CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91e9e6bbaeface0a',cH: 'j5qtMFntLdhh8jH22l5oN.lIrKDxyBdJvU1FQlS9GVI-1741684044-1.2.1.1-4ONzyIvDSKm30t2TYhTL8lBEW3nSkSIfsTx6cvSUQ91MgurGbjtTXfzSLH9IH50V',cUPMDTk: "\/9998589\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=h2HiEMbtshpOTSLVG4XfDHeiVrpqF8Guqf8_V0drlVU-1741684044-1.0.1.1-xIiSB8LX.MVhik3kiQirTO2z9Ht75v.nCq5mZvm2uBA",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741684044',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/9998589\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=h2HiEMbtshpOTSLVG4XfDHeiVrpqF8Guqf8_V0drlVU-1741684044-1.0.1.1-xIiSB8LX.MVhik3kiQirTO2z9Ht75v.nCq5mZvm2uBA",md: "i4Eh_1D48aO0bx4mk8QVzS82rG_amcPnUUGWwb_LIJg-1741684044-1.2.1.1-TxQ4fojfimF5aTclvOeWfG_qEa_UjvsqfkB7mFunC.Ggk.sy09KMZkFIOzjQYxjOxj8Rj1nzWurX5dIlGbL8cs67wbs37kNeiF01qO1SdRkKBSLEDvB9Gjh4e5ntL24hxvBqgHT56GnXTF7e9gMSDt0tu9ee8tbHiPMAMn08uZKzJ1XAEdoLY54VDTz1n8kdHsiYkHu5Hj_KznxIf0HULFMrGcqAd7hkwCHQUcL7EIp_k4yLMpw2XRHRW.mJFFwOQO3yLD9oz2BXavtwOueKkDo7VenwWdOsfM5yjYUi.ybwBH_0D7M.Pj2KBfy3m0l8V_4Mi2J7lRtNAChU_70IE4Ib_H4qWt63nr5qsSCW0b5Sna9YLUNevG1oR8Y0huRMZzYuo2aqx7h0cpvsLkL_mPSN3sUkD.BJ4bujRrxCl8Ht_o7IUE6oorLdGcdp1KBBEkoLqrcCpFWWSFCmu8ET3qSvjfNHjWmCo4PT6d9aUqLa.7IDmkWFU_E0htReLNPhxzFMSGhm1P93IJjgJFnuMHZYciFW8yN43RGm.xQuTom3uJGcRcgM8cpMj3Hjn42cFvehuH2UhRfSCyPSCQiJVQCxKebtH7uhkvBQmeziPluS7uFfienZ54yifS1n3kJwh9sWRCmR.ymNq9ADVheSDHjMAdIz8yK_brRWk48cSbNOP4uaHlW5LQ5c17V2TW8nDSCrkyZ6ZfqT8OZIzk74.HfHCt.je267TpYKw.uEYJy6Sx4I64fjQAk2KeFz4FxnRubtgJAGNA0df2W53fE4wMtMfsyGm1AqbADhhZQGITStNVOEmosQ5HPwAYIsFFFkYyW2P77E.xaSguvd.2HYbm17SLKnOisbQwPuRszHmln4LXXovpDugzWZuokzH0zinCBr5BkgpWzQ9MdVEzbfYmDx3485RG1K3nbWBBp0M6aIitInpmm5Lkzpe2VGCE1st8njT0WKRDKtHwQzKTVnp.srk9hk4Zwe6KPtRzXqGdjegIynsBFTwkX3qcMLVYoo.kHC8036KfSqYnxutPIujelpPlBNuLkYUMPxkhxG2_AkfGy_xhRToXBewWvei1zxdUp9MWNLVd1GIk7wW7Edy33v6W2OB8ZNTCrclUioFrdh5LyewcL.jB2txPRDkDu1_H5XyQ4owG1lyWPOTI_oj9XuJM3RsBnavuUL2WS7SjBmi4TTD6H7_Ni7ySSreT4BBl20uxBfGpstYIhtKY8zTQ",mdrd: "oTtkLZkzAL3hSKUFE7QFHpszjRWS3wbl8Wy.XyAX30k-1741684044-1.2.1.1-Xyn2hDZ2lCN_8ybc53.158hZxJzUuE5Krat7jow4oncLZrtPm4967R1H7cu6NIDoFOknihAezvlqJmJ3WsYBGnf39V.xKGP4i2jKE7t.pgvidSMYl3_fRFZxVrWa9CrEoPIDk81MOUtLOOwFyUkNalw8HDLDoCi2rT0UveVddfepB8YaaSEtNZpLl0DT9m6PbqiPVyZ4o74MKo18Hzu57TS_hwmH_MUIdNf9s6FwWbte2CMbgg86KPkrppkb79vqLSyYCGpD6lC.0ZYyFHVqQ_IAsS4tz.9D5F5NB42yaIiuPvQr_l6hqQnZTqJehiX08LwmWkUffd73y_HPK2isE0pnbMIYbpJGpwJZ7TzZok597EMFZMblgbajuEcKogIopZdK2oNK0JF5P2U69XD_jCT5EL.S7EZx4D5E3vWAyaDvZJ.LJfvt1c4O9uiE5SoU.2hQtU2MMfFFEkcaxPbX_gZDvTgcgcp9YadPYbLHEDOzRmxGaYWJNmStPVEb3coPFQGfv221833ecEbX1iCUxymmqfKqkqkRrJxU8IoXBeInM28eemr9sAw0m5_6vnQaT_cRCdkNVTzbVmKM3sSRzSlgBEcX7Pld7Be2nAQUK_VEYr6tcpp8ZVSZHRRB7YhbofF2uoJhnVQ0agd753glP0S0kuNMPpwOWGK5c2LJE.DmfbBP71Czsy7CbF5bPU4aL5U3I9D7tuhQEQK9k7siP30TwQYKCqOVS9LAQYARyoPNr1z51IemSt1OmAEImNfLd2A0_8x6A7_Y1AWl2lu1JgAeUpdgONlxSa9NWeQZYGwpYRduiZnPKZZCNey45sbXhw.jagjHB83tXCgZAqdHJq_aKx9IST_Q_w0rRT_cSOZtLSDTbdLa4iegDzXiwB14Luz1YAOsNDALOzSO931BA72tLaKCmkUxcGbaCTzzOfnBWNlM7j2g5S.AgT2JfJdCd6vJBx.wQVRCZQie9FTQPRwbeWOHB6BAEnOfWu45sbyoQLyOydIdCyHah6ULujYJp.LQ5YE3cDRM3X._Nq.g_HBGfnIdR2eK62iY7Oiit06uAJLafK9dcwpyhNfYj2Pk3KQcJcSbE4AXXfmd7EF9w1WNOCAZ4pJ5pD97yINgQWDvgB9r4GzixE9LFi7u00aXBkYfwNro26_GzWOWowm76Mo2U.EcTU6ttzVIJJhulru8Fdq9rUyKevqVryGyWvqoR1r55AfSP_RDLZ6eebiUZH43BmbBX_RWIklkJHyvca_fwjcltna7ddRFNK1htAJqIqtwOiNt614htJvcBdcE_KOM6H04A9T8SRNbcPKTDhg5cMKVguAMtdGz3kKs5gSzX1hF0KgLv4ozuQ9eZDmoT7NOttM_dcOhFpTV2xf5z5WdL3IwSg3._8ssi9D.GqYipdsm6fvNisFAjnJVqutCkoypvsMZQgfUpAlODd3U_cqoNvQSkVGNYm0Ns3zHtYKj4_.DUu8lRBEhKUgqRuBDnJ6s58rZ.IwkWrbQrhdMtVqzlYF_B0Qjz5QccnVmfTU.6OedjXm_N618Kertr37c.pf81uwWb5RyQ1ydW1gJCTLERPNXkHPw1kXwGgvV6Qit6vE6uz7y6uFAFs18POQuJkeQ8kGxNctQo7yQeTuouw_ako_mem5KzVzZmi6O525GLA8khysyea_dBHHI4.1EmkwfmGScZZHeBInbggZpdYToS_amefW47meWn6es5phfilpnMBooILPysHTtNMJ45xh2_KQQEivZc_7.nhzLPqMlZZHvnAOL5bSybXn4PPUPVv6VpLW2OA8QM0MAhMKzUB5A6gsUq67dbGJwiUpUUNaNyMLqxqjzWvilUkohbPRwiAuiB7H.P8wlakTfPXAgUBt8xLto4aYloXep6oq3VBxcj0V9dZYLdfdPzSmuCvBsnt8ZZ2EYQY0W9sMg9ZybcHYjO0l2EUU1cIhAaHouJp6xOD8_V9RbCbRw4mmtuSzw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91e9e6bbaeface0a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/9998589\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=h2HiEMbtshpOTSLVG4XfDHeiVrpqF8Guqf8_V0drlVU-1741684044-1.0.1.1-xIiSB8LX.MVhik3kiQirTO2z9Ht75v.nCq5mZvm2uBA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>