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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Shock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Heat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fragmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_living_things" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_living_things"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects on living things</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_living_things-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compressed_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressed_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Compressed gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressed_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_explosive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_explosive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Low explosive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_explosive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_explosive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_explosive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>High explosive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_explosive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermobaric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermobaric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Thermobaric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermobaric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_fission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_fission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Nuclear fission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_fission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_fusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_fusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Nuclear fusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_fusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimatter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimatter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Antimatter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimatter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blast_seat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blast_seat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Blast seat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blast_seat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bomb</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom" title="Bom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C8%B3r%C3%A6g" title="Fȳræg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fȳræg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9" title="قنبلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قنبلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="বোমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бомба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бомба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(arma)" title="Bomba (arma) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bomba (arma)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бомба – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бомба" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhomba" title="Bhomba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhomba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe" title="Bombe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bombe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe" title="Bombe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bombe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomm" title="Pomm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pomm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Βόμβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόμβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(explosivo)" title="Bomba (explosivo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bomba (explosivo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombo" title="Bombo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bombo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonba_(lehergailua)" title="Bonba (lehergailua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bonba (lehergailua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8" title="بمب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بمب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe_(militaire)" title="Bombe (militaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bombe (militaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom_(wapen)" title="Bom (wapen) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bom (wapen)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buama" title="Buama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma" title="Boma – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Boma" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AD%ED%83%84" title="폭탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폭탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Ռումբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռումբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE" title="बम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombo" title="Bombo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bombo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom" title="Bom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%A6%D7%94" title="פצצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פצצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom" title="Bom – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბომბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბომბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бомба – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бомба" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomu" title="Bomu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bomu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бомба – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бомба" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%94" title="ລະເບີດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລະເບີດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumba_(ierocis)" title="Bumba (ierocis) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bumba (ierocis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бомба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бомба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baomba" title="Baomba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Baomba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="ബോംബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോംബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8" title="بامب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بامب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom" title="Bom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom" title="Bom – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bom" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8" title="မိုင်းဗုံး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုင်းဗုံး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom_(wapen)" title="Bom (wapen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bom (wapen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE" title="बम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%86%E5%BC%BE" title="爆弾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="爆弾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe" title="Bombe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bombe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe" title="Bombe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bombe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(arma)" title="Bomba (arma) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bomba (arma)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhootullaa" title="Dhootullaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhootullaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC" title="ਬੰਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੰਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb%C4%83" title="Bombă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bombă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бомба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бомба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumma" title="Bumma – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bumma" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6" title="බෝම්බ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෝම්බ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bomb" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A8" title="بۆمب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆمب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бомба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бомба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom" title="Bom – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommi" title="Pommi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pommi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bomb" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="வெடிகுண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெடிகுண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ระเบิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระเบิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Бумб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бумб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom" title="Bom – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Bom" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бомба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бомба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%81" title="گولہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گولہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom" title="Bom – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bom" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%86%E5%BD%88" title="爆彈 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="爆彈" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B8%E5%BC%B9" title="炸弹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="炸弹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A2" title="באמבע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באמבע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B8%E5%BD%88" title="炸彈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="炸彈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B8%E5%BC%B9" title="炸弹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="炸弹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bum" title="Bum – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bum" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q127197#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Explosive weapon that uses exothermic reaction</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the explosive. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bomb_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bomb (disambiguation)">Bomb (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bombing" redirects here. For artillery and aerial bombing, see <a href="/wiki/Bombardment" title="Bombardment">bombardment</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Bombing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Bombing (disambiguation)">The Bombing (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bomb" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bomb">bomb</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarlouis_Bombe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Saarlouis_Bombe.jpg/220px-Saarlouis_Bombe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Saarlouis_Bombe.jpg/330px-Saarlouis_Bombe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Saarlouis_Bombe.jpg/440px-Saarlouis_Bombe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>An iron <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenade</a> with a wooden fuse from 1580</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>bomb</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Explosive_weapon" title="Explosive weapon">explosive weapon</a> that uses the <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_process" title="Exothermic process">exothermic reaction</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">explosive material</a> to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">Detonations</a> inflict damage principally through ground- and atmosphere-transmitted <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">mechanical stress</a>, the impact and penetration of pressure-driven projectiles, pressure damage, and explosion-generated effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Milstein_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milstein_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bombs have been utilized since the 11th century starting in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>bomb</i> is not usually applied to explosive devices used for <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, although the people using the devices may sometimes refer to them as a "bomb". The military use of the term "bomb", or more specifically <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">aerial bomb</a> action, typically refers to airdropped, unpowered explosive weapons most commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval aviation</a>. Other military explosive weapons not classified as "bombs" include <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a> (used in water), or <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">unconventional warfare</a>, other names can refer to a range of offensive weaponry. For instance, in recent <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric</a> conflicts, homemade bombs called "<a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a>" (IEDs) have been employed by <a href="/wiki/Irregular_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular forces">irregular forces</a> to great effectiveness. </p><p>The word comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bombus</i></span>, which in turn comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βόμβος</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">romanized</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">bombos</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoetic</a> term meaning 'booming', 'buzzing'. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_and_dust_bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wind_and_dust_bomb.jpg/180px-Wind_and_dust_bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wind_and_dust_bomb.jpg/270px-Wind_and_dust_bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wind_and_dust_bomb.jpg/360px-Wind_and_dust_bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>A "wind-and-dust" bomb depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> book <i><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></i>. The pot contains a tube of gunpowder, and was thrown at invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham1986_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">History of gunpowder</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombs_at_Ningyuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bombs_at_Ningyuan.jpg/180px-Bombs_at_Ningyuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bombs_at_Ningyuan.jpg/270px-Bombs_at_Ningyuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bombs_at_Ningyuan.jpg/360px-Bombs_at_Ningyuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>An illustration depicting bombs thrown at Manchu assault ladders during the siege of Ningyuan, from the book <i>Thai Tsu Shih Lu Thu</i> (Veritable Records of the Great Ancestor) written in 1635. The bombs are known as "thunder crash bombs."