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Search results for: discrete filter
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text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: discrete filter</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1485</span> A Particle Filter-Based Data Assimilation Method for Discrete Event Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhi%20Zhu">Zhi Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boquan%20Zhang"> Boquan Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tian%20Jing"> Tian Jing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingjing%20Li"> Jingjing Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tao%20Wang"> Tao Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Data assimilation is a model and data hybrid-driven method that dynamically fuses new observation data with a numerical model to iteratively approach the real system state. It is widely used in state prediction and parameter inference of continuous systems. Because of the discrete event system鈥檚 non-linearity and non-Gaussianity, traditional Kalman Filter based on linear and Gaussian assumptions cannot perform data assimilation for such systems, so particle filter has gradually become a technical approach for discrete event simulation data assimilation. Hence, we proposed a particle filter-based discrete event simulation data assimilation method and took the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) maintenance service system as a proof of concept to conduct simulation experiments. The experimental results showed that the filtered state data is closer to the real state of the system, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. This research can provide a reference framework for the data assimilation process of other complex nonlinear systems, such as discrete-time and agent simulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20event%20simulation" title="discrete event simulation">discrete event simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20assimilation" title=" data assimilation"> data assimilation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20filter" title=" particle filter"> particle filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20and%20data-driven" title=" model and data-driven"> model and data-driven</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192559/a-particle-filter-based-data-assimilation-method-for-discrete-event-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192559.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">13</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1484</span> Kalman Filter Gain Elimination in Linear Estimation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicholas%20D.%20Assimakis">Nicholas D. Assimakis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In linear estimation, the traditional Kalman filter uses the Kalman filter gain in order to produce estimation and prediction of the n-dimensional state vector using the m-dimensional measurement vector. The computation of the Kalman filter gain requires the inversion of an m x m matrix in every iteration. In this paper, a variation of the Kalman filter eliminating the Kalman filter gain is proposed. In the time varying case, the elimination of the Kalman filter gain requires the inversion of an n x n matrix and the inversion of an m x m matrix in every iteration. In the time invariant case, the elimination of the Kalman filter gain requires the inversion of an n x n matrix in every iteration. The proposed Kalman filter gain elimination algorithm may be faster than the conventional Kalman filter, depending on the model dimensions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20time" title="discrete time">discrete time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=estimation" title=" estimation"> estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalman%20filter" title=" Kalman filter"> Kalman filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalman%20filter%20gain" title=" Kalman filter gain"> Kalman filter gain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123040/kalman-filter-gain-elimination-in-linear-estimation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123040.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1483</span> 2.5D Face Recognition Using Gabor Discrete Cosine Transform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Cheraghian">Ali Cheraghian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farshid%20Hajati"> Farshid Hajati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soheila%20Gheisari"> Soheila Gheisari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongsheng%20Gao"> Yongsheng Gao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present a novel 2.5D face recognition method based on Gabor Discrete Cosine Transform (GDCT). In the proposed method, the Gabor filter is applied to extract feature vectors from the texture and the depth information. Then, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is used for dimensionality and redundancy reduction to improve computational efficiency. The system is combined texture and depth information in the decision level, which presents higher performance compared to methods, which use texture and depth information, separately. The proposed algorithm is examined on publically available Bosphorus database including models with pose variation. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a higher performance compared to the benchmark. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabor%20filter" title="Gabor filter">Gabor filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20cosine%20transform" title=" discrete cosine transform"> discrete cosine transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2.5d%20face%20recognition" title=" 2.5d face recognition"> 2.5d face recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pose" title=" pose"> pose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37341/25d-face-recognition-using-gabor-discrete-cosine-transform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37341.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1482</span> Critically Sampled Hybrid Trigonometry Generalized Discrete Fourier Transform for Multistandard Receiver Platform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Temidayo%20Otunniyi">Temidayo Otunniyi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a low computational channelization algorithm for the multi-standards platform using poly phase implementation of a critically sampled hybrid Trigonometry generalized Discrete Fourier Transform, (HGDFT). An HGDFT channelization algorithm exploits the orthogonality of two trigonometry Fourier functions, together with the properties of Quadrature Mirror Filter Bank (QMFB) and Exponential Modulated filter Bank (EMFB), respectively. HGDFT shows improvement in its implementation in terms of high reconfigurability, lower filter length, parallelism, and medium computational activities. Type 1 and type 111 poly phase structures are derived for real-valued HGDFT modulation. The design specifications are decimated critically and over-sampled for both single and multi standards receiver platforms. Evaluating the performance of oversampled single standard receiver channels, the HGDFT algorithm achieved 40% complexity reduction, compared to 34% and 38% reduction in the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and tree quadrature mirror filter (TQMF) algorithm. The parallel generalized discrete Fourier transform (PGDFT) and recombined generalized discrete Fourier transform (RGDFT) had 41% complexity reduction and HGDFT had a 46% reduction in oversampling multi-standards mode. While in the critically sampled multi-standard receiver channels, HGDFT had complexity reduction of 70% while both PGDFT and RGDFT had a 34% reduction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20defined%20radio" title="software defined radio">software defined radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=channelization" title=" channelization"> channelization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20sample%20rate" title=" critical sample rate"> critical sample rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=over-sample%20rate" title=" over-sample rate"> over-sample rate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154901/critically-sampled-hybrid-trigonometry-generalized-discrete-fourier-transform-for-multistandard-receiver-platform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154901.