥානාර්ථවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theosophy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teozofia" title="Teozofia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teozofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teozofija" title="Teozofija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teozofija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Теозофија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теозофија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teozofija" title="Teozofija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teozofija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofia" title="Teosofia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosofi" title="Teosofi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Teosofi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரம்மஞானம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரம்மஞானம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="เทวญาณ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทวญาณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%B3%D3%A3" title="Ҳикмати илоҳӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳикмати илоҳӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teozofi" title="Teozofi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teozofi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Теософія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теософія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C" title="تھیوصوفی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھیوصوفی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the occult movement originating in the 19th century. For the esoteric Christian movement established by Böhme, see <a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Theosophy (disambiguation)">Theosophy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emb_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emb_logo.png/220px-Emb_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emb_logo.png/330px-Emb_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emb_logo.png/440px-Emb_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The logo for the Theosophical Society brought together various ancient symbols.</figcaption></figure> Theosophy is a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> and philosophical system established in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the late 19th century. Founded primarily by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, and based largely on her writings, it draws heavily from both older European philosophies such as <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Although many adherents maintain that Theosophy is not a religion, it is variably categorized by <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious scholars</a> as both a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> and a form of <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a> from within <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a>. As presented by Blavatsky, Theosophy teaches that there is an ancient and secretive brotherhood of spiritual <a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">adepts</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Masters_of_the_Ancient_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Masters of the Ancient Wisdom">Masters</a>, who are found around the world but primarily centered in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. These Masters were alleged by Blavatsky to have cultivated great wisdom and supernatural powers, and Theosophists believe they initiated the modern Theosophical movement through disseminating their teachings via Blavatsky. Theosophists believe that these Masters are attempting to revive knowledge of an ancient religion once found around the world that will again come to eclipse existing <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">world religions</a>. Theosophy holds a <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a> position that there exists a single divine <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#Absolute_spirit" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Absolute</a> and articulates an <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanationist</a> cosmology in which the universe is perceived as outward reflections from this Absolute. The purpose of human life is spiritual emancipation and the human <a href="/wiki/Soul#Theosophy" title="Soul">soul</a> undergoes <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> upon bodily death according to a process of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>. Universal brotherhood and social improvement are guiding principles, although there is no particular ethical framework. Theosophy was established in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1875 with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> by Blavatsky and Americans <a href="/wiki/Henry_Olcott" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Olcott">Henry Olcott</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a>. In the early 1880s, Blavatsky and Olcott relocated to India, where they established the Society's headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Adyar,_Chennai" title="Adyar, Chennai">Adyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. Blavatsky described her ideas in two books, <a href="/wiki/Isis_Unveiled" title="Isis Unveiled">Isis Unveiled</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a>, which became key texts within Theosophy. Following her death in 1891, there was a schism in the Society, with Judge leading the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_in_America" title="Theosophical Society in America">Theosophical Society in America</a> (TSA) to split from the international organization. Under Judge's successor <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Tingley" title="Katherine Tingley">Katherine Tingley</a>, a Theosophical community named <a href="/wiki/Lomaland" title="Lomaland">Lomaland</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California. At its height in 1895, there were 102 American branches with nearly 6,000 members. The <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Adyar</a>-based Society was later taken over by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, under whom it grew to its largest extent during the late 1920s, before going into decline after the Great Depression. TSA has since been reincorporated as a national section of the global Theosophical Society, which has a global membership of roughly 26,606 across 70 countries, including over 3,550 in the United States. Theosophy played a significant role in bringing knowledge of Eastern religions to the West and encouraging cultural pride in South Asia. Many prominent artists and writers have also been influenced by Theosophical teachings. Theosophy has an international following, and during the 20th century had tens of thousands of adherents. Theosophical ideas have also inspired over 100 esoteric movements and philosophies, among them <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Universal_and_Triumphant" title="Church Universal and Triumphant">Church Universal and Triumphant</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> Theosophy's founder, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, insisted that it was not a religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman2012137-1">[1]</a> although she did refer to it as the modern transmission of the "once-universal religion" that she said had existed deep into the human past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin2018193-2">[2]</a> Theosophical organizations have maintained the belief that Theosophy should not be labeled a religion;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196-3">[3]</a> instead, they regard it as a system that embraces what they see as the "essential truth" underlying religion, philosophy, and science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012234-4">[4]</a> As a result, Theosophical groups allow their members to hold other religious allegiances,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196Dixon20014-5">[5]</a> resulting in Theosophists who also identify as Christians, Buddhists, or Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20014-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars of religion</a> who have studied Theosophy have characterized it as a religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198038,_72Godwin1994bxixHammerRothstein20132Franklin2018192-7">[7]</a> In his history of the Theosophical movement, Bruce F. Campbell noted that Theosophy promoted "a religious world-view" using "explicitly religious terms" and that its central tenets are not unequivocal fact, but rather rely on belief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198072,_196-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Olav Hammer</a> and Mikael Rothstein termed it "one of the modern world's most important religious traditions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20132-9">[9]</a> Various scholars have pointed to its eclectic nature; <a href="/wiki/Joscelyn_Godwin" title="Joscelyn Godwin">Joscelyn Godwin</a> described it as a "universally eclectic religious movement",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994bxix-10">[10]</a> while scholar J. Jeffrey Franklin characterized Theosophy as a "hybrid religion" for its syncretic combination of elements from various other sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin2018xiv,_192-11">[11]</a> More specifically, Theosophy has been categorized as a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry201970-12">[12]</a> Scholars have also classified Theosophy as a form of <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2013130–31-13">[13]</a> Campbell for instance referred to it as "an esoteric religious tradition",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198038-14">[14]</a> while the historian Joy Dixon called it an "esoteric religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20013,_5-15">[15]</a> More specifically, it is considered a form of occultism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson19933-16">[16]</a> Along with other groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>, the Theosophical Society has been seen as part of an "occult revival" that took place in Western countries during the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20018-17">[17]</a> The historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Wouter Hanegraaff</a> noted that Theosophy helped to establish the "essential foundations for much of twentieth-century esotericism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2013131-18">[18]</a> Although Theosophy draws upon Indian religious beliefs, the sociologist of religion <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Partridge" title="Christopher Partridge">Christopher Partridge</a> observed that "Theosophy is fundamentally Western. That is to say, Theosophy is not Eastern thought in the West, but Western thought with an Eastern flavour."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge200490–91-19">[19]</a> According to Maria Carlson, Theosophy is a "positivistic religion" "offering a seemingly logical theology based on pseudoscience."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blavatsky_and_Olcott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Blavatsky_and_Olcott.jpg/220px-Blavatsky_and_Olcott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Blavatsky_and_Olcott.jpg/330px-Blavatsky_and_Olcott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Blavatsky_and_Olcott.jpg/440px-Blavatsky_and_Olcott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Blavatsky and Olcott, two of the founding members of the Theosophical Society</figcaption></figure> At a meeting of the Miracle Club in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on 7 September 1875, Blavatsky, Olcott, and Judge agreed to establish an organisation, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sotheran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Sotheran (page does not exist)">Charles Sotheran</a> suggesting that they call it the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198027–28Meade1980151Washington199353–54Goodrick-Clarke20047Lachman2012130–31,_136-21">[21]</a> Prior to adopting the name "Theosophical", they had debated various potential names, among them the Egyptological Society, the Hermetic Society, and the Rosicrucian Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012232-22">[22]</a> The term was not new; originally it appeared in the works of early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199424-23">[23]</a> It derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: θεός, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: theós, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'god' and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: σοφῐ́ᾱ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: sophíā, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'wisdom'; thus meaning "god-wisdom", "divine wisdom", or "wisdom of God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199424Lachman2012132-24">[24]</a> Its esoteric meaning emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance period</a>, possibly originating in the 1575 <a href="/wiki/Arbatel_de_magia_veterum" title="Arbatel de magia veterum">Arbatel De Magia Veterum</a>, a Latin <a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">grimoire</a> and the first work to draw a dualism between what it calls "anthroposophia" (human knowledge) and "theosophia" (divine knowledge).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZW4FtJLNe-kCdqarbatel20de20magiapgPA12_12]Åkerman1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0mxGmeG3mzICdqarbatel20de20magiapgPA53_53–55]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZW4FtJLNe-kCdqarbatel20de20magiapgPA12_12]Åkerman1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0mxGmeG3mzICdqarbatel20de20magiapgPA53_53–55]-25">[25]</a> It had consequently been used in various esoterics contexts for example by the <a href="/wiki/Eirenaeus_Philalethes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eirenaeus Philalethes">Philaletheians</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mystic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington199355Goodrick-Clarke20048Lachman2012133-26">[26]</a> In her book <a href="/wiki/The_Key_to_Theosophy" title="The Key to Theosophy">The Key to Theosophy</a>, Blavatsky claims that the term Theosophy had been coined by "the Alexandrian philosophers", especially <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge2013325-27">[27]</a> Blavatsky's Theosophy is not the only movement to use the term "theosophy" and this has resulted in scholarly attempts to differentiate the different currents. Godwin drew a division by referring to Blavatskian Theosophy with a capital letter and older, Boehmian theosophy with a lower-case letter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994xii-28">[28]</a> Alternately, the scholar of esotericism <a href="/wiki/Wouter_J._Hanegraaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Wouter J. Hanegraaff">Wouter J. Hanegraaff</a> distinguished the Blavatskian movement from its older namesake by terming it "modern Theosophy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2013130-29">[29]</a> Followers of Blavatsky's movement are known as Theosophists, while adherents of the older tradition are termed theosophers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994xii-28">[28]</a> Causing some confusion, a few Theosophists – such as C. C. Massey – were also theosophers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994xii-28">[28]</a> In the early years of Blavatsky's movement, some critics referred to it as "Neo-Theosophy" to differentiate it from the older <a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201877-30">[30]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a>" would later be adopted within the modern Theosophical movement itself, where it was used—largely pejoratively—to describe the teachings promoted by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">Charles Webster Leadbeater</a> by those who opposed their innovations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201877-30">[30]</a> According to the scholar of religion James A. Santucci, discerning what the term "Theosophy" meant to the early Theosophists is "not as obvious as one might think".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012233-31">[31]</a> As used by Olcott, the term "Theosophy" appeared to be applied to an approach that emphasized experimentation as a means of learning about the "Unseen Universe"; conversely, Blavatsky used the term in reference to gnosis regarding said information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012233–234-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_and_teachings">Beliefs and teachings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beliefs and teachings">edit</a>]</div> Although the writings of prominent Theosophists lay out a set of teachings, the Theosophical Society itself states that it has no official beliefs with which all members must agree. It therefore has doctrine but does not present this as dogma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980191Dixon20014-33">[33]</a> The Society stated that the only tenet to which all members should subscribe was a commitment "to form a nucleus of the Universal Brotherhood of Humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or color".