<sup id="cite_ref-Needham1974_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham1974-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Gunpowder bombs had been mentioned since the 11th century. In 1000 AD, a soldier by the name of Tang Fu (唐福) demonstrated a design of gunpowder pots (a proto-bomb which spews fire) and gunpowder caltrops, for which he was richly rewarded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201632_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201632-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Xu Dong wrote that trebuchets used bombs that were like "flying fire", suggesting that they were incendiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986148_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986148-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the military text <i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i> of 1044, bombs such as the "ten-thousand fire flying sand magic bomb", "burning heaven fierce fire unstoppable bomb", and "thunderclap bomb" (<i>pilipao</i>) were mentioned. However these were soft-shell bombs and did not use metal casings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201616_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201616-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986169_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986169-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder date to 13th century China.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Explosive bombs were used in East Asia in 1221, by a <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen Jin</a> army against a <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Chinese Song</a> city.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term for this explosive bomb seems to have been coined the "<a href="/wiki/Thunder_crash_bomb" title="Thunder crash bomb">thunder crash bomb</a>" during a <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> (1115–1234) naval battle in 1231 against the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG/220px-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG/330px-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG/440px-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4423" data-file-height="2783" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thunder_crash_bomb" title="Thunder crash bomb">Thunder crash bombs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a> (13th century) that were excavated from a shipwreck near the <a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks" title="Liancourt Rocks">Liancourt Rocks</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>History of Jin</i> (金史) (compiled by 1345) states that in 1232, as the Mongol general <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a> (1176–1248) descended on the Jin stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, the defenders had a "<a href="/wiki/Thunder_crash_bomb" title="Thunder crash bomb">thunder crash bomb</a>" which "consisted of gunpowder put into an iron container ... then when the fuse was lit (and the projectile shot off) there was a great explosion the noise whereof was like thunder, audible for more than thirty miles, and the vegetation was scorched and blasted by the heat over an area of more than <a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement#Area" title="Chinese units of measurement">half a <i>mou</i></a>. When hit, even <a href="/wiki/Chinese_armour" title="Chinese armour">iron armour</a> was quite pierced through."<sup id="cite_ref-needham_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Song Dynasty (960–1279) official Li Zengbo wrote in 1257 that <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenals</a> should have several hundred thousand iron bomb shells available and that when he was in <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a>, about one to two thousand were produced each month for dispatch of ten to twenty thousand at a time to <a href="/wiki/Xiangyang_District,_Xiangfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangyang District, Xiangfan">Xiangyang</a> and Yingzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ming Dynasty text <i><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></i> describes the use of poisonous gunpowder bombs, including the "wind-and-dust" bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham1986_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a>, the Mongols used the explosive "thunder-crash bombs" against the Japanese. Archaeological evidence of the "thunder-crash bombs" has been discovered in an underwater shipwreck off the shore of Japan by the Kyushu Okinawa Society for Underwater Archaeology. X-rays by Japanese scientists of the excavated shells confirmed that they contained gunpowder.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shock">Shock</h2></div> <p>Explosive <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock waves</a> can cause situations such as body displacement (i.e., people being thrown through the air), <a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">dismemberment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_bleeding" title="Internal bleeding">internal bleeding</a> and ruptured <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mlstein_2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mlstein_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shock waves produced by explosive events have two distinct components, the positive and negative wave. The positive wave shoves outward from the point of detonation, followed by the trailing vacuum space "sucking back" towards the point of origin as the shock bubble collapses. The greatest defense against shock injuries is distance from the source of shock.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a point of reference, the overpressure at the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a> was estimated in the range of <span class="nowrap">28 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a>.</span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heat">Heat</h2></div> <p>A thermal wave is created by the sudden release of heat caused by an explosion. Military bomb tests have documented temperatures of up to 2,480 °C (4,500 °F). While capable of inflicting severe to catastrophic burns and causing secondary fires, thermal wave effects are considered very limited in range compared to shock and fragmentation. This rule has been challenged, however, by military development of <a href="/wiki/Thermobaric_weapon" title="Thermobaric weapon">thermobaric weapons</a>, which employ a combination of negative shock wave effects and extreme temperature to incinerate objects within the blast radius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fragmentation">Fragmentation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">Fragmentation (weaponry)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Dynasty_fragmentation_bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ming_Dynasty_fragmentation_bomb.jpg/180px-Ming_Dynasty_fragmentation_bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ming_Dynasty_fragmentation_bomb.jpg/270px-Ming_Dynasty_fragmentation_bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ming_Dynasty_fragmentation_bomb.jpg/360px-Ming_Dynasty_fragmentation_bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of a fragmentation bomb from the 14th century Ming Dynasty text <i><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></i>. The black dots represent iron pellets.