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1481</span> Robust and Transparent Spread Spectrum Audio Watermarking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Akbar%20Attari">Ali Akbar Attari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Asghar%20Beheshti%20Shirazi"> Ali Asghar Beheshti Shirazi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a blind and robust audio watermarking scheme based on spread spectrum in Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) domain. Watermarks are embedded in the low-frequency coefficients, which is less audible. The key idea is dividing the audio signal into small frames, and magnitude of the 6<sup>th</sup> level of DWT approximation coefficients is modifying based upon the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technique. Also, the psychoacoustic model for enhancing in imperceptibility, as well as Savitsky-Golay filter for increasing accuracy in extraction, is used. The experimental results illustrate high robustness against most common attacks, i.e. Gaussian noise addition, Low pass filter, Resampling, Requantizing, MP3 compression, without significant perceptual distortion (ODG is higher than -1). The proposed scheme has about 83 bps data payload. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=audio%20watermarking" title="audio watermarking">audio watermarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spread%20spectrum" title=" spread spectrum"> spread spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20wavelet%20transform" title=" discrete wavelet transform"> discrete wavelet transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychoacoustic" title=" psychoacoustic"> psychoacoustic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Savitsky-Golay%20filter" title=" Savitsky-Golay filter"> Savitsky-Golay filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86040/robust-and-transparent-spread-spectrum-audio-watermarking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86040.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1480</span> OFDM Radar for High Accuracy Target Tracking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahbube%20Eghtesad">Mahbube Eghtesad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For a number of years, the problem of simultaneous detection and tracking of a target has been one of the most relevant and challenging issues in a wide variety of military and civilian systems. We develop methods for detecting and tracking a target using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based radar. As a preliminary step we introduce the target trajectory and Gaussian noise model in discrete time form. Then resorting to match filter and Kalman filter we derive a detector and target tracker. After that we propose an OFDM radar in order to achieve further improvement in tracking performance. The motivation for employing multiple frequencies is that the different scattering centers of a target resonate differently at each frequency. Numerical examples illustrate our analytical results, demonstrating the achieved performance improvement due to the OFDM signaling method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matched%20filter" title="matched filter">matched filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=target%20trashing" title=" target trashing"> target trashing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OFDM%20radar" title=" OFDM radar"> OFDM radar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalman%20filter" title=" Kalman filter"> Kalman filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8926/ofdm-radar-for-high-accuracy-target-tracking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">398</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1479</span> Gaussian Particle Flow Bernoulli Filter for Single Target Tracking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyeongbok%20Kim">Hyeongbok Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lingling%20Zhao"> Lingling Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaohong%20Su"> Xiaohong Su</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junjie%20Wang"> Junjie Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Bernoulli filter is a precise Bayesian filter for single target tracking based on the random finite set theory. The standard Bernoulli filter often underestimates the number of targets. This study proposes a Gaussian particle flow (GPF) Bernoulli filter employing particle flow to migrate particles from prior to posterior positions to improve the performance of the standard Bernoulli filter. By employing the particle flow filter, the computational speed of the Bernoulli filters is significantly improved. In addition, the GPF Bernoulli filter provides a more accurate estimation compared with that of the standard Bernoulli filter. Simulation results confirm the improved tracking performance and computational speed in two- and three-dimensional scenarios compared with other algorithms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernoulli%20filter" title="Bernoulli filter">Bernoulli filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20filter" title=" particle filter"> particle filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20flow%20filter" title=" particle flow filter"> particle flow filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20finite%20sets" title=" random finite sets"> random finite sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=target%20tracking" title=" target tracking"> target tracking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162210/gaussian-particle-flow-bernoulli-filter-for-single-target-tracking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162210.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1478</span> Design of Enhanced Adaptive Filter for Integrated Navigation System of FOG-SINS and Star Tracker</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nassim%20Bessaad">Nassim Bessaad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qilian%20Bao"> Qilian Bao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhao%20Jiangkang"> Zhao Jiangkang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fiber optics gyroscope in the strap-down inertial navigation system (FOG-SINS) suffers from precision degradation due to the influence of random errors. In this work, an enhanced Allan variance (AV) stochastic modeling method combined with discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for signal denoising is implemented to estimate the random process in the FOG signal. Furthermore, we devise a measurement-based iterative adaptive Sage-Husa nonlinear filter with augmented states to integrate a star tracker sensor with SINS. The proposed filter adapts the measurement noise covariance matrix based on the available data. Moreover, the enhanced stochastic modeling scheme is invested in tuning the process noise covariance matrix and the augmented state Gauss-Markov process parameters. