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data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Lingvo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Lingvo</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Ensaluti&returnto=Okcident%C4%9Dermana+lingvaro&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Atenti</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Redakti</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>La <b>okcidentĝermana lingvaro</b> estas subgrupo de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%9Cermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ĝermana lingvaro">ĝermana lingvaro</a>, kiu inkluzivas interalie la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo">anglan</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">germanan</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jida_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jida lingvo">jidan</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederlanda_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederlanda lingvo">nederlandan</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrikansa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikansa lingvo">afrikansan</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisa_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisa lingvaro">frisan</a> lingvojn. Ampleksa listo de la unuopaj lingvoj troveblas fine de la artikolo.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/250px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/375px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/500px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1156"></a> <figcaption> divido de la nunaj ĝermanaj lingvoj <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #00ffff; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islanda">islanda</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #00ced1; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Feroa">feroa</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #007ffe; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norvega?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norvega">norvega</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #003f7f; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sveda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sveda">sveda</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #0000ff; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Dana">dana</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #ff0000; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> linio inter nord- kaj okcidentĝermana</li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #ff8811; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Angla">angla</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Skota">skota</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #ffbb77; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisa">frisa</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #fff435; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederlanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlanda">nederlanda</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #38ff00; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platgermana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Platgermana">platgermana</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #00d200; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezgermana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezgermana">mezgermana</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #008000; padding-left:0.4em;"></span> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supragermana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Supragermana">supragermana</a></li> </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="eo" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Enhavo</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fruaj_skribaj_dokumentoj"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Fruaj skribaj dokumentoj</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Subdivido"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Subdivido</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tradicia_divido"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tradicia divido</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro_la%C5%AD_nova_divido"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">La okcidentĝermana lingvaro laŭ nova divido</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Listo_de_la_okcident%C4%9Dermanaj_lingvoj"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Listo de la okcidentĝermanaj lingvoj</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fontoj"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Fontoj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Fruaj_skribaj_dokumentoj">Fruaj skribaj dokumentoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Fruaj skribaj dokumentoj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Fragmentoj de dokumentoj en la okcidentĝermanaj lingvoj ekzistas ekde la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6-a_jarcento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6-a jarcento">6-a jarcento</a>. El tiu tempo fontas ekzemple la <i>Lex Salica</i>, latina teksto ekestinta en la okcidenta parto de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankoj">franka regno</a>, kiu enhavas unuopajn vortojn de ĝermana origino, kiuj fontis el la poste formortinta malnovfranka lingvo. Post la 8-a jarcento pruveblas tekstoj en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malnovangla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnovangla lingvo">malnovangla lingvo</a>, kankvam la plej konata fonto de la malnovangla, la heroa poemo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beowulf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, nur konserviĝis per manuskripto el la 11-a jarcento. Ekde la 8-a jarcento ankaŭ pruveblas tekstoj en la malnovbavara, malnovalemana kaj malnovsuprafranka, tiuj okcidentĝermanaj variaĵoj, kiuj grupiĝas sub la termino <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malnovaltgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malnovaltgermana lingvo">malnovaltgermana lingvo</a>. Ekde la 9-a jarcento ankaŭ ekzistas tekstoj en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malnovsaksa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malnovsaksa lingvo">malnovsaksa lingvo</a>, ankaŭ ŝtupo de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platgermana lingvo">platgermana lingvo</a> – el ili aparte elstarigindas ĝermane adaptita rerakonto de la 1-a libro de Moseo, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genezo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genezo">Genezo</a>, kaj la teksto <i>Heliand</i>. La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malnovfrisa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malnovfrisa lingvo">malnovfrisa lingvo</a> tamen nur ekde la 13-a jarcento pruveblas per skribaj fontoj.