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">Fragmentation</a> is produced by the acceleration of shattered pieces of bomb casing and adjacent physical objects. The use of fragmentation in bombs dates to the 14th century, and appears in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></i>. The fragmentation bombs were filled with iron pellets and pieces of broken porcelain. Once the bomb explodes, the resulting fragments are capable of piercing the skin and blinding enemy soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-nfrag_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nfrag-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While conventionally viewed as small metal shards moving at super-<a href="/wiki/Supersonic_speed" title="Supersonic speed">supersonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_speed" title="Hypersonic speed">hypersonic</a> speeds, fragmentation can occur in epic proportions and travel for extensive distances. When the SS <i>Grandcamp</i> exploded in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_City_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas City Disaster">Texas City Disaster</a> on April 16, 1947, one fragment of that blast was a two-ton anchor which was hurled nearly two miles inland to embed itself in the parking lot of the Pan American refinery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_living_things">Effects on living things</h2></div> <p>To people who are close to a blast incident, such as bomb disposal technicians, soldiers wearing body armor, deminers, or individuals wearing little to no protection, there are four types of blast effects on the human body: <a href="/wiki/Overpressure" title="Overpressure">overpressure</a> (shock), <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">fragmentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">impact</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>. Overpressure refers to the sudden and drastic rise in ambient pressure that can damage the internal organs, possibly leading to permanent damage or death. Fragmentation can also include sand, debris and vegetation from the area surrounding the blast source. This is very common in anti-personnel mine blasts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The projection of materials poses a potentially lethal threat caused by cuts in soft tissues, as well as infections, and injuries to the internal organs. When the overpressure wave impacts the body it can induce violent levels of blast-induced acceleration. Resulting injuries may range from minor to unsurvivable. Immediately following this initial acceleration, deceleration injuries can occur when a person impacts directly against a rigid surface or obstacle after being set in motion by the force of the blast. Finally, injury and fatality can result from the explosive fireball as well as incendiary agents projected onto the body. Personal protective equipment, such as a <a href="/wiki/Bombsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombsuit">bomb suit</a> or demining ensemble, as well as helmets, visors and foot protection, can dramatically reduce the four effects, depending upon the charge, proximity and other variables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipe_bomb_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pipe_bomb_01.svg/220px-Pipe_bomb_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pipe_bomb_01.svg/330px-Pipe_bomb_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pipe_bomb_01.svg/440px-Pipe_bomb_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="113" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a simple time bomb in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_bomb" title="Pipe bomb">pipe bomb</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-61_bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/B-61_bomb.jpg/220px-B-61_bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/B-61_bomb.jpg/330px-B-61_bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/B-61_bomb.jpg/440px-B-61_bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>An American <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear bomb</a> on its loading carriage</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_C_37_-_Candjambary,_Guinea-Bissau_-_Unexploded_bomb_-_1974.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_C_37_-_Candjambary%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Unexploded_bomb_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_C_37_-_Candjambary%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Unexploded_bomb_-_1974.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_C_37_-_Candjambary%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Unexploded_bomb_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_C_37_-_Candjambary%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Unexploded_bomb_-_1974.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_C_37_-_Candjambary%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Unexploded_bomb_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_C_37_-_Candjambary%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Unexploded_bomb_-_1974.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4494" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded</a> unguided <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">aerial bomb</a> with contact fuse used by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force" title="Portuguese Air Force">Portuguese Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a>, March 1974.</figcaption></figure> <p>Experts commonly distinguish between civilian and military bombs. The latter are almost always mass-produced weapons, developed and constructed to a standard design out of standard components and intended to be deployed in a standard explosive device. <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">IEDs</a> are divided into three basic categories by basic size and delivery. Type 76, IEDs are hand-carried parcel or suitcase bombs, type 80, are "suicide vests" worn by a bomber, and type 3 devices are vehicles laden with explosives to act as large-scale stationary or self-propelled bombs, also known as <a href="/wiki/VBIED" class="mw-redirect" title="VBIED">VBIED</a> (vehicle-borne IEDs).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Improvised explosive materials are typically unstable and subject to spontaneous, unintentional detonation triggered by a wide range of environmental effects, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">impact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> to <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> shock. Even subtle <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a>, change in <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, or the nearby use of cellphones or radios can trigger an unstable or remote-controlled device. Any interaction with explosive materials or devices by unqualified personnel should be considered a grave and immediate risk of death or dire injury. The safest response to finding an object believed to be an explosive device is to get as far away from it as possible. </p><p>Atomic bombs are based on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>, that when a large atom splits, it releases a massive amount of energy. <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear weapons">Thermonuclear weapons</a>, (colloquially known as "hydrogen bombs") use the energy from an initial <a href="/wiki/Teller-Ulam_design#Basic_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller-Ulam design">fission</a> explosion to create an even more powerful <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a> explosion. </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_bomb" title="Dirty bomb">dirty bomb</a>" refers to a specialized device that relies on a comparatively low explosive yield to scatter harmful material over a wide area. Most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Radiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiological">radiological</a> or chemical materials, dirty bombs seek to kill or injure and then to deny access to a contaminated area until a thorough clean-up can be accomplished. In the case of urban settings, this clean-up may take extensive time, rendering the contaminated zone virtually uninhabitable in the interim. </p><p>The power of large bombs is typically measured in <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kilotons (kt) or megatons of TNT (Mt)</a>. The most powerful bombs ever used in combat were the two atomic bombs <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropped by the United States</a> to attack <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, and the most powerful ever tested was the <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bomba" title="Tsar Bomba">Tsar Bomba</a>. The