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed filter is investigated by employing the collected data in laboratory conditions. The result shows the filter's improved accuracy in comparison with the conventional Kalman filter (CKF). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inertial%20navigation" title="inertial navigation">inertial navigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20filtering" title=" adaptive filtering"> adaptive filtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=star%20tracker" title=" star tracker"> star tracker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FOG" title=" FOG"> FOG</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145618/design-of-enhanced-adaptive-filter-for-integrated-navigation-system-of-fog-sins-and-star-tracker" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145618.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1477</span> Spectral Efficiency Improvement in 5G Systems by Polyphase Decomposition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wilson%20Enr%C3%ADquez">Wilson Enr铆quez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Cardenas"> Daniel Cardenas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article proposes a filter bank format combined with the mathematical tool called polyphase decomposition and the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) with the purpose of improving the performance of the fifth-generation communication systems (5G). We started with a review of the literature and the study of the filter bank theory and its combination with DFT in order to improve the performance of wireless communications since it reduces the computational complexity of these communication systems. With the proposed technique, several experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the structures in 5G systems. Finally, the results are presented in graphical form in terms of bit error rate against the ratio bit energy/noise power spectral density (BER vs. Eb / No). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-carrier%20system%20%285G%29" title="multi-carrier system (5G)">multi-carrier system (5G)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter%20bank" title=" filter bank"> filter bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyphase%20decomposition" title=" polyphase decomposition"> polyphase decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FIR%20equalizer" title=" FIR equalizer"> FIR equalizer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142477/spectral-efficiency-improvement-in-5g-systems-by-polyphase-decomposition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142477.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1476</span> Operation Parameters of Vacuum Cleaned Filters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wilhelm%20Hoeflinger">Wilhelm Hoeflinger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Laminger"> Thomas Laminger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johannes%20Wolfslehner"> Johannes Wolfslehner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For vacuum cleaned dust filters, used e. g. in textile industry, there exist no calculation methods to determine design parameters (e. g. traverse speed of the nozzle, filter area...). In this work a method to calculate the optimum traverse speed of the nozzle of an industrial-size flat dust filter at a given mean pressure drop and filter face velocity was elaborated. Well-known equations for the design of a cleanable multi-chamber bag-house-filter were modified in order to take into account a continuously regeneration of a dust filter by a nozzle. Thereby, the specific filter medium resistance and the specific cake resistance values are needed which can be derived from filter tests under constant operation conditions. A lab-scale filter test rig was used to derive the specific filter media resistance value and the specific cake resistance value for vacuum cleaned filter operation. Three different filter media were tested and the determined parameters were compared to each other. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20of%20dust%20filter" title="design of dust filter">design of dust filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dust%20removing" title=" dust removing"> dust removing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter%20regeneration" title=" filter regeneration"> filter regeneration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operation%20parameters" title=" operation parameters"> operation parameters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2536/operation-parameters-of-vacuum-cleaned-filters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2536.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1475</span> Compact Microstrip Ultra-Wideband Bandstop Filter With Quasi-Elliptic Function Response</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20Shaman">Hussein Shaman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faris%20Almansour"> Faris Almansour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes a modified optimum bandstop filter with ultra-wideband stopband. The filter consists of three shunt open-circuited stubs and two non-redundant unit elements. The proposed bandstop filter is designed with unequal electrical lengths of the open-circuited stubs at the mid-stopband. Therefore, the filter can exhibit a quasi-elliptic function response that improves the selectivity and enhances the rejection bandwidth. The filter is designed to exhibit a fractional bandwidth of about 114% at a mid-stopband frequency of 3.0 GHz. The filter is successfully realized in theory, simulated, fabricated and measured. An excellent agreement is obtained between calculated, simulated and measured. The fabricated filter has a compact size with a low insertion loss in the passbands, high selectivity and good attenuation level inside the desired stopband <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstrip%20filter" title="microstrip filter">microstrip filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bandstop%20filter" title=" bandstop filter"> bandstop filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UWB%20filter" title=" UWB filter"> UWB filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission%20line%20filter" title=" transmission line filter"> transmission line filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151305/compact-microstrip-ultra-wideband-bandstop-filter-with-quasi-elliptic-function-response" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151305.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1474</span> Optimization of Fourth Order Discrete-Approximation Inclusions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elimhan%20N.