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Subdivido">Subdivido</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Subdivido" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tradicia_divido">Tradicia divido</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Tradicia divido" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La ĝis la mezo de la 20-a jarcento kutima divido de la okcidentĝermanaj lingvoj grupigas ilin en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-frisa_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-frisa lingvaro">anglo-frisan</a> kaj kontinent-ĝermanan branĉon. La anglo-frisa lingvaro plu dividiĝas en angla lingvaro (kun la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo">angla</a> kiel ĉefa lingvo) kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisa_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisa lingvaro">frisan lingvaron</a> (el kiuj ankoraŭ vivas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcidentfrisa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okcidentfrisa lingvo">okcident-</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordfrisa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordfrisa lingvo">nord-</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saterfrisa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saterfrisa lingvo">saterfrisa lingvoj</a>). La kontinent-ĝermana lingvaro konsistas el "<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorio:Altgermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorio:Altgermana lingvaro">altgermanaj lingvoj</a>" (kun la standarda <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">germana lingvo</a> kaj siaj supra- kaj mezgermanaj dialektoj, kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jida">jida</a>) kaj "<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorio:Malaltgermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorio:Malaltgermana lingvaro">malaltgermanaj lingvoj</a>" (kun interalie la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platgermana lingvo">platgermana</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederlanda_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederlanda lingvo">nederlanda lingvoj</a>).</p> <p>La Anglo-frisaj lingvoj diferenciĝas de la aliaj okcidentĝermanaj lingvoj pro la anglo-frisa <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Palatigo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Palatigo (paĝo ne ekzistas)">palatigo</a> (ekzemploj: germane <i>Käse</i>, nederlande <i>kaas</i> – angle <i>cheese</i>, frise <i>tsiis</i> [fromaĝo]; germane <i>Kirche</i>, nederlande <i>kerk</i> – angle <i>church</i>, frise <i>tsjerke</i> [preĝejo]) kaj pro la forfalo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazalo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Nazalo">nazaloj</a> antaŭ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frikativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frikativo">frikativoj</a> kun anstataŭa vokala longigo (ekzemploj: germane <i>fünf</i> – angle <i>five</i> [kvin]; germane <i>Mund</i> – angle <i>mouth</i> [buŝo]).</p> <p>Tiu tradicia divido ekde kelkaj jardekoj estas malakceptata de la plimulto de lingvistoj.<sup id="cite_ref-kufner_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kufner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_okcidentĝermana_lingvaro_laŭ_nova_divido"><span id="La_okcident.C4.9Dermana_lingvaro_la.C5.AD_nova_divido"></span>La okcidentĝermana lingvaro laŭ nova divido</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: La okcidentĝermana lingvaro laŭ nova divido" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dum la dua duono de la 20-a jarcento krom la tradicia divido en tri geografie orientigitaj grupoj (okcident-, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orient%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orientĝermana lingvaro">orientĝermana lingvaro</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nord%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordĝermana lingvaro">nordĝermana lingvaro</a>) vastiĝis divido de kvin subgrupoj, kiun dum la jaro 1943 proponis <i>Friedrich Maurer</i>:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordio">Nordio</a>-ĝermanoj en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skandinavio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skandinavio">Skandinavio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norda_Maro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norda Maro">Norda-Maro</a>-ĝermanoj (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisoj">frisoj</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engloj">engloj</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksoj">saksoj</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weser">Weser</a>-<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rejno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rejno">Rejno</a>-ĝermanoj (iuj el ili poste iĝis parto de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksoj">saksoj</a>, el la Weser-Rejno-ĝermanoj ekestis plejparto de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankoj">frankoj</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elbo_(rivero)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elbo (rivero)">Elbo</a>-ĝermanoj (interalie la pli postaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombardoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardoj">lombardoj</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaroj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaroj">bavaroj</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemanoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemanoj">alemanoj</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odro">Odro</a>-<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vistulo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vistulo">Vistulo</a>-ĝermanoj (la "Orientĝermanoj", <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gotoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gotoj">gotoj</a> kaj aliaj popoloj).