most powerful non-nuclear bomb is <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> "<a href="/wiki/Father_of_All_Bombs" title="Father of All Bombs">Father of All Bombs</a>" (officially Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (ATBIP))<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MOAB" class="mw-redirect" title="MOAB">MOAB</a> (officially Massive Ordnance Air Blast, or more commonly known as the "Mother of All Bombs"). </p><p>Below is a list of five different types of bombs based on the fundamental explosive mechanism they employ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressed_gas">Compressed gas</h3></div> <p>Relatively small explosions can be produced by pressurizing a container until catastrophic failure such as with a <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice_bomb" title="Dry ice bomb">dry ice bomb</a>. Technically, devices that create explosions of this type can not be classified as "bombs" by the definition presented at the top of this article. However, the explosions created by these devices can cause property damage, injury, or death. Flammable liquids, gasses and gas mixtures dispersed in these explosions may also ignite if exposed to a spark or flame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_explosive">Low explosive</h3></div> <p>The simplest and oldest bombs store energy in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Low_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Low explosive">low explosive</a>. <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">Black powder</a> is an example of a low explosive. Low explosives typically consist of a mixture of an oxidizing salt, such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a> (saltpeter), with solid fuel, such as charcoal or aluminium powder. These compositions deflagrate upon ignition, producing hot gas. Under normal circumstances, this <a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">deflagration</a> occurs too slowly to produce a significant pressure wave; low explosives, therefore, must generally be used in large quantities or confined in a container with a high burst pressure to be useful as a bomb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_explosive">High explosive</h3></div> <p>A high explosive bomb is one that employs a process called "<a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a>" to rapidly go from an initially high energy molecule to a very low energy molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detonation is distinct from deflagration in that the chemical reaction propagates faster than the speed of sound (often many times faster) in an intense shock wave. Therefore, the pressure wave produced by a high explosive is not significantly increased by confinement as detonation occurs so quickly that the resulting plasma does not expand much before all the explosive material has reacted. This has led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">plastic explosive</a>. A casing is still employed in some high explosive bombs, but with the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">fragmentation</a>. Most high explosive bombs consist of an insensitive <a href="/wiki/Secondary_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary explosive">secondary explosive</a> that must be detonated with a <a href="/wiki/Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">blasting cap</a> containing a more sensitive <a href="/wiki/Primary_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary explosive">primary explosive</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermobaric">Thermobaric</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Thermobaric_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermobaric bomb">thermobaric bomb</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Explosive_weapon" title="Explosive weapon">explosive</a> that utilizes oxygen from the surrounding air to generate an intense, high-temperature explosion, and in practice the <a href="/wiki/Blast_wave" title="Blast wave">blast wave</a> typically produced by such a weapon is of a significantly longer duration than that produced by a conventional condensed explosive. The fuel-air bomb is one of the best-known types of thermobaric weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_fission">Nuclear fission</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a> type atomic bombs utilize the energy present in very heavy atomic nuclei, such as U-235 or Pu-239. In order to release this energy rapidly, a certain amount of the fissile material must be very rapidly consolidated while being exposed to a neutron source. If consolidation occurs slowly, repulsive forces drive the material apart before a significant explosion can occur. Under the right circumstances, rapid consolidation can provoke a chain reaction that can proliferate and intensify by many orders of magnitude within microseconds. The energy released by a nuclear fission bomb may be tens of thousands of times greater than a chemical bomb of the same mass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_fusion">Nuclear fusion</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a> is a type of nuclear bomb that releases energy through the combination of fission and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a> of the light atomic nuclei of deuterium and tritium. With this type of bomb, a thermonuclear detonation is triggered by the detonation of a fission type nuclear bomb contained within a material containing high concentrations of deuterium and tritium. Weapon yield is typically increased with a tamper that increases the duration and intensity of the reaction through inertial confinement and neutron reflection. Nuclear fusion bombs can have arbitrarily high yields making them hundreds or thousands of times more powerful than nuclear fission. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Pure_fusion_weapon" title="Pure fusion weapon">pure fusion weapon</a> is a hypothetical nuclear weapon that does not require a primary fission stage to start a fusion reaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimatter">Antimatter</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter bombs</a> can theoretically be constructed, but antimatter is very costly to produce and hard to store safely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">Aerial bomb</a> – designed to be dropped from a <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a> (or even any aircraft) and carried on <a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">hardpoints</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Bomb_bay" title="Bomb bay">bomb bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay-action_bomb" title="Delay-action bomb">Delay-action bomb</a> – explodes some time after impact, as opposed to before or on impact</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">Dummy bomb</a> – harmless bomb that has been fully disabled or has had its explosive contents removed, often used for training or display</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glide_bomb" title="Glide bomb">Glide bomb</a> – features <a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces" title="Flight control surfaces">flight control surfaces</a>, allowing it to <a href="/wiki/Gliding_flight" title="Gliding flight">glide</a> fairly long distances to its target</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_bomb" title="General-purpose bomb">General-purpose bomb</a> – aerial bomb dropped for multiple purposes, and thus designed to suit multiple purposes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiary bomb</a> – designed to set targets ablaze</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_munition" title="Cluster munition">Cluster bomb</a> – releases additional submunitions, often smaller bombs, upon detonation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-runway_penetration_bomb" title="Anti-runway penetration bomb">Anti-runway penetration bomb</a> – designed to destroy <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airport_apron" title="Airport