%20Mahmudov">Elimhan N. Mahmudov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper concerns the necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for Cauchy problem of fourth order discrete (PD) and discrete-approximate (PDA) inclusions. The main problem is formulation of the fourth order adjoint discrete and discrete-approximate inclusions and transversality conditions, which are peculiar to problems including fourth order derivatives and approximate derivatives. Thus the necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality are obtained incorporating the Euler-Lagrange and Hamiltonian forms of inclusions. Derivation of optimality conditions are based on the apparatus of locally adjoint mapping (LAM). Moreover in the application of these results we consider the fourth order linear discrete and discrete-approximate inclusions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=difference" title="difference">difference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fourth" title=" fourth"> fourth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=approximation" title=" approximation"> approximation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transversality" title=" transversality"> transversality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25199/optimization-of-fourth-order-discrete-approximation-inclusions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1473</span> A Finite Memory Residual Generation Filter for Fault Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pyung%20Soo%20Kim">Pyung Soo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eung%20Hyuk%20Lee"> Eung Hyuk Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mun%20Suck%20Jang"> Mun Suck Jang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the current paper, a residual generation filter with finite memory structure is proposed for fault detection. The proposed finite memory residual generation filter provides the residual by real-time filtering of fault vector using only the most recent finite observations and inputs on the window. It is shown that the residual given by the proposed residual generation filter provides the exact fault for noise-free systems. Finally, to illustrate the capability of the proposed residual generation filter, numerical examples are performed for the discretized DC motor system having the multiple sensor faults. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20generation%20filter" title="residual generation filter">residual generation filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20memory%20structure" title=" finite memory structure"> finite memory structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kalman%20filter" title=" kalman filter"> kalman filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20detection" title=" fast detection"> fast detection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35140/a-finite-memory-residual-generation-filter-for-fault-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">698</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1472</span> Study on Filter for Semiconductor of Minimizing Damage by X-Ray Laminography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chan%20Jong%20Park">Chan Jong Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hye%20Min%20Park"> Hye Min Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeong%20Ho%20Kim"> Jeong Ho Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ki%20Hyun%20Park"> Ki Hyun Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koan%20Sik%20Joo"> Koan Sik Joo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research used the MCNPX simulation program to evaluate the utility of a filter that was developed to minimize the damage to a semiconductor device during defect testing with X-ray. The X-ray generator was designed using the MCNPX code, and the X-ray absorption spectrum of the semiconductor device was obtained based on the designed X-ray generator code. To evaluate the utility of the filter, the X-ray absorption rates of the semiconductor device were calculated and compared for Ag, Rh, Mo and V filters with thicknesses of 25渭m, 50渭m, and 75渭m. The results showed that the X-ray absorption rate varied with the type and thickness of the filter, ranging from 8.74% to 49.28%. The Rh filter showed the highest X-ray absorption rates of 29.8%, 15.18% and 8.74% for the above-mentioned filter thicknesses. As shown above, the characteristics of the X-ray absorption with respect to the type and thickness of the filter were identified using MCNPX simulation. With these results, both time and expense could be saved in the production of the desired filter. In the future, this filter will be produced, and its performance will be evaluated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MCNPX" title=" MCNPX"> MCNPX</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter" title=" filter"> filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductor" title=" semiconductor"> semiconductor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage" title=" damage"> damage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53350/study-on-filter-for-semiconductor-of-minimizing-damage-by-x-ray-laminography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53350.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1471</span> A Packet Loss Probability Estimation Filter Using Most Recent Finite Traffic Measurements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pyung%20Soo%20Kim">Pyung Soo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eung%20Hyuk%20Lee"> Eung Hyuk Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mun%20Suck%20Jang"> Mun Suck Jang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A packet loss probability (PLP) estimation filter with finite memory structure is proposed to estimate the packet rate mean and variance of the input traffic process in real-time while removing undesired system and measurement noises. The proposed PLP estimation filter is developed under a weighted least square criterion using only the finite traffic measurements on the most recent window. The proposed PLP estimation filter is shown to have several inherent properties such as unbiasedness, deadbeat, robustness. A guideline for choosing appropriate window length is described since it can affect significantly the estimation performance. Using computer simulations, the proposed PLP estimation filter is shown to be superior to the Kalman filter for the temporarily uncertain system. One possible explanation for this is that the proposed PLP estimation filter can have greater convergence time of a filtered estimate as the window length M decreases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=packet%20loss%20probability%20estimation" title="packet loss probability estimation">packet loss probability estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20memory%20filter" title=" finite memory filter"> finite memory filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infinite%20memory%20filter" title=" infinite memory filter"> infinite memory filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalman%20filter" title=" Kalman filter"> Kalman filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9519/a-packet-loss-probability-estimation-filter-using-most-recent-finite-traffic-measurements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9519.