</li> </ul> <p>La rolon de la termino "okcidentĝermana lingvaro" en tiu divido malsame difinas unuopaj sciencistoj: Parte la lingvoj de Norda-Maro-ĝermanoj, Weser-Rejno-ĝermanoj kaj Elbo-ĝermanoj estas vidataj anstataŭigo por la grupigo "okcidentĝermana lingvaro", tiel ke la nova divido de kvin grupoj nur konsideriĝas pliprecizigo de la tradicia tri-grupa divido; parte la koncepto de "okcidentĝermana lingvaro" kadre de la nova ordigo tute malakceptiĝas, ĉar la lingvoj de tiu grupiĝo estas inter si tro malsamaj.</p> <p>Friedrich Maurer same malakceptis la konceptojn de "pragermana" kaj "anglo-frisa lingvo" kiel imagitaj praaj unuecaj lingvoj. La germana lingvo de la 21-a jarcento ne estas antikva lingvo nur iom adaptiĝinta laŭ la epokoj, sed estas la rezulto de intensa lingvoevoluo kun multaj influoj kaj facetoj: La lingvo do estas kunfandaĵo el diversaj "okcidentĝermanaj" fontolingvoj.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Listo_de_la_okcidentĝermanaj_lingvoj"><span id="Listo_de_la_okcident.C4.9Dermanaj_lingvoj"></span>Listo de la okcidentĝermanaj lingvoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Listo de la okcidentĝermanaj lingvoj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>La sekvaj vivaj kaj formotintaj lingvoj (†) el la familio de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%9Cermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ĝermana lingvaro">ĝermana lingvaro</a> konsideriĝas membro de la okcidentĝermanaj lingvoj:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-frisa_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-frisa lingvaro">Anglo-frisa lingvaro</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglosaksa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglosaksa lingvo">anglosaksa lingvo</a> (malnovangla) †</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezangla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezangla lingvo">mezangla</a> †</li> <li>moderna <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo">angla lingvo</a> (kun fortaj francaj-latinaj influoj))</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skota_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skota lingvo">skota lingvo</a> ("scots")</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kajman-insula_angla_lingvo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kajman-insula angla lingvo (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Kajman-insula angla lingvo</a> (ne kreola lingvo)</li> <li>Anglo-cigana lingvo (kun forta influo de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cigana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigana lingvo">cigana lingvo</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisa lingvo">frisa lingvo</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul> <li>Kontinent-okcidentĝermanaj lingvoj <ul> <li>vivaj "grandaj lingvoj" (oficialaj ĉefaj lingvoj en almenaŭ unu ŝtato) <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">germana lingvo</a> (la "altgermana")</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederlanda_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederlanda lingvo">nederlanda lingvo</a></li> </ul></li> <li>vivaj pli etaj lingvoj (kun oficiala statuso, sed en neniu ŝtato oficiala ĉefa lingvo) <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrikansa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikansa lingvo">Afrikansa lingvo</a> (unu el la oficialaj lingvoj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sud-Afriko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sud-Afriko">Sud-Afriko</a>, oficiala malplimulta lingvo en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namibio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namibio">Namibio</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luksemburga_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luksemburga lingvo">luksemburga lingvo</a> ("Lëtzebuergesch ", oficiala lingvo en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luksemburgo_(lando)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luksemburgo (lando)">Luksemburgo</a>, krom la franca kaj germana)</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jida_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jida lingvo">jida lingvo</a> (oficiala malplimulta lingvo en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israelo">Israelo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svedio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svedio">Svedio</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moldavio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moldavio">Moldavio</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birobi%C4%9Dano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birobiĝano">Birobiĝano</a> kaj la cetera <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrea_A%C5%ADtonomio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrea Aŭtonomio">hebrea aŭtonomia provinco</a> de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusio">Rusio</a>)</li> </ul></li> <li>lingvovariaĵoj formortintaj dum la frua <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezepoko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezepoko">mezepoko</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malnovaltgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malnovaltgermana lingvo">malnovaltgermana lingvo</a> † <ul> <li>malnovsuprafranka lingvo †</li> <li>malnovmezfranka lingvo †</li> <li>malnovsudrejnfranka lingvo †</li> <li>malnovbavara lingvo †</li> <li>malnovalemana lingvo †</li> </ul></li> <li>malnovsaksa lingvo †</li> <li>malnovmalaltfranka (malnovnederlanda) lingvo †</li> <li>okcidentfranka lingvo (en la okcidento de la franka regno) †</li> <li>lombarda lingvo †</li> </ul></li> <li>lingvovariaĵoj formortintaj dum la alta <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezepoko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezepoko">mezepoko</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Meznederlanda_lingvo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Meznederlanda lingvo (paĝo ne ekzistas)">meznederlanda lingvo</a> †</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezmalaltgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezmalaltgermana lingvo">mezmalaltgermana lingvo</a> †</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezaltgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezaltgermana lingvo">mezaltgermana lingvo</a> † <ul> <li>supragermana mezaltgermana lingvo † <ul> <li>bavara mezaltgermana lingvo †</li> <li>alemana mezaltgermana lingvo †</li> <li>orientfranka mezaltgermana lingvo †</li> <li>sudrejnfranka mezaltgermana lingvo †</li> </ul></li> <li>mezgermania mezaltgermana lingvo † <ul> <li>okcidentmezgermania mezaltgermana lingvo (mezfranka, rejnfranka) †</li> <li>orientmezgermania mezaltgermana lingvo (turingia, suprasaksa*, silezia*, altprusa*) †</li> </ul></li> <li>: (*) <i>Tiuj tri orientmezgermanaj regionoj nur dum la alta mezepoko per germanlingvanoj koloniiĝis kaj la lingvovariaĵoj do nur kreiĝis dum la epoko de la mezaltgermana lingvo</i>.