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20013–4-34">[34]</a> This means that there are members of the Theosophical Society who are skeptical about many, or even all, of the Theosophical doctrines, while remaining sympathetic to its basic aim of universal brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20014-6">[6]</a> As noted by Santucci, Theosophy is "derived primarily from the writings" of Blavatsky,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci20061114-35">[35]</a> however revisions and innovations have also been produced by subsequent Theosophists such as Annie Besant and Charles Leadbeater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980191-36">[36]</a> Blavatsky said that these Theosophical doctrines were not her own invention, but had been received from a brotherhood of secretive spiritual adepts whom she referred to as the "Masters" or "Mahatmas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19941-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Masters">The Masters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Masters">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Koothoomi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Koothoomi.jpg/142px-Koothoomi.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Koothoomi.jpg/213px-Koothoomi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Koothoomi.jpg/284px-Koothoomi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="544" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Moryaportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moryaportrait.jpg/140px-Moryaportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moryaportrait.jpg/210px-Moryaportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moryaportrait.jpg/280px-Moryaportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schmiechen" title="Hermann Schmiechen">Hermann Schmiechen</a>'s 1884 depiction of the two Masters with whom Blavatsky was said to be in contact, <a href="/wiki/Koot_Hoomi" title="Koot Hoomi">Koot Hoomi</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Morya_(Theosophy)" title="Morya (Theosophy)">Morya</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> Central to Theosophical belief is the idea that a group of spiritual adepts known as the Masters not only exist but were responsible for the production of early Theosophical texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198061-38">[38]</a> For most Theosophists, these Masters are deemed to be the real founders of the modern Theosophical movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198053-39">[39]</a> In Theosophical literature, these Masters are also referred to as the Mahatmas, Adepts, Masters of Wisdom, Masters of Compassion, and Elder Brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198053-39">[39]</a> They are perceived to be a fraternity of human men who are highly evolved, in terms of having both moral development and intellectual attainment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198053-39">[39]</a> They are said to have achieved extra-long life spans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198053-39">[39]</a> and to have gained supernatural powers, including <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a> and the ability to <a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">instantly project their soul out of their body to any other location</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198054-40">[40]</a> These are powers that they have allegedly attained through many years of training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198054-40">[40]</a> According to Blavatsky, by the late 19th century their chief residence was in the Himalayan kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198053-39">[39]</a> She also said that these Masters were the source of many of her published writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198053-39">[39]</a> The Masters are believed to preserve the world's ancient spiritual knowledge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198054-40">[40]</a> and to represent a Great White Brotherhood or White Lodge which watches over humanity and guides its evolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198054-40">[40]</a> Among those whom the early Theosophists believed as Masters were Biblical figures such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, Asian religious figures such as <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>, and modern individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Bohme" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Bohme">Jakob Bohme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Cagliostro" title="Alessandro Cagliostro">Alessandro Cagliostro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Mesmer" title="Franz Mesmer">Franz Mesmer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198054-40">[40]</a> However, the most prominent Masters to appear in Theosophical literature are <a href="/wiki/Koot_Hoomi" title="Koot Hoomi">Koot Hoomi</a> (sometimes spelled Kuthumi) and <a href="/wiki/Morya_(Theosophy)" title="Morya (Theosophy)">Morya</a>, with whom Blavatsky said to be in contact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198055–56-41">[41]</a> According to Theosophical belief, the Masters approach those deemed worthy to embark on an apprenticeship or chelaship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198055-42">[42]</a> The apprentice would then undergo several years of probation, during which they must live a life of physical purity, remaining chaste, abstinent, and indifferent to physical luxury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198055-42">[42]</a> Blavatsky encouraged the production of images of the Masters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018206-43">[43]</a> The most important portraits of the Masters to be produced were created in 1884 by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schmiechen" title="Hermann Schmiechen">Hermann Schmiechen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018212-44">[44]</a> According to scholar of religion <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Introvigne" title="Massimo Introvigne">Massimo Introvigne</a>, Schmiechen's images of Morya and Koot Humi gained "semi-canonical status" in the Theosophical community,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018214-45">[45]</a> being regarded as sacred objects rather than simply decorative images.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018220-46">[46]</a> Campbell noted that for non-Theosophists, the beliefs regarding the existence of the Masters are among the weakest made by the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198061-38">[38]</a> Such statements are open to examination and potential refutation, with challenges to the existence of the Masters therefore undermining Theosophical beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980199-47">[47]</a> The idea of a brotherhood of secret adepts had a long pedigree stretching back several centuries before the foundation of Theosophy; such ideas can be found in the work of the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucians</a>, and was popularized in the fictional literature of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bulwer-Lytton" title="Edward Bulwer-Lytton">Edward Bulwer-Lytton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198056-48">[48]</a> The idea of having messages conveyed to a medium through spiritually advanced entities had also been popularized at the time of Theosophy's foundation through the Spiritualist movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198056-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_ancient_wisdom_religion">The ancient wisdom religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The ancient wisdom religion">edit</a>]</div> According to Blavatsky's teachings, many of the world's religions have their origins in a universal ancient religion, a "secret doctrine" that was known to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and early Hindu sages and which continues to underpin the center of every religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198036-49">[49]</a> She promoted the idea that ancient societies exhibited a unity of science and religion that humanity has since lost, with their achievements and knowledge being far in excess of what modern scholars believe about them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198037-50">[50]</a> Blavatsky also taught that a secret brotherhood has conserved this ancient wisdom religion throughout the centuries, and that members of this fraternity hold the key to understanding miracles, the afterlife, and psychic phenomena, and that moreover, these adepts themselves have paranormal powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198037–38-51">[51]</a> She stated that this ancient religion would be revived and spread throughout humanity in the future, replacing dominant world religions such as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198036-49">[49]</a> Theosophy tended to emphasize the importance of ancient texts over the popular ritual and custom found within various religious traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20014-6">[6]</a> The Theosophical depiction of Buddhism and Hinduism, however, drew criticism both from practitioners of orthodox Buddhist and Hindu traditions, as well as from Western scholars of these traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>, who believed that Theosophists such as Blavatsky were misrepresenting the Asian traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20014-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology_and_cosmology">Theology and cosmology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theology and cosmology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Western_philosophy" title="Theosophy and Western philosophy">Theosophy and Western philosophy</a></div> Theosophy promotes an <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanationist</a> cosmology, promoting the belief that the universe is an outward reflection from the Absolute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198062-52">[52]</a> Theosophy presents the idea that the world as humans perceive it is illusory, or <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">maya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198047-53">[53]</a> an idea that it draws from Asian religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198051-54">[54]</a> Accordingly, Blavatsky taught that a life limited by the perception of this illusory world was ignorant and deluded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198049-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montagem_Sistema_Solar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Montagem_Sistema_Solar.jpg/290px-Montagem_Sistema_Solar.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Montagem_Sistema_Solar.jpg/435px-Montagem_Sistema_Solar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Montagem_Sistema_Solar.jpg/580px-Montagem_Sistema_Solar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="2229" /></a><figcaption>According to Theosophical teaching, each solar system is an emanation of a "Logos" or "Solar Deity", with planetary spirits each overseeing one of the planets.</figcaption></figure> According to Blavatsky's teaching, every <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">solar system</a> in the universe is the expression of what is termed a "Logos" or "Solar Deity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198063-56">[56]</a> Ranked below this Solar Deity are seven ministers or planetary spirits, with each of these celestial beings being in control of evolution on a particular planet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198063-56">[56]</a> In The Secret Doctrine, Blavatsky stated that each planet had a sevenfold constitution, known as the "Planetary Chains"; these consist not only of a physical globe but also of two astral bodies, two mental bodies, and two spiritual bodies, all overlapping in the same space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198043,_63-57">[57]</a> According to Blavatsky, evolution occurs on descending and ascending arcs, from the first spiritual globe on to the first mental globe, then from the first astral globe to the first physical globe, and then on from there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198043-58">[58]</a> She said that there were different levels of evolution, from mineral on to vegetable, animal, human, and then to superhuman or spiritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198043-58">[58]</a> Different levels of evolution occur in a successive order on each planet; thus when mineral evolution ends on the first planet and it proceeds on to vegetable evolution, then mineral evolution begins on the second planet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198043-58">[58]</a> Theosophy teaches that human evolution is tied in with this planetary and wider cosmic evolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198064-59">[59]</a> In The Secret Doctrine, Blavatsky advocated the idea of seven "<a href="/wiki/Root_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Root Race">Root Races</a>", each of which was divided into seven Sub-Races.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012256-60">[60]</a> In Blavatsky's cosmogony, the first Root Race were created from pure spirit, and lived on a continent known as the "Imperishable Sacred Land".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012255-61">[61]</a> The second Root Race, known as the Hyperboreans, were also formed from pure spirit, and lived on a land near to the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, which then had a mild climate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012255-61">[61]</a> The third lived on the continent of <a href="/wiki/Lemuria_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemuria (continent)">Lemuria</a>, which Blavatsky alleged survives today as Australia and Rapa Nui.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012255–256-62">[62]</a> Blavatsky alleged that during the fourth Round of the Earth, higher beings descended to the planet, with the beginnings of human physical bodies developing, and the sexes separating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman2012256-63">[63]</a> At this point, the fourth Root Race appeared, living on the continent of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>; they had physical bodies but also psychic powers and advanced technology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198044–45Lachman2012256-64">[64]</a> She said that some Atlanteans were giants, and built such ancient monuments as <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> in southern England, and that they also mated with "she-animals", resulting in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Gorillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorillas">gorillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman2012256-63">[63]</a> The Atlanteans were decadent and abused their power and knowledge, so Atlantis sank into the sea, although various Atlanteans escaped, and created new societies in Egypt and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman2012256-63">[63]</a> The fifth Root Race to emerge was the Aryans, and was found around the world at the time she was writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman2012256-63">[63]</a> She believed that the fifth Race would come to be replaced by the sixth, which would be heralded by the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, a figure from Mahayana Buddhist mythology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2008223-65">[65]</a> She further believed that humanity would eventually develop into the final, seventh Root Race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman2012256-63">[63]</a> At this, she stated that humanity will have reached the end of its evolutionary cycle and life will withdraw from the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198045-66">[66]</a> Lachman suggested that by reading Blavatsky's cosmogonical beliefs as a literal account of history, "we may be doing it a disservice."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman2012256-63">[63]</a> He instead suggested that it could be read as Blavatsky's attempt to formulate "a new myth for the modern age, or as a huge, fantastic science fiction story".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman2012256-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maitreya_and_messianism">Maitreya and messianism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maitreya and messianism">edit</a>]</div> Blavatsky taught that Lord Maitreya—a figure she borrowed from Buddhism—would come to Earth as a messianic figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201885-67">[67]</a> Her ideas on this were expanded upon by Besant and Leadbeater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201885-67">[67]</a> They said that Maitreya had previously incarnated onto the Earth as <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, a figure from Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201885-67">[67]</a> They also said that he had entered <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a> at the time of <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">the latter's baptism</a>, and that henceforth Maitreya would be known as "the Christ".