CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>TRIPS Agreement waiver - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"24601494-e28a-4666-9b91-fb4a87683615","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"TRIPS_Agreement_waiver","wgTitle":"TRIPS Agreement waiver","wgCurRevisionId":1247032469,"wgRevisionId":1247032469,"wgArticleId":67983074,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description with empty Wikidata description","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from January 2022","International responses to the COVID-19 pandemic"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"TRIPS_Agreement_waiver","wgRelevantArticleId":67983074,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q107404769","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled": false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="TRIPS Agreement waiver - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-TRIPS_Agreement_waiver rootpage-TRIPS_Agreement_waiver skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=TRIPS+Agreement+waiver" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=TRIPS+Agreement+waiver" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=TRIPS+Agreement+waiver" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=TRIPS+Agreement+waiver" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Arguments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arguments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arguments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potential_increase_in_vaccine_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_increase_in_vaccine_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Potential increase in vaccine production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_increase_in_vaccine_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_secrets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_secrets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Trade secrets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_secrets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_incentives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_incentives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Market incentives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_incentives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_of_new_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_of_new_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Risk of new variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_of_new_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existence_of_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existence_of_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Existence of problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existence_of_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">TRIPS Agreement waiver</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q107404769#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:TRIPS_Agreement_waiver" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&oldid=1247032469" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&id=1247032469&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTRIPS_Agreement_waiver"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTRIPS_Agreement_waiver"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q107404769" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Waiver from certain provisions of the TRIPS Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of COVID-19</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presented</th><td class="infobox-data">2 October 2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <hr /> <p><b>Official co-sponsors</b><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini"><img alt="Eswatini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> (15-16 October 2020) </p> 64 countries by November 2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">WTO <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS waiver</a> proposal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Waiver_from_certain_provisions_of_the_TRIPS_Agreement_for_the_Prevention,_Containment_and_Treatment_of_COVID-19" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Waiver from certain provisions of the TRIPS Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of COVID-19">Waiver from certain provisions of the TRIPS Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of COVID-19</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">opponents</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>TRIPS Agreement waiver</b> (officially titled the <b>Waiver from certain provisions of the TRIPS Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of COVID-19</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a joint intervention communication by <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to the <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS council</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) on 2 October 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two countries are suggesting a temporary patent waiver for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">COVID-19 drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a> and related equipment and technologies in four categories of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual Property Rights">intellectual property</a> under the <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four categories, as enunciated in sections of the TRIPS agreement, cover– copyright, industrial designs, patents and protection of undisclosed information.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duration of the waiver is based on the time frame in which the world can develop an immunity against COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, wealthier countries oppose the waiver, while poorer countries support it.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOchief_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOchief-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cato_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cato-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reuters noted that the European Union, the United States and Switzerland, countries opposing the waiver, are home to large pharmaceutical companies and have excellent domestic vaccine availability.<sup id="cite_ref-apartheid_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apartheid-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-push_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-push-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2021, Reuters quoted an unnamed industry sources as saying that they were attempting to narrow the waiver, seeing little chance of blocking it.<sup id="cite_ref-months_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-months-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A waiver would have to be agreed to by all 164 WTO member countries; any one dissenter could scupper the deal. The WTO has not managed to get agreement on any substansive new policy since it was founded in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-months_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-months-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents (including <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>) have accused opponents of stalling,<sup id="cite_ref-WHOchief_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOchief-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of <a href="/wiki/Filibustering" class="mw-redirect" title="Filibustering">filibustering</a> by asking the same questions over and over.