</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li>lingvovariaĵoj formortintaj post la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezepoko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezepoko">mezepoko</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fru-nova_altgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fru-nova altgermana lingvo">fru-nova altgermana lingvo</a> †</li> <li>supragermana skriblingvo †</li> </ul></li> <li>Ekzemploj por ne plene ĉiunivele uzataj vivaj okcidentĝermanaj lingvovariaĵoj <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platgermana lingvo">platgermana lingvo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svisgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svisgermana lingvo">svisgermana lingvo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemana lingvo">alemana lingvo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavara_dialektaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavara dialektaro">bavara dialektaro</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antverpena_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antverpena lingvo">antverpena lingvo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brabanta_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brabanta lingvo">brabanta lingvo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brusela_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brusela lingvo">brusela lingvo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flandra_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flandra lingvo">flandra lingvo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limburga_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limburga lingvo">limburga lingvo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezfranka_dialektaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezfranka dialektaro">mezfranka dialektaro</a>: <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ripuara_dialektaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ripuara dialektaro">ripuara dialektaro</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mozelfranka_dialektaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mozelfranka dialektaro">mozelfranka dialektaro</a> (inkluzive de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luksemburga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luksemburga">luksemburga</a>, vidu supre)</li> </ul></li> <li>cimbra dialekto ("Zimbrisch", en norda Italio)</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pensilvangermana_dialekto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensilvangermana dialekto">pensilvangermana dialekto</a> ("Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch")</li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huterita_dialekto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huterita dialekto">huterita dialekto</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koloni-alemana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koloni-alemana lingvo">Koloni-alemana lingvo</a> ("Alemán Coloniero")</li> <li>lorena germana ("Lothringisch")</li> <li>"Jenisch" (cigana ĝermana dialekto)</li> <li>transsilvania germana ("Siebenbürger Sächsisch")</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Fontoj">Fontoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Fontoj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="reflist references-small" style="padding-right: 6px;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kufner-1"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kufner_1-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Herbert L. Kufner, The grouping and separation of the Germanic languages; en: Frans van Coetsem kaj Herbert L. Kufner, Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic, Tübingen 1972, Max Niemeyer Verlag, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/3484101601?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-484-10160-1</a>; p. 94</span></li> </ol> </div> <ul> <li>Maurer, Friedrich: <i>Nordgermanen und Alemannen - Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde</i> – tria, prilaborita kaj pliampleksigita eldono - Berno: eldonejo Francke, 1952, 187 paĝoj (Bibliotheca Germanica, 3)</li> <li>Wiesinger, Peter: <i>Schreibung und Aussprache im älteren Frühneuhochdeutschen: zum Verhältnis von Graphem - Phonem - Phon am bairisch-österreichischen Beispiel von Andreas Kurzmann um 1400</i>. Berlino, Novjorko: eldonejo de Gruyter, 1996, 265 S. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/3110137275?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-013727-5</a> (Studia linguistica Germanica, 42); rete legebla per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.google.com/books?id%3DE8c9QIYV69wC%26pg%3DPA21%26vq%3Dbairisch%26dq%3Dbairisch%2Bmittelhochdeutsch%26hl%3Dde%26sig%3DnVZNyM4AYQgPYydpNazJ">ofv0gg Google Books</a></li> <li>Euler, Wolfram: <i>Die Herausbildung von Übergangsdialekten und Sprachgrenzen - Überlegungen am Beispiel des Westgermanischen und Nordischen</i>. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, Abteilung Sprachwissenschaft, 2002. 57 paĝoj, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/385124687X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-85124-687-X</a></li> <li>Schmidt, Wilhelm: <i>Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, Ein Lehrbuch für das germanistische Studium</i>, 10-a eldono, p. 489, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel Verlag (2007) <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/3777614327?