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">672</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1470</span> Design Dual Band Band-Pass Filter by Using Stepped Impedance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fawzia%20Al-Sakeer">Fawzia Al-Sakeer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Aldeeb"> Hassan Aldeeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Development in the communications field is proceeding at an amazing speed, which has led researchers to improve and develop electronic circuits by increasing their efficiency and reducing their size to reduce the weight of electronic devices. One of the most important of these circuits is the band-pass filter, which is what made us carry out this research, which aims to use an alternate technology to design a dual band-pass filter by using a stepped impedance microstrip transmission line. We designed a filter that works at two center frequency bands by designing with the ADS program, and the results were excellent, as we obtained the two design frequencies, which are 1 and 3GHz, and the values of insertion loss S11, which was more than 21dB with a small area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=band%20pass%20filter" title="band pass filter">band pass filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual%20band%20band-pass%20filter" title=" dual band band-pass filter"> dual band band-pass filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ADS" title=" ADS"> ADS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstrip%20filter" title=" microstrip filter"> microstrip filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stepped%20impedance" title=" stepped impedance"> stepped impedance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177757/design-dual-band-band-pass-filter-by-using-stepped-impedance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177757.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1469</span> The Effect of Compensating Filter on Image Quality in Lateral Projection of Thoracolumbar Radiography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noor%20Arda%20Adrina%20Daud">Noor Arda Adrina Daud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Hanafi%20Ali"> Mohd Hanafi Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The compensating filter is placed between the patient and X-ray tube to compensate various density and thickness of human body. The main purpose of this project is to study the effect of compensating filter on image quality in lateral projection of thoracolumbar radiography. The study was performed by an X-ray unit where different thicknesses of aluminum were used as compensating filter. Specifically the relationship between thickness of aluminum, density and noise were evaluated. Results show different thickness of aluminum compensating filter improved the image quality of lateral projection thoracolumbar radiography. The compensating filter of 8.2 mm was considered as the optimal filter to compensate the thoracolumbar junction (T12-L1), 1 mm to compensate lumbar region and 5.9 mm to compensate thorax region. The aluminum wedge compensating filter was designed resulting in an acceptable image quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compensating%20filter" title="compensating filter">compensating filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminum" title=" aluminum"> aluminum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20quality" title=" image quality"> image quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral" title=" lateral"> lateral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thoracolumbar" title=" thoracolumbar "> thoracolumbar </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6135/the-effect-of-compensating-filter-on-image-quality-in-lateral-projection-of-thoracolumbar-radiography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">514</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1468</span> A Model Predictive Control Based Virtual Active Power Filter Using V2G Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Zolfaghari">Mahdi Zolfaghari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Hossein%20Hosseinian"> Seyed Hossein Hosseinian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Askarian%20Abyaneh"> Hossein Askarian Abyaneh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehrdad%20Abedi"> Mehrdad Abedi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a virtual active power filter (VAPF) using vehicle to grid (V2G) technology to maintain power quality requirements. The optimal discrete operation of the power converter of electric vehicle (EV) is based on recognizing desired switching states using the model predictive control (MPC) algorithm. A fast dynamic response, lower total harmonic distortion (THD) and good reference tracking performance are realized through the presented control strategy. The simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink validate the effectiveness of the scheme in improving power quality as well as good dynamic response in power transferring capability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle" title="electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20predictive%20control" title=" model predictive control"> model predictive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality" title=" power quality"> power quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V2G%20technology" title=" V2G technology"> V2G technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20active%20power%20filter" title=" virtual active power filter"> virtual active power filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70930/a-model-predictive-control-based-virtual-active-power-filter-using-v2g-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1467</span> Thermal Properties of Chitosan-Filled Empty Fruit Bunches Filter Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aziatul%20Niza%20Sadikin">Aziatul Niza Sadikin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norasikin%20Othman"> Norasikin Othman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Ghazali%20Mohd%20Nawawi"> Mohd Ghazali Mohd Nawawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umi%20Aisah%20Asli"> Umi Aisah Asli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roshafima%20Rasit%20Ali"> Roshafima Rasit Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafiziana%20Md%20Kasmani"> Rafiziana Md Kasmani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Non-woven fibrous filter media from empty fruit bunches were fabricated by using chitosan as a binder. Chitosan powder was dissolved in a 1 wt% aqueous acetic acid and 1 wt% to 4 wt% of chitosan solutions was prepared. Chitosan-filled empty fruit bunches filter media have been prepared via wet-layup method. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to study various thermal properties of the fibrous filter media. It was found that the fibrous filter media have undergone several decomposition stages over a range of temperatures as revealed by TGA thermo-grams, where the temperature for 10% weight loss for chitosan-filled EFB filter media and binder-less filter media was at 150oC and 300oC, Respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empty%20fruit%20bunches" title="empty fruit bunches">empty fruit bunches</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan" title=" chitosan"> chitosan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter%20media" title=" filter media"> filter media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20property" title=" thermal property"> thermal property</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3285/thermal-properties-of-chitosan-filled-empty-fruit-bunches-filter-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3285.