<sup id="cite_ref-push_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-push-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support">Support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15–16 October 2020, at the WTO TRIPS Council meeting Kenya and Eswatini became official co-sponsors while 100 countries welcomed or fully supported the proposal; a number of countries did not support the proposal,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 16 November 2021 the number of co-sponsors grew to 64.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precedents include an <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> communication to the World Health Organization, urging it to ensure universal access to vaccines, in June 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Challenges other than patents would still remain such as access to raw materials.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, among others, oppose the waiver.<sup id="cite_ref-apartheid_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apartheid-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-push_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-push-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reuters quoted an unnamed industry sources as saying that they were attempting to narrow the waiver, seeing little chance of blocking it.<sup id="cite_ref-months_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-months-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus</a>, Director-General of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), supported the waiver.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOchief_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOchief-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-me-first_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-me-first-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant non-state opponent is <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, who is heavily involved in vaccine activism.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apartheid_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apartheid-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colonialism_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colonialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxford_pledge_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford_pledge-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His views on <a href="/wiki/Government-granted_monopoly" title="Government-granted monopoly">legal monopolies</a> in medicine have been linked to his views on legal monopolies in software.<sup id="cite_ref-apartheid_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apartheid-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colonialism_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colonialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments">Arguments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_increase_in_vaccine_production">Potential increase in vaccine production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Potential increase in vaccine production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents and opponents often agree that an increase in vaccine production would be good. They often agree that it would improve <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_equity" title="Vaccine equity">vaccine equity</a> by vaccinating the world's poor years earlier, and thus reduce the risk of new variants (including <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_escape" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccine escape">vaccine-resistant variants</a>) evolving.<sup id="cite_ref-wrong_foolish_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrong_foolish-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-observer_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cato_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cato-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Proponents argue that the waiver would increase vaccine production, opponents argue that it would not. </p><p>Opponents argue that there is a shortage of manufacturing capacity, and waiving licensing cannot remedy it. They argue that developing countries cannot safely manufacture vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Médecins sans Frontières">Médecins sans Frontières</a> (MSF, also called Doctors without Borders), this is the case for making traditional live vaccines (vaccines that use modified live viruses, like the <a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine</a>). Making live vaccines requires rare expertise and manufacturing facilities that take years to set up. By contrast, it is much easier to make a new type of vaccine, <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA vaccines</a>, such as the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines. In January 2021, some Moderna shots were being manufactured by a chemical company with no previous vaccine experience.<sup id="cite_ref-colonialism_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colonialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_secrets">Trade secrets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trade secrets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vaccine manufacturers have refused to share manufacturing information with Doctors without Borders and the WHO.<sup id="cite_ref-colonialism_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colonialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_incentives">Market incentives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Market incentives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been argued that a waiver would make pharmaceutical companies less willing to respond to the next crisis;<sup id="cite_ref-observer_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharmaceutical companies have argued that it "would undermine innovation".<sup id="cite_ref-cato_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cato-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rebuttal, it has been argued that vaccine development was publicly funded, and thus presented little or no risk to pharmaceutical companies,<sup id="cite_ref-wrong_foolish_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrong_foolish-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-observer_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that any portion of development costs not covered by public funds has been recouped many times over by profits.<sup id="cite_ref-colonialism_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colonialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public funding agreements did not include much transparency. Some estimates are that public funds are paying for the research, development, testing, regulatory approval, manufacturing, and advance purchase orders, so that the manufacturers are taking negligible risk, pointing to tenfold increases in stock prices. The companies also get to keep the IP for technological advances made with public funding, allowing them to make more profit in the future. </p><p>While "Big Pharma" and the state are frequently identified as key to creating the structures that motivate market incentives, philanthropies also play an important role. Indeed, different forms of interaction between firms, state agencies, and philanthropies work together to capture value from biomedical innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some vaccine manufacturers claim they are selling vaccines at cost, and taking no profit, this is impossible to verify because they are not publishing the financial data.