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201885-67">[67]</a> Besant and Leadbeater said that Maitreya would again come to Earth by manifesting through an Indian boy named <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a>, whom Leadbeater had encountered playing on a beach at Adyar in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201885-67">[67]</a> The introduction of the Krishnamurti belief into Theosophy has been identified as a <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> element.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201890-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_development_and_reincarnation">Personal development and reincarnation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal development and reincarnation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Theosophical_Society_(6708436163).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Theosophical_Society_%286708436163%29.jpg/220px-The_Theosophical_Society_%286708436163%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Theosophical_Society_%286708436163%29.jpg/330px-The_Theosophical_Society_%286708436163%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Theosophical_Society_%286708436163%29.jpg/440px-The_Theosophical_Society_%286708436163%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Blavatsky and Olcott at Adyar</figcaption></figure> According to Theosophy, the purpose of human life is the spiritual emancipation of the soul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198068-69">[69]</a> The human individual is described as an "Ego" or "Monad" and believed to have emanated from the Solar Deity, to whom it will also eventually return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198064-59">[59]</a> The human being is presented as composed of seven parts, while operating on three separate planes of being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198066-70">[70]</a> As presented by Sinnett and often repeated in Theosophical literature, these seven parts are the Body (Rupa), Vitality (Prana-Jiva), the Astral Body (Linga Sarira), the Animal Soul (Kama-Rupa), the Human Soul (Manas), the Spiritual Soul (Buddhi), and the Spirit (Atma).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198064-59">[59]</a> According to Theosophical teaching, it is the latter three of these components that are immortal, while the other aspects perish following bodily death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198068-69">[69]</a> Theosophy teaches that the Spiritual Soul and the Spirit do not reside within the human body alongside the other components, but that they are connected to it through the human soul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198068-69">[69]</a> In The Voice of the Silence, Blavatsky said that within each individual human there is an eternal, divine facet, which she referred to as "the Master", the "uncreate", the "inner God", and the "higher self". She promoted the idea that uniting with this "higher self" results in wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198049-55">[55]</a> In that same book, she compared the progress of the human soul to a transition through three halls; the first was that of ignorance, which is the state of the soul before it understands the need to unite with its higher self. The second is the Hall of Learning, in which the individual becomes aware of other facets of human life but is distracted by an interest in psychic powers. The third is the Hall of Wisdom, in which union with the higher self is made; this is then followed by the Vale of Bliss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198049-55">[55]</a> At this point the human soul can merge into the One.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198049-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reincarnation_and_karma">Reincarnation and karma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reincarnation and karma">edit</a>]</div> Throughout her writings, Blavatsky made a variety of statements about rebirth and the afterlife, and there is a discrepancy between her earlier and later teachings on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201766-71">[71]</a> Between the 1870s and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1882, Blavatsky taught a doctrine called "metempsychosis".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201766-71">[71]</a> In Isis Unveiled, Blavatsky stated that on bodily death, the human soul progresses through more spiritual planes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198038–39-72">[72]</a> Two years later, she introduced the idea of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> into Theosophical doctrine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198038–39Santucci2012235-73">[73]</a> using it to replace her metempsychosis doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201790-74">[74]</a> In The Secret Doctrine, she stated that the spirit was immortal and would repeatedly incarnate into a new, mortal soul and body on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201766-71">[71]</a> According to Theosophical teaching, human spirits will always be reborn into human bodies, and not into those of any other life forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198068-69">[69]</a> Blavatsky stated that spirits would not be reborn until some time after bodily death, and never during the lifetime of the deceased's relatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201791-75">[75]</a> Blavatsky taught that on the death of the body, the astral body survives for a time in a state called <a href="/wiki/Kama-loka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama-loka">kama-loka</a>, which she compared to <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">limbo</a>, before also dying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198071-76">[76]</a> According to this belief, the human then moves into its mental body in a realm called <a href="/wiki/Devachan" title="Devachan">devachan</a>, which she compared to <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198071-76">[76]</a> Blavatsky taught that the soul remained in devachan for 1000 to 1500 years, although the Theosophist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">Charles Webster Leadbeater</a> said that it was only 200.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198072-77">[77]</a> Theosophy espouses the existence of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> as a system which regulates the cycle of reincarnation, ensuring that an individual's actions in one life affect the circumstances of their next one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198069-78">[78]</a> This belief therefore seeks to explain why misery and suffering exist in the world, attributing any misfortune that someone suffers as punishment for misdeeds that they perpetrated in a prior life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198070,_71-79">[79]</a> In Blavatsky's words, karma and reincarnation were "inextricably interwoven".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201772-80">[80]</a> However, she did not believe that karma had always been the system that governed reincarnation; she believed that it came into being when humans developed egos, and that one day will also no longer be required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201772-80">[80]</a> Besant and Leadbeater said they were able to investigate people's past lives through reading the <a href="/wiki/Akashic_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic record">akashic record</a>, an etheric store of all the knowledge of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201880-81">[81]</a> They, for instance, stated to have attained knowledge of their own past lives as monkey-like creatures residing on the moon, where they served as pets to the "Moon-man" (a prior incarnation of the Master Morya), his wife (Koot Humi), and their child (the Lord Maitreya). When they were attacked by "savages" and animals "resembling furry lizards and crocodiles", Besant sacrificed herself to save Morya, and for that act made the karmic evolutionary leap to becoming a human in her next incarnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201880–81-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morality_and_ethics">Morality and ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Morality and ethics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheosophicalSocietyBudapest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TheosophicalSocietyBudapest.jpg/220px-TheosophicalSocietyBudapest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TheosophicalSocietyBudapest.jpg/330px-TheosophicalSocietyBudapest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TheosophicalSocietyBudapest.jpg/440px-TheosophicalSocietyBudapest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>The Theosophical seal as door decoration in Budapest, Hungary</figcaption></figure> Theosophy does not express any formal ethical teaching,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198074-83">[83]</a> a situation that generated ambiguity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980194-84">[84]</a> However, it has expressed and promoted certain values, such as brotherhood and social improvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980194-84">[84]</a> During its early years, the Theosophical Society promoted a puritanical attitude toward sexuality, for instance by encouraging <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a> even within marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994348-85">[85]</a> By 1911, the Theosophical Society was involved in projects connected to a range of <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> political causes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20015-86">[86]</a> In England, there were strong links between Theosophy and <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">first-wave feminism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20015-86">[86]</a> Based on a statistical analysis, Dixon noted that prominent English feminists of the period were several hundred times more likely to join the Theosophical Society than was the average member of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20016-87">[87]</a> Theosophical contingents took part in feminist marches of the period; for instance, a Theosophical group operating under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Universal Co-Freemasonry</a> marched as part of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession</a> in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20015-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual">Ritual</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ritual">edit</a>]</div> The Theosophical Society did not prescribe any specific <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> for adherents to practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196-3">[3]</a> However, ritualized practices have been established by various Theosophical groups; one such group is the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholic_Church" title="Liberal Catholic Church">Liberal Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196-3">[3]</a> Another is the meetings of the United Lodge of Theosophy, which has been characterized as having a "quasi-sacred and quasi-liturgical" character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196–197-88">[88]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Theosophy#Theosophical_Christianity" title="Christianity and Theosophy">Christianity and Theosophy § Theosophical Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical development">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The American social situation from which the Theosophical Society emerged was one of great upheaval, and the religious situation was one of challenge to orthodox Christianity. The forces that had surfaced in spiritualism included anticlericalism, anti-institutionalism, eclecticism, social liberalism, and belief in progress and individual effort. Occultism, mediated to America in the form of Mesmerism, Swedenborgianism, Freemasonry, and Rosicrucianism, was present. Recent developments in science led by the 1870s to renewed interest in reconciling science and religion. There was present also a hope that Asian religious ideas could be integrated into a grand religious synthesis. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Bruce F. Campbell, 1980<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198020-89">[89]</a></cite> </div> The Theosophical Society was largely the creation of two individuals: Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19802-90">[90]</a> Established Christianity in the United States was experiencing challenges in the second half of the nineteenth century, a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization, high rates of immigration, and the growing understanding of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary theory">evolutionary theory</a> which challenged traditional Christian accounts of history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19808-91">[91]</a> Various new religious communities were established in different parts of the country, among them the <a href="/wiki/Free_Religious_Association" title="Free Religious Association">Free Religious Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19808–9-92">[92]</a> Theosophy would inherit the idea – then popular in the United States – that emphasized the idea of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> and the inevitability of <a href="/wiki/Progress_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress (history)">progress</a>, including on a spiritual level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198018-93">[93]</a> It was also influenced by a growing knowledge about Asian religions in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198019-94">[94]</a> Prior to her arrival in the United States, Blavatsky had experience with esoteric currents such as Spiritualism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci20061115-95">[95]</a> It was through Spiritualism that Blavatsky and Olcott met.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198020-89">[89]</a> In 1884, Olcott established the first Scottish lodge, in Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201825-96">[96]</a> In 1980, Campbell noted that Theosophical books were selling at record levels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19802-90">[90]</a> In the United States, Judge had been devoting himself to the promotion of Theosophy with little success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980104-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Blavatsky">Post-Blavatsky</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-Blavatsky">edit</a>]</div> During her lifetime, Blavatsky had suggested to many different people that they would be her successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980103-98">[98]</a> Three of the most prominent candidates – Olcott, Judge, and Besant – all met in London shortly after her death to discuss the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980104-97">[97]</a> Judge said that he too was in contact with the Masters, and that they had provided him with a message instructing him to co-delegate the Society's Esoteric Section with Besant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980104–105-99">[99]</a> Olcott, however, suspected that the notes from the Masters which Judge was producing were forged, exacerbating tensions between them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980105–106-100">[100]</a> Besant attempted to act as a bridge between the two men, while Judge informed her that the Masters had revealed to him a plot that Olcott was orchestrating to kill her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980106-101">[101]</a> In 1893, Besant came down on Olcott's side in the argument and backed the internal proceedings that Olcott raised against Judge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980107–108-102">[102]</a> A two-stage enquiry took place, which concluded that because the Society took no official stance on whether the Masters existed or not, Judge could not be considered guilty of forgery and would be allowed to retain his position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980108–109-103">[103]</a> The details of this trial were leaked to the journalist <a href="/wiki/F._Edmund_Garrett" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Edmund Garrett">F. Edmund Garrett</a>, who used them as the basis of his critical book, Isis Very Much Unveiled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980110-104">[104]</a> Judge then announced that the Masters had informed him that he should take sole control of the Esoteric Section, deposing Besant; she rejected his beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980110–111-105">[105]</a> Amid calls from Olcott that Judge should stand down, in April 1895 the American section voted to secede from the main Society. Judge remained its leader, but died within