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1466</span> Frequency Transformation with Pascal Matrix Equations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phuoc%20Si%20Nguyen">Phuoc Si Nguyen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Frequency transformation with Pascal matrix equations is a method for transforming an electronic filter (analogue or digital) into another filter. The technique is based on frequency transformation in the s-domain, bilinear z-transform with pre-warping frequency, inverse bilinear transformation and a very useful application of the Pascal’s triangle that simplifies computing and enables calculation by hand when transforming from one filter to another. This paper will introduce two methods to transform a filter into a digital filter: frequency transformation from the s-domain into the z-domain; and frequency transformation in the z-domain. Further, two Pascal matrix equations are derived: an analogue to digital filter Pascal matrix equation and a digital to digital filter Pascal matrix equation. These are used to design a desired digital filter from a given filter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20transformation" title="frequency transformation">frequency transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilinear%20z-transformation" title=" bilinear z-transformation"> bilinear z-transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-warping%20frequency" title=" pre-warping frequency"> pre-warping frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20filters" title=" digital filters"> digital filters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analog%20filters" title=" analog filters"> analog filters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pascal%E2%80%99s%20triangle" title=" pascal鈥檚 triangle"> pascal鈥檚 triangle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34866/frequency-transformation-with-pascal-matrix-equations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">549</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1465</span> Design of Wide-Range Variable Fractional-Delay FIR Digital Filters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jong-Jy%20Shyu">Jong-Jy Shyu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soo-Chang%20Pei"> Soo-Chang Pei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Da%20Huang"> Yun-Da Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, design of wide-range variable fractional-delay (WR-VFD) finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters is proposed. With respect to the conventional VFD filter which is designed such that its delay is adjustable within one unit, the proposed VFD FIR filter is designed such that its delay can be tunable within a wider range. By the traces of coefficients of the fractional-delay FIR filter, it is found that the conventional method of polynomial substitution for filter coefficients no longer satisfies the design demand, and the circuits perform the sinc function (sinc converter) are added to overcome this problem. In this paper, least-squares method is adopted to design WR-VFD FIR filter. Throughout this paper, several examples will be proposed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20filter" title="digital filter">digital filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FIR%20filter" title=" FIR filter"> FIR filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variable%20fractional-delay%20%28VFD%29%20filter" title=" variable fractional-delay (VFD) filter"> variable fractional-delay (VFD) filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=least-squares%20approximation" title=" least-squares approximation"> least-squares approximation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8390/design-of-wide-range-variable-fractional-delay-fir-digital-filters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8390.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1464</span> Design of Decimation Filter Using Cascade Structure for Sigma Delta ADC </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Misbahuddin%20Mahammad">Misbahuddin Mahammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Chandra%20Sekhar"> P. Chandra Sekhar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Metuku%20Shyamsunder"> Metuku Shyamsunder</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The oversampled output of a sigma-delta modulator is decimated to Nyquist sampling rate by decimation filters. The decimation filters work twofold; they decimate the sampling rate by a factor of OSR (oversampling rate) and they remove the out band quantization noise resulting in an increase in resolution. The speed, area and power consumption of oversampled converter are governed largely by decimation filters in sigma-delta A/D converters. The scope of the work is to design a decimation filter for sigma-delta ADC and simulation using MATLAB. The decimation filter structure is based on cascaded-integrated comb (CIC) filter. A second decimation filter is using CIC for large rate change and cascaded FIR filters, for small rate changes, to improve the frequency response. The proposed structure is even more hardware efficient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sigma%20delta%20modulator" title="sigma delta modulator">sigma delta modulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CIC%20filter" title=" CIC filter"> CIC filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decimation%20filter" title=" decimation filter"> decimation filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compensation%20filter" title=" compensation filter"> compensation filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise%20shaping" title=" noise shaping"> noise shaping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15366/design-of-decimation-filter-using-cascade-structure-for-sigma-delta-adc" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1463</span> Binarized-Weight Bilateral Filter for Low Computational Cost Image Smoothing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Zhang">Yu Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kohei%20Inoue"> Kohei Inoue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kiichi%20Urahama"> Kiichi Urahama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We propose a simplified bilateral filter with binarized coefficients for accelerating it. Its computational cost is further decreased by sampling pixels. This computationally low cost filter is useful for smoothing or denoising images by using mobile devices with limited computational power. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilateral%20filter" title="bilateral filter">bilateral filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binarized-weight%20bilateral%20filter" title=" binarized-weight bilateral filter"> binarized-weight bilateral filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20smoothing" title=" image smoothing"> image smoothing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20denoising" title=" image denoising"> image denoising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pixel%20sampling" title=" pixel sampling"> pixel sampling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8980/binarized-weight-bilateral-filter-for-low-computational-cost-image-smoothing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8980.