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_pledge_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford_pledge-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An editorial in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> called waivers "reasonable in a time of global catastrophe", arguing that the global economy would benefit from broader vaccination, because <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chains</a> cross borders, and even areas with very high vaccination rates depend on areas with lower vaccination rates for goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-lanceted_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanceted-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus</a> also listed the pandemic's effects on child development and education, and argued that companies would still get royalties, likening the arrangements to those used in wartime.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOchief_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOchief-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_of_new_variants">Risk of new variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Risk of new variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pharmaceutical companies argued that a waiver would "raise the risk of unsafe viruses", despite a lack of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-cato_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cato-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents argue that a waiver would allow vaccinating the world's poor years earlier, and thus reduce the risk of new variants (including <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_escape" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccine escape">vaccine-resistant variants</a>) evolving.<sup id="cite_ref-wrong_foolish_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrong_foolish-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-observer_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colonialism_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colonialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, who argued that poor vaccine coverage meant that the virus had "more opportunities to mutate and potentially undermine the efficacy of vaccines everywhere", warning "We could end up back at square one".<sup id="cite_ref-me-first_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-me-first-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant</a> has been cited as an example of why the waiver is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-MSF_Jan22_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSF_Jan22-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existence_of_problem">Existence of problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Existence of problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A British <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> delegate called it "an extreme measure to address an unproven problem". Pharmaceutical companies have argued that the WTO's existing <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory licensing">compulsory licensing</a> rules were equivalent to the proposed waiver.<sup id="cite_ref-wrong_foolish_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrong_foolish-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cato_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cato-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, James Bacchus agreed, and said that arguments that compulsory licensing (instead of a waiver) would slow production lacked experiential evidence; "There is no evidence of the need for such a waiver", and that there was no evidence that the WTO had not struck the correct balance between making lifesaving vaccines available sooner and preserving innovation-driving incentives.<sup id="cite_ref-cato_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cato-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharmaceutical companies maintain IP "tickets", with multiple patents, copyrights, trade secrets, and undisclosed test datasets for each medicine they make. Each would need a compulsory license, and it is debated whether the WTO rules could force licensing of all of them. Compulsory licensing also has to be done on a country-by-country basis. Negotiating the bureaucracy has been called "nigh impossible" for the complex multi-country multi-component supply chains of some COVID-19 vaccine manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-wrong_foolish_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrong_foolish-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism">Nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Countries have also argued that the waiver is bad because it would let their patents and copyrights be used by countries with whom they have poor relations.<sup id="cite_ref-months_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-months-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Epidemic_Preparedness_Innovations" title="Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations">Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations</a>, founded before the pandemic to avoid such problems, failed to obtain IP rights in exchange for funding vaccine development.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/IP/C/W669.pdf&Open=True">"Waiver from certain provisions of the TRIPS Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of COVID-19"</a>. <i>World Trade Organization</i>. 2 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611125334/https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/IP/C/W669.pdf&Open=True">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Trade+Organization&rft.atitle=Waiver+from+certain+provisions+of+the+TRIPS+Agreement+for+the+Prevention%2C+Containment+and+Treatment+of+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.wto.org%2Fdol2fe%2FPages%2FSS%2Fdirectdoc.aspx%3Ffilename%3Dq%3A%2FIP%2FC%2FW669.pdf%26Open%3DTrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosalAnna2020" class="citation web cs1">Ghosal, Aniruddha; Anna, Cara (3 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-technology-global-trade-international-agreements-india-c65a718f35f40cb50402f67018efb8e5">"India, South Africa ask WTO to ease IP rules for COVID-19"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. The Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=India%2C+South+Africa+ask+WTO+to+ease+IP+rules+for+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft.aulast=Ghosal&rft.aufirst=Aniruddha&rft.au=Anna%2C+Cara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fvirus-outbreak-technology-global-trade-international-agreements-india-c65a718f35f40cb50402f67018efb8e5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabade2020" class="citation web cs1">Dabade, Gopal (2020-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/in-perspective/avoiding-patents-for-covid-19-vaccines-900688.html">"Avoiding patents for Covid-19 vaccines"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Avoiding+patents+for+Covid-19+vaccines&rft.date=2020-10-12&rft.aulast=Dabade&rft.aufirst=Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fopinion%2Fin-perspective%2Favoiding-patents-for-covid-19-vaccines-900688.