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7776-1432-7</a></li> <li>König Werner, <i>dtv-Atlas Deutsche Sprache</i>, 14-a eldono, München: dtv (2004), baze de la 1-a eldono de 1978, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/3423030259?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-423-03025-9</a></li> <li>Sonderegger, Stefan: <i>Althochdeutsche lingvo kaj Literatur - eine Einführung in la älteste germane</i>; Darstellung kaj Grammatik. 3-a trarigardita kaj esence pliampleksigita eldono, - Berlin (kaj aliaj urboj): de Gruyter, 2003, 390 pagoj, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/3110172887?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-017288-7</a></li> <li>Niebaum, Hermann: <i>Einführung in die Dialektologie des Deutschen</i> / Hermann Niebaum; Jürgen Macha. – 2-a prilaborita eldono - Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2006. - XVII, 256 pagoj, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/9783484260375?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-484-26037-5</a> (Germanistische Arbeitshefte, 37)</li> <li>Weddige, Hilkert: Mittelhochdeutsch - eine Einführung. 6-a eldono- Munkeno: eldonejo Beck, 2004. - XII, 210 pagoj, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/3406457444?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-45744-4</a></li> <li>Edwards, Cyril: <i>The beginnings of German literature - comparative and interdisciplinary approaches to Old High German</i> – 1-a eldono - Rochester, Novjorkio: eldonejo Camden House, 2002 - XVIII, 197 pagoj, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/157113235X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-57113-235-X</a>. - (Studies in German literature, linguistics and culture)</li> </ul> <div class="noprint" id="aliaj_projektoj" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 250px; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 4px; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9;"> <ul class="noarchive"> <li class="commons"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Germanic_languages?uselang%3Deo">Kategorio Okcidentĝermana lingvaro en la <span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a> (Multrimedaj datumoj)</span></li> <li class="source"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikisource.org/wiki/Kategorio:Okcident%25C4%259Dermana_lingvaro" class="extiw" title="s:Kategorio:Okcidentĝermana lingvaro">Okcidentĝermana lingvaro en <span>Vikifontaro</span></a> (Universala biblioteko)</li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Elŝutita el "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DOkcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro%26oldid%3D8931323">https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okcidentĝermana_lingvaro&oldid=8931323</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Sj1mor" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732448596"> <span>Laste redaktita je 24 nov. 2024, 11:43</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Lingvoj</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Germaanse_tale" title="Wes-Germaanse tale — afrikansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wes-Germaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanische_Sprachen" title="Westgermanische Sprachen — svisgermana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Westgermanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svisgermana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258B%25A8%25E1%2588%259D%25E1%258B%2595%25E1%2588%25AB%25E1%2589%25A5-%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2593%25E1%258B%258A_%25E1%2589%258B%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%2589%258B%25E1%258B%258E%25E1%2589%25BD_%25E1%2589%25A4%25E1%2589%25B0%25E1%2588%25A0%25E1%2589%25A5" title="የምዕራብ-ጀርመናዊ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ — amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የምዕራብ-ጀርመናዊ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_chermanicas_occidentals" title="Luengas chermanicas occidentals — aragona" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas chermanicas occidentals" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanisca_spr%25C3%25A6ca" title="Westgermanisca spræca — Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Westgermanisca spræca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="لغات جرمانية غربية — araba" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات جرمانية غربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%25C3%25BCes_xerm%25C3%25A1niques_occidentales" title="Llingües xermániques occidentales — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües xermániques occidentales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C_%25DA%2598%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="باتی ژرمن دیللری — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتی ژرمن دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanische_Sprochn" title="Westgermanische Sprochn — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Westgermanische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Sulnopan_na_Alemaniko" title="Tataramon na Sulnopan na Alemaniko — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Sulnopan na Alemaniko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B" title="Заходнегерманскія мовы — belorusa" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходнегерманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belorusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B" title="Заходнегерманскія мовы — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заходнегерманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Западногермански езици — bulgara" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западногермански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259B%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="पच्छिमी जर्मनिक भाषा — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पच्छिमी जर्मनिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AE_%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC_%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%25B9" title="পশ্চিম জার্মানীয় ভাষাসমূহ — bengala" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিম জার্মানীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%25C3%25BCes_germ%25C3%25A0niques_occidentals" title="Llengües germàniques occidentals — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües germàniques occidentals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%25C3%25A1padogerm%25C3%25A1nsk%25C3%25A9_jazyky" title="Západogermánské