a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980111-106">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annie-Besant-J-Krishnamurti-Ernest-Wood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Annie-Besant-J-Krishnamurti-Ernest-Wood.jpg/220px-Annie-Besant-J-Krishnamurti-Ernest-Wood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Annie-Besant-J-Krishnamurti-Ernest-Wood.jpg/330px-Annie-Besant-J-Krishnamurti-Ernest-Wood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Annie-Besant-J-Krishnamurti-Ernest-Wood.jpg/440px-Annie-Besant-J-Krishnamurti-Ernest-Wood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Besant with the child Krishnamurti</figcaption></figure> Olcott then sent Besant to the United States to gain support for the Adyar-based[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Society. In this she was successful, gaining thousands of new members and establishing many new branches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980113–114-107">[107]</a> Besant had developed a friendship with the Theosophist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">Charles Webster Leadbeater</a>, and together they co-wrote a number of books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980114–115-108">[108]</a> Leadbeater was controversial, and concerns were raised when he was found to have instructed two boys in <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>. The American Section of the Theosophical Society raised internal charges against him, although Besant came to his defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980115–116-109">[109]</a> In a move probably designed to limit negative publicity for the Society, they accepted his resignation rather than expelling him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980116-110">[110]</a> On Olcott's death in 1907, he had nominated Besant to be his successor, and she was then elected to the position with a large majority in June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980117–118-111">[111]</a> In her first years as the head of the Society, Besant oversaw a dramatic growth in its membership, raising it by 50%, to 23,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980119-112">[112]</a> She also oversaw an expansion of the Adyar property, from 27 to 253 acres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980119-112">[112]</a> Besant was involved in various activist causes, promoting women's rights in India through the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Indian_Association" title="Women's Indian Association">Women's Indian Association</a> and helping to establish both the <a href="/wiki/Central_Hindu_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Hindu College">Central Hindu College</a> and a Hindu girls' school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980119-112">[112]</a> Besant also began a campaign for Indian Home Rule, founding a group called the Home Rule League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980122–123-113">[113]</a> She established the New India newspaper, and after continuing to promote Indian independence in the paper's pages during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> she was interned for several months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980123–124-114">[114]</a> This helped to boost her status within the independence movement, and at the age of 70 she was appointed President of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, a largely honorary position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980124-115">[115]</a> In December 1908, Leadbeater was readmitted to the Society; this generated a wave of resignations, with the <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> branch seceding to form the Independent Theosophical Society. Leadbeater traveled to Adyar, where he met a young boy living there, <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a>, and pronounced him to be the next incarnation of a figure called the <a href="/wiki/World_Teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="World Teacher">World Teacher</a>. He subsequently took control of the boy's instruction for two years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980119–120-116">[116]</a> With Besant, Leadbeater established a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_in_the_East" title="Order of the Star in the East">Order of the Star in the East</a> to promote the idea of Krishnamurti as World Teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980121-117">[117]</a> Leadbeater also wanted more ritual within Theosophy, and to achieve this he and <a href="/wiki/J._I._Wedgwood" title="J. I. Wedgwood">J. I. Wedgwood</a> became bishops in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980125–126-118">[118]</a> They then split from that to form their own <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholic_Church" title="Liberal Catholic Church">Liberal Catholic Church</a>, which was independent from the Theosophical Society (Adyar) while retaining an affiliation with it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980126-119">[119]</a> The Church drew most of its membership from the Society and heavily relied upon its resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201888-120">[120]</a> However, in 1919 the Church was marred by police investigations into allegations that six of its priests had engaged in acts of <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a> and Wedgewood — who was implicated in the allegations — resigned from the organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980126Poller201888–89-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Yoga_Academy,_Point_Loma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Raja_Yoga_Academy%2C_Point_Loma.png/220px-Raja_Yoga_Academy%2C_Point_Loma.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Raja_Yoga_Academy%2C_Point_Loma.png/330px-Raja_Yoga_Academy%2C_Point_Loma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Raja_Yoga_Academy%2C_Point_Loma.png/440px-Raja_Yoga_Academy%2C_Point_Loma.png 2x" data-file-width="4965" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption>The Raja Yoga Academy and the Temple of Peace, Point Loma, San Diego, c. 1915</figcaption></figure> In retaliation, a "Back to Blavatsky" movement emerged within the Society. Its members pejoratively referred to Besant and her followers as practitioners of "Neo-Theosophy", objecting to the Liberal Catholic Church's allegiance to the Pope, and to the prominence that they were according to Besant and Leadbeater's publications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980126–127-122">[122]</a> The main benefactor of the disquiet within the Back to Blavatsky movement was a rival group called the <a href="/wiki/United_Lodge_of_Theosophists" title="United Lodge of Theosophists">United Lodge of Theosophists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980127-123">[123]</a> One of the most prominent figures to switch allegiance was <a href="/wiki/B._P._Wadia" title="B. P. Wadia">B. P. Wadia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980143-124">[124]</a> The United Lodge of Theosophists had been established in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in 1909, when it had split from Judge's Theosophical Society in America, seeking to minimize formal organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980143-124">[124]</a> It focused on publishing new editions of Blavatsky and Judge's writings, as well as other books, which were usually released anonymously so as to prevent any personality cults developing within the Theosophical movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980143–144-125">[125]</a> The Adyar Society membership later peaked at 40,000 in the late 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980128-126">[126]</a> The Order of the Star had 30,000 members at its height.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980128-126">[126]</a> Krishnamurti himself repudiated these beliefs, insisting that he was not the World Teacher, and then resigned from the Society; the effect on the society was dramatic, as it lost a third of its membership over the coming few years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980128,_130-127">[127]</a> Besant died in 1933, when the Society was taken over by <a href="/wiki/George_Arundale" title="George Arundale">George Arundale</a>, who led it until 1945; the group's activities were greatly curtailed by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980130-128">[128]</a> Judge left no clear successor as leader of the Theosophical Society in America, but the position was taken by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Tingley" title="Katherine Tingley">Katherine Tingley</a>, who said that she remained in mediumistic contact with Judge's spirit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980131,_133-129">[129]</a> Tingley launched an international campaign to promote her Theosophical group, sending delegations to Europe, Egypt, and India. In the latter country they clashed with the Adyar-based[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Theosophical Society, and were unsuccessful in gaining converts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980134-130">[130]</a> Her leadership would be challenged by Ernest T. Hargrove in 1898, and when he failed he split to form <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_in_America_(Hargrove)" title="Theosophical Society in America (Hargrove)">his own rival group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980135-131">[131]</a> In 1897, Tingley had established a Theosophical community, <a href="/wiki/Lomaland" title="Lomaland">Lomaland</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Point_Loma" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Loma">Point Loma</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980135–137-132">[132]</a> Various Theosophical writers and artists congregated there,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980138-133">[133]</a> while horticultural development was also emphasized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980138–139-134">[134]</a> In 1919, the community helped establish a Theosophical University.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980137-135">[135]</a> Longstanding financial problems coupled with an aging population resulted in the Society selling Lomaland in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980140–141-136">[136]</a> Meanwhile, Tingley's death in 1929 had resulted in the Theosophical Society in America being taken over by <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_de_Purucker" title="Gottfried de Purucker">Gottfried de Purucker</a>, who promoted rapprochement with other Theosophical groups in what came to be known as the Fraternisation movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980141–142-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theosophical_Society.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theosophical_Society.jpg/220px-Theosophical_Society.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theosophical_Society.jpg/330px-Theosophical_Society.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theosophical_Society.jpg/440px-Theosophical_Society.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Theosophical Society lodge building in <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmerston_North_Theosophical_Hall_MRD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palmerston_North_Theosophical_Hall_MRD.jpg/220px-Palmerston_North_Theosophical_Hall_MRD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palmerston_North_Theosophical_Hall_MRD.jpg/330px-Palmerston_North_Theosophical_Hall_MRD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palmerston_North_Theosophical_Hall_MRD.jpg/440px-Palmerston_North_Theosophical_Hall_MRD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>Theosophical Hall in <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> During its first century, Theosophy established itself as an international movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980147-138">[138]</a> Campbell believed that from its foundation until 1980, Theosophy had gained tens of thousands of adherents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980175-139">[139]</a> He noted that in that latter year, there were about 35,000 members of the Adyar-based[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Theosophical Society (9000 of whom were in India), c. 5,500 members of the Theosophical Society in America, c. 1,500 members of the Theosophical Society International (Pasadena), and about 1200 members of the United Lodge of Theosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980177-140">[140]</a> Membership of the Theosophical Society reached its highest peak in 1928, when it had 45,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201886-141">[141]</a> The HPB Lodge in Auckland, New Zealand, was one of the world's largest, with over 500 members in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Theosophical groups consist largely of individuals as opposed to family groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198045-66">[66]</a> Campbell noted that these members were alienated in ways from conventional social roles and practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198045-66">[66]</a> As noted by Dixon, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Theosophical Society "appealed above all to an elite, educated, middle- and upper-middle-class constituency".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20018-17">[17]</a> It was, in her words, "a religion for the 'thinking classes'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20018-17">[17]</a> Campbell stated that Theosophy attracted "unconventional, liberal-minded Westerners",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198094-143">[143]</a> and according to Dixon they were among those "who constituted themselves as the humanitarian conscience of the middle classes, a dissident minority who worked in a variety of parallel organizations to critique the dominant bourgeois values and culture."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200110-144">[144]</a> Campbell also noted that Theosophy appealed to educated Asians, and particularly Indians, because it identified Asia as being central to a universal ancient religion and allowed Asians to retain traditional religious beliefs and practices within a modern framework.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198062-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reception and legacy">edit</a>]</div> Hammer and Rothstein believed that the formation and early history of the Theosophical Society was one of the "pivotal chapters of religious history in the West."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20131-145">[145]</a> The Theosophical Society had significant effects on religion, politics, culture, and society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19801-146">[146]</a> In the Western world, it was a major force for the introduction of Asian religious ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19801-146">[146]</a> In 1980, Campbell described it as "probably the most important non-traditional or occult group in the last century",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19801-146">[146]</a> while in 2012 Santucci noted that it had had "a profound impact on the contemporary religious landscape".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012240-147">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Librer%C3%ADa_Sociedad_Teos%C3%B3fica_en_Buenos_Aires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Librer%C3%ADa_Sociedad_Teos%C3%B3fica_en_Buenos_Aires.jpg/220px-Librer%C3%ADa_Sociedad_Teos%C3%B3fica_en_Buenos_Aires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Librer%C3%ADa_Sociedad_Teos%C3%B3fica_en_Buenos_Aires.jpg/330px-Librer%C3%ADa_Sociedad_Teos%C3%B3fica_en_Buenos_Aires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Librer%C3%ADa_Sociedad_Teos%C3%B3fica_en_Buenos_Aires.jpg/440px-Librer%C3%ADa_Sociedad_Teos%C3%B3fica_en_Buenos_Aires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Theosophical bookshop in Buenos Aires, Argentina</figcaption></figure> In approaching Asian religion with respect and treating its religious beliefs seriously, Blavatsky and Olcott influenced South Asian society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980165-148">[148]</a> In India, it played an important role in the Indian independence movement and in the Buddhist revival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19801-146">[146]</a> The Indian independence leader <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> developed much of his interest in Hindu culture after being given a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> by two Theosophists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980172-149">[149]</a> Alongside her support for Indian home rule, Besant had also supported home rule for Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201836-150">[150]</a> Campbell suggested that Theosophy could be seen as a "grandfather" movement to this 20th century growth in Asian spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980vii-151">[151]</a> Given the spread of such ideas in the West, some critics have perceived Theosophy's role as being largely obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980201-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_the_arts_and_culture">Influence on the arts and culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence on the arts and culture">edit</a>]</div> Many important figures, in particular within the humanities and the arts, were involved in the Theosophical movement and influenced by its teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012240-147">[147]</a> Prominent scientists who had belonged to the Theosophical Society included the inventor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, the biologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, and the chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980165-148">[148]</a> Theosophy also exerted an influence on the arts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein201310-153">[153]</a> and was especially formative for many early pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980169HammerRothstein201310-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilma_af_Klint" title="Hilma af Klint">Hilma af Klint</a>'s development of abstraction was directly tied to her work with the Theosophical Society, with the aim of presenting and preserving spiritual concepts visually.