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msfaccess.org/landmark-move-india-and-south-africa-propose-no-patents-covid-19-medicines-tools-during-pandemic">"In landmark move, India and South Africa propose no patents on COVID-19 medicines, tools during pandemic"</a>. <i>Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign</i>. Médecins Sans Frontières. 7 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+Access+Campaign&rft.atitle=In+landmark+move%2C+India+and+South+Africa+propose+no+patents+on+COVID-19+medicines%2C+tools+during+pandemic&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsfaccess.org%2Flandmark-move-india-and-south-africa-propose-no-patents-covid-19-medicines-tools-during-pandemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msfaccess.org/5-reasons-new-proposal-india-and-south-africa-could-be-gamechanger-covid-19-response">"5 reasons a new proposal by India and South Africa could be a gamechanger in the COVID-19 response"</a>. <i>Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign</i>. Médecins Sans Frontières. 11 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+Access+Campaign&rft.atitle=5+reasons+a+new+proposal+by+India+and+South+Africa+could+be+a+gamechanger+in+the+COVID-19+response&rft.date=2020-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsfaccess.org%2F5-reasons-new-proposal-india-and-south-africa-could-be-gamechanger-covid-19-response&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msfaccess.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/COVID_TechBrief_MSF_AC_IP_TRIPSWaiverMythsRealities_ENG_Dec2020.pdf">"WTO COVID-19 TRIPS waiver proposal: Myths, realities and an opportunity for governments to protect access to lifesaving medical tools in a pandemic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Médecins Sans Frontières</i>. December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res&rft.atitle=WTO+COVID-19+TRIPS+waiver+proposal%3A+Myths%2C+realities+and+an+opportunity+for+governments+to+protect+access+to+lifesaving+medical+tools+in+a+pandemic&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsfaccess.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-12%2FCOVID_TechBrief_MSF_AC_IP_TRIPSWaiverMythsRealities_ENG_Dec2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/trip_20oct20_e.htm">"Members discuss intellectual property response to the COVID-19 pandemic"</a>. <i>World Trade Organization</i>. 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Trade+Organization&rft.atitle=Members+discuss+intellectual+property+response+to+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews_e%2Fnews20_e%2Ftrip_20oct20_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOchief-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHOchief_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOchief_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOchief_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOchief_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoseley2021" class="citation web cs1">Boseley, Sarah (5 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/05/covid-vaccines-who-chief-backs-patent-waiver-to-boost-production">"WHO chief: waive Covid vaccine patents to put world on 'war footing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=WHO+chief%3A+waive+Covid+vaccine+patents+to+put+world+on+%27war+footing%27&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=Boseley&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fmar%2F05%2Fcovid-vaccines-who-chief-backs-patent-waiver-to-boost-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cato-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cato_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cato_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cato_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cato_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cato_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cato_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacchus" class="citation magazine cs1">Bacchus, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/free-trade-bulletin/unnecessary-proposal-wto-waiver-intellectual-property-rights-covid-19-vaccines">"An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines"</a>. <i>Free Trade Bulletin</i>. No. 78. Cato institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Trade+Bulletin&rft.atitle=An+Unnecessary+Proposal%3A+A+WTO+Waiver+of+Intellectual+Property+Rights+for+COVID-19+Vaccines&rft.issue=78&rft.aulast=Bacchus&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Ffree-trade-bulletin%2Funnecessary-proposal-wto-waiver-intellectual-property-rights-covid-19-vaccines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apartheid-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apartheid_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apartheid_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apartheid_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apartheid_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2021" class="citation news cs1">Allison, Simon (30 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/coronavirus-essentials/2021-01-30-bill-gates-big-pharma-and-entrenching-the-vaccine-apartheid/">"Bill Gates, Big Pharma and entrenching the vaccine apartheid"</a>. <i>The Mail & Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bill+Gates%2C+Big+Pharma+and+entrenching+the+vaccine+apartheid&rft.date=2021-01-30&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Fcoronavirus-essentials%2F2021-01-30-bill-gates-big-pharma-and-entrenching-the-vaccine-apartheid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-push-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-push_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-push_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-push_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarge2021" class="citation news cs1">Farge, Emma (January 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/backers-ip-waiver-covid-19-drugs-make-fresh-push-wto-2021-01-19/">"Backers of IP waiver for COVID-19 drugs make fresh push at WTO"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Backers+of+IP+waiver+for+COVID-19+drugs+make+fresh+push+at+WTO&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft.aulast=Farge&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fhealthcare-pharmaceuticals%2Fbackers-ip-waiver-covid-19-drugs-make-fresh-push-wto-2021-01-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-months-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-months_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-months_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-months_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-months_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawder2021" class="citation news cs1">Lawder, David (6 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/vaccine-ip-waiver-could-take-months-wto-negotiate-experts-2021-05-06/">"WTO vaccine waiver could take months to negotiate, faces opposition -experts"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=WTO+vaccine+waiver+could+take+months+to+negotiate%2C+faces+opposition+-experts&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft.aulast=Lawder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fvaccine-ip-waiver-could-take-months-wto-negotiate-experts-2021-05-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msfaccess.