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">469</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1462</span> Effect of Filter Paper Technique in Measuring Hydraulic Capacity of Unsaturated Expansive Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenechi%20Kurtis%20Onochie">Kenechi Kurtis Onochie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper shows the use of filter paper technique in the measurement of matric suction of unsaturated expansive soil around the Haspolat region of Lefkosa, North Cyprus in other to establish the soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) or soil water retention curve (SWRC). The dry filter paper approach which is standardized by ASTM, 2003, D 5298-03 in which the filter paper is initially dry was adopted. The whatman No. 42 filter paper was used in the matric suction measurement. The maximum dry density of the soil was obtained as 2.66kg/cm鲁 and the optimum moisture content as 21%. The soil was discovered to have high air entry value of 1847.46KPa indicating finer particles and 25% hydraulic capacity using filter paper technique. The filter paper technique proved to be very useful for measuring the hydraulic capacity of unsaturated expansive soil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SWCC" title="SWCC">SWCC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matric%20suction" title=" matric suction"> matric suction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter%20paper" title=" filter paper"> filter paper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expansive%20soil" title=" expansive soil"> expansive soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105060/effect-of-filter-paper-technique-in-measuring-hydraulic-capacity-of-unsaturated-expansive-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105060.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1461</span> Additive White Gaussian Noise Filtering from ECG by Wiener Filter and Median Filter: A Comparative Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Javidnia">Hossein Javidnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salehe%20Taheri"> Salehe Taheri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the recording of the heart鈥檚 electrical potential versus time. ECG signals are often contaminated with noise such as baseline wander and muscle noise. As these signals have been widely used in clinical studies to detect heart diseases, it is essential to filter these noises. In this paper we compare performance of Wiener Filtering and Median Filtering methods to filter Additive White Gaussian (AWG) noise with the determined signal to noise ratio (SNR) ranging from 3 to 5 dB applied to long-term ECG recordings samples. Root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) between the filtered ECG and original ECG was used as the filter performance indicator. Experimental results show that Wiener filter has better noise filtering performance than Median filter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ECG%20noise%20filtering" title="ECG noise filtering">ECG noise filtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wiener%20filtering" title=" Wiener filtering"> Wiener filtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=median%20filtering" title=" median filtering"> median filtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaussian%20noise" title=" Gaussian noise"> Gaussian noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filtering%20performance" title=" filtering performance"> filtering performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9623/additive-white-gaussian-noise-filtering-from-ecg-by-wiener-filter-and-median-filter-a-comparative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">529</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1460</span> FPGA Based IIR Filter Design Using MAC Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20Mehra">Rajesh Mehra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bharti%20Thakur"> Bharti Thakur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, an IIR filter has been designed and simulated on an FPGA. The implementation is based on MAC algorithm which uses multiply-and-accumulate operations IIR filter design implementation. Parallel Pipelined structure is used to implement the proposed IIR Filter taking optimal advantage of the look up table of the FPGA device. The designed filter has been synthesized on DSP slice based FPGA to perform multiplier function of MAC unit. The DSP slices are useful to enhance the speed performance. The developed IIR filter is designed and simulated with Matlab and synthesized with Xilinx Synthesis Tool (XST), and implemented on Virtex 5 and Spartan 3 ADSP FPGA devices. The IIR filter implemented on Virtex 5 FPGA can operate at an estimated frequency of 81.5 MHz as compared to 40.5 MHz in case of Spartan 3 ADSP FPGA. The Virtex 5 based implementation also consumes less slices and slice flip flops of target FPGA in comparison to Spartan 3 ADSP based implementation to provide cost effective solution for signal processing applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Butterworth%20filter" title="Butterworth filter">Butterworth filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DSP" title=" DSP"> DSP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IIR" title=" IIR"> IIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MAC" title=" MAC"> MAC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FPGA" title=" FPGA"> FPGA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41409/fpga-based-iir-filter-design-using-mac-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41409.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1459</span> Impact of Activated Carbon and Magnetic Field in Slow Sand Filter on Water Purification for Rural Dwellers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baiyeri%20R.%20M">Baiyeri R. M</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oloriegbe%20Y.%20A."> Oloriegbe Y. A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20A.%20O."> Saad A. O.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yusuf"> Yusuf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20O."> K. O.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most farmers that produce food crops in Nigeria live in rural areas where potable water is not available. The farmers in some areas have problem of water borne diseases which could affect their health and could lead to death. This study was conducted to determine the impact of incorporating Granular Activated Carbon(GAC) and Magnetic Field(MF) in Slow Sand Filter(SSF) on the purification of water for rural dwellers. The SSF was developed using PVC pipe with diameter 152.4 mm and 1100 mm long, with layers of fine sand with size 0.25 mm and 350 mm depth, followed by GAC 10 mm size and 100 mm depth, fine sand 0.25mm with 500 mm depth and gravel grain size 10-14 mm and 100 mm depth. The SSF was kept moist for 21 days for biofilm layer (schmutzdecke) to fully develop, which is essential for trapping bacteria. Two SSFs fabricated consist of SSF+GAC as Filter 1, SSF+GAC+MF as Filter 2 and Control (Raw water without passing through filter. Water samples were collected from the filter and analyzed. The flow rate of Filter was 25 litres/h Total bacteria counts(TBC) for Filter 1 and Filter 2 and control were 2.4, 4.6 and 8.1 cfu/mg, respectively. Total coliform count for Filter 1 and Filter 2 and control were 1.7, 3.0 and 6.4 cfu/100mL, respectively. The filters reduced water hardness, turbidity, lead, copper, electrical conductivity and TBC by 53.13-73.44% but increased pH from 5.8 to 7.1-7.3. SSF is recommended for water purification in the rural areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetised%20water" title="magnetised water">magnetised water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sow%20sand%20filter" title=" sow sand filter"> sow sand filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=portable%20water" title=" portable water"> portable water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbon" title=" activated carbon"> activated carbon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169477/impact-of-activated-carbon-and-magnetic-field-in-slow-sand-filter-on-water-purification-for-rural-dwellers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169477.