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The same was true for the Russian <a href="/wiki/Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist">expressionist</a> and pioneering abstract painter <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, who was interested in Theosophy and Theosophical ideas about colour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980169–170-156">[156]</a> The Dutch abstract artist <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a> was also influenced by Theosophical symbolism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980170–171-157">[157]</a> Theosophical ideas were also an influence on the Irish literary movement of the late 19th and early 20th century, with writers such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnston_(Theosophist)" title="Charles Johnston (Theosophist)">Charles Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_William_Russell" title="George William Russell">George Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Eglinton" class="mw-redirect" title="John Eglinton">John Eglinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Weeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Weeks">Charles Weeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a> having an interest in the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980165–169-158">[158]</a> The American adventure fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Talbot_Mundy" title="Talbot Mundy">Talbot Mundy</a> included Theosophical themes in many of his works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaves1985153-159">[159]</a> He had abandoned his previous allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a> to join the Theosophical faction led by Tingley, joining the Society in 1923 and settling at the Point Loma community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaves1985157–159-160">[160]</a> The turn-of-the-20th century Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>, whose metaphysical and mystical views greatly influenced his <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal system</a> and compositional output,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> became interested in Theosophy while living in Brussels from 1909–10.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other composers whose music was influenced by theosophical concerns include <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Luigi Russolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Scott" title="Cyril Scott">Cyril Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Rubbra" title="Edmund Rubbra">Edmund Rubbra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Frost" title="Mark Frost">Mark Frost</a> cites Theosophy as a direct influence in the writing and creation of <a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">Twin Peaks</a>, which itself includes a 'white lodge'.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The character <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Obadiah Archer">Obadiah Archer</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Valiant_Comics" title="Valiant Comics">Valiant Comics</a> universe series "<a href="/wiki/Archer_%26_Armstrong" title="Archer & Armstrong">Archer & Armstrong</a>" draws his abilities from Theosophic belief, and the series makes multiple references to Theosophy, Anthroposophy, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> and other esoteric group that believe in the Akashic Plane. The series also ties in the <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascist</a> history of these groups, with a group of connected Nazi's living in Tibet. Obadiah Archer is implied to be one of the ascended masters in the Theosophy tradition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_other_religious_and_esoteric_groups">Influence on other religious and esoteric groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence on other religious and esoteric groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Bestsellers and television shows are devoted to Theosophical concepts such as reincarnation and spiritual evolution; the Internet overflows with references to Theosophical concepts such as the human aura (a Google search in May 2012 retrieved 47 million hits) and the chakras (12 million hits). Even truly mainstream media such as the National Geographic Channel present programs devoted to arch-Theosophical themes such as Atlantis, and the spiritual mysteries of Egypt. Terms and ideas created or mediated by spokespersons of the Theosophical Society have over time become household words, and the advent of Theosophy thus marked a fundamental change in the religious lives of countless individuals. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Olav Hammer and Mikael Rothstein, 2013<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20132-9">[9]</a></cite> </div> The founders of many later new religious movements had been involved in Theosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012240–241-165">[165]</a> Many esoteric groups — such as Alice Bailey's <a href="/wiki/Arcane_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcane School">Arcane School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> — are "directly dependent" on Theosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19801-146">[146]</a> Although he had split from Theosophy when renouncing Leadbeater's statement that he was the World Teacher, Krishnamurti continued to exhibit Theosophical influences in his later teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980148-166">[166]</a> In 1923 a former Theosophist, the Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Arcane_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcane School">Arcane School</a>, which also rested on beliefs regarding contact with the Ascended Masters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980150–153-167">[167]</a> Another former Theosophist, the Austrian Rudolf Steiner, split from the Theosophical Society over the statements about Krishnamurti and then established his own <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophical Society</a> in 1913, which promoted <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>, a philosophy influenced by Theosophical ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980155–158Poller201886-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophical Society</a> on 28 December 1912 and he was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> on 7 March 1913.<a href="#cite_note-TS-169">[169]</a> Despite his departure from the Theosophists, Rudolf Steiner nevertheless maintained a keen interest in Theosophy for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> As Theosophy entered the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> of late 19th century Austria and Germany, it syncretized to form an eclectic occult movement known as <a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell200322-171">[171]</a> The most prominent Ariosophist, the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a>, was influenced by Theosophical ideas in creating his own occult system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell200323-172">[172]</a> In the United States during the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/%22I_AM%22_Activity" title=""I AM" Activity">I AM</a> group was established by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Ballard" title="Guy Ballard">Guy Ballard</a> and Edna Ballard; the group adopted the idea of the Ascended Masters from Theosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19801,_161–163-173">[173]</a> The idea of the Masters—and a belief in Morya and Kuthumi—have also been adopted into the belief system of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Universal_and_Triumphant" title="Church Universal and Triumphant">Church Universal and Triumphant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980163-174">[174]</a> The Canadian mystic <a href="/wiki/Manly_P._Hall" title="Manly P. Hall">Manly P. Hall</a> also cited Blavatsky's writings as a key influence on his ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980163–165-175">[175]</a> Theosophical ideas, including on the evolution of the Earth, influenced the teachings of British conspiracist <a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson201625,_133–134-176">[176]</a> Hammer and Rothstein stated that Theosophy came to heavily influence "popular religiosity" and by the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries was "permeating just about every nook and cranny of contemporary "folk" religious culture" in Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20132-9">[9]</a> It was a major influence on the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> milieu of the latter twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20014HammerRothstein20134-177">[177]</a> It played an important role in promoting belief in reincarnation among Westerners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201768-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_research">Scholarly research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scholarly research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theosophy_Hall_E72_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Theosophy_Hall_E72_jeh.JPG/220px-Theosophy_Hall_E72_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Theosophy_Hall_E72_jeh.JPG/330px-Theosophy_Hall_E72_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Theosophy_Hall_E72_jeh.JPG/440px-Theosophy_Hall_E72_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Theosophy Hall in Manhattan, New York City</figcaption></figure> A considerable amount of literature has been produced on the subject of Theosophy and the Theosophical Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer200117-179">[179]</a> Most early publications on Theosophy fell into two camps: either <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetic</a> and highly defensive, or highly antagonistic and aggressive towards the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980vii-151">[151]</a> As of 2001, the scholar of religion <a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Olav Hammer</a> could still note that books presenting the Theosophical doctrines were mostly apologetic in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer200118-180">[180]</a> Examples of such works include William Q. Judge's 1893 book Ocean of Theosophy and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ellwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Ellwood">Robert Ellwood</a>'s 1986 book Theosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer200118-180">[180]</a> He noted that most of these works treated Theosophical doctrine as if it were a fixed entity and provided little or no discussion of how they have changed over the decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer200118-180">[180]</a> Many articles on the historical development of the movement have also appeared in the journal Theosophical History.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer200118-180">[180]</a> Many early scholars of religion dismissed Theosophy as being not worthy of study; <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> for instance described Theosophy as a "detestable 'spiritual' hybridism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20133-181">[181]</a> The academic study of the Theosophical current developed at the intersection of two scholarly sub-fields: the study of new religious movements, which emerged in the 1970s, and the study of Western esotericism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20133–4-182">[182]</a> For example, Blavatsky Unveiled Volume 1<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaramie2020-183">[183]</a> by theosophical scholar Moon Laramie provides a modern translation and dispassionate analysis of the first seven chapters of Isis Unveiled. A significant proportion of the scholarship on Theosophy constitutes biographies of its leading members and discussions of events in the Society's history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer200117-179">[179]</a> In contrast to the significant amount of research focused on the first two generations of Theosophists, little has been produced on later figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20133-181">[181]</a> Hammer also lamented that while scholarship on Theosophy was developing, it had not focused on the reformulation of Theosophy by Leadbeater and Besant or with the developing ideas of post-Theosophical writers such as Steiner or Bailey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer200119-184">[184]</a> Hammer and Rothstein suggested that the "dearth of scholarly literature" on Theosophy was because "powerful individuals and institutions" in Europe and North America regarded the religion as "ludicrous", thus discouraging scholars from devoting their time to researching it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20133-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Creme" title="Benjamin Creme">Benjamin Creme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Hinduism and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Skumin" title="Victor Skumin">Victor Skumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_literature" title="Theosophy and literature">Theosophy and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy and visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_in_America" title="Theosophical Society in America">Theosophical Society in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennialism">Perennialism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman2012137-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachman2012137_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLachman2012">Lachman 2012</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin2018193-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin2018193_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklin2018">Franklin 2018</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012234-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantucci2012234_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSantucci2012">Santucci 2012</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196Dixon20014-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1980196Dixon20014_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 196; <a href="#CITEREFDixon2001">Dixon 2001</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20014-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20014_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20014_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20014_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20014_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2001">Dixon 2001</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198038,_72Godwin1994bxixHammerRothstein20132Franklin2018192-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198038,_72Godwin1994bxixHammerRothstein20132Franklin2018192_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 38, 72; <a href="#CITEREFGodwin1994b">Godwin 1994b</a>, p. xix; <a href="#CITEREFHammerRothstein2013">Hammer & Rothstein 2013</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFFranklin2018">Franklin 2018</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198072,_196-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198072,_196_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 72, 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20132-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20132_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20132_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20132_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammerRothstein2013">Hammer & Rothstein 2013</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994bxix-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994bxix_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodwin1994b">Godwin 1994b</a>, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin2018xiv,_192-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin2018xiv,_192_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklin2018">Franklin 2018</a>, pp. xiv, 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry201970-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowry201970_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLowry2019">Lowry 2019</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2013130–31-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2013130–31_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2013">Hanegraaff 2013</a>, pp. 130–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198038-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198038_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20013,_5-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20013,_5_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2001">Dixon 2001</a>, pp. 3, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson19933-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson19933_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson1993">Carlson 1993</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20018-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20018_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20018_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20018_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2001">Dixon 2001</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2013131-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2013131_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2013">Hanegraaff 2013</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge200490–91-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartridge200490–91_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPartridge2004">Partridge 2004</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2015" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Maria (2015) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrl9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">No Religion Higher Than Truth: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875-1922</a>. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7279-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-7279-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 August 2024. <q>Both turned out to be "positivistic religions," offering a seemingly logical theology based on pseudoscience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Religion+Higher+Than+Truth%3A+A+History+of+the+Theosophical+Movement+in+Russia%2C+1875-1922&rft.series=Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7279-4&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrl9BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198027–28Meade1980151Washington199353–54Goodrick-Clarke20047Lachman2012130–31,_136-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198027–28Meade1980151Washington199353–54Goodrick-Clarke20047Lachman2012130–31,_136_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 27–28; <a href="#CITEREFMeade1980">Meade 1980</a>, p. 151; <a href="#CITEREFWashington1993">Washington 1993</a>, pp. 53–54; <a href="#CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2004">Goodrick-Clarke 2004</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFLachman2012">Lachman 2012</a>, pp. 130–31, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012232-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantucci2012232_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSantucci2012">Santucci 2012</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199424-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199424_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaivre1994">Faivre 1994</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199424Lachman2012132-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199424Lachman2012132_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaivre1994">Faivre 1994</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFLachman2012">Lachman 2012</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZW4FtJLNe-kCdqarbatel20de20magiapgPA12_12]Åkerman1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0mxGmeG3mzICdqarbatel20de20magiapgPA53_53–55]-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZW4FtJLNe-kCdqarbatel20de20magiapgPA12_12]Åkerman1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0mxGmeG3mzICdqarbatel20de20magiapgPA53_53–55]_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaivre2000">Faivre 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW4FtJLNe-kC&dq=arbatel%20de%20magia&pg=PA12">12</a>; <a href="#CITEREFÅkerman1998">Åkerman 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mxGmeG3mzIC&dq=arbatel%20de%20magia&pg=PA53">53–55</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington199355Goodrick-Clarke20048Lachman2012133-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington199355Goodrick-Clarke20048Lachman2012133_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1993">Washington 1993</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2004">Goodrick-Clarke 2004</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFLachman2012">Lachman 2012</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge2013325-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartridge2013325_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPartridge2013">Partridge 2013</a>, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994xii-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994xii_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994xii_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin1994xii_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodwin1994">Godwin 1994</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2013130-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2013130_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2013">Hanegraaff 2013</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201877-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoller201877_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoller201877_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoller2018">Poller 2018</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012233-31"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198054_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198054_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198054_40-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198055–56-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198055–56_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198055-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198055_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198055_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018206-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018206_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2018">Introvigne 2018</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018212-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018212_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2018">Introvigne 2018</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018214-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018214_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2018">Introvigne 2018</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018220-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2018220_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2018">Introvigne 2018</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980199-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1980199_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198056-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198056_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198056_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198036-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198036_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198036_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198037-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198037_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198037–38-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198037–38_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198062-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198062_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198062_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198047-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198047_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198051-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198051_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198049-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198049_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198049_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198049_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198049_55-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198063-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198063_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198063_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198043,_63-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198043,_63_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 43, 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198043-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198043_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198043_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198043_58-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198064-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198064_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198064_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198064_59-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012256-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012256_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFLachman2012">Lachman 2012</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012255-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012255_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012255_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFLachman2012">Lachman 2012</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012255–256-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198044Lachman2012255–256_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFLachman2012">Lachman 2012</a>, pp. 255–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman2012256-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachman2012256_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachman2012256_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachman2012256_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachman2012256_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachman2012256_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachman2012256_63-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachman2012256_63-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFLachman2012">Lachman 2012</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198044–45Lachman2012256-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198044–45Lachman2012256_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 44–45; <a href="#CITEREFLachman2012">Lachman 2012</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2008223-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2008223_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2008">Goodrick-Clarke 2008</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198045-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198045_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198045_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198045_66-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201885-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoller201885_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoller201885_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoller201885_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoller201885_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoller201885_67-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoller2018">Poller 2018</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoller201890-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoller201890_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoller2018">Poller 2018</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198068-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198068_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198068_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198068_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198068_69-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198066-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198066_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201766-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChajes201766_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChajes201766_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChajes201766_71-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChajes2017">Chajes 2017</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198038–39-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198038–39_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198038–39Santucci2012235-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198038–39Santucci2012235_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 38–39; <a href="#CITEREFSantucci2012">Santucci 2012</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201790-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChajes201790_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChajes2017">Chajes 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Mark Frost talked to Kevin Jackson about Sherlock and warlocks</a> (1992) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantucci2012240–241-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantucci2012240–241_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSantucci2012">Santucci 2012</a>, pp. 240–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980148-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1980148_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980150–153-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1980150–153_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 150–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980155–158Poller201886-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1980155–158Poller201886_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 155–158; <a href="#CITEREFPoller2018">Poller 2018</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-TS-169"><a href="#cite_ref-TS_169-0">^</a> Paull, John (2022).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/87330828/Rudolf_Steiner_From_Theosophy_to_Anthroposophy_1902_1913_">Rudolf Steiner: From Theosophy to Anthroposophy (1902–1913)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012184858/https://www.academia.edu/87330828/Rudolf_Steiner_From_Theosophy_to_Anthroposophy_1902_1913_">Archived</a> 2022-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, European Journal of Theology and Philosophy, 2 (5): 8-13 . </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Paull, John (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37618538/The_Library_of_Rudolf_Steiner_The_Books_in_English">The Library of Rudolf Steiner: The Books in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208095552/http://www.academia.edu/37618538/The_Library_of_Rudolf_Steiner_The_Books_in_English">Archived</a> 2019-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Social and Development Sciences. 9 (3): 21–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell200322-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell200322_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell200323-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell200323_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19801,_161–163-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell19801,_161–163_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 1, 161–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980163-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1980163_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1980163–165-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1980163–165_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1980">Campbell 1980</a>, pp. 163–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson201625,_133–134-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson201625,_133–134_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertson2016">Robertson 2016</a>, pp. 25, 133–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20014HammerRothstein20134-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20014HammerRothstein20134_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2001">Dixon 2001</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFHammerRothstein2013">Hammer & Rothstein 2013</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChajes201768-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChajes201768_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChajes2017">Chajes 2017</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer200117-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer200117_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer200117_179-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammer2001">Hammer 2001</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer200118-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer200118_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer200118_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer200118_180-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer200118_180-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammer2001">Hammer 2001</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20133-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20133_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20133_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20133_181-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammerRothstein2013">Hammer & Rothstein 2013</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20133–4-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammerRothstein20133–4_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammerRothstein2013">Hammer & Rothstein 2013</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaramie2020-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaramie2020_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaramie2020">Laramie 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer200119-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer200119_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammer2001">Hammer 2001</a>, p. 19. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅkerman1998" class="citation book cs1">Åkerman, Susanna (1998). Rose Cross Over the Baltic: The Spread of Rosicrucianism in Northern Europe. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004110305" title="Special:BookSources/9004110305"><bdi>9004110305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rose+Cross+Over+the+Baltic%3A+The+Spread+of+Rosicrucianism+in+Northern+Europe&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9004110305&rft.aulast=%C3%85kerman&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1980" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Bruce F. (1980). Ancient Wisdom Revived: A History of the Theosophical Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520039681" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520039681"><bdi>978-0520039681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Wisdom+Revived%3A+A+History+of+the+Theosophical+Movement&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0520039681&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Bruce+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson1993" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Maria (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noreligionhigher00carl">No Religion Higher than Truth: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875–1922</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691636337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691636337"><bdi>978-0691636337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Religion+Higher+than+Truth%3A+A+History+of+the+Theosophical+Movement+in+Russia%2C+1875%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0691636337&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoreligionhigher00carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChajes2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chajes, Julie (2017). "Reincarnation in H.P. Blavatsky's The Secret Doctrine". Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism. 5: 65–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Correspondences%3A+An+Online+Journal+for+the+Academic+Study+of+Western+Esotericism&rft.atitle=Reincarnation+in+H.P.+Blavatsky%27s+The+Secret+Doctrine&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=65-93&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Chajes&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2001" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Joy (2001). Divine Feminine: Theosophy and Feminism in England. The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6499-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6499-2"><bdi>0-8018-6499-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Feminine%3A+Theosophy+and+Feminism+in+England&rft.place=Baltimore+and+London&rft.series=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Studies+in+Historical+and+Political+Science&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8018-6499-2&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Joy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaivre1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Faivre" title="Antoine Faivre">Faivre, Antoine</a> (1994). Access to Western Esotericism. SUNY Series in Western Esoteric Traditions. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Access+to+Western+Esotericism&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Western+Esoteric+Traditions&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Faivre&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaivre2000" class="citation book cs1">Faivre, Antoine (2000). Theosophy, Imagination, Tradition: Studies in Western Esotericism. SUNY Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791444368" title="Special:BookSources/9780791444368"><bdi>9780791444368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theosophy%2C+Imagination%2C+Tradition%3A+Studies+in+Western+Esotericism&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780791444368&rft.aulast=Faivre&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2018" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, J. Jeffrey (2018). Spirit Matters: Occult Beliefs, Alternative Religions, and the Crisis of Faith in Victorian Britain. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501715440" title="Special:BookSources/9781501715440"><bdi>9781501715440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+Matters%3A+Occult+Beliefs%2C+Alternative+Religions%2C+and+the+Crisis+of+Faith+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781501715440&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=J.+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardell2003" class="citation book cs1">Gardell, Matthias (2003). Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Durham and London: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3071-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-3071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+Blood%3A+The+Pagan+Revival+and+White+Separatism&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3071-4&rft.aulast=Gardell&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin1994" class="citation book cs1">Godwin, Joscelyn (1994). The Theosophical Enlightenment. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791421512" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791421512"><bdi>978-0791421512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theosophical+Enlightenment&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0791421512&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Joscelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin1994b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Godwin, Joscelyn (1994b). "Foreword". In K. Paul Johnson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mastersrevealedm0000john/page/">The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge</a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mastersrevealedm0000john/page/">xv–xix</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791420645" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791420645"><bdi>978-0791420645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Masters+Revealed%3A+Madame+Blavatsky+and+the+Myth+of+the+Great+White+Lodge&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=xv-xix&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0791420645&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Joscelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmastersrevealedm0000john%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke" title="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/helenablavatsky0000blav">Helena Blavatsky</a>. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-457-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-457-0"><bdi>978-1-55643-457-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helena+Blavatsky&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55643-457-0&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhelenablavatsky0000blav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2008" class="citation book cs1">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2008). The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195320992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195320992"><bdi>978-0195320992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Esoteric+Traditions%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0195320992&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2001" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Olav (2001). Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age. Leiden and Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13638-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13638-0"><bdi>978-90-04-13638-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claiming+Knowledge%3A+Strategies+of+Epistemology+from+Theosophy+to+the+New+Age&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13638-0&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerRothstein2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Hammer, Olav</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Rothstein" title="Mikael Rothstein">Rothstein, Mikael</a> (2013). "Introduction". In Olav Hammer; Mikael Rothstein (eds.). Handbook of the Theosophical Current. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23596-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23596-0"><bdi>978-90-04-23596-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Theosophical+Current&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23596-0&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft.au=Rothstein%2C+Mikael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanegraaff2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Hanegraaff, Wouter</a> (2013). Western Esotericism: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441136466" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441136466"><bdi>978-1441136466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Esotericism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1441136466&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntrovigne2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Introvigne" title="Massimo Introvigne">Introvigne, Massimo</a> (2018). "Painting the Masters in Britain: From Schmiechen to Scott". In Christine Ferguson; Andrew Radford (eds.). The Occult Imagination in Britain: 1875–1947. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. pp. 206–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-8698-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-8698-1"><bdi>978-1-4724-8698-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Painting+the+Masters+in+Britain%3A+From+Schmiechen+to+Scott&rft.btitle=The+Occult+Imagination+in+Britain%3A+1875%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York&rft.pages=206-226&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-8698-1&rft.aulast=Introvigne&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1994" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, K. Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mastersrevealedm0000john">The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge</a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791420645" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791420645"><bdi>978-0791420645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Masters+Revealed%3A+Madame+Blavatsky+and+the+Myth+of+the+Great+White+Lodge&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0791420645&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=K.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmastersrevealedm0000john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2012" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Jay (2012). "Theosophical Bodies: Colour, Shape, and Emotion from Modern Aesthetics to Healing Therapies". 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Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 153–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004226487_008">10.1163/9789004226487_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1"><bdi>978-90-04-22187-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theosophical+Bodies%3A+Colour%2C+Shape%2C+and+Emotion+from+Modern+Aesthetics+to+Healing+Therapies&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Religions+and+Cultural+Production&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=153-170&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004226487_008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22187-1&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachman2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Lachman" title="Gary Lachman">Lachman, Gary</a> (2012). Madame Blavatsky: The Mother of Modern Spirituality. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-863-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-863-2"><bdi>978-1-58542-863-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+Blavatsky%3A+The+Mother+of+Modern+Spirituality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Jeremy+P.+Tarcher%2FPenguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58542-863-2&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaramie2020" class="citation book cs1">Laramie, Moon (2020). Blavatsky Unveiled: The Writings of H.P. Blavatsky in modern English. Volume I. London: Martin Firrell Company Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0993178696" title="Special:BookSources/978-0993178696"><bdi>978-0993178696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blavatsky+Unveiled%3A+The+Writings+of+H.P.+Blavatsky+in+modern+English.+Volume+I.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Martin+Firrell+Company+Ltd&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0993178696&rft.aulast=Laramie&rft.aufirst=Moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lowry, Elizabeth (2019). "These Lovers are Out of this World: Sex, Consent, and the Rhetoric of Conversion in Abductee Narratives". In Darryl Caterine; John W. Morehead (eds.). The Paranormal and Popular Culture: A Postmodern Religious Landscape. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 68–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-73857-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-73857-7"><bdi>978-1-138-73857-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=These+Lovers+are+Out+of+this+World%3A+Sex%2C+Consent%2C+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Conversion+in+Abductee+Narratives&rft.btitle=The+Paranormal+and+Popular+Culture%3A+A+Postmodern+Religious+Landscape&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=68-77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-73857-7&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marion_Meade" title="Marion Meade">Meade, Marion</a> (1980). Madame Blavatsky: The Woman Behind the Myth. New York: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-12376-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-12376-4"><bdi>978-0-399-12376-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+Blavatsky%3A+The+Woman+Behind+the+Myth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-399-12376-4&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Partridge" title="Christopher Partridge">Partridge, Christopher</a> (2004). The Re-Enchantment of the West Volume. 1: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture. London: T&T Clark International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567084088" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567084088"><bdi>978-0567084088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Re-Enchantment+of+the+West+Volume.+1%3A+Alternative+Spiritualities%2C+Sacralization%2C+Popular+Culture%2C+and+Occulture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0567084088&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Partridge, Christopher (2013). "Lost Horizon: H. P. Blavatsky and Theosophical Orientalism". In Olav Hammer; Mikael Rothstein (eds.). Handbook of the Theosophical Current. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Leiden: Brill. pp. 309–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23596-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23596-0"><bdi>978-90-04-23596-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lost+Horizon%3A+H.+P.+Blavatsky+and+Theosophical+Orientalism&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Theosophical+Current&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=309-333&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23596-0&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoller2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Poller, Jake (2018). ""Under a Glamour": Annie Besant, Charles Leadbeater and Neo-Theosophy". In Christine Ferguson; Andrew Radford (eds.). The Occult Imagination in Britain: 1875–1947. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. pp. 77–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-8698-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-8698-1"><bdi>978-1-4724-8698-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Under+a+Glamour%22%3A+Annie+Besant%2C+Charles+Leadbeater+and+Neo-Theosophy&rft.btitle=The+Occult+Imagination+in+Britain%3A+1875%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York&rft.pages=77-93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-8698-1&rft.aulast=Poller&rft.aufirst=Jake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2016" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, David G. (2016). UFOs, Conspiracy Theories and the New Age: Millennial Conspiracism. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-04498-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-04498-2"><bdi>978-1-350-04498-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UFOs%2C+Conspiracy+Theories+and+the+New+Age%3A+Millennial+Conspiracism&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-350-04498-2&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantucci2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Santucci, James A. (2006). "Theosophical Society". In Wouter Hanegraaff (ed.). Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1114–1123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15231-1"><bdi>978-90-04-15231-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theosophical+Society&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Gnosis+and+Western+Esotericism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1114-1123&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15231-1&rft.aulast=Santucci&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantucci2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Santucci, James A. (2012). "Theosophy". In Olav Hammer; Mikael Rothstein (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521145657" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521145657"><bdi>978-0521145657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theosophy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=231-246&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0521145657&rft.aulast=Santucci&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shaw, Michael (2018). "Theosophy in Scotland: Oriental Occultism and National Identity". In Christine Ferguson; Andrew Radford (eds.). The Occult Imagination in Britain: 1875–1947. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. pp. 23–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-8698-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-8698-1"><bdi>978-1-4724-8698-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theosophy+in+Scotland%3A+Oriental+Occultism+and+National+Identity&rft.btitle=The+Occult+Imagination+in+Britain%3A+1875%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York&rft.pages=23-40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-8698-1&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaves1985" class="citation journal cs1">Taves, Brian (1985). "Philosophy Into Popular Fiction: Talbot Mundy and The Theosophical Society". Southern California Quarterly. 67 (2): 153–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41171147">10.2307/41171147</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171147">41171147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+California+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Philosophy+Into+Popular+Fiction%3A+Talbot+Mundy+and+The+Theosophical+Society&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-186&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41171147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41171147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taves&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrompfBernauer2012" class="citation book cs1">Trompf, Garry W.; Bernauer, Lauren (2012). "Producing Lost Civilisations: Theosophical Concepts in Literature, Visual Media, and Popular Culture". In Cusack, Carol; Norman, Alex (eds.). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 99–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004226487_006">10.1163/9789004226487_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1"><bdi>978-90-04-22187-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Producing+Lost+Civilisations%3A+Theosophical+Concepts+in+Literature%2C+Visual+Media%2C+and+Popular+Culture&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Religions+and+Cultural+Production&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=99-131&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004226487_006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22187-1&rft.aulast=Trompf&rft.aufirst=Garry+W.&rft.au=Bernauer%2C+Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington1993" class="citation book cs1">Washington, Peter (1993). Madame Blavatsky's Baboon: Theosophy and the Emergence of the Western Guru. London: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-436-56418-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-436-56418-5"><bdi>978-0-436-56418-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+Blavatsky%27s+Baboon%3A+Theosophy+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Western+Guru&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-436-56418-5&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theosophy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBednarowski1980" class="citation journal cs1">Bednarowski, Mary Farrell (1980). "Outside the Mainstream: Women's Religion and Women Religious Leaders in Nineteenth-Century America". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 48 (2): 207–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXLVIII.2.207">10.1093/jaarel/XLVIII.2.207</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462703">1462703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Outside+the+Mainstream%3A+Women%27s+Religion+and+Women+Religious+Leaders+in+Nineteenth-Century+America&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-231&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXLVIII.2.207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1462703%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bednarowski&rft.aufirst=Mary+Farrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergunder2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bergunder, Michael (2014). "Experiments with Theosophical Truth: Gandhi, Esotericism, and Global Religious History". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 82 (2): 398–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flft095">10.1093/jaarel/lft095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Experiments+with+Theosophical+Truth%3A+Gandhi%2C+Esotericism%2C+and+Global+Religious+History&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=398-426&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flft095&rft.aulast=Bergunder&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevir1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bevir, Mark (1994). "The West Turns Eastward: Madame Blavatsky and the Transformation of the Occult Tradition". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 62 (3): 747–767. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FLXII.3.747">10.1093/jaarel/LXII.3.747</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1465212">1465212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+West+Turns+Eastward%3A+Madame+Blavatsky+and+the+Transformation+of+the+Occult+Tradition&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=747-767&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FLXII.3.747&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1465212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bevir&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevir2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bevir, Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g">"Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress"</a>. International Journal of Hindu Studies. 7 (1): 99–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-003-0005-4">10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106850">20106850</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54542458">54542458</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222050455/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2020-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Theosophy+and+the+Origins+of+the+Indian+National+Congress&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-115&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54542458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20106850%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-003-0005-4&rft.aulast=Bevir&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F73b4862g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson1977" class="citation journal cs1">Bryson, Mary E. (1977). "Metaphors for Freedom: Theosophy and the Irish Literary Revival". The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 3 (1): 32–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25512386">10.2307/25512386</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25512386">25512386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Irish+Studies&rft.atitle=Metaphors+for+Freedom%3A+Theosophy+and+the+Irish+Literary+Revival&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-40&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25512386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25512386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharjes2012" class="citation journal cs1">Charjes, Julie (2012). "Metempsychosis and Reincarnation in Isis Unveiled". Theosophical History. 16: 128–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theosophical+History&rft.atitle=Metempsychosis+and+Reincarnation+in+Isis+Unveiled&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=128-150&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Charjes&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharjes2016" class="citation journal cs1">Charjes, Julie (2016). "Blavatsky and Monotheism: Towards the Historicisation of a Critical Category". Journal of Religion in Europe. 9 (2–3): 247–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18748929-00902008">10.1163/18748929-00902008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Blavatsky+and+Monotheism%3A+Towards+the+Historicisation+of+a+Critical+Category&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=247-275&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18748929-00902008&rft.aulast=Charjes&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dixon, Joy (1997). "Sexology and the Occult: Sexuality and Subjectivity in Theosophy's New Age". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 7 (3): 409–433. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629636">4629636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Sexology+and+the+Occult%3A+Sexuality+and+Subjectivity+in+Theosophy%27s+New+Age&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-433&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4629636%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Joy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hammer, Olav (2009). "Schism and Consolidation: The Case of the Theosophical Movement". In James R. Lewis (ed.). Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schism+and+Consolidation%3A+The+Case+of+the+Theosophical+Movement&rft.btitle=Sacred+Schisms%3A+How+Religions+Divide&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=196-217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanegraaff1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Hanegraaff, Wouter</a> (1996). New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004106956" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004106956"><bdi>978-9004106956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Age+Religion+and+Western+Culture%3A+Esotericism+in+the+Mirror+of+Secular+Thought&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9004106956&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanegraaff2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2017). "The Theosophical Imagination". Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism. 5: 3–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Correspondences%3A+An+Online+Journal+for+the+Academic+Study+of+Western+Esotericism&rft.atitle=The+Theosophical+Imagination&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=3-39&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Wouter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkley1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kirkley, Evelyn A. (1998). ""Equality of the Sexes, But…": Women in Point Loma Theosophy, 1899–1942". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 1 (2): 272–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.1998.1.2.272">10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.272</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.272">10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio%3A+The+Journal+of+Alternative+and+Emergent+Religions&rft.atitle=%22Equality+of+the+Sexes%2C+But%E2%80%A6%22%3A+Women+in+Point+Loma+Theosophy%2C+1899%E2%80%931942&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-288&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.1998.1.2.272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fnr.1998.1.2.272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kirkley&rft.aufirst=Evelyn+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kraft, Siv Ellen (2002). ""To Mix or Not to Mix": Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism in the History of Theosophy". Numen. 49 (2): 142–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852702760186754">10.1163/156852702760186754</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270480">3270480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=%22To+Mix+or+Not+to+Mix%22%3A+Syncretism%2FAnti-Syncretism+in+the+History+of+Theosophy&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=142-177&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852702760186754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270480%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Siv+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheosophy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavoie2012" class="citation book cs1">Lavoie, Jeffrey D. 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theosophical Society founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">C.W. Leadbeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Powell" title="Arthur E. Powell">Arthur E. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_de_Purucker" title="Gottfried de Purucker">Gottfried de Purucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Percy_Sinnett" title="Alfred Percy Sinnett">A. P. Sinnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale">Rukmini Devi Arundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curuppumullage_Jinarajadasa" title="Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa">Jinarajadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Evans-Wentz" title="Walter Evans-Wentz">Walter Evans-Wentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Keightley" title="Bertram Keightley">Bertram Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Wachtmeister" title="Constance Wachtmeister">Constance Wachtmeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Theosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Theosophists">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theosophical texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isis_Unveiled" title="Isis Unveiled">Isis Unveiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Key_to_Theosophy" title="The Key to Theosophy">The Key to Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mahatma_Letters_to_A.P._Sinnett" title="The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett">The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophical Glossary">Theosophical Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Silence" title="The Voice of the Silence">The Voice of the Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophical_texts" title="Category:Theosophical texts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_records" title="Akashic records">Akashic records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_body" title="Astral body">Astral body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_body" title="Mental body">Mental body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Brotherhood">Universal Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophical_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Theosophical philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blavatsky_Lodge" title="Blavatsky Lodge">Blavatsky Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Pasadena" title="Theosophical Society Pasadena">Theosophical Society Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Lodge_of_Theosophists" title="United Lodge of Theosophists">United Lodge of Theosophists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophy" title="Category:Theosophy">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(magazine)" title="Lucifer (magazine)">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise (magazine)">Sunrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophist" title="The Theosophist">The Theosophist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophical_Movement" title="The Theosophical Movement">The Theosophical Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophy" title="Category:Theosophy">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In relation to ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Theosophy" title="Christianity and Theosophy">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_literature" title="Theosophy and literature">literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Western_philosophy" title="Theosophy and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Theosophy)" title="Maitreya (Theosophy)">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_in_the_East" title="Order of the Star in the East">Order of the Star in the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Plane (cosmology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_mysticism" title="Theosophical mysticism">Theosophical mysticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Beverly_Randolph" title="Paschal Beverly Randolph">Rosicrucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gilded Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Dance movement">Ghost Dance movement</a></li></ul> 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