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/COVID_Brief_WTO_WaiverProposal_ENG_v2_18Nov2020.pdf">"India and South Africa proposal for WTO waiver from intellectual property protections for COVID-19-related medical technologies (Briefing Document)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Médecins Sans Frontières</i>. 18 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res&rft.atitle=India+and+South+Africa+proposal+for+WTO+waiver+from+intellectual+property+protections+for+COVID-19-related+medical+technologies+%28Briefing+Document%29&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsfaccess.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-11%2FCOVID_Brief_WTO_WaiverProposal_ENG_v2_18Nov2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2021" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Mary (1 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/vaccine-waiver-eu-values-coronavirus/">"Vaccine waiver is a moment of truth for EU values"</a>. <i>Politico</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Vaccine+waiver+is+a+moment+of+truth+for+EU+values&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fvaccine-waiver-eu-values-coronavirus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannahScottTrommerHarman2021" class="citation web cs1">Hannah, Erin; Scott, James; Trommer, Silke; Harman, Sophie (May 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/trips-waiver-us-support-is-a-major-step-but-no-guarantee-of-covid-19-vaccine-equity-160638">"TRIPS waiver: US support is a major step but no guarantee of COVID-19 vaccine equity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=TRIPS+waiver%3A+US+support+is+a+major+step+but+no+guarantee+of+COVID-19+vaccine+equity&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft.aulast=Hannah&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft.au=Scott%2C+James&rft.au=Trommer%2C+Silke&rft.au=Harman%2C+Sophie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ftrips-waiver-us-support-is-a-major-step-but-no-guarantee-of-covid-19-vaccine-equity-160638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandi2021" class="citation news cs1">Nandi, Shreya (2021-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/india-in-talks-with-eu-australia-and-japan-to-allay-trips-waiver-concerns-121111501535_1.html">"India in talks with EU, Australia and Japan to allay TRIPS waiver concerns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Standard_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Standard India">Business Standard India</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=India+in+talks+with+EU%2C+Australia+and+Japan+to+allay+TRIPS+waiver+concerns&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft.aulast=Nandi&rft.aufirst=Shreya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Finternational%2Findia-in-talks-with-eu-australia-and-japan-to-allay-trips-waiver-concerns-121111501535_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhalaKuruvillaBrown2020" class="citation web cs1">Prabhala, Achal; Kuruvilla, Benny; Brown, Burcu Kilic and Dana (2020-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/oct/15/peoples-vaccine-coronavirus-covid-wto">"We can't let the WTO get in the way of a 'people's vaccine'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=We+can%27t+let+the+WTO+get+in+the+way+of+a+%27people%27s+vaccine%27&rft.date=2020-10-15&rft.aulast=Prabhala&rft.aufirst=Achal&rft.au=Kuruvilla%2C+Benny&rft.au=Brown%2C+Burcu+Kilic+and+Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2020%2Foct%2F15%2Fpeoples-vaccine-coronavirus-covid-wto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAanchal_MagazinePrabha_Raghavan2021" class="citation news cs1">Aanchal Magazine; Prabha Raghavan (2021-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-ip-waiver-for-covid-vaccines-7304992/">"Explained: Intellectual property waiver for Covid-19 vaccines"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+Intellectual+property+waiver+for+Covid-19+vaccines&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft.au=Aanchal+Magazine&rft.au=Prabha+Raghavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-ip-waiver-for-covid-vaccines-7304992%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-me-first-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-me-first_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-me-first_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhebreyesus2021" class="citation news cs1">Ghebreyesus, Tedros Adhanom (5 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/05/vaccination-covid-vaccines-rich-nations">"A 'me first' approach to vaccination won't defeat Covid | Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+%27me+first%27+approach+to+vaccination+won%27t+defeat+Covid+%7C+Tedros+Adhanom+Ghebreyesus&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=Ghebreyesus&rft.aufirst=Tedros+Adhanom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2021%2Fmar%2F05%2Fvaccination-covid-vaccines-rich-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-observer-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-observer_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCao2021" class="citation news cs1">Cao, Sissi (28 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2021/04/bill-gates-oppose-lifting-covid-vaccine-patent-interview/">"Bill Gates' Comments On COVID-19 Vaccine Patent Draw Outrage"</a>. <i>Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer&rft.atitle=Bill+Gates%27+Comments+On+COVID-19+Vaccine+Patent+Draw+Outrage&rft.date=2021-04-28&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Sissi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2021%2F04%2Fbill-gates-oppose-lifting-covid-vaccine-patent-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colonialism-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colonialism_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colonialism_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colonialism_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colonialism_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colonialism_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colonialism_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookim2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Mookim, Mohit (19 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/opinion-the-world-loses-under-bill-gates-vaccine-colonialism/">"The World Loses Under Bill Gates' Vaccine Colonialism"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+World+Loses+Under+Bill+Gates%27+Vaccine+Colonialism&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=Mookim&rft.aufirst=Mohit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion-the-world-loses-under-bill-gates-vaccine-colonialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford_pledge-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_pledge_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_pledge_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2020" class="citation news cs1">Hancock, Jay (25 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://khn.org/news/rather-than-give-away-its-covid-vaccine-oxford-makes-a-deal-with-drugmaker/">"They Pledged to Donate Rights to Their COVID Vaccine, Then Sold Them to Pharma"</a>. <i>Kaiser