apron">aprons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_buster" title="Bunker buster">Bunker buster</a> – capable of penetrating hardened or fortified surfaces before detonating</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_bomb" title="Concrete bomb">Concrete bomb</a> – contains dense, inert material (typically concrete) instead of explosives, using the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the falling bomb to destroy target</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">Improvised explosive device</a> – classification of bombs produced in unconventional ways or using unconventional materials; includes explosives such as the <a href="/wiki/Barrel_bomb" title="Barrel bomb">barrel bomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nail_bomb" title="Nail bomb">nail bomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipe_bomb" title="Pipe bomb">pipe bomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooker_bomb" title="Pressure cooker bomb">pressure cooker bomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">fertilizer bomb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delivery">Delivery</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-2_Spirit_bombing,_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg/220px-B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg/330px-B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg/440px-B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a> drops forty-seven 500 lb (230 kg) class <a href="/wiki/Mark_82_bomb" title="Mark 82 bomb">Mark 82</a> bombs (little more than half a B-2's maximum total ordnance payload) in a 1994 <a href="/wiki/Live_fire_exercise" title="Live fire exercise">live fire exercise</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:211113-Z-IB607-1016_-_M320_grenade_launcher_range_(Image_6_of_16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/211113-Z-IB607-1016_-_M320_grenade_launcher_range_%28Image_6_of_16%29.jpg/220px-211113-Z-IB607-1016_-_M320_grenade_launcher_range_%28Image_6_of_16%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/211113-Z-IB607-1016_-_M320_grenade_launcher_range_%28Image_6_of_16%29.jpg/330px-211113-Z-IB607-1016_-_M320_grenade_launcher_range_%28Image_6_of_16%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/211113-Z-IB607-1016_-_M320_grenade_launcher_range_%28Image_6_of_16%29.jpg/440px-211113-Z-IB607-1016_-_M320_grenade_launcher_range_%28Image_6_of_16%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4990" data-file-height="3320" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">United States National Guard</a> soldier firing a <a href="/wiki/40_mm_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="40 mm grenade">40 mm grenade</a> from an <a href="/wiki/M320_Grenade_Launcher_Module" title="M320 Grenade Launcher Module">M320</a> <a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">grenade launcher</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pommitustuhoja_Helsingiss%C3%A4_JSdia270.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pommitustuhoja_Helsingiss%C3%A4_JSdia270.jpg/220px-Pommitustuhoja_Helsingiss%C3%A4_JSdia270.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pommitustuhoja_Helsingiss%C3%A4_JSdia270.jpg/330px-Pommitustuhoja_Helsingiss%C3%A4_JSdia270.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pommitustuhoja_Helsingiss%C3%A4_JSdia270.jpg/440px-Pommitustuhoja_Helsingiss%C3%A4_JSdia270.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3013" /></a><figcaption>Destruction caused by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> bombing during the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the night of February 6–7, 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_air-dropped_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="First air-dropped bomb">first air-dropped bombs</a> were used by the Austrians in the 1849 <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">siege of Venice</a>. Two hundred unmanned balloons carried small bombs, although few bombs actually hit the city.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first bombing from a fixed-wing aircraft took place in 1911 when the Italians dropped bombs by hand on the Turkish lines in what is now <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first large scale dropping of bombs took place during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> starting in 1915 with the German <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> airship raids on <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, and the same war saw the invention of the first <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bombers</a>. One Zeppelin raid on 8 September 1915 dropped 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) of high explosives and incendiary bombs, including one bomb that weighed 600 lb (270 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> bombing became a major military feature, and a number of novel delivery methods were introduced. These included <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Wallis" title="Barnes Wallis">Barnes Wallis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">bouncing bomb</a>, designed to bounce across water, avoiding <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_net" title="Torpedo net">torpedo nets</a> and other underwater defenses, until it reached a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a>, or other destination, where it would sink and explode. By the end of the war, planes such as the allied forces' <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> were delivering with 50 yd (46 m) accuracy from 20,000 ft (6,100 m), ten ton <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_bomb" title="Earthquake bomb">earthquake bombs</a> (also invented by Barnes Wallis) named "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)" title="Grand Slam (bomb)">Grand Slam</a>", which, unusually for the time, were delivered from high altitude in order to gain high speed, and would, upon impact, penetrate and explode deep underground ("<a href="/wiki/Camouflet" title="Camouflet">camouflet</a>"), causing massive caverns or craters, and affecting targets too large or difficult to be affected by other types of bomb. </p><p>Modern military <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a> aircraft are designed around a large-capacity internal <a href="/wiki/Bomb_bay" title="Bomb bay">bomb bay</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bombers</a> usually carry bombs externally on pylons or bomb racks or on multiple ejection racks, which enable mounting several bombs on a single pylon. Some bombs are equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a>, such as the World War II "parafrag" (an 11 kg (24 lb) fragmentation bomb), the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>-era <a href="/wiki/BLU-82" title="BLU-82">daisy cutters</a>, and the bomblets of some modern <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a>. Parachutes slow the bomb's descent, giving the dropping aircraft time to get to a safe distance from the explosion. This is especially important with air-burst <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> (especially those dropped from slower aircraft or with very high yields), and in situations where the aircraft releases a bomb at low altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of modern bombs are also <a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_munition" title="Precision-guided munition">precision-guided munitions</a>, and may be guided after they leave an aircraft by remote control, or by autonomous guidance. </p><p>Aircraft may also deliver bombs in the form of <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warheads</a> on guided <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a>, such as long-range <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a>, which can also be launched from <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">hand grenade</a> is delivered by being thrown. Grenades can also be projected by other means, such as being launched from the