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1458</span> Linear MIMO Model Identification Using an Extended Kalman Filter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20C.%20Best">Matthew C. Best</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Linear Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) dynamic models can be identified, with no a priori knowledge of model structure or order, using a new Generalised Identifying Filter (GIF). Based on an Extended Kalman Filter, the new filter identifies the model iteratively, in a continuous modal canonical form, using only input and output time histories. The filter鈥檚 self-propagating state error covariance matrix allows easy determination of convergence and conditioning, and by progressively increasing model order, the best fitting reduced-order model can be identified. The method is shown to be resistant to noise and can easily be extended to identification of smoothly nonlinear systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20identification" title="system identification">system identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalman%20filter" title=" Kalman filter"> Kalman filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20model" title=" linear model"> linear model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO" title=" MIMO"> MIMO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20order%20reduction" title=" model order reduction"> model order reduction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24532/linear-mimo-model-identification-using-an-extended-kalman-filter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24532.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">594</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1457</span> Bird-Adapted Filter for Avian Species and Individual Identification Systems Improvement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ladislav%20Ptacek">Ladislav Ptacek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20Vanek"> Jan Vanek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20Eisner"> Jan Eisner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandra%20Pruchova"> Alexandra Pruchova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavel%20Linhart"> Pavel Linhart</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ludek%20Muller"> Ludek Muller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dana%20Jirotkova"> Dana Jirotkova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the essential steps of avian song processing is signal filtering. Currently, the standard methods of filtering are the Mel Bank Filter or linear filter distribution. In this article, a new type of bank filter called the Bird-Adapted Filter is introduced; whereby the signal filtering is modifiable, based upon a new mathematical description of audiograms for particular bird species or order, which was named the Avian Audiogram Unified Equation. According to the method, filters may be deliberately distributed by frequency. The filters are more concentrated in bands of higher sensitivity where there is expected to be more information transmitted and vice versa. Further, it is demonstrated a comparison of various filters for automatic individual recognition of chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita). The average Equal Error Rate (EER) value for Linear bank filter was 16.23%, for Mel Bank Filter 18.71%, the Bird-Adapted Filter gave 14.29%, and Bird-Adapted Filter with 1/3 modification was 12.95%. This approach would be useful for practical use in automatic systems for avian species and individual identification. Since the Bird-Adapted Filter filtration is based on the measured audiograms of particular species or orders, selecting the distribution according to the avian vocalization provides the most precise filter distribution to date. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=avian%20audiogram" title="avian audiogram">avian audiogram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bird%20individual%20identification" title=" bird individual identification"> bird individual identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bird%20song%20processing" title=" bird song processing"> bird song processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bird%20species%20recognition" title=" bird species recognition"> bird species recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter%20bank" title=" filter bank"> filter bank</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71830/bird-adapted-filter-for-avian-species-and-individual-identification-systems-improvement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1456</span> Role of Discrete Event Simulation in the Assessment and Selection of the Potential Reconfigurable Manufacturing Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsin%20Raza">Mohsin Raza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arne%20Bilberg"> Arne Bilberg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Ditlev%20Brun%C3%B8"> Thomas Ditlev Brun酶</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ann-Louise%20Andersen"> Ann-Louise Andersen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Filip%20SK%C3%A4rin"> Filip SK盲rin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shifting from a dedicated or flexible manufacturing system to a reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS) requires a significant amount of time, money, and effort. Therefore, it is vital to verify beforehand that the potential reconfigurable solution will be able to achieve the organizational objectives. Discrete event simulation offers the opportunity of assessing several reconfigurable alternatives against the set objectives. This study signifies the importance of using discrete-event simulation as a tool to verify several reconfiguration options. Two different industrial cases have been presented in the study to elaborate on the role of discrete event simulation in the implementation methodology of RMSs. The study concluded that discrete event simulation is one of the important tools to consider in the RMS implementation methodology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconfigurable%20manufacturing%20system" title="reconfigurable manufacturing system">reconfigurable manufacturing system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20event%20simulation" title=" discrete event simulation"> discrete event simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tecnomatix%20plant%20simulation" title=" Tecnomatix plant simulation"> Tecnomatix plant simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RMS" title=" RMS"> RMS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150254/role-of-discrete-event-simulation-in-the-assessment-and-selection-of-the-potential-reconfigurable-manufacturing-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">124</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">‹</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20filter&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20filter&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20filter&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20filter&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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