jazyky — ĉeĥa" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západogermánské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ĉeĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanische_Sprachen" title="Westgermanische Sprachen — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westgermanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B3dwjacornogermaniske_r%25C4%259Bcy" title="Pódwjacornogermaniske rěcy — malsuprasoraba" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódwjacornogermaniske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="malsuprasoraba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AD%25CF%2582_%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AD%25CF%2582_%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BB%25CF%258E%25CF%2583%25CF%2583%25CE%25B5%25CF%2582" title="Δυτικές γερμανικές γλώσσες — greka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτικές γερμανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="West Germanic languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_germ%25C3%25A1nicas_occidentales" title="Lenguas germánicas occidentales — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas germánicas occidentales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A4%25C3%25A4negermaani_keeled" title="Läänegermaani keeled — estona" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Läänegermaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_germaniar_hizkuntzak" title="Mendebaldeko germaniar hizkuntzak — eŭska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko germaniar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="eŭska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C_%25DA%2598%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C" title="زبان‌های ژرمنی غربی — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ژرمنی غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A4nsigermaaniset_kielet" title="Länsigermaaniset kielet — finna" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsigermaaniset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesturgermansk_m%25C3%25A1l" title="Vesturgermansk mál — feroa" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vesturgermansk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales" title="Langues germaniques occidentales — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues germaniques occidentales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waastgermaans_spriaken" title="Waastgermaans spriaken — nord-frisa" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Waastgermaans spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nord-frisa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermaanske_talen" title="Westgermaanske talen — okcident-frisa" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Westgermaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="okcident-frisa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_xerm%25C3%25A1nicas_occidentais" title="Linguas xermánicas occidentais — galega" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas xermánicas occidentais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%259E%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%259E%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA" title="שפות גרמאניות מערביות — hebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות גרמאניות מערביות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadnogermanski_jezici" title="Zapadnogermanski jezici — kroata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadnogermanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadogermanske_r%25C4%259B%25C4%258De" title="Zapadogermanske rěče — suprasoraba" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zapadogermanske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="suprasoraba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugati_germ%25C3%25A1n_nyelvek" title="Nyugati germán nyelvek — hungara" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugati germán nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B1%25D6%2580%25D6%2587%25D5%25B4%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A5%25D5%25A6%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Արևմտագերմանական լեզուներ — armena" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտագերմանական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Jermanik_Barat" title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Barat — indonezia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westala_Germana" title="Westala Germana — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Westala Germana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesturgerm%25C3%25B6nsk_tungum%25C3%25A1l" title="Vesturgermönsk tungumál — islanda" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vesturgermönsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_germaniche_occidentali" title="Lingue germaniche occidentali — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue germaniche occidentali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E3%2582%25B2%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2583%25B3%25E8%25AA%259E%25E7%25BE%25A4" title="西ゲルマン語群 — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西ゲルマン語群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Joermanik_languij" title="Wes Joermanik languij — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wes Joermanik languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_ti%25C7%25A7ermanin_tutrimin" title="Tutlayin tiǧermanin tutrimin — kabila" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayin tiǧermanin tutrimin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2584%259C%25EA%25B2%258C%25EB%25A5%25B4%25EB%25A7%258C%25EC%2596%25B4%25EA%25B5%25B0" title="서게르만어군 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서게르만어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Germanicae_occidentales" title="Linguae Germanicae occidentales — latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Germanicae occidentales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Germaanse_taole" title="Wes-Germaanse taole — limburga" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wes-Germaanse taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujenedes_germaniches_uzidenteles" title="Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%25C5%25B3_german%25C5%25B3_kalbos" title="Vakarų germanų kalbos — litova" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų germanų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietum%25C4%25A3erm%25C4%2581%25C5%2586u_valodas" title="Rietumģermāņu valodas — latva" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumģermāņu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Западногермански јазици — makedona" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западногермански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Jermanik_Barat" title="Bahasa-bahasa Jermanik Barat — malaja" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Jermanik Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermaansche_Spraken" title="Westgermaansche Spraken — platgermana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Westgermaansche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="platgermana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germoanse_toalen" title="West-Germoanse toalen — Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="West-Germoanse toalen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germaanse_talen" title="West-Germaanse talen — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="West-Germaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestgermanske_spr%25C3%25A5k" title="Vestgermanske språk — novnorvega" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vestgermanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novnorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestgermanske_spr%25C3%25A5k" title="Vestgermanske språk — dannorvega" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vestgermanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="dannorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_germanicas_occidentalas" title="Lengas germanicas occidentalas — okcitana" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas germanicas occidentalas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenganan_west_german" title="Lenganan west german — Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lenganan west german" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C4%2599zyki_zachodniogerma%25C5%2584skie" title="Języki zachodniogermańskie — pola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki zachodniogermańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="لیندی جرمن بولی — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیندی جرمن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25ADnguas_germ%25C3%25A2nicas_ocidentais" title="Línguas germânicas ocidentais — portugala" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas germânicas ocidentais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_germanice_de_vest" title="Limbi germanice de vest — rumana" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi germanice de vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Западногерманские языки — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западногерманские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wast_Germanic_leids" title="Wast Germanic leids — skota" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wast Germanic leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skota" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="West Germanic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%25C3%25A1padogerm%25C3%25A1nske_jazyky" title="Západogermánske jazyky — slovaka" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západogermánske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%25C3%25ABt_perendimore_gjermanike" title="Gjuhët perendimore gjermanike — albana" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët perendimore gjermanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Западногермански језици — serba" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западногермански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%25C3%25A4%25C3%25A4stgermaniske_Sproaken" title="Wäästgermaniske Sproaken — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wäästgermaniske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%2581" title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิกตะวันตก — taja" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิกตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%25C4%25B1_Cermen_dilleri" title="Batı Cermen dilleri — turka" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Cermen dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8" title="Західногерманські мови — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західногерманські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DA%25BA" title="مغربی جرمن زبانیں — urduo" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی جرمن زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urduo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%25C3%25B3m_ng%25C3%25B4n_ng%25E1%25BB%25AF_German_ph%25C3%25ADa_T%25C3%25A2y" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ German phía Tây — vjetnama" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ German phía Tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germoans" title="West-Germoans — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="West-Germoans" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E6%2597%25A5%25E8%2580%25B3%25E6%259B%25BC%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%2594%25AF" title="西日耳曼语支 — vua" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西日耳曼语支" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2580w%25E1%25BB%258Dn_%25C3%25A8d%25C3%25A8_%25C3%258Cw%25E1%25BB%258D%25CC%2580or%25C3%25B9n_J%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581m%25C3%25A1n%25C3%25ACk%25C3%25AC" title="Àwọn èdè Ìwọ̀orùn Jẹ́mánìkì — joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn èdè Ìwọ̀orùn Jẹ́mánìkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E6%2597%25A5%25E8%2580%25B3%25E6%259B%25BC%25E8%25AA%259E%25E6%2594%25AF" title="西日耳曼語支 — ĉina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西日耳曼語支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ĉina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_German_g%25C3%25AD-chi" title="Sai German gí-chi — Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sai German gí-chi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E6%2597%25A5%25E8%2580%25B3%25E6%259B%25BC%25E8%25AA%259E%25E6%2594%25AF" title="西日耳曼語支 — kantona" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西日耳曼語支" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-eo.svg" alt="Vikipedio" width="110" height="18" 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