muzzle of a <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Rifle_grenade" title="Rifle grenade">rifle grenade</a>), using a <a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">grenade launcher</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/M203_grenade_launcher" title="M203 grenade launcher">M203</a>), or by attaching a <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> to the explosive grenade (as in a <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenade</a> (RPG)). </p><p>A bomb may also be positioned in advance and concealed. </p><p>A bomb destroying a <a href="/wiki/Rail_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail track">rail track</a> just before a <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> arrives will usually cause the train to <a href="/wiki/Derailment" title="Derailment">derail</a>. In addition to the damage to vehicles and people, a bomb exploding in a <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> network often damages, and is sometimes mainly intended to damage, the network itself. This applies to <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a>, and, to a lesser extent (depending on circumstances), to roads. </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombing</a>, the bomb is often carried by the attacker on their body, or in a vehicle driven to the target. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Peacock" title="Blue Peacock">Blue Peacock</a> nuclear mines, which were also termed "bombs", were planned to be positioned during wartime and be constructed such that, if disturbed, they would explode within ten seconds. </p><p>The explosion of a bomb may be triggered by a <a href="/wiki/Detonator" title="Detonator">detonator</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(explosives)" title="Fuse (explosives)">fuse</a>. Detonators are triggered by <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote controls</a> like <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a> or some kind of sensor, such as pressure (altitude), <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, vibration or contact. Detonators vary in ways they work, they can be electrical, fire <a href="/wiki/Fuze" title="Fuze">fuze</a> or blast initiated detonators and others, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blast_seat">Blast seat</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic science</a>, the point of detonation of a bomb is referred to as its blast seat, seat of explosion, blast hole or <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a>. Depending on the type, quantity and placement of explosives, the blast seat may be either spread out or concentrated (i.e., an <a href="/wiki/Explosion_crater" title="Explosion crater">explosion crater</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other types of <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">dust</a> or <a href="/wiki/BLEVE" class="mw-redirect" title="BLEVE">vapor</a> explosions, do not cause craters or even have definitive blast seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_2008_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bombs" title="List of bombs">List of bombs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Milstein_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milstein_2008_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMilstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Milstein, Randall L. (2008). "Bomb damage assessment". In Ayn Embar-seddon; Allan D. Pass (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba"><i>Forensic Science</i></a></span>. Salem Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba/page/n185">166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-423-7"><bdi>978-1-58765-423-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bomb+damage+assessment&rft.btitle=Forensic+Science&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58765-423-7&rft.aulast=Milstein&rft.aufirst=Randall+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforensicscience00emba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connolly-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Connolly1998" class="citation book cs1">Peter Connolly (1 November 1998). <i>The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-116-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-116-9"><bdi>978-1-57958-116-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hutchinson+Dictionary+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+Warfare&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-116-9&rft.au=Peter+Connolly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbo%2Fmbos">βόμβος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131107082014/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbo%2Fmbos">Archived</a> 2013-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham1986-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Needham1986_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham1986_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PR190"><i>Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826100156/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PR190">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Technology%3A+The+Gunpowder+Epic&rft.pages=189-190&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNcZJ35dIyUC%26pg%3DPR190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham1974-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Needham1974_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Needham1974" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Needham (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZxSnd2Xyb0C&pg=PA191"><i>Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology : the gunpowder epic</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826083747/https://books.google.com/books?id=BZxSnd2Xyb0C&pg=PA191">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Military+technology+%3A+the+gunpowder+epic&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.au=Joseph+Needham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZxSnd2Xyb0C%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201632-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201632_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986148-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986148_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201616-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201616_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986169-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986169_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph. (1987). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 170–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado2003" class="citation journal cs1">Delgado, James (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/0301/etc/kamikaze.html">"Relics of the Kamikaze"</a>. <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>56</b> (1). Archaeological Institute of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131229155139/http://archive.archaeology.org/0301/etc/kamikaze.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Relics+of+the+Kamikaze&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003-02&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F0301%2Fetc%2Fkamikaze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mlstein_2008-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mlstein_2008_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMlstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Mlstein, Randall L. (2008). "Bomb damage assessment". In Ayn Embar-seddon; Allan D. Pass (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba"><i>Forensic Science</i></a></span>. Salem Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba/page/n185">166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-423-7"><bdi>978-1-58765-423-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bomb+damage+assessment&rft.btitle=Forensic+Science&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58765-423-7&rft.aulast=Mlstein&rft.aufirst=Randall+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforensicscience00emba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2002" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Michael E. (2002). <i>The Emergency Responder's Guide to Terrorism</i>. Red Hat Publishing Co., Inc. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932235-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-932235-00-0"><bdi>1-932235-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergency+Responder%27s+Guide+to+Terrorism&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Red+Hat+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-932235-00-0&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2002" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Henry (2002). "Blast-Resistant Building Design Technology Analysis of its Application to Modern Hotel Design". WGA Wong Gregerson Architects, Inc. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blast-Resistant+Building+Design+Technology+Analysis+of+its+Application+to+Modern+Hotel+Design&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nfrag-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nfrag_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Needham1986" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Needham (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PR180"><i>Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826084851/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PR180">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Technology%3A+The+Gunpowder+Epic&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.au=Joseph+Needham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNcZJ35dIyUC%26pg%3DPR180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coupland, R.M. (1989). Amputation for antipersonnel mine injuries of the leg: preservation of the tibial stump using a medial gastrocnemius myoplasty. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 71, pp. 405–408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2007" class="citation news cs1">Solovyov, Dmitry (2007-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1155952320070912?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=22&sp=true">"Russia tests superstrength bomb, military says"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419044709/http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1155952320070912?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=22&sp=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+tests+superstrength+bomb%2C+military+says&rft.date=2007-09-12&rft.aulast=Solovyov&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUSL1155952320070912%3FfeedType%3DRSS%26feedName%3DworldNews%26rpc%3D22%26sp%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622201710/http://orgomadesimple.com/chapter-5-cycloalkanes/">"Ring Strain in Cycloalkanes"</a>. <i>Orgo Made Simple</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orgo+Made+Simple&rft.atitle=Ring+Strain+in+Cycloalkanes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forgomadesimple.com%2Fchapter-5-cycloalkanes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2005" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Justin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pS1QpH8FRgC&q=Venice+bombing+1849&pg=PA10"><i>Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An Illustrated History of their Impact</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-488-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-488-1"><bdi>1-85109-488-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Aircraft%2C+Origins+to+1918%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+their+Impact&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85109-488-1&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pS1QpH8FRgC%26q%3DVenice%2Bbombing%2B1849%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindqvist2004" class="citation book cs1">Lindqvist, Sven (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R-I3Zsdm14wC&q=Lindqvist+Bombing+Libya&pg=PA76">"Guernica"</a>. <i>Shock and Awe: War on Words</i>. published by Van Eekelen, Bregje. <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Books" title="North Atlantic Books">North Atlantic Books</a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9712546-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9712546-0-5"><bdi>0-9712546-0-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guernica&rft.btitle=Shock+and+Awe%3A+War+on+Words&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9712546-0-5&rft.aulast=Lindqvist&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR-I3Zsdm14wC%26q%3DLindqvist%2BBombing%2BLibya%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Cross_(author)" title="Wilbur Cross (author)">Wilbur Cross</a>, "Zeppelins of World War I" page 35, published 1991 Paragon House ISBN I-56619-390-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proceedings-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proceedings_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_S.B.1968" class="citation report cs1">Jackson, S.B. (June 1968). The Retardation of Weapons for Low Altitude Bombing (Report). United States Naval Institute Proceedings.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Retardation+of+Weapons+for+Low+Altitude+Bombing&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute+Proceedings&rft.date=1968-06&rft.au=Jackson%2C+S.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh_2008-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_2008_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_2008_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2008" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, C. J. (2008). "Blast seat". In Ayn Embar-seddon; Allan D. Pass (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba"><i>Forensic Science</i></a></span>. Salem Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba/page/n168">149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-423-7"><bdi>978-1-58765-423-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blast+seat&rft.btitle=Forensic+Science&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58765-423-7&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforensicscience00emba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2016" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2016), <i>The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7"><bdi>978-0-691-13597-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Age%3A+China%2C+Military+Innovation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+West+in+World+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13597-7&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABomb" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bombs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bombs">Bombs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112010036/http://www.landmineaction.org/resources/Explosive%20violence.pdf">Explosive Violence: The Problem of Explosive Weapons</a>—A report by Richard Moyes (Landmine Action, 2009) on the humanitarian problems caused by the use of bombs and other explosive weapons in populated areas</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318061242/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/dumb/bombs.htm">Bombs for Beginners</a> at <a href="/wiki/FAS.org" class="mw-redirect" title="FAS.org">FAS.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makeitlouder.com/document_bombshockwaveestimation.html">Bomb Shock Wave Estimation</a>—MakeItLouder.com: How a bomb functions and rating their power</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bombes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13319196m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bombes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13319196m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560486">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bomby"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph183329&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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