Health News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kaiser+Health+News&rft.atitle=They+Pledged+to+Donate+Rights+to+Their+COVID+Vaccine%2C+Then+Sold+Them+to+Pharma&rft.date=2020-08-25&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkhn.org%2Fnews%2Frather-than-give-away-its-covid-vaccine-oxford-makes-a-deal-with-drugmaker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrong_foolish-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wrong_foolish_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrong_foolish_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrong_foolish_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrong_foolish_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrong_foolish_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglitzWallach2021" class="citation news cs1">Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Wallach, Lori (April 26, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/26/preserving-intellectual-property-barriers-covid-19-vaccines-is-morally-wrong-foolish/">"Opinion: Preserving intellectual property barriers to covid-19 vaccines is morally wrong and foolish"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Preserving+intellectual+property+barriers+to+covid-19+vaccines+is+morally+wrong+and+foolish&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft.aulast=Stiglitz&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft.au=Wallach%2C+Lori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2021%2F04%2F26%2Fpreserving-intellectual-property-barriers-covid-19-vaccines-is-morally-wrong-foolish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/news/msf-trips-waiver-must-be-urgently-adopted-despite-wto-ministerial">"MSF: TRIPS waiver must be urgently adopted despite WTO Ministerial Conference postponement"</a>. <i>Doctors Without Borders - USA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doctors+Without+Borders+-+USA&rft.atitle=MSF%3A+TRIPS+waiver+must+be+urgently+adopted+despite+WTO+Ministerial+Conference+postponement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctorswithoutborders.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fnews-stories%2Fnews%2Fmsf-trips-waiver-must-be-urgently-adopted-despite-wto-ministerial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparkeWilliams2024" class="citation journal cs1">Sparke, Matthew; Williams, Owain (2024-01-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13563467.2024.2304180">"COVID and structural cartelisation: market-state-society ties and the political economy of Pharma"</a>. <i>New Political Economy</i>: 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13563467.2024.2304180">10.1080/13563467.2024.2304180</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-3467">1356-3467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=COVID+and+structural+cartelisation%3A+market-state-society+ties+and+the+political+economy+of+Pharma&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2024-01-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13563467.2024.2304180&rft.issn=1356-3467&rft.aulast=Sparke&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Williams%2C+Owain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13563467.2024.2304180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lanceted-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lanceted_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Lancet_Infectious_Diseases2021" class="citation journal cs1">The Lancet Infectious Diseases (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8360703">"COVID-19 vaccine equity and booster doses"</a>. <i>The Lancet. Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>21</b> (9): 1193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2821%2900486-2">10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00486-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-3099">1473-3099</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8360703">8360703</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34391506">34391506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=COVID-19+vaccine+equity+and+booster+doses&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1193&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8360703%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1473-3099&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34391506&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2821%2900486-2&rft.au=The+Lancet+Infectious+Diseases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8360703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSF_Jan22-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSF_Jan22_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/news/msf-trips-waiver-must-be-urgently-adopted-despite-wto-ministerial">"MSF: TRIPS waiver must be urgently adopted despite WTO Ministerial Conference postponement"</a>. <i>Doctors Without Borders - USA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doctors+Without+Borders+-+USA&rft.atitle=MSF%3A+TRIPS+waiver+must+be+urgently+adopted+despite+WTO+Ministerial+Conference+postponement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctorswithoutborders.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fnews-stories%2Fnews%2Fmsf-trips-waiver-must-be-urgently-adopted-despite-wto-ministerial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement+waiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twn.my/title2/intellectual_property/trips_waiver_proposal.htm">Bibliography related to the waiver</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&oldid=1247032469">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&oldid=1247032469</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Category:International responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">International responses to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from January 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from January 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 September 2024, at 13:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement_waiver&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-d7pw2","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.370","walltime":"0.588","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2665,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":63463,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2764,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":107370,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 534.867 1 -total"," 43.81% 234.322 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.19% 150.787 13 Template:Cite_web"," 26.27% 140.526 1 Template:Short_description"," 17.94% 95.939 1 Template:Infobox_document"," 17.02% 91.035 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.68% 83.890 8 Template:Main_other"," 15.16% 81.095 1 Template:SDcat"," 10.92% 58.409 4 Template:Flagicon"," 8.12% 43.445 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.221","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5880156,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-7lmxm","timestamp":"20241122154824","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"TRIPS Agreement waiver","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q107404769","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q107404769","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2021-06-18T12:03:29Z","dateModified":"2024-09-22T13:33:07Z"}</script> </body> </html>